home-Skirts-The addition is expressed. Secondary members of the sentence

The addition is expressed. Secondary members of the sentence

Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them.

A complement is a minor member of a sentence, usually expressing object relations. Οʜᴎ answer questions that coincide with questions of indirect cases.

Meaning. The meaning of an object is the most striking sign of a complement. In this case, the addition can express other meanings (subject, instrument of action, state): The teacher has set a task(teacher– subject of action in the passive context); He's sad (he's- subject of the state).

Means of expression. Morphologized object - a noun in the form of an indirect case, a pronoun. A non-morphologized addition must be expressed by different parts of speech: You're talking idle talk(adjective); He didn't understand what he read ( participle); I learned to play the violin(infinitive); I managed to see something dark, small(indivisible phrase); The commander did not particularly respect the weaker sex ( FE).

Position in a sentence. The addition is usually located after the word being distributed. In this case, inversion of additions in colloquial or poetic speech is possible.

Syntactic connection. The main type of subordinating connection between an addition and the main word is control (less often, adjacency) or free attachment to the entire predicative center (determinant). Most complements refer to one word, ᴛ.ᴇ. are non-deterministic. Only some semantically obligatory additions act as determinants: It's both painful and funny to him.

In relation to the semantic content of the sentence. Additions are semantically obligatory components of a sentence: He is in a cheerful mood.

Non-deterministic complements differ based on which word in the sentence they refer to, ᴛ.ᴇ. what parts of speech control them.

1. The most common and widespread are verb complements, since many verbs name an action that presupposes a particular object: build a house, build for workers, tell a friend, tell about an incident, chop with an ax.

2.Adjective additions. Οʜᴎ are rarely used, since only high-quality adjectives have the ability to manage, and not all of them: We lived in an ore-rich region. The region is poor in forests.

3.Adjuncts can refer to nouns. These are substantive additions. There are also few of them, since the complement should be used only with an abstract noun formed from a transitive verb or from a qualitative adjective. This means that in the phrase dress sleeve, house roof The relations are not objective, but attributive, since the distributed nouns are non-verbal. But in the phrase treatment of patients object relations. The common noun is formed from a strongly controlled direct transitive verb treat. If the noun refers to a strongly controlled but intransitive verb, then the addition acquires a defining connotation and syncretism appears: passion for music, thinking about my son.

4.Additions may refer to words in the status category: I felt sorry for Bela (Lermontov).

5.Additions can also apply to adverbs: far from home.

Types of add-ons. Traditionally, additions are divided into direct and indirect. The direct object expresses the meaning of the object to which the action directly passes. It must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: I read a book and saw a horse. At the same time, the direct object must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the genitive case without a preposition with a negative predicate - a transitive verb: I haven't read this novel. And also a noun in the genitive case, expressing the meaning of “part of the whole”: drink tea, bring firewood. The remaining additions are indirect.

There is some disagreement in the linguistic literature regarding the boundaries of the use of direct and indirect objects. Some believe that the division of objects into direct and indirect concerns only verbal objects (Skoblikova). Others believe that direct objects also occur with words of the state category ( sorry for him) Still others believe that direct ones can include both adjectival and substantive complements.

The addition expressed by the infinitive is extremely important to distinguish from the part of the GHS, ᴛ.ᴇ. subjective infinitive from objective: I start to tell, I can tell, I was afraid to tell - I ordered to tell, asked to tell, helped to tell. The infinitive object has its own LP. In LZ there is neither modal nor phase meaning. Activities are indicated by different verbs. Such additions are ϶ᴛᴏ objective infinitive. A subjective infinitive can also act as a complement when the subject of the action indicated by the complement coincides with the subject of the action of the verb being explained: agreed to correspond.

Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them." 2017, 2018.

Direct object- this is an addition in the form of V.p. without pretext. It refers to a verb and is used after transitive verbs:

I wash my hands.

A direct object can also be in the form of R.p. if:

· denotes a part of an object, a certain amount, for example, a little: drink water, eat soup;

· with a transitive verb there is a negation Not:did not build a new building, did not complete homework.

All other cases of complement are called indirect complement.

Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Application

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, complement or circumstance, defines the attribute of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?

The definition can apply to words of different parts of speech: nouns and words formed from adjectives or participles by transitioning to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and non-agreed definition

Agreed Definition is a definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:

A dissatisfied girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the open terrace.

(girl(which?) unhappy, ice cream(which?) chocolate, on the terrace(Which?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: laughing boy, bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition can be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connections:

management

· adjacency

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the nightstand.

Wed: bookmoms- mom'sbook
(mom'sbook– this is an agreed definition, type of connection: agreement, and bookmoms– uncoordinated, communication type – control)

Inconsistent definition based on adjacency:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: presentmore expensive- presentExpensive
(presentmore expensive– inconsistent definition, type of connection – adjacency, and presentExpensive– agreed definition, type of connection – agreement)

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

A five-story shopping center was built opposite.

Wed: centerfive floors– five-storycenter
(centerfive floors– inconsistent definition, type of communication – control, and five-storycenter- agreed definition, type of communication - agreement)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girlwith blue hair- inconsistent definition, type of communication – control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus- noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(French– adverb)

3) verb in an indefinite form:

She had a knack for listening.

(listen- verb in indefinite form)

4) comparative degree of an adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she always chooses the more difficult tasks.

(take it easy, more difficult comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(her– possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

A special type of definition is application. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case.
Applications denote various characteristics of the subject, which are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived in the hotel with me.

A variety of applications are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, printed publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Let's compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony- agreed application, words rivers And Sukhony stand in the same case.)

My son read the fairy tale “Cinderella”.

("Cinderella"- inconsistent application, words fairy tale And "Cinderella" stand in different cases.)

Circumstance

Circumstance- This is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign of action or another sign. Usually the circumstance depends on the predicate.

Since the meanings of circumstances are varied, circumstances are classified by meaning. Each value has its own questions.

Categories of circumstances by meaning
The following categories of circumstances are distinguished by meaning.

1. Mode of action - how? how?: The children laughed loudly.

2. Measures and degrees - how? to what extent?: We are tired to the point of exhaustion.

3. Places – where? Where? where from?: Everyone around was dancing. He looked into the distance. Father returned from work.

4. Time - when? how long? since when? How long? What time?: We waited to see the doctor for about ten minutes.

5. Conditions - under what condition?: If everyone wants, everyone can learn better.

6. Reasons - why? why?: Masha missed classes due to illness. We didn't go into the forest because of the rain.

7. Goals - why? for what?: She came to Yalta on vacation.

8. Concessions - no matter what? in spite of what?: Despite the fatigue, the mother was cheerful.

Circumstances are expressed

1) adverbs: fast, loud, fun;
2) nouns in the form of oblique cases with and without preposition: in the forest, by Tuesday, a week;
3) pronouns: in it, above it, under it;
4) gerunds and participial phrases: lying on the stove, you won’t find good luck;
5) indefinite form of the verb: I came to talk;
6) phraseological turn: he worked carelessly;
7) the circumstances of the course of action are expressed in comparative phrases: Quartz sand sparkled like February snow in the sun.

8. Separation, its general conditions

Isolation is the semantic and intonation separation of minor members in order to give them a certain syntactic independence in a sentence. The somantic-stylistic function of isolation is that the isolated members clarify the thought being expressed, specify the description of the action, give a more in-depth description of the person or object, and add expressive coloring to the sentence. Intonation emphasis is expressed in the fact that before the isolated member (if it is not at the beginning of the sentence), the voice is raised, a pause is made, and it is characterized by phrasal stress, characteristic of the intonation-semantic segments (syntagmas) into which the sentence is divided. In writing, isolated members are separated or highlighted with punctuation marks (commas, less often with a dash). Isolated members do not form phrases with defined words. Between the two, thanks to an additional affirmation or negation, semi-predicative relations are established, as a result of which the isolated members, in their semantic load, as well as in their intonation design, approach subordinate clauses, occupying an intermediate position between them and non-isolated members. Conditions of separation - these are the factors that favor the semantic and intonation emphasis of sentence members.

The most general and most obligatory condition of possibility separation is the absence of a close connection between the secondary member and the main word. First of all, this is manifested in the fact that separation only “optional” members of the sentence are allowed - those that are not necessary with the main word: definitions, applications, circumstances. On the contrary, those members of the sentence that are associated with the transfer of basic, rather than additional content, are not subject to isolation. For example, definitions without which a noun is unable to fully designate an object or circumstance are not isolated: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me in a remote and distant side (A. Pushkin). Additions, which most often act as an obligatory part of the sentence, closely related to the main word, are also not subject to isolation.

Thus, the conditions separation- this is all that helps to weaken the connection with the main word and strengthen the semantic significance of the most minor member.

On separation influenced by syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions.

Syntactic conditions:

1. Word order: 1) inversion (reverse word order). There is normal (direct) and unusual (reverse) word order. Thus, with direct word order, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, and the inconsistent definition comes after the word being defined; an additional action, called a gerund, comes after the main action, designated by the predicate. If a minor member of a sentence is placed in an unusual place for it in the sentence, then it stands out, is especially emphasized - its semantic significance is enhanced. Therefore, for example, among the agreed upon definitions, those that are worth after the word being defined, and among the circumstances expressed by single gerunds - standing before predicate. Wed: He ran without stopping And He ran without stopping.

2. Distant position of the secondary member of the sentence in relation to the main word (separation of the secondary member of the sentence from the main word): And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on a bare slope (M. Sholokhov). Such a separation of the definition from the word being defined is unusual and leads to an increase in its semantic weight. And this makes it necessary to isolate such a definition.

3. The volume of an isolated member (common members of a sentence are isolated more often than non-extended ones) or the presence of two or more homogeneous minor members: Compare: I brought a bucket full of dew from the forest (S. Marshak) And I spared no effort to fill the bucket full (S. Marshak).

4. A special semantic load, unusual for a given minor member of the sentence (the appearance of an additional meaning in the minor member), when the minor member explains not only the word to which it is directly subordinate, but also some other member of the sentence. For example, an agreed definition standing even before the word being defined (direct word order) is isolated if this definition has an additional adverbial meaning: Absorbed in his thoughts, the boy did not notice anything around him(the participial phrase standing before the word being defined is isolated here because it also has a circumstantial (causal) meaning).

Morphological conditions of separation:

Sometimes separation depends on the presence of a certain grammatical form or a function word of a certain lexical-grammatical category in the composition of the selected sentence member, i.e. separation in this case, it is associated with the morphological way of expressing the secondary member.

Participles, short forms of adjectives and participles that act as a definition, combinations with comparative conjunctions (comparative phrases), some combinations of nouns with prepositions, the presence of introductory words usually form separate secondary members. For example: When the letter was ready and I was about to seal it, the headman (V. Korolenko) entered, apparently angry. In this sentence, a single (non-extended) agreed definition angry, standing before the defined noun is isolated, since the introductory word refers to it apparently(which, by the way, is not separated by a comma from the definition).

Almost always (except for certain special cases) circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are isolated.

Short forms of adjectives and participles in modern Russian have become entrenched in the function of the predicate. Relatively rarely (mainly in poetry) they are used as definitions (which relate to the subject), retaining the meaning of the additional predicate, which makes them separation mandatory, regardless of location: The air vibrates, is transparent and clean (N. Zabolotsky); Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom (A. Pushkin); At the usual hour she woke up, she got up by candlelight (A. Pushkin).

The comparative conjunction, as a rule, requires intonation highlighting of the phrase: The stuffy air is still, like the water of a forest lake (M. Gorky).

Semantic separation conditions:

The absence or presence of a close semantic and syntactic connection between a minor member of a sentence and the word to which it refers is sometimes determined by the semantics of the word being explained. The more specific and definite the meaning of a word, the less it needs to be disseminated, the weaker the connections with it of secondary members, which are therefore easily are isolated.

For example, personal pronouns “do not recognize” ordinary definitions; one cannot say: I'm attentive, he's angry(cf.: attentive student, angry person). Therefore, definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated: A he, rebellious, asks for a storm... (M. Lermontov).

If the word being defined is a proper noun or refers to kinship terms (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother etc.), then this can also contribute to the isolation of the definition: Grandfather, in grandma’s jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiling at something (M. Gorky).

Vice versa: with nouns that are too general in meaning (person, thing, expression, matter and so on), the definitions form a single whole, because a noun without a definition cannot participate in the formation of a statement, for example:

This misconception is common even l smart and educated people; Funny, touching and tragic things happened (V. Astafiev)- definitions in these sentences are necessary to express the main (and not additional) message.

9. Homogeneous members of the sentence. The question of homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.

Homogeneous members of the sentence- main or minor members of a sentence, associated with the same word form and performing the same syntactic function. Homogeneous members are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration, as a rule, they are located contactally (immediately one after the other) and often allow rearrangement. However, rearrangement is not always possible, since the first in a series of homogeneous members is usually called that which is primary from a logical or chronological point of view or is more important for the speaker.

The presence of homogeneous members complicates a simple sentence. It is also noted that a significant part of sentences complicated by homogeneous members can be presented as the result of a “coordinating abbreviation” of a number of independent sentences or a compound sentence: rus. Misha went out for a walk, and Masha went out for a walk - Misha And Masha went out for a walk .

Homogeneous members- These are sentence members that usually answer the same question and are associated with the same word in the sentence.

Homogeneous members- these are identical parts of a sentence, united with each other by a coordinating connection.

Homogeneous members can be both main and secondary members of a sentence.

For example: ForesthumusAndmoss absorbthis rainslowly, thoroughly(Paustovsky). This sentence has two rows of homogeneous members: homogeneous subjects humus And moss correspond to one predicate – absorb; homogeneous circumstances of the course of action slowly, thoroughly depend on the predicate ( absorb(How?) slowly, thoroughly).

2. Homogeneous members are usually expressed by the same part of speech.

Wed: humus And moss– nouns in the nominative case.

But homogeneous members can also be morphologically heterogeneous:

A young man came intwenty-five years old, resplendent in health, . In this sentence, among homogeneous definitions, the first is expressed by a noun phrase in the genitive case ( twenty-five years old), the second – participial phrase ( resplendent in health), the third – a combination of three nouns in the instrumental case with a preposition With with dependent participle ( with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes).

Note. Sometimes a coordinating connection can also connect opposite parts of a sentence, for example: Unknownwho and how spread the news of the death of old Sokjoy throughout the taiga(Fedoseev). Conjunctive words in a subordinate clause are different members of the sentence (subject Who and the circumstance of the course of action How, but they are connected by a coordinating conjunction And ).

Note!

The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

1) repeated words used to emphasize the multitude of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

We seemed to be floating in the air andspinning, spinning, spinning ; White fragrant daisies run under his feetback, back (Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle not this way : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, the first of which is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I'll go and have a look and so on.;

4) stable combinations with double conjunctions, between which there is no comma (!):

neither back nor forward, neither for anything nor about anything, neither fish nor fowl, nor sleep nor spirit, and laughter and sin, and this way and that and etc.

3. Homogeneous members are connected by intonation (non-union connection) and coordinating conjunctions or only by intonation. If homogeneous members are separated by a comma, then commas are placed only between them. There are no commas before the first homogeneous term and after the last homogeneous term (!).

Secondary members play an important role in a sentence, enriching it, bringing clarity, explaining the subject and predicate. Among them, the addition stands out. The mistake in highlighting this minor member is that it is often confused with the subject, especially when it is in the accusative case. To avoid inaccuracies, you need to know what questions the supplement answers. We will talk about this in the article.

General information

The addition answers questions about indirect cases. These include everything except the nominative (the subject answers it).

Usually, a question is asked about the addition from the members of the sentence (minor and main), which are expressed either by verbs or those close in meaning to them (participles, gerunds).

Meaning

The meanings of the addition can be completely different. Let's analyze such relationships with the predicate in a sentence and see how the addition answers the questions. Examples below.

Olga gives (what?) an injection.

Olga gives an injection to (who?) her mother.

Olga gives an injection (with what?) with a syringe.

Sometimes there are additions that depend on verbal nouns and adjectives: conquering the top, moving to the end of the line, fish fried in a frying pan.

If we systematize the meanings, taking into account what the complement responds to, we get the following:

  1. This minor member determines the object experiencing the action: choosing (what?) a profession, washing (what?) linen.
  2. The object in whose interests the action is performed: write to your brother, go to your sister, come to your parents.
  3. A means of performing an action or a tool of labor: writing with a pen, swimming breaststroke, drawing with a brush and paints.

How is the addition expressed?

The object, like the subject, is expressed by the following parts of speech:

  1. A noun in the oblique case or a noun pronoun in the same form. The preposition is variable: I went (to whom?) to my mother; happy with (what?) the work; I think (about whom?) about him; bring (who?) him.
  2. Any substantive part of speech (endowed with the function of a noun). Everyone was interested in (who?) was reading.
  3. Infinitive. The audience asked the troupe (about what?) to dance again.
  4. Numeral name. I'll multiply (what?) fifteen (by what?) by ten.
  5. Phraseologism. I ask my sister (about what?) not to hang her nose.

What does the supplement refer to?

Since the addition answers questions of indirect cases, most often it refers to the predicate verb. In this way, it brings clarity to the main action being communicated in the sentence. We are walking (with whom?) with our daughter around the store. In this case, the addition “with my daughter” extends the predicate verb “walking”.

However, this minor member can also refer to a noun that has some kind of action in its meaning. For example, “He is the driver of (what?) a heavy vehicle.” The object of "car" refers to the noun "driver".

Short adjectives are close in form and meaning to the predicate verb, so this minor member can also apply to them: I am angry (at whom?) at my neighbor. The complement with the preposition "to the neighbor" refers to the short adjective "evil". Less commonly, it refers to a full adjective: Resembling (who?) like a father.

Often an addition explains an adverb or adjective in the comparative degree. For example: She looks younger (what?) than her age. Jasmine is more fragrant (what?) than roses.

Direct

Depending on what questions the addition answers, it can be either direct or indirect. The first requires placement in the accusative case, and there cannot be a preposition with it.

This addition defines the object of the action. It refers to a transitive verb or adverb. For example: to hate the enemy is direct, it is in the accusative case, and the verb “to hate” is transitive. Another example: I feel sorry for your friend. The addition of “friend” refers to the adverb “sorry”, which acts as a predicate in this sentence.

What questions does a direct complement answer? Only questions in the genitive or accusative case. Let's look at the options:

  1. The most common is the accusative case form with a missing preposition: We decorated the Christmas tree with the whole family. The addition “Christmas tree” is direct, used in the accusative case, there is no preposition.
  2. Form of the genitive case when denoting a part of something whole: I poured tea leaves into a cup, and then diluted it with boiling water and put in lemon. The addition of “infusion” is direct and is in the genitive case. Also, the genitive case can indicate any result of an action, combined with the meaning of quantity: I need to go buy flour and bread.
  3. In impersonal sentences, when the predicate is an adverb: What a pity for the wasted years.

Indirect

What questions does the indirect complement answer? For all the others: accusative with preposition, dative, instrumental and prepositional. The last three can be used with or without a preposition.

  • Our childhood dreams included bright travels and carefree everyday life (indirect additions - dreams, everyday life).
  • We pretended to be adults to ride this attraction (indirect addition - adults).
  • Conversations about the upcoming celebration took up all the free time (indirect addition - about the celebration).

Direct addition

An object expressed in the accusative case without a preposition and dependent:

a) from a transitive verb (write a statement, give advice);

b) from some words of the condition category (sorry for the girl, it hurts her arm).

The genitive case form can act as a direct object:

a) with transitive verbs with negation (not to like music, not to notice mistakes);

b) with some words, categories of state (sorry for lost time).


Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “direct complement” is in other dictionaries:

    See oggetto diretto... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

    direct addition Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

    direct addition- A type of morphologized addition used with transitive verbs and denoting the object to which the action is directly directed and which is completely covered by the action. D.p. expressed: 1) accusative case without... ... Syntax: Dictionary

    Addition- Complement is a member of a sentence, expressed by a noun and denoting an object (object), reflecting the action of a verbal attribute or serving as its instrument. There is a distinction between direct and indirect objects. Direct object means... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

    ADDENDUM, additions, cf. (book). 1. Action under Ch. complement complement. He was involved in adding and correcting old articles for the collection. || A part added to clarify or correct what was previously written. In the new circular... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

    STRAIGHT, oh, oh; straight, straight, straight, straight and straight. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

    ADDITION, I, Wed. 1. see add. 2. What what n. added, addition. D. to the resolution. In d. (in addition to nothing else). Additions to clothing (ties, belts, scarves, bags, jewelry). 3. In grammar: minor member of a sentence... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

    This term has other meanings, see Appendix. An addition in syntax is a minor member of a sentence, expressed by a noun or pronominal noun. Supplement denotes a thing or person that is the object of... ... Wikipedia

    Complement (syntax) is a minor member of a sentence, expressed by a noun or pronominal noun, which names the person or thing that is the object of the action called the predicate. There is a direct object without a preposition... ... Wikipedia

Books

  • Periodic law. Additional materials, D.I. Mendeleev. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. This volume is a kind of addition to the volume of works by D. I. Mendeleev on...

Addition

Addition - this is a minor member of the sentence that answers questions of indirect cases and denotes the object (subject) to which the action is directed or associated or (less often) in relation to which a qualitative attribute is manifested. Sometimes addition denotes the subject of an action or state (see translation agency). For example: The old man was catching fish with a seine (A. Pushkin); He was not at all inclined to humility and meekness (K. Chukovsky); I can’t sleep, there’s no fire... (A. Pushkin).

Add-ons, expressing the object of action, are used with verbs, as well as with nouns formed from them: deliver goods- cargo delivery; work on an article- working on the article.

Add-ons, naming an object in relation to which a qualitative attribute is manifested, are used with adjectives and nouns formed from them: faithful to duty- loyalty to duty; stingy in his movements- stinginess in movements.

Add-ons are divided into straight And indirect.

Direct addition - This addition, which depends on a transitive verb and is expressed by a noun or pronoun (as well as any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun) in the accusative case without a preposition: see picture, sing a song, fix the iron , write a letter , solve a problem , seehis , meet a friend .

Direct addition can also be expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition. The genitive case is used instead of the accusative in two cases: 1) if there is a negative particle Not before a transitive verb: felt joy- did not feel joy; heard voices- did not hear voices; 2) if the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to a part: bought bread- of bread; drank water- water: ...The gun commander did not leave the firing position, he asked to bring him shells from the broken guns (V. Astafiev); Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia... (A. Pushkin).

Direct addition denotes an object to which an action is directly directed, which can arise, be created or disappear, or be destroyed during the action: knit a sweater,write an essay, decorate a room, check a dictation, break a tree, demolish a house and so on.

Other additions are indirect, they express different relations of action or attribute to objects: I won't regret it about roses, withered with a light spring (A. Pushkin); Aksinya remembered her youth and all her life, poor in joys (M. Sholokhov).

Add-ons can be expressed:

1) a noun in any indirect case with or without a preposition: With a golden ray the villagelilo (A. Maikov);

2) pronoun: I could never argue with them(M. Lermontov);

3) cardinal number: Divide thirty-six by two;

4) any part of speech in the meaning of a noun: I ran to my grandmother and asked her about the forgotten (M. Gorky);

5) infinitive: Everyone asked her to sing something (M. Lermontov);

6) syntactically integral phrases and phraseological units (the same as the subject): The hunters killed seventeen snipe (L. Tolstoy).



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