3 sentences with 1 grammatical basis. Members of the sentence

The main members of the proposal. Subject and predicate

The main members constitute the grammatical basis of the sentence, without which the sentence cannot exist. However, the grammatical basis can be made up of one main member of the sentence. Such sentences are called one-part sentences (that is, they contain only one main member - the subject or predicate).
In addition, sentences are divided into simple and complex. Simple ones have only one grammatical basis. Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, connected by conjunctions, allied words and (or) meaning, and therefore have more than one grammatical basis.

Subject – the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject and answering the questions WHO? WHAT?, an action, state or sign of which is usually revealed by the predicate.

The subject can be expressed by any part of speech.
1. Noun in the nominative case: Income from shares increased by five percent.
2. Pronoun in the nominative case: We came to the conference.
3. Substantivized adjective: Sick called the doctor.
4. Numeral: Seven one is not expected.
5. Infinitive of the verb: Study will always come in handy.

The subject can be expressed both by a phrase and a phraseological phrase: Pacific Ocean spread out before us; His long tongue always ruins things.
The phrase can have different meanings:

quantitative: Thirty-four employees wrote a leave application; Both girlfriends laughed; Several people stopped; Crowd gathered in the square;

selective: None of us did not agree to go;

collective: Director with secretary attended the meeting;

temporary: stood mid July.

Predicate - this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and grammatically depends on it, denotes an action, state, sign inherent in the subject, answers the questions: WHAT DOES?, WHAT WILL IT DO?, WHAT? and etc.

The predicate is divided into simple and compound.
Simple predicate expressed by a verb in any form: There were folders on the table in the corner; If only you could come and talk to me; I will address these issues tomorrow.

Compound predicate in turn, it is divided into two more subtypes: compound verbal and compound nominal.

Compound verb predicate consists of two parts: an auxiliary verb in conjugated form, which expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate and connects it with the subject, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate.
The auxiliary ones are:

verbs denoting the beginning, end and continuation of an action: I have already started to perform new task; Our department stops striking;

modal verbs that denote desire, reluctance, possibility or impossibility of action: I I can do it your order; I want to learn your insight; I refuse to be errand boy!

verbs expressing emotional state: All were afraid to object to the boss; He loves to work;

phraseological combinations: our company has the honor to cooperate with such a famous concern.

Compound nominal predicate from a linking verb that expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses the basic lexical meaning of the predicate. Moreover, the link may be missed.
The links are:

verbs TO BE, IS: I I was very pleased;

verbs that do not express independent meaning: Alyosha seemed pale;

verbs expressing the meaning of movement, state, activity: We are back home tired.

The nominal part can be:

nouns in the nominative or instrumental case: Hard work There is The main thing condition success;

adjectives: Clouds became more transparent;

numerals: Us there were four;

pronoun: Andrey Nikolaevich was Here his;

participle: This meeting was unexpected ;

an indecomposable phrase: Predicate is the main member of the sentence.

Secondary members of the sentence

Definition – a minor member of a sentence that answers the questions: WHAT?, WHOSE?, WHICH?, denotes a feature of an object.
The definition can be expressed:
1) an adjective, participle, pronoun and ordinal number, a phrase with the leading adjective or participle, then it is called agreed, because in this case it agrees with the noun in gender and case. Examples:

They fell silent voiced bird voices;

We noticed a broken headlight approaching cars;

Under fourth the number was our company;

Its the burden does not bear.

2) a noun, a comparative degree of an adjective, some possessive pronouns, an infinitive, a phrase, then it is called an inconsistent definition, because it is associated with the word being defined only by meaning. Examples:

At the monument (which one? to whom?) Pushkin lovers still meet; On his desk was a magazine (which one?) with photos; Water (what kind?) from the spring was cold;

Children (which ones?) older sent to the river for water;

Eyes (whose?) his (her, their) were sad;

The leader gave a sign (what?) shut up.

Addition - this is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions about the indirect cases of a noun, denotes the subject, object and instrument of action.
The addition can be expressed by any part of speech: Get (what?) book(n.) from the shelf; We were asked (about what?) keep quiet(inf. ch.); Invited (who?) her(local) for dinner and etc.
The addition can be direct or indirect.
The direct object is always used without a preposition and is expressed by the accusative and genitive case forms of the verb: The merchant accepted (what?) solution; Today you(who?) won't be there?
Indirect is used in the form of any indirect case with or without a preposition.

Circumstance - this is a minor member of a sentence that answers the questions: HOW?, WHEN?, WHERE?, WHERE?, WHY?, WHY?, TO WHAT DEGREE?, denotes the time, place, reason and method of action of the subject, i.e. circumstances , in which the action is performed.
A circumstance can be expressed by a noun, adverb, participle, infinitive, etc.: Will I read it (when?) after lunch; The boss said (how?) very fast; Hunched over, (how?) A tired clerk was sitting at the table.

In addition, there are parts of the sentence that are not members of the sentence. These are appeals, introductory words and constructions. They are separated by commas, but do not affect the connection of sentences in the text.

The living unit of coherent speech is the sentence. It is in it that the main function of language is manifested, one of the main means of communication between people, helping them exchange thoughts. Each sentence contains a statement about an object or phenomenon. In all these syntactic constructions, the grammatical basis, that is, the predicative center, is distinguished. It includes the main members of the sentence, namely the subject and the predicate. For example: Yashka is completely bored(Yu. Kazakov). The grammatical basis of a sentence is Yashka is bored(subject + predicate). Or: Fog is spreading over the river. Here the grammatical basis consists of the predicate creeps and subject fog. And now it’s time to figure out what features are used to determine the words that make up the predicative core.

Grammar basis - subject and predicate

In order to be able to correctly determine the center of a sentence, it is necessary to find out, in fact, what is the subject and what is the predicate. So, both of them are the main members of the sentence. The subject names the subject of speech. It usually answers the questions: “who?” or “what?” The predicate names what happens in the sentence with the subject (that is, what action the subject of speech performs). The subject in most cases is represented by a noun or pronoun, and the predicate by a verb. For example: The students have returned(noun + verb). Or: They are back(pronoun + verb). But other parts of speech can also serve as a grammatical basis. For example: The world is beautiful(noun + short adjective). Boletus is a mushroom(noun + noun).

One-part and two-part sentences

Not all of these syntactic constructions can have both main members. It happens that the grammatical basis of a sentence consists only of a subject or, conversely, includes only a predicate. For example, as in the following cases: We had lunch. It began to get dark(I.A. Bunin). In both cases, grammatical centers are represented only by predicates. Here's another example: Silence all around(A.P. Chekhov). Here, on the contrary, of the main members of the sentence, only the subject. Sentences with a subject and a predicate are called two-part sentences. And those in which only one main member is represented are single-component.

Sentences with one or more grammatical stems

Depending on the number of predicative centers, the following types of sentences can be distinguished: simple and complex. In complex structures there are several such centers (two or more). In simple ones, one grammatical basis stands out. Examples of simple sentences: Lightning flashed. Thunder rumbled. We are going to the cinema. And here are complex sentences with several predicative centers: Lightning flashed and rain poured down. We go to the cinema, and the kids are taken to the circus. As you can see, a complex sentence consists of several simple ones, which can be connected by intonation, conjunctions, and in writing are usually separated from each other using punctuation marks (most often commas). It is necessary to be able to highlight the grammatical basis in a sentence in order to correctly determine its type, place punctuation marks and determine the topic of the statement.

As part of the grammatical basis there are subject and predicate. If a sentence consists of one main member, then it is only a subject or predicate. There are no sentences without a basis (except for incomplete ones)!

Stage No. 1. We find the subject. Questions WHO? or WHAT?

The subject is the main member of the sentence, grammatically independent.

In a typical sentence, this is the thing (in the broad sense) that the sentence is talking about. This is a word in the nominative case. Most often this is a noun or pronoun that answers the questions: Who? or What?

Examples:

Wolf came out of the forest (What or what is the sentence talking about? About a wolf, that is, we pose the question: Who? Wolf. Noun).
Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (Who? Dog. Noun).
I smiled and went forward. (Who? I. Pronoun).

There are some cases where the subject is expressed in other ways (not as a noun or as a pronoun):

Other ways of expressing the subject	Examples
Numeral (quantitative and collective) as a noun	Three came out of the forest.
Adjective as a noun	Well-fed not a companion for the hungry.
Participle as a noun	Vacationers had a fun time. Will make it through the road going.
	Tomorrow will definitely come.
Interjection	It thundered in the distance hooray.
Collocation	We are with friends we left earlier. Quite a few schoolchildren participated in the competition.
Infinitive	compose- my passion.

Stage No. 2. We find the predicate. Questions: WHAT DOES IT DO? (and etc.)

What are the predicates?

The predicate is connected with the subject and answers the question that is asked to it from the subject: What does the subject do?

But with the appropriate expression of the subject (see table above), these can be other questions: What is the subject?, What is the subject), etc.

Examples:

Wolf came out of the forest (We ask a question from the actor, from the subject: what did the wolf do? Came out - this is a predicate expressed by a verb).
Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (What did the dog do? Jumped out).
I smiled and went forward. (What I did was smile and go).

Predicates in Russian are of three types:

Simple verb (one verb). Example: The wolf came out.
Compound verb (auxiliary verb + infinitive). Example: I'm hungry. I have to go to Suzdal (essentially two verbs in the predicate).
Compound nominal (linking verb + nominal part). Example: I will be a teacher (essentially a verb and another part of speech in the predicate).

see also:

Materials on the topic: and "".

Difficult cases in determining predicates

Situation 1. Often problems with determining the predicate arise in a situation where a simple verbal predicate is expressed in more than one word. Example: Today you will not have lunch alone (= have lunch).

In this sentence, the predicate will dine is a simple verb, it is expressed in two words for the reason that it is a compound form of the future tense.

Situation 2. I found myself in difficulty doing this work (= found it difficult). The predicate is expressed by phraseological units.

Situation 3. Another difficult case is in sentences in which the compound predicate is represented by a short participle form. Example: The doors are always open.

An error in determining the type of predicate may be associated with an incorrect definition of the part of speech (a short participle should be distinguished from a verb). In fact, in this sentence the predicate is a compound nominal, and not a simple verb, as it might seem.

Why is it compound if it is expressed in one word? Because in the present tense form the verb has a zero connective. If you put the predicate in the form of the past or future tense, it will appear. Compare. Doors are always will open. Doors are always were open.

Situation 4. A similar error can occur in the case of expressing the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate with a noun or adverb.

Example. Our hut is the second from the edge. (Compare: Our hut was the second one from the edge).

Dasha is married to Sasha (Compare: Dasha was married to Sasha).

Remember that words are part of a compound predicate possible, necessary, impossible.

Determining the stem in one-part sentences

In nominative sentences, the stem will be represented by the subject.

Example: Winter morning.

In indefinite sentences there is only a predicate. The subject is not expressed, but it is understandable.

Example: I love the storm in early May.

The most difficult case of expressing the stem in impersonal sentences. Most often these are just different types of compound nominal predicates.

Examples: I need to act. The house is warm. I'm upset. There is no comfort, no peace.

If you do not develop the skill of determining the basis of a sentence in the early grades, this will lead to difficulties in analyzing single-part and complex sentences in grades 8-9. If you gradually develop this skill by increasing complexity, then all problems will be resolved.

While studying the Russian language, every student sooner or later encounters such a concept as grammatical basis. What is it? The grammatical basis is the “foundation” of a sentence or its main part, consisting of a subject and a predicate (sometimes a sentence consists of one or another part, that is, a subject or a predicate). One or more grammatical stems can occur in one sentence.

How to find a grammatical basis

Skills in finding the grammatical basis will help the student to place punctuation marks faster and more correctly and determine its meaning.

The grammatical basis and all its components can be determined with the help of correctly selected questions.

To correctly determine the grammatical basis, first read the entire sentence well and try to understand its essence. Conditionally divide the sentence into several parts according to its meaning. Then move on to defining the subject. Please note that some offers do not contain it. In this case, the search for a grammatical basis begins and ends with the search for a predicate. If you have a sentence with two components, then immediately proceed to defining the subject. Here you need to be extremely careful, since the correct definition of the entire grammatical basis will depend on the definition of the subject.

Then move on to defining the predicate. To do this, ask a question from the subject. The predicate characterizes the action of an object, its property, etc.

Dependence of the grammatical basis on the type of sentence

A simple sentence contains only one grammatical stem, while a complex sentence contains two or more. A one-part sentence contains only one part of the grammatical basis (subject or predicate). In a two-part sentence, there is both a subject and a predicate.

Examples

To better understand the essence of the topic, let's give a few examples.

Clouds covered the sun.
In this simple example, determining the grammatical basis is not so difficult. The subject is the word "clouds". It answers the question “what?” The predicate is the verb “closed,” which answers the question “what did they do?” Thus, the grammatical basis is the phrase “the clouds have closed.”
My aunt was in a hurry to go to work.
In this case, the subject is “my aunt” and the verb is “in a hurry.” So the grammatical basis is "my aunt was in a hurry"
That's how I was taught.
In this case, there is no subject at the base, there is only the predicate “taught”. It will be the grammatical basis.

The grammatical basis is the core of a sentence, the correct definition of which will allow you to correctly determine the remaining members of the sentence, correctly place punctuation marks and determine the meaning of the text.

Concept "grammatical basis" is inextricably linked with the sentence - one of the main syntactic units of the Russian language. Let's find out what is the core of the sentence.

Each sentence has its own core, around which the rest of its members are grouped. This grammatical core consists of the main members - the subject and predicate in a two-part sentence or only the subject or predicate in a one-part sentence, for example:

Twilight. It's early evening. We swam quite slowly (I.S. Turgenev).

What is the grammatical basis of a sentence

The sky was darkening- the grammatical basis of a simple sentence.

Who? we are the subject expressed by a personal pronoun in the nominative plural form.

What did we do? swam - predicate.

Examples of expressing the subject using different parts of speech

Three (numeral) slipped unnoticed into the yard.

Finally the long-awaited day after tomorrow has arrived (adverb).

To protect (infinitive) nature means to protect the Motherland.

Several children (numeral + noun) surrounded her with expressions of delight on their faces.

The girl is singing. The girl was singing. The girl will sing.

Will you live in this house?

We won't talk about the past.

Let the children of the whole Earth rejoice!

Let her go into the garden.

glad, ready, must, obliged, forced, intends.

The lecturer continued to present interesting facts from the life of insects.

You must tell me about this incident.

Father and mother decided to go to the village the next day.

The forester could not refuse the guests and took them to the lake where the swans lived.

The girl had the intention of coming closer and examining this exotic flower more carefully.

Compound nominal predicate consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, etc.) expressing the lexical meaning.

The word can act as a linking verb "be" in any form (will, will, will, was, would be, is). The ligament may be missing. In this case, we speak of a zero copula.

The juniper alley will be like a path in the forest.

Video lesson “The grammatical basis of a sentence. The main members of the proposal"

Offer is the smallest unit of communication. With the help of sentences, we express our thoughts and feelings, turn to each other with questions, advice, requests, wishes and orders.

The waters flowed quietly.

What? - sky. This is a subject, which, as a rule, is expressed by a noun (pronoun) in the nominative case form or any part of speech in the meaning of a noun.

A snowstorm (noun) arrived immediately (N. Ostrovsky).

I (pronoun) was driving alone in the evening on a racing droshky (I.S. Turgenev)

Smart (adjective) speaks for itself by its actions.

Those who arrived (communion) noisily sat down at the tables.

The bonds of friendship (phrase) connected them since childhood.

Let's discuss our plans.

Examples of a compound verb predicate

You are just starting to live!

The rain stopped falling and the bright sun came out.

Who told you to pick flowers in my garden?

Those gathered wanted to hear an old song.

Everyone is happy to help you.

The Greeks believed that the world is harmony and rhythm.

Mercury is also a metal.

russkiiyazyk.ru

The round dances were already leaving; A fisherman’s fire was already burning across the river, smoking (A.S. Pushkin).

To highlight the grammatical basis of a sentence, let’s find out who or what the statement is about. To do this, let's ask questions: Who? or What?

What does it say about heaven? What was the sky doing? faded- this is a predicate.

We were sailing- grammatical basis.

He who (pronoun) does not work, does not eat.

Nine (numeral) is divisible by three.

Loud cheers (interjection) echoed across the square.

The second main component of the grammatical basis is the predicate, which can be expressed by all conjugated forms of the verb. Such a predicate is called a simple verb - PGS.

The difficulty of isolating such a predicate is that it can be expressed by two words that make up complex forms of a future tense verb in the indicative mood or forms of the imperative mood, for example:

When will you have breakfast?

My friend won't talk about it.

Compound verb predicate(SGS) consists of an auxiliary linking verb and an infinitive.

The auxiliary verb does not have an independent lexical meaning, but expresses the beginning, continuation or end of an action (phasic verb) or denotes opportunity, desire, expression of will, obligation, evaluation, etc. (modal verb).

Short adjectives can also act as connectives:

Particularly difficult are the GHS, which contain stable phrases with a modal meaning:

We are ready to leave immediately.

I had no right to take risks and therefore walked through the swamp carefully.

The water near the shores of the lake was crystal clear.

The order of highlighting grammatical bases

The diagram presented below will help you learn how to correctly highlight the grammatical bases of a sentence.

How to determine the grammatical basis? Explanation of sentence parsing, complex cases

The grammatical basis of a sentence (subject and predicate) is its semantic and syntactic center. The chain of syntactic parsing begins with the definition of the grammatical basis. The ability to correctly determine the grammatical basis in a sentence provides direction for establishing logical relationships between words in a sentence and helps solve punctuation problems (including when learning a foreign language). If the grammatical basis was determined incorrectly, then all further analysis will go along the wrong path.

Stage No. 1. We find the subject. Questions WHO? or WHAT?

The subject is the main member of the sentence, grammatically independent.

Wolf came out of the forest (What or what is the sentence talking about? About a wolf, that is, we pose the question: Who? Wolf. Noun).
Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (Who? Dog. Noun).
I smiled and went forward. (Who? I. Pronoun).

There are some cases where the subject is expressed in other ways (not as a noun or as a pronoun):

Other ways of expressing the subject

Examples

Numeral (quantitative and collective) as a noun

Three came out of the forest.

Adjective as a noun

Well-fed not a companion for the hungry.

Participle as a noun

Vacationers had a fun time.

Will make it through the road going.

Tomorrow will definitely come.

It thundered in the distance hooray.

We are with friends we left earlier.

Quite a few schoolchildren participated in the competition.

Infinitive

compose- my passion.

Stage No. 2. We find the predicate. Questions: WHAT DOES IT DO? (and etc.)

What are the predicates?

The predicate is connected with the subject and answers the question that is asked to it from the subject: What does the subject do?

But with the appropriate expression of the subject (see table above), these can be other questions: What is the subject?, What is the subject), etc.

Examples:

Wolf came out of the forest (We ask a question from the actor, from the subject: what did the wolf do? Came out - this is a predicate expressed by a verb).
Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (What did the dog do? Jumped out).
I smiled and went forward. (What I did was smile and go).

Predicates in Russian are of three types:

Simple verb (one verb). Example: The wolf came out.
Compound verb (auxiliary verb + infinitive). Example: I'm hungry. I have to go to Suzdal (essentially two verbs in the predicate).
Compound nominal (linking verb + nominal part). Example: I will be a teacher (essentially a verb and another part of speech in the predicate).

see also:

Difficult cases in determining predicates

In this sentence, the predicate will dine is a simple verb, it is expressed in two words for the reason that this is a compound form of the future tense.

Situation 2. I found myself in difficulty doing this work (= found it difficult). The predicate is expressed by phraseological units.

Situation 3. Another difficult case is in sentences in which the compound predicate is represented by a short participle form. Example: The doors are always open.

Situation 4. A similar error can occur in the case of expressing the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate with a noun or adverb.

Example. Our hut is the second from the edge. (Compare: Our hut was the second one from the edge).

Dasha is married to Sasha (Compare: Dasha was married to Sasha).

Remember that words are part of a compound predicate possible, necessary, impossible.

Determining the stem in one-part sentences

In nominative sentences, the stem will be represented by the subject.

Example: Winter morning.

In indefinite sentences there is only a predicate. The subject is not expressed, but it is understandable.

Example: I love the storm in early May.

The most difficult case of expressing the stem in impersonal sentences. Most often these are just different types of compound nominal predicates.

Examples: I need to act. The house is warm. I'm upset. There is no comfort, no peace.

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Grammar basis of a sentence with examples

Grammar basis sentences form the main members of the sentence ( subject and predicate). That is, the grammatical basis of a sentence (predicative basis, core) is the main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: subject and predicate. See also introductory words. After reading this article 5-ege.ru, you can easily find it in any sentence.

Subject.

Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:

Seven (num.) one is not expected. All the past (adj. as a noun) I was just dreaming.

- numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.;

A lot of people gathered in the prince’s hut. Several ladies walked quickly up and down the platform.

- some, everyone, much / adjective + of + noun in R.P.;

Best of Students quickly solved this problem.

- someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun;

Something so insignificant tied in a scarf.

- noun / pronoun + s + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by a plural verb!).

Vanya and I went along the forest road ( plural predicate.).

Anna she entered the room with her daughter in her arms (predicate in singular).

Live in a lordly way - this is a noble affair

Predicate.

In the Russian language there are three types of predicates. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.

Distinguish!

If a sentence contains homogeneous predicates, then each of them should be considered separately.

Also watch the video presentation.

Clue.

1) Most often, the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word, raises doubts:

I will take part in the exhibition.

In this example I will take part– a complex form of the future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination participate is a phraseological unit that can be replaced by the word I'm participating. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.

Trap!

People often make the mistake of calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:

Everything in Moscow is imbued with poetry, punctuated with rhymes.

This error is due to two factors.

First, we must distinguish the short passive participle from the past tense verb form.

Short participles have suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, soakedBut, puncturedTo- These are short passive participles.

Secondly, we have before us a predicate that is expressed in just one word, but what is it - simple or compound (see Morphological analysis of a word with examples)? Try adding some time adverb to the sentence, for example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and see how these forms behave.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, everything in Moscow was imbued with poetry and punctuated with rhymes.

A bunch appears was and the predicate clearly becomes compound. The Russian language is not characterized by constructions in the present tense with a copula be. Agree, it sounds clearly foreign if we say: All in Moscow There is imbued with poetry, rhymes There is pierced.

Thus, if in a sentence you encounter predicates, expressed short passive participles, then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.

Words it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is necessary included in composite predicates.

I need to get off at this stop.

Be careful with your words to be, to appear, to appear, since by highlighting only them, you may miss another component of the predicate.

She seemed funny to me. Wrong!

If you only highlight words appeared, then the meaning of the sentence changes completely ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).

Right: She seemed funny to me

Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).

Right: The teacher was strict.

This task offers quite complex sentences for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What “traps” can you expect here?

1) Proposals can be compiled according to different models:

subject + predicate;

only predicate or subject (one-part sentences);

subject + homogeneous predicates;

homogeneous subjects + predicate.

The answer option may omit a subject, predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates.

Remember!

The grammatical basis includes ALL the main parts of the sentence; omitting one of them is a clear mistake.

2) The answer option can combine the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases.

3) The subject can only be in I.P.! Answer options with nouns, pronouns not in I.P. obviously incorrect (except for those cases when they are part of the predicate and without them the whole meaning of the sentence changes).

4) The answer option may contain a participle or participial phrase, which are never included in the grammatical basis.

Designs should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. And noun + passive participle.

The coordinates were calculated. ? The coordinates have been calculated.

IN first case coordinates is a noun in the accusative case that depends on the verb (i.e. addition), and in second is a nominative case form that agrees with the past participle (i.e. subject). If you change each of the designs, the differences will be visible. Let's put the predicates in each of the sentences in the singular form:

Calculated the coordinates. The coordinate has been calculated.

The subject and predicate always agree with each other, but the object remains unchanged.

5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences they are subjects.

[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks], (the kind that happen on windows when it rains). (what = droplets).

Analysis of the task.

1. Which combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the “TV version” of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, acquired the unique ability to create in his imagination ideal images of reality, but they no longer seem to be a direct copy of a specific thing. (5) Thanks to the development of cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, abstracting from all other, unimportant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows him to see and recognize the common signs and qualities of various phenomena of reality.

1) perception is (sentence 2)

2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)

3) they do not appear to be a cast (sentence 4)

4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)

Option #1 is not a grammatical basis, since here the predicate is not fully represented, which distorts the meaning of the entire sentence (perception is = in the meaning “comes, arrives somewhere for some reason”). See point 3 in the “Predicate” section.

Option No. 2 is also incorrect because it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4 the subject is the word Human.

Option #3 true, although at first glance it seems wrong. The authors of the task are deliberately trying to confuse us. Although the word cast is not in the I.P. form, but it is part of the predicate, since without it the logic of the story is lost. They don’t introduce themselves = The images don’t give their names?!

Option No. 4 incorrect . The subject is highlighted correctly. Word which, as we have already said, can be subject. In the subordinate clause it is replaced by the word image and performs the same functions, that is, it is the subject. But the predicate is not fully represented. In the sentence it is - allows you to see and recognize.

Thus, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.

2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?

(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their ages are different, and their professions are very different, and their level of knowledge is completely different, but everyone tried to know more than they already know. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people who greedily absorbed all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).

1) books were needed, they were lost

2) they needed it, they were lost

3) books were needed, when they came here they got lost

4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean

The correct one is Option 1, since in other variants the second ones included minor members of the sentence in the base: in the second, the word is superfluous them (addition, stands in D.P.), in the third there is an adverbial phrase that is not part of the basis of the sentence, and in the fourth there is an adverbial phrase in the ocean.

3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?

(1)... (2) She will die of hunger if the gates are strong and no one opens them, but does not think of moving away from the gates and pulling them towards themselves. (3) Only a person understands that you have to be patient, work hard and do something you don’t want in order for what you want to happen. (4) A person can restrain himself, not eat, not drink, not sleep only because he knows what is good and should be done and what is bad and should not be done, and this is taught to a person by his ability to think. (5) Some people increase it in themselves, others do not. (6)…

1) she will die (sentence 2)

2) what you want (sentence 3)

3) what is good and should be done (sentence 4)

4) teaches ability (sentence 4)

This is a task of increased difficulty.

Option #1 incorrect, since not all predicates are indicated by the authors. The sentence has a rather difficult structure to analyze. It is complex with a subordinate clause that is wedged between two homogeneous predicates. Therefore, you may not notice that the basis she will die must also include a predicate won’t think to step back and pull.

Option No. 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and there cannot be a subject with it.

Option #3 similar to the previous one. This sentence is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state that is used in sentences without a subject.

True is Option 4.

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