The richness and diversity of genres and trends in Russian literature of the 20th century. The original character of ancient Russian literature

The richness and diversity of genres and trends in Russian literature of the 20th century.

From Russian prose of the 20th century

A conversation about the diversity of types and genres of prose works of the 20th century, about the leading prose writers of Russia.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin. A word about the writer. A story "Dark alleys". Sad love story

people from different social strata. “Poetry” and “prose” of the Russian estate. Lyricism of the story.

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. A word about the writer. A story "Dog's heart". The history of creation and fate of the story. The meaning of the name. System of images of the work. Mental, moral, spiritual underdevelopment is the basis for the vitality of “Sharikovism”, “Shvonderism”. Poetics of Bulgakov the satirist, Reception of the grotesque in

Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov. A word about the writer.

Story "The Fate of Man." The meaning of the story's title. The fate of the Motherland and the fate of man. Composition of the story. Image of Andrey Sokolov, common man, warrior and worker. The author and narrator of the work. Fantastic style of narration. The significance of a picture of spring nature for revealing the idea of ​​a story. Breadth of typing.

T e o r i a l l i t e r a t u r y. Realism in fiction. Realistic typing(deepening understanding).

Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn. A word about the writer.

Story "Matrenin's yard" The image of a righteous woman. The tragic fate of the heroine. Life basis parables

Theories of literature, Parable (deepening the concept).

From Russian poetry of the 20th century

general review and studying one of the monographic topics (at the teacher’s choice). Poetry of the Silver Age. Variety of directions, genres, types of lyric poetry. The pinnacle phenomena of Russian poetry >0< века.

Touches for portraits

Alexander Alexandrovich Block. A word about the poet.

“The wind brought it from afar...”, “Oh, spring without end and without edge...”, “Oh, I want to live madly...”. High ideals and anticipation of change. The poet's tragedy in " scary world" A deep, heartfelt feeling for the Motherland. The originality of Blok's lyrical intonations. Images and rhythms of the poet.

Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin. A word about the poet.

“It’s already evening...”, “Letter to a woman,” “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...”, “You are my abandoned land...”, “Wake me up early tomorrow.. .”, “The golden grove dissuaded me...”. The theme of love in the poet's lyrics. The folk song basis of the poet's works. Cross-cutting images in Yesenin's lyrics. The theme of Russia is the main one in Yesenin’s poetry.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky. Word O poet.

“Listen!”, “Could you?”, “I love you”(excerpt) and other poems of the choice of the teacher and students. Innovation of Mayakovsky the poet. The originality of verse, rhythm, word creation. Mayakovsky about this work.

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva. A word about the poet.

“You’re coming, you look like me...”, “Grandma,” “I like that you’re not sick of me...”, “Poems to Blok,” “Where does such tenderness come from?..,” “Motherland,” "Poems about Moscow." Poems about poetry, about love. Features of Tsvetaeva’s poetics. Traditions and innovation in the creative search of the poet.

Nikolai Alekseevich Zabolotsky. A word about the poet.

“I’m not looking for harmony in nature...”, “Somewhere in a field near Magadan...”, “Juniper bush”, “About beauty human faces», "Will". Poem-

knowledge about man and nature. The philosophical depth of the poet-thinker’s generalizations.

Anna Andreevna Akhmatova. A word about the poet. Poetic works from books “Rosary beads”, “Be-

barking flock", "Pushkin", "Plantain", "ANNO DOMINI", "Reed", "Wind of War". Tragic intonations love lyrics Akhmatova. Poems about love, about the poet and poetry. Peculiarities of the poetics of Akhmatova's poems.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak. A word about the poet.

“My beauty, become all ...”, “Change”, “Spring V forest”, “I want to reach everything...”, “Being famous is ugly...”. The philosophical depth of B. Pasternak's lyrics. The spiritualized objectivity of Past-Ternak's poetry. Communion eternal themes to modern times in poems about nature and love.

Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky. A word about this.

“Harvest”, “Spring lines”, “I was killed near Rzhe-

vom." Poems about the Motherland, about nature. Intonation and style of poems.

T e o r i a l l i t e r a t u r y. Syllabonic and tonic systems of versification. Types of rhymes. Methods of rhyming (deepening ideas).

Songs and romances

Class: 7

Test No. 1“Creativity of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol.”

List of works:

1. Pushkin A.S. “Elegy”, “To the Portrait of Zhukovsky”, “K***”, the story “The Young Lady-Peasant Woman”, the novel “Dubrovsky” (abbreviated).

2. Lermontov M.Yu. “Death of a Poet”, “Elegy”, “Song”, “Stanzas”, “Duma”, poem “Mtsyri”.

3.Gogol N.V. comedy "The Inspector General".

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799 – 1837).

1. Richness of topics and variety of genres. Lyric genres. Emotional brightness and perfection of form lyrical works poet.

Creative diversity of genres and genres in Pushkin’s works:

Lyrics prose drama

t/l genres of poet's lyrics novel "Dubrovsky" tragedy "Boris Godunov"

The message of "Belkin's Tale" "Little tragedies"

elegy t/l epic genres

stanzas story

lyric epic genres

novel in verse "Eugene Onegin".

t/l GENRES OF EPIC (see No. 1)

"Belkin's Tales":

1) "Shot",

2) "Blizzard", publisher

3) “Stationmaster”, Ivan Petrovich Belkin

4) "Undertaker"

5) "Young lady-peasant."

D/Z Create comparative characteristics two neighboring landowners: I.P. Berestov and G.I. Muromsky.

Story or story? (size and complexity of events)

"Peasant Young Lady":

Ivan Petrovich Berestov, Grigory Ivanovich Muromsky (Anglomaniac),

son Alexey AKULINA daughter Lisa (Betsy)

(peasant woman) (noblewoman)

One girl.

t/l ROMAN

Novel– big epic work, depicting human life. (page 99)

Types of novels:

1) historical,

Love of Masha and Vladimir 2) love,

3) social, novel “Dubrovsky”

Social conflicts 4)philosophical, etc.

Vladimir Dubrovsky - a romantic hero? GYpsy, Highlander, Rebel?

(2 portraits: Anna Savishna and a policeman)

Masha is an ardent dreamer.

5. The rise of the novel genre. Options. Controversy.

Working with a textbook paragraph.

From the history of the novel (textbook 98 pp.)

Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov (1814-1841).

T /l rhyme, Lermontov’s “dictionary of rhymes”

Wealth of lyric genres:

Elegy, song, stanzas...

Composition of the lyric epic poem “Death of a Poet”:

1. Angry denunciation of murder. Satire. Iambic tetrameter. 33 lines.

3. The accusation against the poet’s killers, which develops into a curse. Satire. 16 lines.

This poem made Lermontov a famous and disgraced poet (he was sent to the Caucasus, where the war was going on).

t/l RHYME. "Dictionary of Rhymes" by Lermontov.

RHYME - the same sound at the end of lines.

b cross

Lermontov's lyrics are characterized by:

A wealth of lyric genres,

The motive of loneliness

Romantic attitude.

t/l romantic hero

Heroes of the poem:

Mtsyri (“novice”)

old monk

Mtsyri and his confession (3 – 26 stanzas):

3-8 confession itself,

9-26 story about three days spent in freedom.

CONFESSION:

1.telling about your sins (to the priest);

2. a story about a painful issue.

Monastery = Prison Freedom

Death Life

When did Mtsyri really live? (in the monastery or 3 days in the wild)

Romantic landscape - exotic pictures of the nature of the Caucasus.

LANGUAGE is full of epithets, metaphors, comparisons, hyperboles, and rhetorical figures.

"Mtsyri" - romantic poem.

A) EPITHETS– figurative definitions.

(deaf flow, greedy embrace, stormy heart);

B) COMPARISON

(slender, like a poplar; entwined like a pair of snakes);

IN) METAPHOR– hidden comparison; figurative meaning words based on similarity.

(I caught lightning with my hand, the bushes whispered);

G) RHETORICAL FIGURES.

(Oh, I, as a brother, would be glad to embrace the storm!

The battle has begun, a mortal battle!)

EPIC LYRICS

The plot is a story about the fate of Mtsyri. Thoughts and feelings of the main character.

Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (1809 – 1852)

10. Comedy "The Inspector General". The history of comedy. Reflection of 19th century Russia in the plot and characters of the comedy. The power of exposing social evil in comedy. Mayor and city officials

t/l comedy poster;

Features of the reflection of reality in a dramatic work

t/l COMEDY POSTER.

t/l structure dramatic work and the image of the hero; stage directions in a play as one of the techniques for creating an image

Mastery of composition.

In the absence of the main character, the bureaucratic mass became such a hero.

Examples of speech characteristics (2 characters).

D/Z “Why do we need comedies?”

Stage history of the comedy “The Inspector General” (see appendix).

Gogol about The Inspector General:

1.reading the letter about the arrival of the auditor (D1, appearance 1);

2. news about the arrival of the auditor (D1, appearance 3);

3. Khlestakov’s conversation with the mayor in the hotel (D2, appearance 8);

4. scene of lies (D3, appearances 6-7);

5. officials give bribes (D4, yavl.1-7);

6.reading Khlestakov’s letter (D5, revelation 8).

Late XIX - early XX centuries. became a time of bright flourishing of Russian culture, its " silver age"("golden age" was called Pushkin's time). In science, literature, and art, new talents appeared one after another, bold innovations were born, and competitions different directions, groupings and styles. At the same time, the culture of the “Silver Age” was characterized by deep contradictions that were characteristic of all Russian life of that time.

Russia's rapid breakthrough in development and the clash of different ways of life and cultures changed the self-awareness of the creative intelligentsia. Many were no longer satisfied with the description and study of visible reality, analysis social problems. I was attracted by deep, eternal questions - about the essence of life and death, good and evil, human nature. Interest in religion revived; religious theme had a strong influence on the development of Russian culture at the beginning of the 20th century.

However, the turning point not only enriched literature and art: it constantly reminded writers, artists and poets of impending social explosions, that the entire familiar way of life, the entire old culture. Some awaited these changes with joy, others with melancholy and horror, which brought pessimism and anguish into their work.

On turn of the 19th century and 20th centuries literature developed in other historical conditions than before. If you look for a word that characterizes the most important features period under review, then the word “crisis” will be used. Great scientific discoveries shook the classical ideas about the structure of the world and led to the paradoxical conclusion: “matter has disappeared.” A new vision of the world, thus, will determine a new face of realism of the 20th century, which will differ significantly from classical realism predecessors. The crisis of faith also had devastating consequences for the human spirit (“God is dead!” exclaimed Nietzsche). This led to the fact that the person of the 20th century began to increasingly experience the influence of irreligious ideas. The cult of sensual pleasures, the apology for evil and death, the glorification of the self-will of the individual, the recognition of the right to violence, which turned into terror - all these features indicate a deep crisis of consciousness.

In Russian literature of the early 20th century, a crisis of old ideas about art and a feeling of exhaustion of past development will be felt, and a revaluation of values ​​will take shape.

The renewal of literature and its modernization will cause the emergence of new trends and schools. The rethinking of old means of expression and the revival of poetry will mark the advent of the “Silver Age” of Russian literature. This term is associated with the name of N. Berdyaev, who used it in one of his speeches in the salon of D. Merezhkovsky. Later art critic and the editor of Apollo, S. Makovsky, consolidated this phrase by calling his book about Russian culture at the turn of the century “On Parnassus of the Silver Age.” Several decades will pass and A. Akhmatova will write “...the silver month is bright / Cold over the silver age.”

Chronological framework The period defined by this metaphor can be designated as follows: 1892 - exit from the era of timelessness, the beginning of social upsurge in the country, manifesto and collection "Symbols" by D. Merezhkovsky, the first stories of M. Gorky, etc.) - 1917. According to another point of view, the chronological end of this period can be considered 1921-1922 (the collapse of former illusions, the mass emigration of Russian cultural figures from Russia that began after the death of A. Blok and N. Gumilyov, the expulsion of a group of writers, philosophers and historians from the country).

Subject: Distinctive character ancient Russian literature. Richness and variety of genres.

Target: briefly introduce students to the circumstances of the emergence of ancient Russian literature; to form an idea of ​​the specifics of ancient Russian literature, the features of its traditions; provide an overview of the genres of ancient Russian literature

Tasks:

Subject: Know: the main features and genres of ancient Russian literature, stages of its development; genre features. Understand: patriotic pathos of the works of Ancient Russia Be able to: build detailed statements based on what you read; argue your point of view

Metasubject: develop motives and interests of cognitive activity

Personal: formation of motivation for learning and purposeful cognitive activity.

Interdisciplinary connections: history, Russian language.

Lesson type: a lesson in mastering new knowledge and forming new concepts.

Equipment: textbook

During the classes

I .Organizing time.

II. Learning new material.

Teacher's word.

You already know that the emergence of literature in Rus' is associated with the adoption of Christianity as state religion. Today our goal is to get the most general idea about ancient Russian literature and get acquainted with one of its monuments.

The concept of “Old Russian literature” includes literary works, written in the 11th-17th centuries. They come in different genres. A genre is a historically established type of literary work, an abstract pattern on the basis of which the texts of specific literary works are created. System of literary genres Ancient Rus' was significantly different from the modern one. Old Russian literature developed largely under the influence of Byzantine literature and borrowed from it a system of genres, reworking them on a national basis: the specificity of the genres of Old Russian literature lies in their connection with traditional Russian folk art. The genres of ancient Russian literature are usually divided into primary and unifying.

Among them are chronicles, walks, teachings, lives, epistles, works of the oratorical genre, etc. The very first ancient Russian monument It is impossible to indicate, since the first monuments, the first books have not survived to this day. The first monument of ancient Russian literature that has reached us is

"The Tale of Bygone Years."

It is known that in addition to church books In Rus', books devoted to the history of the country and its connections with world history became widespread. Records were kept about everything important that happened in the country: about princes and their struggle for power, about attacks by enemies and the fight against them. Such books were called chronicles.

The word “chronicle” comes from two words: summer, and write. Thus, chronicle- this is an essay, the narrative is presented on a yearly basis. The basis of the narrative in the chronicle is the annual record ( short message about the event, without description), chronicle story ( a detailed story about the event) and obituary description (description of the prince and praise to him).

Being authored, literary works are, as a rule, anonymous, since, on the one hand, ancient Russian authors rarely indicated their names in manuscripts, considering them only executors of the highest Divine will; on the other hand, ancient Russian texts were distributed in handwritten form, and ancient scribes, when rewriting them, could rework the texts and become “co-authors.” This explains the existence of different editions of the same literary monument.

Chronicle writing began in Rus' in the 11th century. The first chronicler was the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nikon, whom he called the Great. His life was full of turbulent events, he was actively involved in the political struggle against those Kyiv princes who put their own interests above all-Russian interests, was twice forced to flee to Tmutarakan. At the end of his life, Nikon became abbot of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. It was then, apparently, that he worked on the chronicle.

At the beginning of the 12th century, the monk of the same monastery Nestor compiled the “Tale of Bygone Years” - one of wonderful works Russian literature. This story has reached us, rewritten and partly revised by the monk of the neighboring Vydubetsky Monastery, Sylvester. This “Tale...” is the fruit of the creativity of several generations of chroniclers. After all, there was no printing in those days; books were copied by hand, and this work was entrusted to a select few, learned scribes. When rewriting the chronicles, followers inevitably made some additions, amendments, and sometimes even made mistakes. In addition, new information was added, since the chronicles were kept strictly by year, and everything important that happened during the year was entered into the chronicle.

The following genres of ancient Russian literature are also distinguished:
Life
Word
Teaching
Tale
This also includes weather records, chronicle stories, chronicle legends and church legends.

Life
The genre of hagiography was borrowed from Byzantium. This is the most widespread and beloved genre of ancient Russian literature. Life was an indispensable attribute when a person was canonized, i.e. were canonized. The life was created by people who directly communicated with a person or could reliably testify to his life. Life was always created after the death of a person. It performed a huge educational function, because the life of the saint was perceived as an example of a righteous life that must be imitated. In addition, life deprived a person of the fear of death, preaching the idea of ​​​​immortality human soul. Life was built according to certain canons, from which they did not deviate until the 15-16 centuries.

Canons of Life
The pious origin of the hero of the life, whose parents must have been righteous. The saint's parents often begged God.
A saint was born a saint, not made one.
The saint was distinguished by an ascetic lifestyle, spending time in solitude and prayer.
A mandatory attribute of the life was a description of the miracles that occurred during the life of the saint and after his death.
The saint was not afraid of death.
The life ended with the glorification of the saint.
One of the first works of the hagiographic genre in ancient Russian literature was the life of the holy princes Boris and Gleb.
Teaching- a type of genre of ancient Russian eloquence. Teaching is a genre in which ancient Russian chroniclers tried to present a model of behavior for any ancient Russian person: both for the prince and for the commoner. The most striking example of this genre is the “Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh” included in the Tale of Bygone Years. In the Tale of Bygone Years, the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh are dated 1096. At this time, the strife between the princes in the battle for the throne reached its climax. In his teaching, Vladimir Monomakh gives advice on how to organize your life. He says that there is no need to seek the salvation of the soul in seclusion. It is necessary to serve God by helping those in need. When going to war, you should pray - God will definitely help. Monomakh confirms these words with an example from his life: he took part in many battles - and God protected him. Monomakh says that one should look at how the natural world works and try to organize social relations according to the model of a harmonious world order. The teaching of Vladimir Monomakh is addressed to descendants.

Word
The word is a type of genre of ancient Russian eloquence. An example of the political variety of ancient Russian eloquence is “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” This work is the subject of much controversy regarding its authenticity. This is because the original text of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” has not been preserved. It was destroyed by fire in 1812. Only copies have survived. From that time on, it became fashionable to refute its authenticity. The word tells about the military campaign of Prince Igor against the Polovtsians, which took place in history in 1185. Researchers suggest that the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was one of the participants in the described campaign. Disputes about the authenticity of this work were conducted in particular because it stands out from the system of genres of ancient Russian literature due to the unusual nature of the elements used in it. artistic means and techniques. The traditional chronological principle of narration is violated here: the author is transported to the past, then returns to the present (this was not typical for ancient Russian literature), the author makes lyrical digressions, inserted episodes appear (Svyatoslav’s dream, Yaroslavna’s cry). The word contains many elements of traditional oral folk art, characters. One can clearly feel the influence of a fairy tale, an epic. The political background of the work is obvious: in the fight against a common enemy, Russian princes must be united, disunity leads to death and defeat.
Another example of political eloquence is the “Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land,” which was created immediately after the Mongol-Tatars came to Rus'. The author glorifies the bright past and mourns the present.
An example of the solemn variety of ancient Russian eloquence is the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion, which was created in the first third of the 11th century. The word was written by Metropolitan Hilarion on the occasion of the completion of the construction of military fortifications in Kyiv. The word conveys the idea of ​​​​the political and military independence of Rus' from Byzantium. By “Law” Hilarion understands the Old Testament, which was given to the Jews, but it does not suit the Russian and other peoples. Therefore, God gave the New Testament, which is called “Grace.” In Byzantium, Emperor Constantine is revered, who contributed to the spread and establishment of Christianity there. Hilarion says that Prince Vladimir the Red Sun, who baptized Rus', is no worse than the Byzantine emperor and should also be revered by the Russian people. The work of Prince Vladimir is continued by Yaroslav the Wise. The main idea of ​​“The Word of Law and Grace” is that Rus' is as good as Byzantium.

Tale
A story is a text of an epic nature, telling about princes, military exploits, about princely crimes. Examples of military stories are “The Tale of the Battle of the Kalka River”, “The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu Khan”, “The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky”.

Message - usually used for journalistic purposes.

Walking is a genre that describes all kinds of travel to other lands and adventures.

Chronicle is a narration of historical events. This is the most ancient genre ancient Russian literature. In Ancient Rus', the chronicle played a very important role, because not only reported historical events of the past, but was also a political and legal document, testifying to how to act in certain situations. The oldest chronicle is the “Tale of Bygone Years,” which came to us in the lists of the Laurentian Chronicle of the 14th century and the Ipatiev Chronicle of the 15th century. The chronicle tells about the origin of the Russians, the genealogy of the Kyiv princes and the emergence ancient Russian state.

Literature of ancient Rus'
General characteristics of the period

Old Russian literature went through a long period of development, which amounts to 7 centuries: from the 9th to the 15th centuries. Scientists associate the formation of ancient Russian literature with the adoption of Christianity in Rus' in 988. This year is the starting point for the periodization of literature. It is reliably known that writing existed in Rus' even before the adoption of Christianity. But very few monuments of pre-Christian writing have been discovered. Based on the available monuments, it cannot be said that before the adoption of Christianity, literature and book learning existed in Rus'.
The spread of the Christian religion in Rus' involved the study of holy scripture and Christian rituals. To preach Christian canons, it was necessary to translate religious books from ancient Greek and Latin languages into a language that the Slavs understood. It became such a language Old Slavonic language. Scientists talk about the special status of the Old Church Slavonic language. Old Church Slavonic is literary language all Slavs. They did not speak it, but only wrote and read books. The Old Church Slavonic language was created by Christian preachers Cyril and Methodius on the basis of the Solunsky dialect of the ancient Bulgarian language specifically in order to make the canons of the Christian religion understandable to the Slavs and to preach these canons in the language of the Slavs. Books in the Old Church Slavonic language were copied in different territories inhabited by the Slavs, where they spoke differently: in different dialects. Gradually, the peculiarities of the speech of the Slavs began to be reflected in writing. Thus, on the basis of the Old Church Slavonic language, the Church Slavonic language arose, reflecting the peculiarities of speech Eastern Slavs, and then the Old Russian man.
Christian preachers arrived in Rus' and created schools. The schools taught reading, writing and the canons of Orthodox Christianity. Over time, a layer of people appeared in Rus' who knew how to read and write. They rewrote holy scripture and translated it into Old Church Slavonic. Over time, these people began to write down historical events that took place in Rus', make generalizations, use images of oral folk art, evaluate the events and facts described. This is how original ancient Russian literature gradually took shape.
Old Russian literature was fundamentally different from what we are accustomed to understanding as literature at the present time. Literature in Ancient Rus' was closely connected with the spread of the Christian religion and served as a tool for preaching and consolidating Christianity in Rus'. This determined special treatment to the book as a sacred object, and to reading as a sacred process of communion with God’s Word.

How were ancient Russian books written?
Old Russian books were huge tomes, the pages of which were made of cowhide. The books were bound into boards, which were covered with leather and decorated. Cured cowhide was an expensive material that had to be saved. That is why ancient Russian books were written in a special way: There were no spaces between words in the books. Naturally, reading such books was very difficult. In addition, many frequently used words were not written in full. For example, BG - God, BGC - Mother of God, NB - heaven. Above such words they put a “title” sign - an abbreviation. Because of the high cost of the material, books cost entire villages. Only rich princes could afford to have books.

The book is a source of Divine grace
One of the differences between ancient Russian literature and modern literature is that ancient Russian books do not and could not have an author. In Ancient Rus', the concept of authorship did not exist at all; it appeared much later. It was believed that God guided the hand of the book writer. Man is only an intermediary through whom God conveys his Word to people. Putting your name in a book was considered a great sin. The belief in this was strong, so for a long time no one dared to put their name in the books. But some could not resist and put an inconspicuous, but so important for them, inscription like “I am a great sinner (name) had a hand in this.”
There was a strong belief that the book had a miraculous effect on a person, giving him divine grace. Communicating with a book old Russian man believed that he was communicating with God. That is why it was customary to fast and pray for at least a week before reading books.

Historicism of Old Russian Literature
Old Russian authors were aware of their special historical mission - the mission of witnesses of time. They believed that they were obliged to record all the events that took place on their land in order to convey history to their descendants through the book. In addition, the texts included many traditions and legends that had oral existence. Thus, in ancient Russian texts, pagan deities are mentioned along with Christian saints. This meant that Christianity existed in Rus' with the original religion of the Slavs, which is usually called paganism, although the pagans themselves did not call themselves that. Folklore significantly enriched ancient Russian literature.
There were no lyrics in ancient Russian literature. Old Russian literature, wearing exclusively religious character, put the preaching of the laws of Christian morality at the forefront. That is why it did not pay any attention privacy person. Maximum objectivity is one of the main canons of ancient Russian literature. Among the genres in ancient Russian literature, the lives of saints, chronicles, chronographs, chety-menaion, patericon, and apocrypha predominated. Old Russian literature was distinguished by religiosity and historicism.
Many ancient Russian books have not reached us: they were destroyed by fires, some were taken to Poland and Lithuania, and some were destroyed by the scribes themselves - the old inscriptions were washed off and new ones were written on top. This was done in order to save the expensive material from which the books were made.

IIIJobWithstatement

Useful when the soul asks for something unusual"

A. S. Demin

Monuments to Peter and Fevronia:

Installation location: in front of the building of Ulyanovsk State University.

Sculptors: Oleg Klyuev and Nikolai Antsiferov.

The monument to Peter and Fevronia in Ulyanovsk is made of bronze and represents the young princes Peter and Fevronia with a dove, symbolizing love and fidelity.

The monument in Ulyanovsk was erected as part of the national program “In the Family Circle”.

In Samara:

The monument was erected as part of the “In the Family Circle” program, which appeared in 2004 with the blessing of Patriarch Alexy II. As part of the same program, monuments to Saints Peter and Fevronia have opened today in Vladivostok and Omsk, and over the past three years sculptural compositions Murom saints have already been installed in Arkhangelsk, Ulyanovsk, Yaroslavl, Sochi and Blagoveshchensk.

On July 8, Orthodox believers celebrate the day of remembrance of Russian saints Peter and Fevronia of Murom, patrons of marital fidelity and love.

Saints Peter and Fevronia are princes who ruled in Murom in the 13th century. The couple were models of fidelity and love for each other; in old age they became monks and soon died in the same hour. Being buried in different graves, their bodies miraculously ended up side by side, the legend says. After this, the couple was buried in Murom near the Church of the Nativity Holy Mother of God. In 1547, the Church canonized them as saints.

IV. Reinforcing the material covered

1. Conversation.

Among the artistic wealth of the people, oral folk art - folklore - occupies a significant place. From a long time ago it brings to a contemporary the thoughts, dreams, expectations of the people, recreates their struggle against oppressors or foreign enslavers. We can say that oral folk art represents the poetic biography of the people, their history working life and the struggle for freedom and independence, the history of the military exploits of his famous sons. The richness and diversity of genres is noted oral creativity people. Oral folklore is also called folklore, which in translation means - folk wisdom. Folklore is taken from sources based on direct observations of surrounding life. It recreates the history, culture, way of life, traditions, and beliefs of the people. The genres of folklore are extremely diverse - these are fairy tales, proverbs, riddles, songs, thoughts, etc. One of the most ancient and interesting genres of folklore are fairy tales. Fairy tales depict for the most part fictitious events. This is understandable, because the people in these works expressed their dreams, for example, to get rich, to live fair trial. Ukrainian folk tales extremely varied. There are fairy tales actors, which are animals, but extraordinary animals: they can speak, think, feel. There are fairy tales in which people act or historical figures. The world of fairy tales is not only magical, fantastic, but also instructive: fairy tales provide answers to simple questions that always worry people - what is the meaning human life? What is good and evil, life and death? A riddle is also one of the types of oral folk art, in which a certain phenomenon or creature is described, but not named, and the interlocutor must guess what it is about we're talking about in a riddle. Riddles compiled by the people are noted for their wit, originality, and poetry. They help develop imagination and creative thinking. An interesting page of oral folk art consists of proverbs and sayings. They reflect the centuries-old wisdom of the people, practical experience in different periods human activity, natural phenomena are revealed, dreams are conveyed. Ukrainian has received worldwide recognition folk song- a brilliant work of the people. Ukrainian folk songs poetically reproduce historical events, sadness and joy, dreams and desires of people. The song reveals spiritual roots, greatness people's soul. Writer M..G. Stelmakh wrote: “Ukrainian folk song has survived all difficult times and from the depths of centuries has brought into our present the thoughts and feelings, pains and expectations of the people.” A folk song, sometimes joyful, sometimes sad, was composed and sung by a shepherd, a serf, a girl in love, a courageous Cossack - the defender of his homeland. And the song lived on, passed on from generation to generation. The Ukrainian folk song has grown like a gigantic tree. And each branch of this mighty tree is an integral part of multifaceted life people. Folk songs associated with work, leisure, holidays and rituals, farm labor, part-time work, recruitment, the people’s struggle for freedom and independence. Ukrainian folk song is the most luxurious and most fragrant of all the branches on the tree of world folk art. Original and popular view oral folk art are dumas. These are large narrative works of predominantly heroic content. Most often, thoughts tell about events related to the heroic struggle of the people against foreign invaders. * Our thought, our song * He will not die, he will not perish. * This, people, is where our glory is, Glory!