Last bow Astafyev analysis. Essay based on the story by Astafiev V.P.

Not every woman likes anti-aging injections. What to do, injections are injections, you still need to decide on them. But an alternative to this painful procedure that appeared not so long ago - a cream with a Botox effect - may well take pride of place in cosmetology, restoring youth to the skin.

Of course, after the injection, the face smoothes out much faster, within two weeks, but here the fruits of labor can be appreciated only after a month, or even a month and a half. But the result will be, and the difference in expectation is not that great, so women often prefer to use cosmetics.

In addition to painlessness and the time of onset of the maximum visible effect, face cream with Botox has other significant differences from “beauty injections”. In general, cosmetologists say that they differ from each other like heaven and earth.

When botulinum toxin gets under the skin through an injection, it temporarily immobilizes the facial muscles. And in addition to this, it smoothes out wrinkles. During the duration of the Botox treatment (six months), you will no longer be able to create any emotion on your face. This, of course, stops the aging process, but few people are tempted to have a mask instead of a face.

The cream does not contain a neurotoxin, because applying it directly to the face threatens the penetration of the poison into the blood, and, consequently, poisoning. At the same time, with prolonged “communication” with oxygen, the toxin loses both activity and effectiveness. In general, nothing good!

In this regard, scientists set out to create a product with a similar effect, but without a toxin in the composition. Soon the necessary substances capable of blocking muscle mobility were obtained! Any cream with the Botox effect contains similar elements.

By constantly using this anti-aging product you can achieve:

• eliminating small wrinkles and smoothing deep ones;
• increasing the firmness and elasticity of the skin;
• increasing the rate of cellular metabolism;
• stimulation of collagen production.

Masks containing hyaluron (a very common procedure in salons) also give amazing results, but the lifting effect does not last long. And Botox cream, when used systematically, provides the opportunity to admire the results for six months. Moreover, the result of using this cosmetic product is the same as if a botulinum toxin injection was given.

How to get the effect from use?

The problem is that the cream cannot penetrate into the deep layers of the skin, which does an excellent job of protecting. The pharmaceutical industry ensures that the components of the product penetrate where needed.

But still, nanospheres (tiny particles, hollow inside) and liposomes (hollow bubbles), created to facilitate the delivery of the necessary elements to the facial muscles, cannot fully guarantee that botulinum toxin substitutes will quickly and immediately get where they need to be.

Therefore, it will be necessary to wait some time for the effect of using cosmetic Botox to appear, and it will appear only after regular and long-term use. But this is the price of beauty and youth without injections.

And reviews indicate that cosmetics with Botox are worth the time and effort. Moreover, you don’t have to worry about side effects that sometimes occur after an unsuccessful injection (for example, eyelid ptosis).

It is very good to start using face cream with Botox in the early stages, at the very beginning of age-related skin aging. That is, in the period from 35 to 45 years. Of course, after 45 and older, it can also be used, but you need to be prepared for the fact that the result will be, but not as good as you would like. In this case, the product will only eliminate fine wrinkles, deep wrinkles formed due to dehydration or “solar” aging. But still, it will significantly improve the condition of the skin at any age, as numerous people say positive reviews.

Cosmetics of this type have a number of contraindications, although there are not as many of them as “beauty injections”.

But you should still refuse Botocream:

• during pregnancy;
• when breastfeeding;
• predisposition to edema.

You also need to know that the product cannot be used in conjunction with fruit acids (look in the composition of the preparations). The cream will become useless if this condition is not taken into account.

1. A cream with a Botox effect should be applied morning and evening every day for one, preferably two months.
2. The effect will be improved if done in advance before application. It will open the pores, which will allow the active components of the product to penetrate deeper.
3. The age period recommended for use is from 30 to 45 years. At this time, it will show maximum effect and prove its ability to rejuvenate.
4. The product should not be used for more than 3 months, because such prolonged exposure to the elements included in the composition can cause disturbances in lymph flow and swelling.
5. The effect usually does not occur instantly, so there is no need to wait for it to avoid disappointment. He will delight you with his appearance a month later.
6. The cream will not turn your face into stone, preserving the naturalness of your facial expressions.
7. The results of regular use of Botox lasts up to six months.

Popular brands with Botox effect

These brands can be purchased at a specialty store, pharmacy, or ordered online. Very often you can hear about such products as Cora, Bioven, Shary Serum, Botomax and many others.

Products under the brand name Cora

This is a domestic brand. Produced in a series whose mission is to take care of mature skin:

• serum;
• lifting cream;
• cream with botox effect.

The Bark serum contains, in addition to hyaluronic acid and other components that prolong youth, also snake venom, which has a relaxing effect and smoothes the skin. Even deep wrinkles lend themselves to her. The serum is good both separately and together with other products.

Cream-lifting Bark contains hyaluronic acid, various extracts of plant origin, and little soy. With prolonged use, it restores skin turgor and elasticity. Able to correct the oval of the face and remove minor facial problems.

The bark with Botox effect smoothes even deep furrows. The cream is recommended for daily use and as a base for makeup. He good alternative injections and hardware procedures. Saturated with vitamins, plant extracts, oils, hyaluron, squalene (which even in the smallest amount is capable of miracles) and other substances.

Reviews about the anti-aging line Cora all positive character. This series really has the power to rejuvenate.

Bioven

The anti-aging product Bioven is the brainchild of an American company. The cosmetological miracle that came out from under the wing of BioLogic Solution is a truly effective cream, as evidenced by numerous positive reviews from the fair sex who have tried it on themselves.

The composition of Bioven cream is unique. It contains artificially obtained snake venom, collagen, peptides, antioxidants, vitamins, elastin and others important elements. But the main thing here is, of course, the snake’s venom, which has a Botox effect, perfectly smoothing out wrinkles.

It is possible to prolong the youth of the skin and stop the passing of years thanks to new cosmetology products. Beauty injections allow you to smooth out wrinkles, restore freshness and elasticity. Cosmetics help cope with various aesthetic problems. A cream with a Botox effect is an excellent way to restore the smoothness of the skin and prevent the formation of wrinkles. Instead of a painful procedure, you can perform daily caring rituals at home.​

Differences between Botox and anti-aging creams

An increase in tone and contraction of muscle fibers occurs under the influence of nerve impulses, the transmission of which is regulated by a special protein. Botulinum toxin is an active element of beauty injections for the correction of wrinkles mainly on the upper part of the face. When it is administered, the specific protein is destroyed, the impulse is interrupted, and muscle paralysis occurs. Wrinkle smoothing occurs within a few days, the result lasts from 2 to 6 months. Many patients who repeatedly use Botox injections notice a decrease in the effect with repeated use.

The active elements of creams are peptides, the molecular structure is similar to a specific protein. They replace protein and partially block the transmission of nerve impulses to muscle fibers. They have a relaxing effect, but do not affect facial expressions, which makes it possible to avoid the effect of a frozen mask. Peptide molecules penetrate the skin very slowly, the action is directed only at the muscle fibers woven into the skin.

Attention! The components of creams have a cumulative effect. Unlike injections, weak results can be observed only after a month of daily use.

What is the difference between a cream with Botox effect and a regular one?

Traditional creams, fluids, serums have a superficial effect, nourish, moisturize, but do not penetrate into the deep layers of the dermis. Peptides act on nerve impulses, partial blocking helps relax and smooth out wrinkles. Often the composition includes vitamin and mineral complexes, hyaluronic acid, collagen, elastin for comprehensive skin rejuvenation and prevention of aging processes.

Differences between creams with Botox effect:

• used in courses with repetitions several times a year;
• not suitable for solving problems of porous, inflamed, pigmented skin;
• will not get rid of the lumpy structure and swelling;
• has a cumulative effect, the result is noticeable after completing the course;
• lack of effect with pronounced age-related changes after 50 years;
• cannot be used in tandem with other care products.

Indications for use

Effective use for the first age-related changes in the range from 30 to 45 years. After 50 years, wrinkles form as a result of photoaging and dehydration; creams with peptides are powerless against these types of wrinkles.

To combat wrinkles in certain areas, you can use cosmetics starting from the age of 25, treating only the problem area with the product.

Indications for use:

• wrinkles in the forehead, bridge of the nose, eyelids, nasolabial triangle;
• dry, dehydrated skin prone to irritation;
• unhealthy complexion, sagging skin.

Creams with the Botox effect nourish, moisturize the skin, simulate blood flow, and improve oxygen respiration. Universal anti-aging products are suitable for all skin types, have regenerating properties, and prolong youth.

Rules of application

Cosmetic products differ not only in composition, but also in their effect from traditional anti-aging creams. To achieve the desired results, smooth out wrinkles, and restore the elasticity of the structure, you should take into account the rules of use.

How to use:

• applied to the skin in the morning and evening, after standard washing and toning, instead of day and night cream;
• for better penetration of peptides, additional scrubbing or peeling can be performed;
• steam baths help improve results; the presence of rosacea is a contraindication;
• a small amount of cream is distributed along the massage lines; makeup should be applied no earlier than after 10–20 minutes;
• duration of use - no more than 4–6 weeks; to consolidate the results for 6–8 weeks, it is recommended to use the cream up to 3 times a week;
• the period of active and maintenance use should not exceed 3 months;
• efficiency depends on individual characteristics skin, expression of wrinkles, some girls notice positive changes after the first applications, color is refreshed, tone increases;
• a lasting, tangible result occurs after full course: active components slowly and in small concentrations penetrate muscle tissue, some remain in the epidermis, some are absorbed by the lymphatic system;
• subsequent use is possible no earlier than after 3 months;
• To increase efficiency, it is recommended to carry out chemical or hardware peeling in the salon;
• Do not use simultaneously with products containing AHA acids - the components neutralize the effect of the peptides.

How to choose

Cosmetic products do not contain botulinum toxin, which means they have no contraindications or restrictions for use. The active substances are peptides that partially block the transmission of nerve impulses to muscle fibers.

Before purchasing a cream, you need to find out the concentration; 10 to 15% is considered optimal. Peptides can be of plant or animal origin. They are synthesized from hibiscus seeds, as well as viper and cobra venoms.

How to choose a cream:

1. The composition should contain argireline or matrixyl. The first group of peptides relaxes muscle fibers and blocks impulse transmission. There are other names for this component - Acetyl, hexapeptidehexapeptide.
2. Matrixyl promotes collagen synthesis, filling wrinkles, and reducing the depth of creases. It is also listed as Palmitoyl pentapeptide.
3. In addition to the peptide complex, creams may contain vitamins (tocopherols, retinols), antioxidants, collagen and hyaluronic acid.
4. Unscrupulous manufacturers often present hyaluronic acid as the main component that has a Botox effect. The principle of operation is different. Peptides gradually immobilize and relax muscles, and hyaluronic acid only maintains hydrobalance.
5. There are also dangerous ingredients that can cause irritation and accelerate the aging process. These include Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Butylparaben, Methylparaben, Propylparaben.

Advice! You can purchase high-quality cream at a pharmacy, cosmetic store or online. It is important to pay attention not only to the manufacturer’s brand, but also to the composition and expiration date.

Top 13 best creams

Regardless of the compositions and manufacturers, creams are used according to the standard scheme. The face should be cleansed with a scrub or thermal water, and a sufficient amount of product should be applied along the massage lines. Leave until completely absorbed. You can use it in the evening, replacing the night cream, or in the morning, using it as a base for makeup. The duration of the course should not exceed one and a half months.

Bark cream-lifting

A cream with a Botox effect is designed to correct the first age-related changes. The active ingredients include wheat proteins, verbena, ginger, and strawberry extracts. The product also contains avocado, shea, and soy oils. Recommended for use after 30–35 years to restore oval contour, reduce the depth of wrinkles, and improve elasticity. Cost 396 rub.

Cyclim BotoEffect

Contains a complex of argireline peptides, phytoestogens, vitamins A, E, F, as well as hyaluronic acid. Used to correct wrinkles in the eye area, nasolabial triangle, forehead, and bridge of the nose. Also used to prolong the effect of injectable drugs. Prescribed when the first age-related changes appear. You can buy it for 344 rubles.

Gaea

Thai cream contains snake venom, hexapeptides, amino acids. As a result of application, facial muscles gradually relax and collagen synthesis is activated. After the course, the number of wrinkles is reduced by 30%. Duration is 6 weeks, re-application of the cream no more than 1-2 times a week. Price 3528 rub.

Mixit Botox active

Presented in a series of 3 products - a mask, a face cream and a cream for the area around the eyes. The formula allows you to cope with expression wrinkles, as well as deep age-related folds. As a result of use, muscle fibers relax and metabolic processes are activated. Included in the composition are amino acids, wheat proteins, and hyaluronic acid. The cost of mixit products is from 745 rubles. up to 1145 rub.

Marusya 888

Natural cosmetics are made by a famous beauty blogger. You can purchase funds in the Snow White Lotus group on VKontakte. Distinctive Features is the use of natural, non-synthesized components. The composition improves lymph outflow, blood circulation, and reduces the occurrence of wrinkles.

Meitan

Ultra-nourishing cream with bee venom and Botox effect. Also contains beeswax, manuka honey, almond extract, avocado, rosehip oil. Muscle relaxation is provided by a neurosoothing peptide, The cream is recommended for use after 40 years. Provides deep nutrition, smoothes wrinkles, improves skin tone. You can buy it for 518 rubles.

Duck set

Includes dermal-active serum, cream and cream mask with Botox effect. The active component of each product is acetyl hexapeptide-8, which has a relaxing effect on muscle fibers. As a result of using the cosmetic complex, it is possible to reduce muscle contractions, stimulate the synthesis of collagen and elastin, and protect the skin from the action of free radicals. The cost of the set is 4520 rubles.

Neo Botox

Designed to solve the problems of aging skin. The active component is fly agaric extract, which relaxes muscle fibers. Ibotenic acid helps tighten the oval line and smooth out deep wrinkles. A complex of vitamins and minerals refreshes the skin, improves color and structure. You can buy it for 990 rubles. on the official site.

Purebess

The cream contains a synthetic substance Syn-Ake, which is an analogue of snake venom. In addition to the peptide, the composition includes adenosine, shea butter, olives, tocopherol, and hyaluron. Recommended for smoothing wrinkles on the forehead, vertical folds on the bridge of the nose, crow's feet, as well as the folds of the nasolabial triangle. Using the cream helps improve skin immunity and prevents the formation of new folds and creases. You can buy it for 812 rubles.

Bioven

Contains snake venom extract that replaces Botox injections. Enriched with vitamins A, E, allantoin, grapefruit extract. Recommended for caring for mature skin and preventing the formation of wrinkles. You can purchase it on the official website for 990 rubles.

Botomax

The spray helps smooth out all types of wrinkles and restores a beautiful, even tone. The active ingredients are Asian centella, petit grain oil, ginseng extract, sodium hyaluronate. As a result of use, hydrobalance is restored, collagen synthesis increases, and oxygen respiration improves. You can buy botomax for 990 rubles. on the official site.

Belita Botox like

Includes night, day, and eye cream. Designed to restore firmness and elasticity of the skin after 35 years. The unique formula helps moisturize and rejuvenate the skin. In addition to peptides, the composition contains beeswax, wheat germ oil, algae extract, and a vitamin complex. You can buy it for 297 rubles.

Cobra

Thai cream with snake venom promotes a lasting rejuvenation effect. Also contains snake oil, which promotes deep hydration, protection against unfavorable conditions environment. In Thailand it is used to combat wrinkles, age-related changes. Suitable for all skin types. The only thing is that it is not applied to the sensitive area of ​​the eyelids. You can buy it for 794 rubles.

Advantages and disadvantages

Creams, ointments, and serums are alternatives to injections, but have nothing to do with the use of botulinum toxin. The drug paralyzes muscles, blocks facial movements, and components cosmetics They only slow down the transmission of nerve impulses to muscle fibers.

Benefits of creams:

• have virtually no side effects or contraindications for use;
• the action does not distort facial expressions, the natural expression of the face is preserved without the effect of a mask;
• used on the delicate skin of the eyelids and mouth area;
• they trigger rejuvenation processes, stimulate the synthesis of collagen and elastin, while Botox only promotes relaxation of muscle fibers.

Flaws:

• there is no immediate effect of smoothing wrinkles, the results of use after 45 years may not live up to expectations;
• using the course and subsequent consolidation requires compliance with a number of rules;
• high cost of production.

Precautionary measures

Cosmetics with the Botox effect have their own rules of use. To get positive results, you should follow the basic recommendations.

Contraindications:

• individual intolerance;
• tendency to edema;
• period of pregnancy, lactation;
• use of cosmetics with AHA acids.

Important point! You should not simultaneously master facial gymnastics and use products with Botox effects.

Position: teacher of Russian language and literature

Place of work: average comprehensive school № 18 Kirovsky district Ufa

Teaching experience: 32 years
LESSON TOPIC: “Bow to good people” (based on the story by V. Astafiev “ Last bow»)

Grade: 9th

Number of hours: 2 hours
EPIGRAPH:"I will never forget that happy morning." (V.P. Astafiev)
LESSON OBJECTIVES:

1. 
   To introduce students to the life and work of V. P. Astafiev.
2. 
   Fostering in students a sense of love for the Motherland, the surrounding world, and people.

DURING THE CLASSES

1st hour
INTRODUCTION

I. The teacher’s introductory speech about V.P. Astafiev.

I would like to start the lesson with the words of the writer’s grandfather on his father’s side, Pavel Yakovlevich Astafiev.

Someday a grandfather will say about his grandson:

“You are happy, however... Not by fate, but by heart. To see something beautiful and good, maybe this is where happiness lies.”

Grandfather looked into the water. The writer V.P. Astafiev was precisely such a person, vigilant, attentive, noticing the beauty of human relationships, the beauty of the surrounding world.

II. Biography of the writer (student message).

The name of V.P. Astafiev is known throughout the world. He was born in May 1924 in the village of Ovsyanka, on the banks of the mighty Yenisei, not far from Krasnoyarsk, “into a working, huge, sedate and melodious family.” He lost his mother early - she drowned when her scythe caught on a floating boom in the river. He was given to the care of his grandparents - Siberian peasants.

In 1934, he was forced to leave his native village along with his father’s new family, and was soon abandoned to the will of fate. Having gone through orphanhood and homelessness, at the age of 15 he ended up in an orphanage in the polar city of Igarki. Before the war, he worked as a train compiler near the city of Krasnoyarsk. In the fall of 1942, he volunteered for the front. He served as a driver, artillery reconnaissance officer, and signalman. He was seriously injured.

After being demobilized in 1945, he lived for 18 years in the Urals, in Chusovoy. He worked as a loader, mechanic, foundry worker, and at the same time studied at evening school.

I started writing out of a feeling of protest, I wanted to write about the war what I saw myself, “I cared most of all that everything was accurate, that everything was as it was.”

In 1958 he was accepted into the Writers' Union, and in 1959 he was sent to the Higher Literary Courses in Moscow, where he studied until 1961.

The writer's pen includes such wonderful works, like the story in the stories “The Last Bow”, the story in the stories “The King Fish”, the novel “The Sad Detective”, the tragic theme of war sounds in the story “The Shepherd and the Shepherdess” (the author defines it as modern pastoral). About the war - a novel written in the 90s - “Cursed and Killed”, the story “So I Want to Live”.

The leading themes of the writer’s work: childhood; nature and man; war and love.

In 1968, the first book of the story in stories “The Last Bow” was published. In subsequent years, Books II and III were published.

Work based on the story “The Last Bow”.

• 
  From whose perspective is the story told?

• 
  Who is the main character of the story?
• 
  Think about the title of the work. “Last bow.”
• 
  Last bow to whom?

• 
  What 2 themes run through the entire work?

These themes are very closely intertwined in the story, which opens up childhood memories - “A Far and Near Fairy Tale.”

1). “Far and Near Fairy Tale.”

• 
  Tell us about Vasya, a Pole.

Selective reading by the teacher of a passage from the words “But because of the ridge, from the deep interior of the earth, music arose...” to the words “wounded for life by music.”

• 
  What was the music talking about? Why is Vitka so anxious and bitter? Why do you want to cry like he has never cried before?

• 
  What mark did Vasya the Pole leave on the boy’s soul with his violin playing?

• 
  How did your fellow villagers treat Vasya the Pole?
• 
  Can Vasya the Pole be called a life teacher for Vitka Potylitsyn? Why do you think the chapter “Far and Near Fairy Tale” is the first in the book “The Last Bow”.

• 
  Who left Vitka the most precious childhood memory?

• 
  Tell me about your grandmother.

• 
  What role did she play in the development of character and in the fate of her grandson?
• 
  The grandmother teaches her grandson to love and understand nature, passed on to him her worldly and moral experience, taught to love the earth and all living things around.

• 
  Which chapters tell how a grandmother teaches her grandson to see the beautiful, teaches a careful and reverent attitude towards the earth, and gives the first lessons in labor.

• 
  What other lessons given by his grandmother did Vitka remember?

What new did we learn about grandmother in the chapter “Guardian Angel”? How did your grandmother teach her family to endure difficulties?

• 
  Wise thoughts from a grandmother.
• 
  The chapter is called “Guardian Angel” - why?

• 
  What interesting things did you learn about the life of peasants? folk traditions, rituals?

b). Stop on stage as grandparents gather children to show a recently born calf and together come up with a name for the newborn.

V). Evening milking of cows.

G). “What a good evening this is coming! I want to share my bread, milk, salt and heart with my neighbors and all the people in the world.”

d). Grandmother's evening prayer.

8). – What is said in the story “Autumn Sadness and Joy”?

• 
  Why did grandmother Katerina Petrovna produce the most delicious cabbage?

9). Chapter “Grandma’s Holiday.”

• 
  What holiday is this chapter talking about?
• 
  How is this holiday celebrated?

• 
  How does Ilya Evgrafovich remember the grandfather from his grandson?

• 
  “The Last Bow” is a treasury of popular thoughts. Let's listen to them.

• 
  In what key are all the stories from this work written?

• 
  The leitmotif of Book I is the words: “I will never forget that happy morning.”

CONCLUSION

“Last bow” is a conversation about childhood and about those people who warmed this childhood with the warmth of their hearts and the caress of their working hands. The meaning of this work is in the emotional and moral charge that can awaken the brightest feelings in readers: joy of life, love for the homeland, native land, work, people living next to you.

The last chapter of the work is “The Last Bow”. This is where the author conveys main idea works.

(Expressive reading by the stage teacher last meeting grandson and grandmother).

Write an essay on the topic: “Lessons of kindness from grandmother Katerina Petrovna.”

ON THE. Molchanova

V.P. Astafiev speaks of writing as an “exhausting, incessant search”, a search artistic forms, means, images. The composition of the story “The Last Bow” reflected the writer’s search for a way to express epic tasks. The history of the creation of the story is peculiar. It includes as separate chapters published in different years stories and a short story “War is thundering somewhere.” The structure of the story is typical for a number of works of recent years: “Lipyagi” by S. Krutilin, “Bag, full of hearts» Vyach. Fedorov, “Bread is a noun” by M. Alekseev and others. Such a “figured composition - a story from a chain of links, pieces, rings” shows a tendency towards cyclization and becomes a noticeable phenomenon modern literature, which reflected her desire for epic completeness, for a broad synthetic vision of the world, her attempts to “overcome the fragmentation of private observations, characterological sketches, and the limitations of moral factography.”

Published separately during 1957-1967. Due to their artistic merits, Astafiev's stories were highly praised by critics. But each of them, in its content, could not go beyond the narration of private stories, everyday or lyrical sketches. A single story could not convey the process of personality formation in all the drama and diversity of its connections with the environment, with society, with history. Collected into a single artistic whole, the chapter stories acquired a new quality, expressing a larger understanding of all problems, and expanded the scope of the narrative. The story in the stories appeared as “a book about Russia, about the people, about the moral roots of the Russian people”, “a poetic chronicle folk life».

The choice and order of stories were determined by the writer’s capacious creative task, the desire to show the formation of the people’s character, its unbreakable connection with the native soil that nurtured it. That's why artistic design the author was not limited to the story of village childhood. The structure of the story in the stories made it possible to show the hero in relation and connection with the most important events in the country, to correlate his fate with the fate of the nation, that is, it expanded the epic possibilities of the work. In their totality, everyday, social, ethical signs and characteristics village life The 30s and 40s depicted in the stories recreate a living, visible picture of the time and people.

In the works of M. Alekseev and S. Krutilin, the goal is to comprehensively depict the life of the Russian village, to trace the main milestones of its history and modernity. V. Astafiev subordinates the narrative to a different goal - to explore the deep origins of the character of a person raised in the Russian village. This led to a carefully thought-out organization of the material, not only in the order of the stories, but also in the composition of the system of images.

The story opens with the story-chapter “A Far and Near Fairy Tale” (1963); this is an exposition to the story of Siberia and the Siberians, “about how they lived, about their daring, perseverance and pity.” Discovery of the world little hero begins with the most important thing in the birth of a person - with the discovery of the homeland, the comprehension of love for it. Dramatic sound patriotic theme, its almost tragic solution enhances the polyphony of the story, expands the horizons of the work, takes it beyond the fate of one person, one people, and gives dynamics to the narrative.

A Pole violinist who lost his homeland conveys love and longing for it in the sounds of the violin: “Everything passes - love, regret for it, the bitterness of loss, even the pain from wounds passes, but the longing for the homeland never, never goes away... "

From the first story, the most important motives in the author’s concept of man, united by the hero and the patriotic leitmotif, proceed and interact throughout the story: labor, folk morality, nature, art.

The three lyrical sketches that follow the first chapter of the story (“Zorka’s song”, “Trees grow for everyone”, “Geese in the wormwood”) are connected by a common content, telling about the wealth and beauty of the natural world, about the hero’s desire to understand and protect it. The movement and development of artistic thought are expressed in the way of depicting the hero, immersed in the flow of folk life, surrounded by the elements of nature, rural life and traditions. The tasks of the event-based plot narrative seem to recede into the background. The author's interest is focused on revealing the inner world, the life of the human soul.

One of the most poetic, lyrical chapter stories, “The Smell of Hay” (1963), continues the picture spiritual education a person in whom work is the basis of life, its meaning and measure. Against the backdrop of a wonderful moonlit night with the exciting smells of snow and fragrant hay, an expressive scene of the work of adults and children in a festive atmosphere is born.

The difficulties of Viktor Potylitsin’s upbringing, moral growth, and the drama of this process are revealed in the story-chapter “A Horse with a Pink Mane” (1963). The role of grandmother Katerina Petrovna, in essence the main character of the entire book, the “guardian angel” of childhood, a kind, strong and wise person, is especially significant in the fate of the autobiographical hero. The image of the grandmother runs through the entire narrative, and each story highlights new facets not only in the emerging character of the village boy, but also in the character of his grandmother. The grandmother understands the feelings of the child who heard wonderful music village violinist, she tells her grandson about the morning “Zorka’s song”, explains that “trees grow for everyone”, brings gingerbread from the city - “a horse with a pink mane”, forgiving Vita for her deception. “Planted” at work from an early age, she feeds, cares for, cares for, and nurtures a huge family. “In any matter, it’s not the word, but the hands that are the head of everything. There’s no need to spare your hands.” Grandmother is responsive to the grief of others and is ready for selfless help. “Grandmother’s big heart “aches for everyone.” The life of Katerina Petrovna reflected hard way She did not forget the Russian people, their joys, hardships, and pleasures, “she knew how to notice them in her simple and difficult life.” And the main traits of her character, hard work, kindness, perseverance make her an exponent of social and moral ideals people. Turning to the study of folk character, the author solves epic problems, for the life of the heroine and the life of the people are presented as a single whole, having one source.

The fate of the grandmother, her decisive influence on her grandson, is told through everyday images and details, through the details of everyday life, in the stories “Monk in New Pants”, “Guardian Angel”, “Autumn Sadness and Joy”, “Grandma’s Holiday”. By the end of the book, the earthly, living, plastically recreated figure of grandmother Katerina Petrovna grows to a symbolic generalization, becomes a heroic, epic face. It is these people who nourish the people, the nation with the life-giving juices of courage, kindness, and optimism. It is no coincidence that the final story is dedicated to the grandmother - the “last bow” to her ends the book about Russia, for she is a living, unique embodiment of the homeland.

One after another, next to the grandmother, “people of childhood” appear in the chapter stories, socially defined and artistically unique, including an autobiographical hero in village world, his moral connections. This is Uncle Levonty with a riotous horde of children who love “sloboda”. Dissolute, scandalous in drunken fervor, he amazes the boy contradictory features rich nature, attracts with selflessness, spiritual openness, simplicity. (“Horse with a pink mane”, “Autumn sadness and joy”, “Grandma’s holiday”, etc.). Next to Vitya, a lively and crafty friend-enemy, Levontiev’s Sanka sets off the poetic, subtle nature of the hero. The figure of Philip from the story “Uncle Philip is a ship mechanic” (1965) is memorable; the author speaks with pain about his death in 1942 near Moscow, about eternal grief and in memory of his wife. The image of a modest rural teacher is outlined with meager strokes. The people's primordial respect for the teacher and admiration for the title are manifested in the touching care of the villagers for him and in the love of the students for him. Therefore, a legitimate place in the system of images and chapters is occupied by the story about a village school and its devotees - “The Photograph in which I am not.”

The chapter stories “Autumn Sadness and Joy” (1966) and “Grandma’s Holiday” (1968), depicting crowded scenes of labor and holidays, complement the overall three-dimensional picture of folk life and the gallery of folk characters. The prosaic and tedious chopping and salting of cabbage turns into a holiday, born of the excitement of friendly teamwork. The story about grandmother’s name day shows the last “gathering of all” relatives before the war. Approaching events introduce a tinge of sadness into the narrative, a premonition of future losses and deprivations, death and orphanhood, the hidden drama of human destinies, a short story a series of portraits, living characters, their polyphonic feast is sculpted, and in the center is the grandmother, the keeper of the customs and traditions of a huge family.

It should be noted how thoughtfully the chapter stories are arranged, the dramatic tone, the internal conflict of which increases as we approach the climactic chapter “War is thundering somewhere.” The first story, as an overture, contains the main themes and images of the entire narrative. The next four stories are light, full of the pure joy of a child discovering the natural world. "The Horse with the Pink Mane" and "The Monk in New Pants" introduce realistically accurate and true portrayal into the difficult and poor life of the village of the 30s, reinforce the motive of drama and the complexity of life. The story “Dark, Dark Night” supports this motive; the hero’s desire to understand the complexities of life and take his share of responsibility “for his native village, for this river and land, a harsh but welcoming land,” grows stronger.

The short story “War is thundering somewhere,” which precedes the final story, plays a fundamental role in the composition of the work: its events convey a sharp change in the fate and condition of the hero, they can be considered climax in the process of the hero’s maturation and self-affirmation. Almost dying in the bitter cold on the way to his aunt Augusta, Victor conquers death, striving towards fire, human warmth and help. An aunt with many children in her native village received a “funeral” and is in dire need. The nephew goes hunting in the winter taiga to save precious hay from forest goats. The hunting scene is one of the best in the entire cycle, the most intense moment in the dramatic story of the formation of character, the maturation of the hero. The experiences of that night turned the teenager’s soul upside down, which had been prepared by the entire previous narrative. Having encountered misfortune, his own and the nation's, the hero realizes his place in life. Thoughts about death, an emotional explosion as an expression of the feelings not controlled by the mind of a person forced to kill - “shoot this wise goat..., this New Year, winter night, into silence, into a white fairy tale! - accelerated the maturation process civil courage and high responsibility. “Never before has the world seemed so hidden and majestic to me. His calmness and boundlessness were shocking... my life was broken in two. That night I became an adult."

The final story “The Last Bow” is about the hero’s return to his homeland, where his grandmother is waiting, about the return of a soldier from the war to his homeland with a deeply conscious sense of gratitude, with a bow to the fatherland. Last words stories sound like a hymn to the beloved and to a loved one, the memory of which is “limitless and eternal, just as human kindness itself is eternal.”

The final pages of the story give it completeness, sum up the artistic material, a mosaic of pictures of nature, family and village life, work and holidays. The final story is significant; it plays the role of a denouement, reflecting the completion of the main event of the era - the victory over fascism. Not only the most important life stage hero, the story contains a generalization of the socio-historical meaning, since Astafiev’s story explores the sources of our victory, social and moral strength winners raised “in the depths of Russia.”

The desire to show the multiplicity and diversity of factors, the characteristics of time, environment, people who create a personality, makes the composition of the story open, dynamic, and allows the book to be expanded. In 1974, four new chapters of the book were published. The first book will be supplemented with new chapters and re-edited, in particular it will contain new chapter about the children's games “Burn, Burn Clear!” The second book of “The Last Bow” is being written, where the author is going to transfer the story “War is thundering somewhere” and which will be completed by the story “The Last Bow”. This new, not yet completed composition of two books will be of interest for future research.

At present existing book V.P. Astafiev, using the genre possibilities of the story, creates a new genre-compositional form in which artistic power the lyrical-psychological story is revealed especially fully and multifacetedly. From a certain system typologically different stories(detailed socio-psychological stories with traditional composition, fable-free poetic stories-pictures, lyrical stories-essays), from a certain system of images revealing the folk world and folk character, a story emerged that received an epic sound.

Keywords: Victor Astafiev, “Last Bow”, criticism of the works of Victor Astafiev, criticism of the works of Victor Astafiev, analysis of the stories of Victor Astafiev, download criticism, download analysis, download for free, Russian literature of the 20th century.

Victor Astafiev’s book “The Last Bow” expresses the writer’s desire to show the origins of the people’s character, such components as compassion, duty, conscience, and beauty. There are many heroes in the story, but in the center of our attention are two destinies - the grandmother and her grandson, because it is under the influence of the grandmother that the formation of young hero.
The boy Vitya is an orphan, so he lives with his grandmother Katerina Petrovna. Grandmother is a strong and powerful woman, but at the same time, how much spiritual warmth, kindness and love is hidden under her external severity! The image of Katerina Petrovna is a generalized image; she is one of the characters who embody not just the essential features of the way of life of the Russian village, but also the moral foundations of the nation. The grandmother makes fun of her grandson, but at the same time she is kind and very caring.
For Astafiev, it is important to show the relationship of his hero with friends, because, in his opinion, “ real friendship- a rare and precious reward for a person. Sometimes it is stronger and more faithful than family ties and influences human relationships much more strongly than the “team”.
The chapter “Photograph in which I am not present” reflects all the moments that concern Astafiev. It all starts with a photographer from the city coming to the village specifically to photograph children studying at school. Among them is the hero of the story, Vitya. The guys decide how they will stand in the photo and come to the conclusion that “diligent students will sit in the front, average ones in the middle, bad students in the back.” But Vitya and his friend Sanka have never been diligent, so they should be left behind. To prove that they were lost people, two friends went to the ridge and “began to ride off a cliff like no other man of sense I’ve never ridden.”
As a result, they rolled around in the snow. In the evening, the young hero received retribution for his revelry - his legs hurt. The grandmother made her diagnosis - “rematism”. From unbearable pain the boy begins to moan, and then howl. The grandmother, wailing and swearing (“if I were you, it would sting your soul and liver, didn’t say: “don’t get cold, don’t get cold!”), but still goes for medicine to treat her grandson.
From the very beginning of the chapter, the relationship between them becomes clear - the grandmother loves her grandson, although she grumbles at him and mimics him. But you can hear tenderness and love in this too:
“Where are you, Tutoka?
“Here,” I responded as pitifully as possible and stopped moving.
- Here! - Grandma mimicked me and, groping for me in the darkness, the first thing she did was slap me on the wrist. Then she rubbed my feet for a long time ammonia”.
Katerina Petrovna takes care of her grandson, although she is strict towards him. She also sympathizes with Vita because her grandson is an orphan: “...how could such a misfortune happen, and why would they break the little orphan like a thin tali-and-Inka...”.
Because the boy's legs hurt, he misses most important event– photographing. The grandmother consoles him, promises that the photographer will come again or they themselves will go to the city, to see Volkov, the “best” photographer: “... he will take pictures either for a portrait, or for a patchport, or on a horse, or on a plane, or whatever.” Vitya’s friend, Sanka, comes for him and, seeing that he cannot walk, also does not go to be photographed:
"- OK! – Sanka said decisively. - OK! – he repeated even more decisively. - If so, I won’t go either! All!"
He, like a true friend, does not leave Vitya to grieve alone. Sanka, despite the fact that he can walk and that he even has a new padded jacket, remains with his friend, convincing himself and him that he is not in last time a photographer comes to see them and that everything will be “nice.” Of course, in this story friendship is considered at a child's level, but still this episode is very important for further development the personality of the young hero, because not only the grandmother, but also the kind attitude of friends influence a person’s attitude towards the world.
The chapter “The Photograph in which I am not in” deeply reveals the image of the grandmother. In villages, windows are insulated for the winter, and every housewife wants to decorate it: “A village window, sealed not in winter, is a kind of work of art. By looking at the window, without even entering the house, you can determine what kind of mistress lives here, what kind of character she has and what her daily routine is like.”
Katerina Petrovna lives without frills, neatly, her window is neat, and she thoughtfully insulates it: “The moss sucks in the dampness. An ember prevents the glass from freezing, but a rowan tree prevents frost.”
In the scene when the teacher comes to Vita’s house, we see another side of the grandmother’s character - she is hospitable and friendly to people. Katerina Petrovna treats the teacher to tea, puts on the table all the treats that are possible in the village, and conducts conversations.
It is important that the teacher is a very respected person in the village, he is literate and teaches children. The teacher also helps the adult villagers - he corrects Uncle Levontius and helps them write the necessary documents. For his goodwill, he does not remain without gratitude - they help the teacher with firewood, and Katerina Petrovna charms their navel small child.
Thus, this chapter helps us better understand the images of the grandmother and grandson, see their souls and life values. We will also learn why village photography is so important - it is “a unique chronicle of our people, their wall history.” And no matter how pompous and funny they are, they do not cause laughter, but a kind smile.

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