Decorative and applied art in the life of a modern person. Need help studying a topic? Arts and crafts for preschool children: stained glass

You can instill in children a love of beauty and develop the rudiments of aesthetic taste different ways. And one of them is activities with a child applied creativity. It doesn't have to be practical lessons with a bias towards folk theme. Preschoolers can be introduced to arts and crafts by making crafts from wire or paper, patchwork, painting stained glass, etc.

Various techniques of children's arts and crafts not only allow you to engage free time, train your hand, teach your child to work with various tools. Among other things, applied techniques develop a child’s aesthetic taste, the ability to combine objects and details, distinguish shades, and create new figures, objects or paintings. This has a positive effect on the development of abstract thinking, and also develops the artistic taste of your child.

What is the role of arts and crafts in the development of children?

The great teacher V. A. Sukhomlinsky spoke about the role of arts and crafts in the development of children. According to him, “the origins of children’s abilities and talents are at their fingertips.” And this is absolutely fair, because any actions that a child performs with his fingers have a direct impact not only on the development of his writing skills, but also on mental development, on the cognitive activity of his brain and on the creative component of his life.

It is no secret that children's arts and crafts are directly related to the development of fine motor skills, which means they stimulate the brain, trigger speech mechanisms and develop the creative abilities of every child.

Creative modeling cultivates aesthetic taste in a person, develops creative thinking, helps in acquiring skills in working with various tools and significantly enriches your child’s knowledge of the world.

Moreover, the use of applied techniques gives a parent a unique chance to engage in creativity together with their child. And the finished products will perfectly decorate the interior of your home, complementing the developing space of the children's room.

Applied creativity is design and modeling from scrap materials, the ability to create something new from parts of something. This is everyone artistic work which your child is doing.

Have fun with your child creative activity It’s easy to design, just use your imagination and stock up on the necessary materials.

While working with small parts, it is formed. The child learns to hold small parts with his fingertips and rationally distributes the tension in the arm and hand muscles.

In addition to the influence on fine motor skills, the role of arts and crafts in the development of a child is also that it has a beneficial effect on the formation of aesthetic and artistic taste, introduces the elements of abstract thinking.

Applied creativity includes appliqué from colored paper, modeling from natural materials, working with plastic materials, working with tools and even designing playgrounds.

Below are several types of arts and crafts for children that you can do at home.

Children's arts and crafts: mosaic art

Mosaic - oldest species artistic arts, which involves composing pictures from small parts.

To assemble a mosaic, you must have perseverance and will. Unlike an appliqué or a painted picture, the image in a mosaic appears gradually, from small details.

Mosaics are created from pebbles, clay, plasticine or plain paper. It can be made from beads, beads, sand and even semolina. This is the most common type of arts and crafts for children.

While assembling a mosaic pattern, the child develops fine motor skills, develops imagination, develops artistic taste and imaginative thinking. In addition, creating a mosaic pattern perfectly trains perseverance and attention, and helps you concentrate on the little things.

Don't be afraid of an overabundance of mosaic patterns in your home; mosaic panels are a new word in modern decor. You can add some zest to your children's room with mosaic paintings and sketches. You can decorate almost anything in your living space with it.

The main thing to remember: When doing this children's arts and crafts, the mosaic details should be large and comfortable for a child's hand. With senior can be used in mosaic picture materials such as beads or semolina.

With the help of a mosaic pattern, you can not only make a picture on the wall, but also update and complement the interior of a child’s room.

One of the original types of arts and crafts for children is the use of natural materials as mosaic parts: shells, stones, plant seeds or dried tree leaves. Working with such material requires increased attention, accuracy and great perseverance.

With a small child, it is useful to decorate mosaics with cereals. Buckwheat, rice and even millet cereals perfectly develop grasping skills and form tactile perception.

But the universal and most affordable material for mosaics is colored paper. In order to make mosaic decor out of it, the paper needs to be cut or torn into small pieces so that they are enough for the entire picture. Paper can be combined with salt dough, acrylic paints, sand compositions.

Arts and crafts for preschool children: stained glass

Another successful option for applied arts for children, which develops aesthetic taste, develops fine motor skills, imagination and trains attention, is stained glass painting.

There are several types of technology stained glass painting: fusing, Tiffany, film stained glass and stained glass created with stained glass paints.

Let's focus on stained glass paints, since this is the most convenient material to work with children. Moreover, stained glass paints can be made independently, at home.

Since stained glass paints are based on PVA glue, the finished design, after drying on a stencil, is easy to transfer to glass. Due to the gluten on the base, the design sticks well to the glass, but if necessary, it can be easily removed and disposed of by rolling it into a small ball.

Both a small child and an adult can work with stained glass paints. Drawing the outline of the future drawing requires special perseverance. For beginners, these contours turn out to be much thicker than necessary. Before use, the tube of stained glass paint should be shaken a little, but shaking too much is not recommended, as you risk getting large cluster oxygen. If air bubbles appear in the drawing when applying paint, carefully pierce them with the tip of a stained glass pencil with paint or mix them with a brush.

The finished stained glass window made from this paint must be left on the stencil for 24 hours until completely dry. These stained glass paintings are based on a stencil with a printed pattern under a plastic cover. The stained glass picture is transferred to the glass carefully, only after complete drying.

To engage in this type of arts and crafts with children, you need to decide what paints you prefer to use. The manufacturers took care of our needs, and each can has a dispenser spout, which eliminates the need for additional tools.

All stained glass paints can be divided into fired and non-fired. Fired allow to ignite ready product in the oven, that is, to extend the life of the finished stained glass window.

For children mastering the skills of such arts and crafts, it is recommended to buy imported paints. Their packaging has convenient dispensers and an optimal consistency. It will not flow or smear.

Water-based stained glass paints contain glycerin as a thickener and produce a large number of air bubbles at the exit, which will have to be dealt with in order to avoid voids in the stained glass pattern.

Contours for stained glass paints are sold in special tubes. Very often, beginners buy a black outline. It is not right. Working with a black outline is more difficult than it seems at first glance. The lines may be unreasonably wide, and the outline may be conspicuous, overshadowing the entire drawing.

New to stained glass decoration and decor, it is better to use outlines of silver or white flowers. Don't be afraid, at first the line will be larger than you planned, but with experience you will understand how to squeeze out contour paint of the required width.

To prevent the tip of the nozzle from drying out and becoming overgrown with paint residue, always place a damp sponge next to the product so that you can wipe off any excess.

Among the variety of stained glass paints, handmade stained glass paints stand out. This material is ideal for work even small child. You can make your own stained glass paints from PVA glue and food coloring.

Mix the dye with PVA until you get a homogeneous thick mass. You can use empty gouache tubes or baby food jars for containers.

Do-it-yourself stained glass paints are applied to a sheet of file that contains the desired picture. After complete drying, the painting is separated from the polyethylene and glued to the glass.

If you are seriously thinking about doing such arts and crafts with preschool children, do not rush to master windows and glazed doors. First, you should try to draw a stained glass window on a small area. For example, decorate a night light or a vase, a glass plate or a mug.

Before working with glass, it must be cleaned of dirt and excess fat. To do this, rinse the base under running water and detergent.

Now about the sketch. If you do not want to repeat replicated pictures and dream of creating something unusual, then the drawing can be made using special programs; the simplest of them - Paint - is on every computer.

Having created and printed the sketch, we proceed to transfer it to the glass product. If this is a night light for decoration, then we carefully insert the sheet with the design inside the glass lampshade and secure it with adhesive tape.

Now we take a black marker for working on glass (its outline is erased very easily) and apply the outline of the design to our lampshade. The next stage: apply the stained glass outline and leave the product to dry.

When teaching preschoolers such arts and crafts, it is important to master correct technique working with stained glass paints. Before use, each tube must be shaken, but not shaken, so as not to raise a bunch of bubbles.

Stained glass paints are applied in a thick layer to every detail of the design. Each side should be allowed to dry completely. The finished product can be opened with acrylic varnish to secure the parts, or it can be calcined in an oven. In the second case, pay attention to the heat resistance of the base glass.

Introducing children to arts and crafts: quilling

The English hobby of twisting strips of paper and then assembling the resulting parts into a pattern has spread all over the planet. Using this technique in developing a child’s fine motor skills makes it possible to gain experience working with a quilling machine, honing the ability to work with small parts, grasping, and gluing them into patterns.

Introducing children to such decorative and applied arts develops perseverance, forms abstract and figurative thinking, and opens up opportunities for the development of artistic taste in a child.

Tools for working with paper using the quilling technique. First of all, you need to buy a paper curling tool. If you don't find it in the store, don't be discouraged and make it yourself.

Attach the sharp part of a large tailor's needle to the shaft and use pliers to remove the top loop on the eye. The tool for rolling paper patterns is ready.

You can purchase a stencil with circles of various diameters for arts and crafts activities with children at a stationery store. Glue is also sold here. You can use special adhesive bases, but it’s easier to stock up on a glue gun and tubes of PVA.

To work with paper, you will need tweezers with long, pointed ends. You can use a flat one, but in this case you will have to be careful not to wrinkle or damage the finished parts.

Standard strips of paper for practicing arts and crafts with children aged 5-7 years are sold in craft stores. If the required color is not available or the assortment of strips is of the wrong width, try cutting out the quilling blanks by hand. To do this, staple together several sheets of colored office paper, mark the workpiece and, using a stationery knife and ruler, cut the required number of strips.

Workplace and work methods. Organizing workplace for quilling, take care of good lighting. A chair or desk chair must be chosen so that during painstaking work your spine does not get tired and your hands do not go numb.

On the desktop, place a paper spinning machine, tweezers, a ruler with circle stencils and a regular ruler.
Prepare glue and a wet sponge, which is convenient for removing excess glue.
Get ready for the fact that you may not get a masterpiece the first time, but you will make a pattern for a postcard.

Quilling, like many applied art techniques for preschoolers, is aimed at developing visual-figurative thinking and developing fine motor skills.

The quilling technique can also be used in the developing space of a children's room.

Whimsical patterns made from rolled paper look equally good both on photo frames and in decorative panels covering the entire wall:

In the children's room, quilling patterns are used as a developmental medium.

For example, when a child learns the alphabet, volumetric letters made of rolled paper on the walls of the nursery will help with memorization. A night light in the shape of a ship with lacy sails, ready to soar into the skies at any moment, will add a fairytale mood to the world of a young dreamer.

Unusual patterned numbers on the wall will help your child remember the number series and teach simple calculations. Scenes from familiar fairy tales, household items, geometric figures in quilling style - all this can become visual teaching aid and a worthy decoration for a child's room.

Handicrafts made by preschoolers do not necessarily have to be related to toys, although rolled paper will make a good one finger theater. Quilling can be used to decorate pencil jars and flower pots. Even your desktop can be decorated with a picture made from rolled paper by placing it under tempered glass.

It doesn’t matter how you use finished quilling products, the main thing is that this technique can and should be used in joint creativity with a child, especially during the period of “formation of the hand” and preparation for writing.

Arts and crafts for children 5, 6, 7 years old: activities with wire

If you have never used wire before decorative purposes, did not spin intricate figures out of it and did not invent an intricate frame for toy furniture, then you will have to start small.

To introduce children to arts and crafts, buy copper wire in a skein for beaded crafts. This material can be purchased at any craft store. A tool for working with any wire is similar to pliers with an elongated nose; it is called round nose pliers.

Crafts made from copper wire can be made with children aged five, when the arm muscles have become stronger and some perseverance has appeared. It is enough to explain the principles of operation and control at the initial stage.

To learn how to twist intricate figures from wire, you will have to start small. Learn to twist, fasten and wrap plain copper thread sold in skeins for beading.

There are enough sketches for such arts and crafts with children on the Internet. Many crafts made from this material can be safely used in decorating a child’s room. For example, a three-dimensional picture woven from beads on copper wire can be a good decoration for a child’s room.

Using copper wire, beads and beads, you can decorate photo frames, flower pots or wall clocks. Small crafts made from copper wire can fill the space scheduling or the daily routine of a first grader.

The most important thing is that a child of 5, 6 and 7 years old will be interested in such applied art, and working with wire is very easy.

After mastering copper wire for creativity, it’s time to move on to more elastic and deformation-resistant materials. For example, create crafts from wire with a multi-layer coating and a larger diameter than a copper coil.

To work with this material you will need curved pliers and a vice handle. If you plan to place the finished product on a support, do not forget to purchase a set of special pins. Those who have mastered the technique of working with wire can use a variety of devices to create patterns and decorations.

Such applied creativity is interesting not only for children 5, 6 and 7 years old - working with elastic wires will also interest older schoolchildren. Today, jewelry made from copper curls has become fashionable. Earrings, beads, rings and bracelets - this is an incomplete list of what a girl, under the guidance of her mother, can make for her own jewelry.

Angels for the nursery of a younger brother or sister, Christmas trees for the window in the nursery, a funny clock or an original night light made of wire - all this will occupy the child and decorate the house.

Introducing preschoolers to arts and crafts: patchwork

By the age of six, many children still do not know how to properly work with a needle and thread. Parents are either afraid to give a needle to a child, or they themselves are not keen on sewing. It’s rare that girls sew outfits for their dolls or learn to cross-stitch. But sewing is one of the main methods for developing fine motor skills in a preschooler’s hands.

Moreover, today there are safe needles that cannot be used to prick yourself. With wide eyes for easy threading of the needle. No one is talking about complicated sewing, but some simple stitches on fabric, embroidery or joint creativity on fabric with mom - a great workout for the hands of a six-year-old.

To introduce preschoolers to arts and crafts, you can use fabric work using the patchwork technique.

In Rus', patchwork decoration was considered an indicator of the housewife's homeliness and talent. In England, both clothes and tapestries, as well as curtains for windows, were sewn from pieces of fabric. Patchwork underlies the creation of leather armor and simple clothing in the Middle Ages.

The name of this technique comes from in English: patch - patch, work - work. Patchwork is working with patches, or sewing from pieces of fabric.

Over time, products made from different pieces of fabric and leather began to be used not only for practical purposes. Today, the patterns created by patchwork craftsmen are used more for aesthetic purposes, decorating and complementing the interior of our home.

In patchwork, it is not necessary to put a separate pattern into each piece. Due to the original assembly, “patches” often complement the main drawing, being an indispensable link in it. Patchwork can be knitted, woven, or done using the macrame technique. The main thing is to follow the intended pattern.

When practicing arts and crafts for the development of children, when organizing work with patches, follow the following rules:

ensure proper lighting;
sort the details of the proposed product by color, shape or size, so that you don’t have to look for what you need in a bunch of multi-colored scraps;
When planning to work with “patches”, keep a ready-made diagram at hand;
select threads to match the material, check them for strength in advance.

Carpets and rugs woven from scraps of fabric, knitted items for dolls and their mistresses - all this can be bright, fun, original and simple.

Yes, doing arts and crafts with children takes up time. Creativity always requires special costs. But despite all the “inconvenience,” you get a unique result. Especially if you involve a child in updating the interior of the children's room. For example, trust him to choose the colors of future “patches”. Either let him cut out all the blanks, or sew several “patches” according to the sketch. Thus, decorative applied development children - this is not only an introduction to beauty, but also benefits.

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Irina Ufimtseva
The role of decorative and applied arts in the artistic and aesthetic development of preschool children

Folk art More than all other types of creativity, it is understandable and accessible to children; it helps to better learn the traditions of their region, its national treasures. When planning targeted work to familiarize and introduce children to folk art, I carry out this work with children aged 5–7 years. This activity began with the creation of conditions for introducing children and parents to folk culture. The final event was "City of masters", where children took part in a quiz on folk crafts and visited an exhibition of folk crafts.

In works folk art reflects love for the native land, the ability to see and understand the world. In the content of the majority folk works a lot comes from nature - from the earth, forest, grass, water and sun. From all living things that a person loves. Therefore, in addition to classes on familiarization with folk crafts, drawing and sculpting techniques, a GCD for the study of folk art is included art in the rhythm of the traditional calendar - from autumn to summer.

In the process of developing skills decorative painting , sculpting and applique I use the following techniques and methods:

Creating a game situation at the beginning of the lesson and during the inspection of children's work;

Comparison of pattern elements and various options compositions;

Using outlining gestures (to highlight the elements of painting, the sequence of the pattern);

Demonstration of drawing sequences and exercise in depicting new, complex elements pattern;

Combination of different types visual arts;

Inclusion of ICT in the course of classes;

The use of music, literary materials, elements of theatrical performance.

Organization educational activities upon familiarization with gives children the opportunity to feel themselves in the role decorative artist, reflect in your work the aesthetic vision and feeling of the surrounding world and includes two stage:

Getting to know the crafts

Formation of drawing and modeling skills.

At each lesson I conduct mini-conversations about one or another folk craft with a demonstration of products folk craftsmen(wooden spoons, nesting dolls, Dymkovo toys or photographs and pictures). We look at them together with the children, accompanying them with the necessary explanations in order to help children understand the features of a particular craft. For greater emotional perception by children of folk art I use oral folk art (rhymes, poems, jokes).

When getting acquainted with the products of folk craftsmen, I decided the following: tasks:

To introduce Russian folk crafts, to arouse interest in folk art;

To develop skills in drawing elements of paintings and sculpting folk toys;

- develop ability to work with a diagram.

Beyond tasks educational field « Artistic and aesthetic development»

problems from other educational regions:

Physical development:

develop the ability to coordinate and coordinate movements with speech;

develop fine motor skills of hands.

Social-communicative development:

to form the emotional-volitional sphere, responsiveness in communication with peers, adults and parents;

cultivate love for the native land, the heritage of ancestors, respect for their work.

Cognitive development:

to form and expand an understanding of the variety of subjects decorative and applied art;

expand ideas about the materials from which masters create works art(clay, wood, ceramics, thread, etc.).

Speech development:

enrich lexicon;

develop dialogical and monologue speech;

develop interest in oral folk art.

We moved from conversation to practical parts:

We learned to draw elements of murals, sculpt folk toy, in the following classes we got acquainted with new elements, sculpting techniques, and also consolidated the color scheme. Before drawing elements on paper, we draw them in the air. In my work I widely use didactic games: "Find out by description", "Repeat the element", "Make a pattern", "Trace and Color"…. The purpose of these games is to teach the technique of drawing elements, development of fine motor skills of hands, consolidation of ideas about crafts, color scheme, development of fantasy, compositional skills. Gradually we move from drawing on a strip, square, circle to painting planar silhouettes. When children get acquainted with this or that element, I pay attention to the individuality of each pattern. Children begin to draw and sculpt more confidently from lesson to lesson. As children accumulate aesthetic impressions develops visual perception, hearing, interest is formed. They actually master color, lines, sounds, movements, rhythm, symmetry, which gradually appear before them as beautiful forms and properties. The beauty of folk art directly affects the mental state of children, their mood, and is a source of emotions that influence their attitude towards the world around them. Looking at folk crafts brings joy and good feelings to children. The formation of drawing skills and sculpting techniques is built from simple to complex. Once technical skills have been developed, developing children develop creative imagination using didactic games: "Paired pictures", « Decorative domino» , "Gather the Whole", "Recognize the toy"…. I use them both in class and in free activity. These games help children come up with new compositions, compose and draw patterns on their own. Throughout the work, exhibitions of children's works are organized for parents in order to show their progress in mastering folk paintings. Many parents understand correctly the role of fine arts in the education of preschool children, but mostly see her in speech development, thinking. They underestimate the fact that a child’s perception of folk art, has a strong impact on the formation of his personality, on consciousness, behavior, emotional sphere, and the formation of an aesthetic vision of reality. Availability artistically-creative abilities in children are the key to successful learning at school, so these abilities should be develop as early as possible. Drawing, modeling, appliqué classes, manual labor contribute development creative imagination, observation, artistic child's thinking and memory. It is in the visual arts that each child can show his or her individuality. Therefore, I carry out educational work with parents. The main task in this direction is to instill interest in the visual arts. art; developing the ability to use certain methodological techniques introducing children to visual arts art, taking into account individual characteristics children. Folders and consultations help in solving these problems. They contain methodological advice on what to pay attention to when examining objects; how to teach how to draw painting elements and make patterns; something to talk about. In addition, I arrange for parents traveling exhibitions didactic games, promoting developing interest in decorative and applied arts, artistically-creative abilities, nurturing love and respect for the culture of one’s people. Be sure to include tips on organizing games with children along with the games. As a result of conducting educational activities, play libraries, and working with parents, children develop a strong interest in arts and crafts. Children are able to navigate well on a sheet of paper, learn the elements of paintings, colors; brush skills improve.

In the course of implementing the assigned tasks, it is necessary to monitor the results of the formation of children’s ideas about folklore art and artistic drawing and sculpting techniques based on decorative paintings . To do this, I carry out diagnostics according to certain criteria that show the level of interest in folk art, artistic activity, sculptural and visual skills. In the process of introducing children to folk art I came to the following conclusions:

Familiarization with arts and crafts provides beneficial influence to aesthetic child development; art brings joy and positive emotions into the child's world.

When getting to know the products arts and crafts The diversity and richness of the culture of the people is revealed to children, traditions and customs passed on from generation to generation are learned.

Studying decoratively-applied creativity, children learn surrounding nature, enrich vocabulary, develop the ability to coherently express one's thoughts.

Children distinguish between types of paintings (by color, pattern, material).

Children learned a variety of drawing and sculpting techniques when handing over this or that painting or toy.

Thus, it can be stated that decorative applied arts as part aesthetic education helps preschoolers develop in children there is an aesthetic attitude to reality, love for their native land, thinking, imagination. Art in a child’s life is a method of figurative knowledge of life; it gives rich content, bringing to the child a lot of deep experiences, thoughts, knowledge. It develops mental abilities and perceptive apparatus of the child.

Arts and crafts are the most important means of aesthetic development and formation of a holistic personality, its spirituality, and creative individuality. Pedagogy defines aesthetic education as “the process of purposeful formation of tastes and ideals of an individual, the development of his ability to aesthetic perception phenomena of reality and works of art, to independent creativity" Aesthetic education also presupposes the formation of a comprehensively developed personality - a person capable of not only consuming art, but also creativity.

Additional education for children is a necessary part of upbringing multifaceted personality, her education, her early professional orientation. It creates conditions for a young person to live a full life during childhood. After all, if a child lives life to the fullest, he will have more success and achievements in adulthood.

The main content of additional education for children is practice-oriented, activity-based: the child acts in a search situation independently, gains knowledge in the process of interacting with objects of labor, nature, cultural monuments etc. In the system of additional education, situations are created when a child needs to extract knowledge from his environment. Additional education for children is exclusively creative in nature, as it encourages the child to find in certain circumstances own way. An important element in the system of additional education, attractive for parents and children, is creative activities.

The special value of decorative and applied activities lies in the fact that it makes it possible to use a wide variety of materials. In our school additional education- this is a network of circle work: school clubs and CDT circles.

Modernity makes new demands on education: without suppressing the will of the child, an independent personality should be raised, taking into account and wisely directing the needs and interests of the child. That is why, and also seeing what interests children and that they like to work with paper, beads, natural and waste material I organized classes for the “Skillful Hands” circle.

The study program of the circle was based on the principles of relevance, realism, systematicity, activity, educational nature of training, accessibility of program material and the possibility of control.

The goal of the program is the formation and development of creative skills and individual abilities in students, aesthetic culture and spirituality, fostering respect for folk art, in the process of practicing arts and crafts.

Classes in the circle are designed to solve the following problems:

Educational:

introduce students to history and modern
directions of development of arts and crafts;
teach children to master various work techniques
with materials, tools and devices necessary for work;
teach technologies for different types of needlework: trimming, beading.
develop the ability to decide independently
cognitive tasks in the process of producing work.

Educational:

create conditions for the development of the personality of each student, revealing his creative abilities;
develop figurative and spatial thinking, memory,
imagination, attention;
develop hand motor skills and eye.

Educational:

To form a sustainable interest in decorative and applied arts;

Introducing children to aesthetic culture;

cultivate feelings of collectivism, mutual assistance, responsibility;
cultivate respect for folk cultural values.

I have chosen the following areas of work:

Expanded familiarization of children with arts and crafts products;

Children's independent creation of decorative items.

The work uses various methods and techniques that should contribute to the creation and preservation of an atmosphere of creativity, knowledge, and serve the awareness of the value and uniqueness of national culture.

I try to structure all my work so that the child’s development is truly harmonious. She chose different forms of conducting classes: travel, “transforming” children into masters. During the classes I solved cognitive, educational and creative problems. I tried to use different techniques for working with paper, beads, natural and waste materials.

I try to teach children to see the aesthetic properties of objects, the variety and beauty of form, the combination of colors and shades: after all, by peering, looking closely and thinking, children learn to understand, feel, and love. The creative abilities of children in the process of practicing arts and crafts develop in different directions: children sketch, think through and create objects decorative, learn to find ways to depict and design an object, to transfer the conceived decorative item on the product.

During the circle classes, children awaken faith in their creative abilities, their uniqueness, the belief that they came into this world to create goodness and beauty, to bring joy to people. Different organization of classes, use of visual material, artistic word and music - all this helps children get into unusual world art, to join artistic culture, makes classes lively and interesting.

I pay a lot of attention to working with parents. Parents receive information at meetings and during consultations. As a creative report to their parents, the children prepared gifts for various holidays.

The work of the circle results in exhibitions of children's creativity at school and in the area.

Arts and crafts create the effect of spiritual communication, introduce children to different art styles historical eras and cultures.

One of the features of classes in the arts and crafts club is that to complete the task you need long time. To ensure that students do not lose interest in working on the same thing, when the final result of the work is still far away, it is necessary to summarize the results of the work daily, increase the effectiveness of the work by summing up the results of one lesson, and holding exhibitions of products for one day. In this case, children see the results of their work in every lesson, which is an incentive for further fruitful work. Intermediate viewings of their works significantly activate the creative activity of students. At the current intermediate reviews, I, as the head of the circle, celebrate the achievements of the circle members and set new tasks for them. I resort to general intermediate review in cases where a difficult task is being completed. At the same time, students, participating in the discussion, are accustomed to self-control. Here I express my approval if the children succeeded in something. This lifts the mood of students, stimulates their further work, and gives them a surge of new strength. Visibly feeling the results of their work and being convinced of their capabilities, students work with great emotional enthusiasm. During the discussion of products, debates often arise, in which the aesthetic tastes of schoolchildren are clearly manifested and honed, and their creative thinking and speech develop.

At the end of the year we organize a final exhibition of the work of the circle members. Skillful organization and holding of an exhibition becomes one of the effective forms of moral encouragement for students. Along with the final exhibition of creative works, we are holding a competition for the best product, highlighting and celebrating the most successful works. This helps attract new schoolchildren to arts and crafts classes.

Today it is unacceptable to let emotional and moral development take its course, because this is fraught with the development of callousness towards another person and towards nature, the dictatorship of a narrowly understood intellect that does not distinguish between good and evil. Arts and crafts classes give a child the opportunity to early gain the experience of creative self-realization, in which ideas are generated and embodied young master. Through the means of art, the ability to artistic creativity. A full-fledged art education preserves the integrity of the child’s personality. Aesthetic education as the most important means of forming an attitude towards reality, spiritual and moral development and self-development of the individual is based on the comprehension of artistic harmony. Thus, in the process of introducing the individual to the rich cultural experience of mankind, accumulated in the field of art, opportunities are created for educating a highly moral, diversified modern person.

Arts and crafts classes combine the fundamentals of many sciences that are of primary importance in the polytechnic development of children. Decorative and applied art allows, simultaneously with equipping them with technical knowledge, developing their labor skills, psychological and practical preparation for work, for choosing a profession, to reveal the beauty, the enormous spiritual value of the products of folk craftsmen, their high craftsmanship and art, to form aesthetic taste and aesthetic ideal. Thus, the specificity of decorative and applied art, expressed in the unity of form and practical purpose of a decorative item, in the unity of labor skills, skills and artistic and aesthetic taste, allows for an integrated approach to the organization of arts and crafts classes, determines the organic unity of labor and aesthetic education of children . Famous teacher V.N. Shatskaya determined children's creativity as a method of the most perfect mastery of a certain type of art and the formation of a creative personality. Sustained preservation of children's interest in visual arts determines a faster and deeper assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of fine arts, and contributes to the expansion of their general mental horizons.

Many works of folk artists are examples true art, in which form, decor and content are in indissoluble unity. For centuries, people have been selecting perfect forms and joyful combinations of colors from nature, stylizing them and creating new ones, surprising and delighting with their ingenuity and taste. The art of all our peoples has reached a brilliant flowering multinational Russia. Its diversity is clearly expressed in local national artistic traditions, which is most convenient to trace from the paintings of the masters of Khokhloma, Gorodets, Zhostov, Semenov, Dymkov, Gzhel, from the patterns of Vologda lace and Russian prints. I use the beauty of forms and optimistic attitude in working with children in order to cultivate artistic taste, love for their native nature, for the people and their art and, of course, for the development of technical and compositional skills. Children get acquainted with the features of decorative and applied arts, they develop creative skills and the ability to independently perform a variety of decorative and design works. Special attention is devoted to revealing to students the artistic expressiveness of folk art.

I consider the main goal of art education to be the development of a child’s creative personality, which contributes to mental and physical health. In the process of engaging in applied arts, children gradually learn to speak the language of artists and understand the terminology of fine arts. This program compiled taking into account children’s interests in arts and crafts, their relevance in the modern world, in everyday life and other situations. Classes in this program include a variety of games (creative, didactic, improvised, educational) aimed at developing creativity, fantasy, imagination, logical thinking, and artistic and aesthetic taste in children. The gaming environment contributes to the creation of a comfortable emotional environment in the children's creative association, when children enter into the images of an artist, craftsman, potter, sculptor (opportunities for professional guidance appear). New areas of folk art reveal to children a variety of expressive capabilities ornamental and plot composition. Simple and beautiful artistic products of folk craftsmen help to instill in children a love for their native land, teach them to see and love native nature, appreciate the traditions of their native places, respect the work of adults. The program content includes different kinds activities:

-Working with paper and cardboard (applique, paper-plastic);
-Artistic processing of fabric (applique, ribbon embroidery);
-Painting based on folk crafts (Gorodets, Khokhloma, Gzhel);
-Modeling from clay and salt dough(Dymkovo toy, bas-relief, mask, Gzhel ceramics);
-Project (holiday, computer presentation).

Each type of activity has its own expressive characteristics. Modeling promotes the development of observation, imagination, and aesthetic attitude towards objects and phenomena. Application develops the ability to see and convey the beauty of reality in composition creative work, teaches you to feel the material, texture, develops the ability to choose this or that material correctly. Embroidery develops a sense of beauty, shapes aesthetic taste, fosters perseverance, patience, and respect for work. Work done in class often has practical use: they decorate a child’s room and can be a gift. This pleases not only children, but also adults.

Arts and crafts(from Latin deco - decorate) - a wide section of art that covers various branches of creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. A collective term that conventionally unites two broad types of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and belonging to pure art, numerous manifestations of decorative and applied creativity can have practical use in everyday life.

Works of decorative and applied art meet several characteristics: they have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; used for home and interior decoration. Such products are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and other artistic products. In academic literature, from the second half of the 19th century, it became established classification of branches of decorative and applied arts by material(metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), by technique(carving, painting, embroidery, printed material, casting, embossing, intarsia (paintings from different varieties tree) etc.) and according to the functional characteristics of the use of the item(furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principle in the decorative and applied arts and its direct connection with production.

TYPES OF DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS

TAPESTRY -(fr. gobelin), or trellis, - one of the types of decorative and applied art, a one-sided lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, hand-woven by cross-weaving threads. The weaver passes the weft thread through the warp, creating both the image and the fabric itself. In the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, a tapestry is defined as “a hand-woven carpet on which a painting and specially prepared cardboard of a more or less famous artist are reproduced using multi-colored wool and partly silk.”

BATIK - hand painting on fabric using reserve compounds.

On fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixative is used, called reserve (reserve composition, paraffin-based, gasoline-based, water-based - depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).

Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the 20th century.

HEEL -(stuffing) - a type of decorative and applied art; obtaining a pattern, monochrome and color designs on fabric manually using forms with a relief pattern, as well as fabric with a pattern (printed fabric) obtained by this method.

Forms for heeling are made from carved wood (manners) or typesetting (typesetting copper plates with nails), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When printing, a paint-coated form is placed on the fabric and hit with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “printing”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must correspond to the number of colors.

Printmaking is one of the ancient types of folk arts and crafts, found among many nations: Western and Central Asia, India, Iran, Europe and others.

Printing is low-productivity and has almost completely been replaced by printing designs on fabric on printing machines. It is used only in some handicrafts, as well as for reproducing large patterns, the repeating part of which cannot fit on the shafts of printing machines, and for coloring piece products (curtains, tablecloths). The characteristic patterns of folk printing are used to create modern decorative fabrics.

BEADING - type of decorative and applied arts, handicrafts; creating jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used (weaving with beads, knitting with beads, wire weaving with beads - the so-called bead weaving, bead mosaic and bead embroidery), beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one. All other types of needlework and creative arts (mosaics, knitting, weaving, embroidery, wire weaving) are possible without beads, but they will lose some of their decorative capabilities, and beadwork will cease to exist. This is due to the fact that beading technology is original in nature.

EMBROIDERY - a well-known and widespread handicraft art of decorating all kinds of fabrics and materials with a wide variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest materials - cambric, muslin, gauze, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads, hoops, scissors.

KNITTING - the process of making fabric or products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crochet hook, knitting needles, needle, fork) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting). Knitting, as a technique, refers to a type of weaving.

Crochet

Knitting

MACROME -(fr. Macramé, from Arabic. - braid, fringe, lace or Turkish. - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.

LACE MAKING - production of mesh fabric from woven thread patterns (linen, paper, wool and silk). There are laces sewn with a needle, woven with bobbins, crocheted, tambour and machine.

CARPET WEAVING – the production of artistic textiles, usually with multi-colored patterns, serving primarily to decorate and insulate rooms and to ensure noiselessness. Artistic Features carpets are determined by the texture of the fabric (pile, lint-free, felted), the nature of the material (wool, silk, linen, cotton, felt), the quality of dyes (natural in antiquity and the Middle Ages, chemical from the second half of the 19th century), format, ratio of border and the central field of the carpet, the ornamental set and composition of the pattern, and the color scheme.

QUILLING - Paper rolling(also quilling English. quilling - from the word quill (bird feather)) - the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

The finished spirals are given different shape and thus quilling elements, also called modules, are obtained. They are already the “building” material in the creation of works - paintings, postcards, albums, photo frames, various figurines, watches, costume jewelry, hairpins, etc. The art of quilling came to Russia from Korea, but is also developed in a number of European countries.

This technique does not require significant material costs to begin its development. However, paper rolling cannot be called simple, since to achieve a decent result you need to show patience, perseverance, dexterity, accuracy and, of course, develop the skills of rolling high-quality modules.

SCRAPBOOKING -(English scrapbooking, from English scrapbook: scrap - scrapping, book - book, literally "book of scrapbooks") - a type of handicraft art that consists of making and decorating family or personal photo albums.

This type of creativity is a way of storing personal and family history in the form of photographs, newspaper clippings, drawings, notes and other memorabilia, using a unique way of preserving and communicating individual stories using special visual and tactile techniques instead of the usual story. The main idea of scrapbooking is to preserve photographs and other mementos of events for a long time for future generations.

CERAMICS -(ancient Greek κέραμος - clay) - products from inorganic materials (for example, clay) and their mixtures with mineral additives, manufactured under high temperature followed by cooling.

In the narrow sense, the word ceramics means clay that has been fired.

The earliest ceramics were used as dishes made from clay or mixtures of it with other materials. Currently, ceramics is used as a material in industry (mechanical engineering, instrument making, aviation industry, etc.), construction, art, and is widely used in medicine and science. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were created for use in the semiconductor industry and other areas.

MOSAIC -(fr. mosaique, Italian mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work) dedicatedto the muses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing on the surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.

JEWELRY ART - is a term that denotes the result and process of creativity of jewelry artists, as well as the entire set of objects and works of jewelry created by them, intended primarily for the personal decoration of people, and made from precious materials, such as precious metals and precious stones. In order for a piece of jewelry or item to be unambiguously classified as jewelry, this piece of jewelry must satisfy three conditions: at least one precious material must be used in this piece of jewelry; artistic value, and it must be unique - that is, it should not be replicated by the artist-jeweler who makes it.

In the professional jargon of jewelers, as well as by students and students of educational institutions specializing in “jewelry,” a slang version of the word “jewelry” is often used.

Although it is believed that the concept of “jewelry” includes all jewelry made using precious materials, and the concept of “costume jewelry” includes jewelry made from non-precious materials, but, as we see, at present the difference between jewelry and costume jewelry is becoming somewhat blurred , and the assessment of whether a given product is classified as jewelry or costume jewelry is each time made by experts individually in each specific case.

LACQUER MINIATURE - Miniature painting on small objects: boxes, boxes, powder compacts, etc. is a type of decorative, applied and folk art. Such painting is called varnish because colored and transparent varnishes serve not only as full-fledged painting materials, but also as the most important means of artistic expression of the work. They add depth and strength to the colors and at the same time soften and unite them, as if melting the image into the very flesh of the product.

The homeland of artistic varnishes is the countries of the Far East and South-East Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, where they have been known since ancient times. In China, for example, back in the 2nd millennium BC. e. The sap of the lacquer tree was used to cover cups, boxes, and vases. Then lacquer painting was born, which reached the highest level in the East.

This type of art came to Europe from India, Iran, and the countries of Central Asia, where in the 15th-17th centuries. Lacquer miniatures made with tempera paints on papier-mâché objects were popular. European masters significantly simplified the technology and began to use oil paints and varnishes.

In Russia, artistic varnishes have been known since 1798, when the merchant P.I. Korobov built a small factory of papier-mâché lacquerware in the village of Danilkovo near Moscow (later merged with the neighboring village of Fedoskino). Under his successors, the Lukutins, Russian masters developed unique techniques for Fedoskino painting. They have not been lost to this day.

 Palekh miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. Usually boxes, caskets, little capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie pins, pincushions, etc. are painted.

 Fedoskino miniature - type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting oil paints on papier-mâché, which developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow.

 Kholuy miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Kholui, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. Usually boxes, little boxes, pincushions, etc. are painted.

ART PAINTING ON WOOD

 Khokhloma - An ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, done in red, green and black on a gold background. When painting, it is not gold, but silver tin powder that is applied to the tree. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect.

 Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. Exists with mid-19th century in the area of the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors. In 1936, an artel was founded (since 1960, the Gorodets Painting Factory), producing souvenirs; masters - D. I. Kryukov, A. E. Konovalov, I. A. Mazin.

 Mezen painting - Palaschel painting is a type of painting of household utensils - spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, bratins, which developed by the beginning of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. The oldest dated spinning wheel from Mezen painting dates back to 1815, although graphic motifs of similar painting are found in handwritten books of the 18th century, made in the Mezen region.

ART PAINTING ON METAL

 Zhostovo painting - folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region.

 Enamel - (Old Russian finipt, khimipet, from Middle Greek χυμευτόν, the same from χυμεύω - “I mix”) - the production of works of art using glassy powder, enamel, on a metal substrate, a type of applied art. The glass coating is long-lasting and does not fade over time, and enamel products are particularly bright and pure in color.

The enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives that use metal salts. For example, adding gold gives glass a ruby color, cobalt gives it a blue color, and copper gives it a green color. When solving specific painting problems, the brightness of enamel can, unlike glass, be muted.

 Limoges enamel - (fr.émail de Limoges), formerly known as the Limoges work ( fr.Œuvre de Limoges, lat. Opus lemovicense) is a special technique for processing enamel products, called champlevé enamel, which appeared in the middle of the 12th century in the French city Limoges, historical province Limousin. Having received the deepest recognition in the states Western Europe, enamellers stopped using this technique in the mid-14th century.

Subsequently, starting from the end of the 15th century, in France A new technology for making enamel objects has appeared - artistic enamel, or also known as painted enamel. Very quickly, artistic enamel, like champlevé enamel, at one time, began to be produced exclusively in Limousin workshops.

Currently, when producing enamel products, some craftsmen use classical techniques, while others use technology updated with modern advances.

ART PAINTING ON CERAMICS

 Gzhel - one of the traditional Russian centers for the production of ceramics. More broad meaning The name "Gzhel", which is correct from a historical and cultural point of view, is a vast area consisting of 27 villages united in the "Gzhel Bush". “Gzhel Bush” is located approximately sixty kilometers from Moscow along the Moscow-Murom-Kazan railway line. Now “Gzhel Bush” is part of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. Before the revolution, this area belonged to Bogorodsky and Bronnitsky districts.

 Dymkovo toy - Vyatka toy, Kirov toy - one of the Russian folk clay arts and crafts. It originated in the trans-river settlement of Dymkovo near the city of Vyatka (now on the territory of the city of Kirov).

There is no analogue of the Dymkovo toy. The bright, elegant Dymkovo toy has become a kind of symbol of the Vyatka land.

 Filimonovskaya toy - ancient Russian applied art craft, formed in the village of Filimonovo, Odoevsky district Tula region. According to archaeologists, the Filimonov craft is more than 700 years old. According to other data, about 1 thousand years.

ARTISTIC CARVING

 Stone carving (Glyptics)(from Greek glypho - cut out, hollow out) - the art of carving on colored and precious stones, gemmah. One of the most ancient arts.

 Wood carving - a type of decorative and applied art (carving is also one of the types of artistic woodworking along with sawing and turning), as well as art in general.

 Bone carving - a type of decorative and applied art. In Russia, it is distributed mainly in the Northern regions: Arkhangelsk region (Kholmogory carved bone), Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamal carved bone), the city of Tobolsk (Tobolsk carved bone), Yakutia and Chukotka (Chukchi carved bone)

ART TREATMENT OF LEATHER - 1) A type of decorative and applied art, the production of various items from leather for both household and decorative art purposes; 2) textile industry, decoration of clothing, footwear, leather goods. Techniques:

EMBOSSING- There are several types of embossing. In industrial production, various stamping methods are used, when the pattern on the skin is squeezed out using molds. In the manufacture of artistic products, stamping is also used, but typesetting stamps and embossing are used. Another method is embossing with filling - cutting out elements of the future relief from cardboard (lignin) or pieces of blinders and placing them under a layer of pre-moistened yuft, which is then pressed along the contour of the relief. Small details are extruded without lining due to the thickness of the leather itself. When it dries, it hardens and “remembers” the relief decor. Thermal stamping is the extrusion of decor on the surface of the leather using heated metal stamps.

PERFORATION- or carving is one of the oldest techniques. Actually, it boils down to the fact that using punches of various shapes, holes are cut out in the leather, arranged in the form of an ornament. This technique is also used to create complex compositions like stained glass or arabesque (for example, in jewelry, wall panels, etc.).

WEAVING- one of the processing methods, which consists of joining several strips of leather using a special technique. Jewelry often uses macrame elements made from “cylindrical” cord. In combination with perforation, weaving is used to braid the edges of products (used for finishing clothes, shoes, bags).

PYROGRAPHY- a new technique, but with an ancient pedigree. Apparently, the initial burning on the skin was side effect during thermo-stamping (the first mention in Russia from the 12th century, and in Europe from the 13th century), but then it was widely used as an independent technique. In its classic form, pyrography is the application of various ornaments to the surface of thick leather (blinders, saddle cloth). This was done using heated copper stamps and was used mainly for finishing horse harness. Modern pyrography owes its expressive capabilities to the invention of a burning device (pyrograph). With the help of pyrography, very thin and complex designs can be applied to the skin. It is often used in combination with engraving, painting, and embossing when creating panels, jewelry, and making souvenirs.

ENGRAVING- used when working with heavy, dense leathers (blinders, saddle cloth, less often - yuft). This is done like this: a pattern is applied to the front surface of the soaked leather using a cutter. Then, with a road worker or a graver (or any oblong-shaped metal object), the slots are widened and filled with acrylic paint. When dry contour drawing retains its clarity and lines - thickness. Another method is to use a pyrograph instead of a road builder. In this case, the color and thickness of the lines, as well as the depth of the engraving, are regulated by changing the degree of heat of the pyrograph needle.

APPLICATION- in leatherworking - gluing or sewing pieces of leather onto a product. Depending on what product is being decorated, the application methods differ slightly. Thus, when finishing items of clothing, decorative elements are made of thin leather (feather, chevro, velor) and sewn to the base. When creating panels, making bottles or souvenirs, appliqué fragments can be made from any type of leather and glued to the base. Unlike intarsia, when applying appliqué, it is permissible to connect elements “overlapping”.

INTARSIA- essentially the same as inlay or mosaic: image fragments are mounted end-to-end. Intarsia is made on a textile or wooden base. Depending on this, leather grades are selected. When working with a textile base, thin plastic leathers are used (opoek, chevro, velor and thin yuft), and when working on a board - heavy ones (blinds, saddle cloth). To achieve the proper quality, accurate patterns of all fragments of the composition are made from a preliminary sketch. Then, using these patterns, elements are cut out from pre-dyed leather and glued to the base using bone glue or PVA emulsion. The intarsia technique is used mainly to create wall panels, but in combination with other techniques it can be used in the manufacture of bottles, souvenirs, and furniture decoration.

In addition, the leather can be painted, it can be molded into any shape and relief (by soaking, gluing, filling).

ARTISTIC METAL PROCESSING

Metal-plastic - technique of creating relief images on metal. One of the types of decorative and applied art. It differs from embossing in that it is produced exclusively on thin sheets of metal up to 0.5 mm thick by extruding the outline of the design with special tools (and not by striking, as in embossing), due to which smooth deformations of the metal are formed. A thicker sheet cannot be processed in this way, and a sheet thinner than 0.2 mm may tear. Metal-plastic has been used since ancient times to decorate furniture, make various decorative elements, or as an independent work of art.

Due to the simplicity and accessibility of the techniques, it was included in curriculum Soviet school in the 20s. However, then this technique was forgotten, and only recently has interest in it increased again.

Christian tin miniature - a modern type of Christian decorative and applied art for creating miniature sculptures of small forms. The craft appeared at the end of the 20th century in Russia against the background of the revival of the life of the Russian Orthodox Church after communist persecution. It represents a separate direction from military-historical tin miniatures, which uses a combination of Christian round sculpture, iconography and ancient technology of tin casting and metal-plastic.

Miniatures can depict figures of holy saints of God or scenes from biblical history. The figurines are not objects of cultic religious worship. Miniatures are a living tradition of the Byzantine art craft of carving ivory round sculpture, lost in the 12th century. The only difference is in the technical design.

This type of Christian creativity is perceived ambiguously in the church, since the icon is traditional in Orthodoxy. The rejection of sculpture in Orthodoxy is due to the fact that there were bans on sculpture in the church. But the most authoritative theorist of church art, L. A. Uspensky, notes: “ Orthodox Church not only has she never banned sculptural images, but... such a ban cannot exist at all, since it could not be justified by anything.” Since the first centuries, the Church has not rejected sculpture. This is evidenced by the fairly numerous statues of the “Good Shepherd” that have survived to this day.

Artistic forging - production by metal processing method, which has common name forging, any forged products, for any purpose, necessarily having the properties of a work of art.

Artistic casting from precious metals, bronze and brass

Artistic casting from cast iron

Coinage - the technological process of making a drawing, inscription, image, which consists of knocking out a certain relief on a plate. One of the types of decorative and applied art.

It is one of the options for artistic metal processing.

The embossing technique is used to create dishes, decorative panels, and various jewelry.

Relief on sheet metal is created using specially made tools - embossing and punching hammers, which are made from both metal and wood.

For embossing work, metals such as brass, copper, aluminum and steel with a thickness of 0.2 to 1 mm, and in some cases gold and silver are used.

A relief or design can be minted by placing a sheet of metal on the end of a birch or linden ridge, on felt, thick rubber, a canvas bag with river sand, or a layer of plasticine or resin. In some cases, a lead plate is more convenient.