Master class: How to make three-dimensional letters from cardboard with your own hands. Is the letter "Y" a vowel or a consonant, hard or soft? Phonetic analysis of the word Why is it bad?

Purpose of the lesson: we study the letter Y, the formation of reading skills, the development of speech skills, the improvement of phonemic awareness, the basics of elementary graphic skills.

• introduce the preschooler to the letter Y and the correct pronunciation of the sound;
• teach how to write the printed letter Y in squares;
• to generate interest in learning poems and riddles.

Name what is shown in the pictures below:

Kettle Parrot Yogurt Yog

1. Please listen to the words (emphasize the last sound in your voice): mine, yours, wild, kind, smart.
2. What sound is there in all these words?
3. What sound is there in both the word PARROT and the word MIKE?
4. At the beginning, at the end or in the middle of a word is the [Y] sound in the word PARROT? - MIKE? - GIVE? - AIBOLIT?

When we pronounce the sound [Y], the tip of the tongue is behind the lower teeth, and the back of the tongue rises to the palate. Say: YYY. The back of the tongue rises to the palate and prevents air from freely leaving the mouth when we pronounce the sound [Y].

• Vowel or consonant sound [Y]?
• Voiced or voiceless?
• Why?
• Look at the letter Y. What letter does it look like?

The letters are similar, but the sounds are completely different: [I] is a vowel, and [Y] is a consonant sound.

Repeat: BUNNY. What is the first syllable in this word?
What is the second syllable in this word?

Similarly - with the words MIKE, SMART, STUPID, TRAM, AIBOLIT.

Read the words:
my, my, smart, kind, red, hero, bunny, stupid, strong, green, funny, tram.

Assignment: printed letter Y for preschoolers

Examine the letter Y. Sew the letter Y in the air and once in the notebook, carefully in the cells with a simple pencil or ballpoint pen.

In cases where the child is asked to write a whole line of a letter, syllable or word, the adult gives a writing sample at the beginning of the line.
If a preschooler has difficulties, then an adult can draw two approximate lines, or put reference points that the child will connect with lines, or write the entire letters, and the child will simply circle them in a different color. Calligraphy should not be required at this stage of training.

Continue the sentence

The house on rails is right there.
He will kill everyone in five minutes
Sit down and don't yawn,
Departs... (tram).

Guess what we sang?
Kara... (wai).
Guess what they sang to us? Bye... (bye).
What month is it, guess? The month of May).
What's in the glass, guess? Sweet tea).

Tale about the letter Y

What do you know about yoga?

“What do you know about yogis?” - that was the name of the book that the mouse Mouse found in the garden. On the cover there was a picture of a naked guy - a yogi, who, as if nothing had happened, was lying on nails sticking out of the board.
In other pictures, the same yogi simply stood with his bare feet on hot coals or sat frozen in a block of ice. In addition, Mouse read that yogis can go without eating or drinking for months.
- Need to try! - decided Mouse.
“I can imagine what will happen when mom opens the refrigerator, and I’m sitting there frozen and smiling. Or dad opens the stove, and I sit there on the coals and say: “What, I’ve never seen yoga, or what?”

To begin with, he hammered nails into the board and just lay down on them, when he immediately jumped up and started yelling at the whole garden:

Ohhhhh!!!

He ran home, took out iodine and began to smear the nail scratches on himself. And iodine burns! Mouse smears, groans, and thinks: “I’ll throw this book to the cat.” Let him be a yogi now.”

Riddles for children starting with the letter J

When it boils, steam comes out,
And it whistles and bursts with heat,
The lid rattles and knocks.
- Hey, take me off! - shouts.
(Kettle)

Amazing carriage!
Judge for yourself:
The rails are in the air, and he
He holds them with his hands.
(Trolleybus)

In the woolen clearing
The thin leg is dancing.
From under a steel shoe
A stitch creeps out.
(Sewing machine)

It might break.
It might cook
If you want, into the bird
It may turn.
(Egg)
Tell me who is so afraid of things,
Like a stick is a dog,
How is a stone a bird?
(Lazy person)

I run to my mother river
And I can’t remain silent.
I am her own son,
And he was born in the spring.
(Creek)

He produces sheets
Wide latitude.
Supported by strong stems
One hundred rough, tenacious fruits:
If you don't get around them -
You will find them all on yourself.
(burdock)

He grew up angry and prickly in the field,
Needles in all directions.
(burdock)

I am always friendly with the light.
If the sun is in the window,
I'm from the mirror, from the puddle
I run along the wall.
(Sunny Bunny)

There's a button on the head
There is a sieve in the nose,
One hand
Yes, and the one on the back.
(Kettle)

Funny poems about the letter J for children

Iodine is good, iodine is not evil.
In vain you shout: “Oh-oh-oh!”
- I just saw a bottle of iodine.
Iodine sometimes burns, of course,
But it will heal faster
Iodine smeared wound.
(V. Lunin)

Let's play, bunny
Play with me.
The bunny answers:
- I can’t, I’m sick!
Oh-oh-oh, poor thing!
(E. Blaginina)

Oh-oh-oh! - said OH-OH.
- I, my friend, am completely sick!
- Go for a walk!
All will pass! - said AY-AY.
(G. Vieru)

A yogi will never say: “Oh!”
"Oh oh oh!" - the yogi will not shout.
Young man, control yourself!
Old, be like young!
(V. Berestov)

I am on the tails of birds and animals:
Here is an ermine, here is a sparrow.
(E. Grigorieva)

At the station "I Brief"
We were greeted with a riddle:
“Read, dare and guess -
How, without getting up from your seat,
You can turn the tram
On many trams?
...What to miss
So that you can have a bunny
Turn into a stutterer?
One of us for about three minutes
I thought about the solution
And he answered, “Erase the hook.”
Above the letter “And short”.
(S. Marshak)

The ant found a blade of grass
There was a lot of trouble with her.
Like a log thrown onto your back,
He carries her home...
He bends under the burden.
He is already crawling with difficulty.
But what a good one
The ants are building a house!
(3. Alexandrova)

Lesson summary:

1. Pronunciation of new words increases the preschooler’s vocabulary, develops speech and memory.
2. Cell exercises develop fine motor skills of the hands.
3. Riddles develop children's intelligence, ability to analyze and prove. Teachers use riddles when teaching children to increase interest during complex tasks.
4. Poems influence not only the development of memory. It has been proven that if you learn a few lines every day, new neural connections appear in the brain and your overall learning ability increases.

Look at the pictures on slide 2 with your child. Listen to the first sounds in the words oriole and yogi. In the word oriole the first sound is [i]. When we pronounce this sound, air passes freely through the mouth without meeting any obstacles. You can drag it out for a long time and sing it. This is a vowel sound. It is denoted by the letter I. In the word yogi, the first sound is [th". The air in the mouth meets a barrier (the tongue interferes with us). This is a soft consonant. When pronounced, we hear a voice, this is a voiced consonant. This sound is denoted by the letter “and short”.

Watch a video about letters. Ask your child if he liked the video, what he liked, what he remembered. What is the difference between the letter I and Y?

Read the poems on the following slides. Let your child clap his hands when he hears new sounds. Look at slide 6. Name words with the letter I. Come up with your own words with the letter I.

Look at the pictures on slide 10. Name the words with the letter “and short”. Read the poem on slide 11. Please note that the sound [th"] can be in the middle or at the end of a word. Come up with such words.

Write the letters in the album. What does each letter look like? You can complete the letters to the image.

Look at the slides with pictures for each letter. Discuss what sounds are heard at the beginning of each word. Letter writing slides for first graders. Good luck!

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Over the past six months, the Internet has simply been flooded with the “letter” “th”. I met her on news sites, in instant messengers, on Habrahabr and geektimes. “What are we even talking about?” - you ask - “I see the usual letter y!” What a score. I see it like this:

If you're one of the lucky ones whose letter "y" looks just like a "real" "y", here's a trick for you: copy it (the letter "y") into Notepad, place the cursor at the end of the letter and press backspace. Magic, mind blowing!
How does this happen?

Graphemes, glyphs, code points, layout and bytes

Let's finally figure out our letter th. What's so special about it?
This letter is one grapheme (“and” for short), but it is written with two code points:
U+000438 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I U+000306 COMBINING BREVE
If you did the backspace trick, you actually erased the COMBINING BREVE, or, in typographic language, the brevity icon above the vowel.

The usual short letter “and”, which we are all accustomed to typing on the keyboard, is a composite character that is written with one code point:
U+000439 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I
The display of diacritics depends on the font and renderer. For example, in the editing window of this post the symbol looks correct, but when viewed it moves. Some fonts can display diacritics separately even in composite characters.

Why is this bad?

You don’t have to look far for an example: a relatively recent article with a review of the mouse on geektimes, a screenshot from which is given above in the article. Let's do a Google search for the following phrase, which seems to be in the article:
no one bothers you to create an “empty” profile

The post is the second result, and as you can see from the bolded part, we have a complete text match. Great, we open it and try to find the same text on the page and see that Firefox didn’t find anything:

A search on Geektimes also does not return any relevant results:

But as soon as you replace the composite “th” with its decomposite brother “th”, everything falls into place:

Apparently Google is somehow transforming the search query to allow you to search by glyphs rather than by their code points.
How it works?

Normalization

There are also 4 types of normalization:

• Normalization Form D (NFD)- canonical decomposition. Decompose cześć (hello in Polish) into c, z, e, c + ´, s + ´.
• Normalization Form C (NFC)- will collect what the previous version laid out.
• Normalization Form KD (NFKD)- compatibility decomposition. Will make 1/2 out of ½, 25 out of 2⁵.
• Normalization Form KC (NFKC)- will try to collect what the previous one laid out.

In Python, for example, this can be done with the unicodedata module.

Hidden text

import sys
import unicodedata
print(unicodedata.normalize("NFKD", sys.argv))

% python unicode.py cześć | hexdump -C
00000000 63 7a 65 73 cc 81 63 cc 81 0a |czes..c...|
% echo "cześć" | hexdump -C
00000000 63 7a 65 c5 9b c4 87 0a |cze.....|

Conclusion

Problems with glyphs also happen offline. Here is a photo of a real passport with a letter, probably “е” (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE + COMBINING DIAERESIS)

Volumetric letters have long been popular in home decor, at photo shoots, they are given as gifts and used as wedding decorations. If you decide to make them yourself, in this master class, I will show you one way to make three-dimensional letters from cardboard with your own hands.

Do-it-yourself volumetric letters - materials and tools

For such letters, not very thick corrugated cardboard works well. This cardboard is usually used for making various boxes and packaging. It holds its shape well and is quite easy to cut. You also shouldn't throw out paper towel tubes (or toilet paper), although you can replace them (with wine stoppers, for example).

So, to make three-dimensional letters from cardboard, we will need:

• Cardboard
• Scissors
• PVA glue
• White paper
• Pencil
• Paper towel tubes
• Ruler
• Paints
• Brush.

Volumetric letters made of cardboard - progress of work

I decided to make the first English letters of my name and my husband's name out of cardboard. And of course, nowhere without an ampersand. Let's get started.

1. Draw or print the desired letter size somewhere on A4 and cut it out.

2. Trace the letter and cut it out of cardboard in 2 copies.

3. Cut out a strip of paper about 2 cm wide. In general, the width depends on how voluminous your letter will be. If you are making really huge letters, you can use plastic or paper disposable cups.

4. Take a tube of paper towels, apply a strip to its edge and trace it with a pencil to make a ring 2 cm wide. Depending on the size of the letter, we will need about 6 such rings.

5. Cut out the rings with scissors or a paper knife.

6. Distribute the rings according to one of their letters. They will give us the volume we need and hold the cardboard halves together.

7. Warm up the hot melt glue. We coat one side of each ring and glue it to the letter.

8. Now we coat the upper sides of the rings and cover them with the second half of the letter. This must be done quickly and carefully so that it turns out smoothly. Press the workpiece down slightly on top so that the glue adheres well.

9. Now let’s crumple the white paper a little, cut it into small strips and glue the sides of the letter.

10. As a result, the entire letter should be covered with a thick layer of paper. When the glue dries and hardens, you will have a fairly strong structure.

11. All that remains is to paint our letters with acrylic paint. Acrylic paints cover many surfaces tightly and have good moisture resistance. I painted the initials with white paint, and the ampersand with rich coral.

This way you can make any letters to form names or words. They won't take too long, but they're not the fastest way either. It took me about 30-40 minutes to write one letter.

Happy creativity!

Is the letter "Y" a vowel or a consonant, hard or soft? Phonetic analysis of the word.

This question is very often asked by students who need to parse a word according to all the rules of phonetics. You will get the answer to this a little further.

General information.

Before we talk about what kind of letter “th” is (soft or hard), you should find out why the letters of the Russian alphabet are generally divided according to such characteristics.

The fact is that each word has its own sound shell, which consists of individual sounds. It should be noted that the sound of a particular expression is completely correlated with its meaning. At the same time, different words and their forms have completely different sound design. Moreover, the sounds themselves have no meaning. However, they play a vital role in the Russian language. After all, thanks to them we can easily distinguish words.
Let's give an example : [house] – [lady’] – [house’]; [m’el] – [m’el’], [tom] – [there], [house] – [volume].

Transcription.

Why do we need information about what type of letter “th” is (hard or soft)? When pronouncing a word, it is very important to correctly display the transcription that describes its sound. In such a system it is customary to use the following symbols:

– this designation is called square brackets. They must be placed to indicate transcription.

[´] is the accent. It is placed if the word has more than one syllable.

[b’] - a kind of comma is placed next to the consonant letter and denotes its softness.

By the way, during phonetic analysis of words the following symbol is often used – [j]. As a rule, it denotes the sound of the letter “th” (sometimes a symbol such as [th] is used).

Letter "y": consonant or vowel?

As you know, in the Russian language all sounds are divided into consonants and vowels. They are perceived and pronounced completely differently.

Vowel sounds are those sounds during the pronunciation of which air easily and freely passes through the mouth, without encountering any obstacles on its way. Moreover, you can pull them, you can shout with them. If you put your palm to your throat, you can quite easily feel the work of the vocal cords during the pronunciation of vowels. There are 6 stressed vowels in the Russian language, namely: [a], [e], [u], [s], [o] and [i].

Consonant sounds are those sounds during the pronunciation of which the air encounters an obstacle on its way, namely a bow or a gap. Their appearance determines the nature of the sounds. As a rule, a gap is formed when pronouncing [s], [w], [z] and [z]. In this case, the tip of the tongue approaches the upper or lower teeth. The presented consonants can be drawn out (for example, [z-z-z], [z-z-z]). As for the stop, such a barrier is formed due to the closure of the speech organs. The air, or rather its flow, abruptly overcomes it, due to which the sounds are energetic and brief. That is why they are called explosive. By the way, it is impossible to pull them (try it yourself: [p], [b], [t], [d]).

In addition to the above consonants, the Russian language also has the following: [m], [y], [v], [f], [g], [l], [r], [ch], [ts], [x] . As you can see, there are many more of them than vowels.

Voiceless and voiced sounds.

By the way, many consonant sounds form pairs of deafness and voicedness: [k] - [g], [b] - [p], [z] - [c], [d] - [t], [f] - [v], etc. In total, there are 11 such pairs in the Russian language. However, there are sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. These include: [y], [p], [n], [l], [m] are unpaired voiced ones, and [ch] and [ts] are unpaired voiceless ones.

Soft and hard consonants.

As you know, consonant letters differ not only in sonority or, conversely, deafness, but also in softness and hardness. This property is the second most important feature of sounds.

So, is the letter “th” hard or soft? To answer this question, you should consider each sign separately:

When pronouncing soft consonants, the entire tongue moves slightly forward, and its middle part rises slightly.
During the pronunciation of hard consonants, the entire tongue is literally pulled back.

It should be especially noted that many consonant letters form pairs with each other based on characteristics such as softness and hardness: [d] - [d'], [p] - [p'], etc. There are 15 such pairs in total. However, there are also sounds that do not have pairs on this basis. Which hard letters are unpaired? These include the following - [w], [f] and [c]. As for the unpaired soft ones, these are [sch’], [h’] and [th’].

Designation on the letter.

Now you know the information about whether the letter “th” is hard or soft. But here a new question arises: “How is the softness of such sounds indicated in writing?” Completely different methods are used for this:

The letters “e”, “yu”, “e”, “ya” after consonants (not counting “zh”, “sh”, and “ts”) indicate that these consonants are soft. Let's give an example: uncle - [d'a'd'a], aunt - [t'o't'a].
The letter “i” after consonants (not counting “zh”, “sh”, and “ts”) indicates that these consonants are soft. Let's give an example: cute - [m'i'lyy'], leaf - [l'ist], threads - [n'i'tk'i].
The soft sign (“b”) after consonants (not counting “zh” and “sh”) is an indicator of grammatical form. It also indicates that the consonants are soft. Examples: distance – [dal’], stranded – [m’el’], request – [proz’ba].

As you can see, the softness of consonant sounds in writing is conveyed not by individual letters, but by their combinations with the vowels “e”, “yu”, “e”, “ya”, as well as a soft sign. That is why, when analyzing a word phonetically, experts recommend paying attention to neighboring symbols.

As for the vowel letter “th”, it is always soft. In this regard, in transcription it is usually denoted as follows: [th’]. That is, the comma symbol, indicating the softness of the sound, must always be inserted. [ш'], [ч'] also obey the same rule.

Let's summarize.

As you can see, there is nothing difficult in correctly performing a phonetic analysis of a word. To do this, you just need to know what vowels and consonants are, unvoiced and voiced, as well as soft and hard. For a better understanding of how transcription should be formatted, we will provide several detailed examples.

1. The word "hero". Consists of two syllables, with the 2nd being stressed. Let's do the analysis:

G - [g’] - voiced, consonant and soft.
p - [p] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and hard.
o - [o] - stressed vowel.
th - [th’] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and soft.

Total: 5 letters and 5 sounds.

2. The word "trees". Consists of three syllables, with the 2nd being stressed. Let's do the analysis:

D - [d’] - voiced, consonant and soft.
e - [i] - unstressed vowel.
p - [p’] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and soft.
e - [e´] - stressed vowel.
in - [v’] - voiced, consonant and soft
b - [–]
e - [th’] - voiced, consonant, unpaired and soft and [e] - vowel, unstressed;
v - [f] - deaf,