Topic: Development of culture and science in the twentieth century. Physical laws, I repeat, do not depend on this

4. Science and culture I taught the honor of England to read, I gave him to drink the sweetest waters of the Crystal source of Helicon, And with that I introduced him to the muses. Poems of John Skelton, tutor and courtier complete King Henry VII Tudor Arabesque on panel, presumably from the palace

The culture of the 20th century is one of the most complex phenomena in the history of world culture. This is explained, firstly, by a large number of social upheavals, terrible world wars, revolutions that pushed spiritual values ​​to the periphery of human consciousness and gave impetus to the development of primitive national-chauvinist ideas. Secondly, significant changes have been made in the sphere of the economy and means of production. Deepening industrialization and the destruction of the traditional rural way of life lead to the urbanization of culture. Thirdly, in the process of general institutionalization (transformation of society into a complex of various associations and groupings), individuality is lost, a person is deprived of his own “I” (mass and massification of social life).

A characteristic feature of the culture of the 20th century is its integrativeness (the unification of individual constituent cultures into new combined forms of art), which led to the emergence of cinema (first silent and then sound).

The transition from collective to individual creativity made the culture of the 20th century multidimensional, which in turn led to the formation of various styles and trends.

Since the second half of the century, humanistic principles and ideals have received a new impetus in culture. The essence of modern humanism lies in its universality: it is addressed to everyone, proclaiming the right to life, prosperity, and freedom. This is no longer elitist, but democratic humanism.

The basis for the change in the content and forms of culture was the formation industrial civilization. In the past century, science for the first time took its rightful place. In its development, it came into ever greater connection with technology, and scientific discoveries were realized more directly and quickly. The scientific and technological revolution gave the world the telephone, telegraph, radio, electricity, airplane, automobile, television, computers, and other electronic equipment. The technization of life has become an integral aspect of culture, the method and result of its development.

The result of the scientific and technological revolution was the economic unification of the world and the ever-increasing internationalization of economic relations. Transnational corporations have emerged with uniform forms of organizational culture (a third of industrial production, half of foreign trade, 80% new technology and technologies).

Science and technology have transformed the face of nature, the process of expansion of the mind into an evolutionary process is being activated (humanity not only owns, but also transforms the biosphere to the maximum). This gives reason to increasingly lean towards the possibility and necessity of creating a noosphere. Even V. Vernadsky argued that the evolution of world culture is a natural phenomenon in evolutionary development. Under the influence of united humanity, the biosphere will naturally move into a qualitatively new state - the noosphere (sphere of reason). Hence one of the unique, most interesting phenomena of modern culture is cosmism, the cosmic nature of human existence, an important component of which is man’s responsibility for cosmic evolution.

Thus, the scientific and technological revolution and technogenic civilization have provided man with great opportunities. But having become the main goals of social development, one of the main conditions for increasing material wealth, they turned man himself into a simple instrument of effective economic activity, depriving him of the opportunity to feel the joy of harmonious coexistence with nature.

It also turned out that the benefits that technological progress brings to people have to be paid for: increased labor productivity leads to unemployment; achieving comfort in life increases the isolation of man from man; motorization, increasing human mobility, increases air pollution, etc. This situation was reflected in the struggle between two trends that corresponded to two opposing points of view on science. One claims that science is the main driving force of progress, the other blames it for all the ills of humanity.

The culture of the 20th century reflected all these processes and this crisis, which included technogenic civilization. The crisis is related to several factors: 1. science is not always democratic; 2. science is a means of conquering not only nature, but also man; 3. scientific and technological achievements do not always lead to progress, but also increase human dependence on technology; 4. science, giving more to the rich, leads to the stratification of people, the emergence of ideologies on this basis; 5. Closely connected with the world of material life, science collided with ideology and in this collision, apparently, ideology won.

Thus, in the 20th century, a type of scientific and technical culture was formed, which gave a lot to man and transformed his life. But at the same time, many new problems and acute contradictions arose.

Increased opportunities to apply modern technology in the most important areas of material production, the expansion of forms of consumption was accompanied by the development of new types of spirituality, reflected in the culture of modernism.

Modernism translated from French means new, has the same root as the word “fashion”, therefore it is often used in the meaning of “new art”; "modern Art".

Modernism is a summary term that means a multiplicity of dissimilar, heterogeneous and contradictory artistic directions with different platforms, but with a fundamental philosophical and worldview community.

In poetry the break with poetic tradition, the usual norms of poetic speech.

Futurism declared human feelings to be “weaknesses” and proclaimed “energy”, “speed”, “strength” as criteria for beauty.

In fine arts denial of figurativeness. The Cubists, for example, depicted their vision of the world geometric shapes in brown, gray and black tones.

Abstractionists have no plot, no object, no human image.

The art of the surrealists was a means of releasing the subconscious in order to transform the world. This is super realism.

In music modernists deny musical organization - melody, harmony, polyphony (musique concrete, aleatorics, pointillism).

Reforming directors are trying to transform performing arts. The theater becomes journalistic, socially oriented, it lacks historical specificity, the logic of dialogues, the word becomes self-sufficient.

The leading direction in the architecture of the 20th century is functionalism. Creation of a subject-aesthetic environment for human life. Since the middle of the 20th century, an urban de-urban theory of construction has been emerging (the creation of megacities or small garden cities).

The 20th century is a time of mass action, a comprehensive massification of life. The involvement of the masses in political and cultural life required the creation special way cultural service to the masses - mass culture. Its emergence was facilitated by technogenic processes, unification and standardization of working and living conditions, commercialization of social relations, etc.

Mass culture is designed for average level mass consumerism is based on the creation of illusions, fictions, and myths. First appeared in the USA on turn of XIX-XX centuries.

Another type of culture of the 20th century is totalitarian culture - official culture, completely under his control. This culture is devoid of apoliticality (serves politics), lyricism, intimacy, and acts as a means of struggle for power. The cultures of the USSR and Germany of the late 20s and 30s are considered totalitarian.

In the second half of the 20th century, the developed countries of the world began to transition from industrial society to post-industrial. In such a society, the role of information increases, which is why it is also called information society (production of services rather than goods, decentralization in production and decision-making. A huge infrastructure for processing, storing and transmitting information arises).

Culture post-industrial society(informational) is called postmodernism. It is characterized by the denial of all kinds of norms and traditions, the rejection of authorities of any rank, the polymorphism of values ​​and social statuses, getting rid of the dictates of reason, the power of discourse (reasoning, argument), freedom in everything. Postmodernism constantly creates new things, using deconstruction and parody, arbitrary interpretation.

In the second half of the 20th century, global problems arose, on the solution of which the fate of humanity depends:

Overcoming the environmental crisis;

Overcoming hunger, poverty, illiteracy, the gap between the rich North and the poor South;

Preventing war with weapons of mass destruction;

Finding new sources of raw materials, preventing the negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution, etc.

An authoritative international body, the Club of Rome, is studying the future and global modeling. It unites the world's scientific, business and political elite, created in 1968.

The culture of Russia at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries developed in a complex political and economic situation in the country. Sharp, contradictory changes were taking place in culture. But despite this, cultural life The country became much more diverse during this period. The role of the media increased, the policy of “glasnost” was pursued, previously banned literary works began to be published, and cultural figures who had previously been forced to leave the country returned. Art forms such as cinema, theater and music flourished the most.
Cinema was able to most clearly reflect all the existing problems in society: wars, national crises, crime, family problems, fraud, lawlessness. At this time, various film genres began to develop, such as action, drama, comedy, and war films. The names of Russian directors began to sound in the world community - N. Mikhalkov, S. Bondarchuk, F. Bondarchuk, S. Bodrov, V. Todorovsky, L. Gaidai and many others. Russian cinema gradually began to occupy its rightful place among the leading cinemas of the world.
Development theatrical arts at the end of the 20th century - a complex process. Then they talked about the loss of the status of theatrical art. Theater productions began to replace cinema, newspapers and magazines. By the beginning of the 21st century, Russia was mastering the world theatrical experience of past decades. Around the same time, the West was mastering the theatrical experience of Russia. As a result, despite all the difficulties, the theater was still able to withstand mass species art, was able not to lose his viewer and by the beginning of the 21st century Russian theater took its rightful place in the international arena.
Popular music received particular development at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, which was an echo of the West. Thus, interest in classical music faded away Therefore, the art of music also went through a difficult period in its development. The music of domestic composers of the last decade of the last century and our time is least dependent on the social situation; this art in Russia has become the destiny of creative free people. Academically oriented composers today continue to actively compose music. Moreover, its development, previously constrained by the norms of “socialist realism,” is now very dynamic. Currently, various types of classical music are actively developing: from “ chamber music"to the spiritual. High-class performing musicians, who in previous decades were oriented towards the West, are returning to their homeland. Having difficulty developing on a new market basis, high art is gradually regaining its spiritual authority in society. The development of music at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries showed its limitless possibilities for development.

World culture of the 20th-21st centuries

The 20th century has gone down in history as the most tragic and bloody. Its heads. Its distinguishing feature is the powerful rise of science and technology against the backdrop of clashes, revolutions and wars, the collapse of powerful empires. All this could not but affect the development of culture, which in the 20th century was characterized by excessive inconsistency.

A powerful factor in the development of culture in the 20th century was the science. The creation of quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, cybernetics, nuclear energy, genetic engineering, computer and laser technology, and many other scientific and technical technologies. innovations changed the scientific picture of the world. The dual role of technologists was fully revealed. progress, cat. gave humanity material benefits and conveniences, but, on the other hand, brought innumerable disasters.

Basic innovations in culture in the lane. floor. 20th century, formed in line with modernism.

One of the famous trends of modernism in the first. decade of the 20th century. became Fauvism , presented to the names of French painters - Matisse, Marquet, Rouault, Derain and others. They were united by the desire to create art. images using bright colors.

During the first quarter of the 20th century. was fashionable expressionism . Advocates of direction (German artists Mark, Nolde, Klee, Russian artist Kandinsky, Austrian composers Schoenberg, Berg) proclaimed the purpose of art is not to depict modern times. reality, but a peculiar expression of its essence in the subjective world of man.

In the first quarter of the 20th century - cubism . According to the author of the term “cubism”, Vossel, in the paintings of this direction. "many cubes" dominates. Year of origin of the direction. It is believed that 1907 was the year when the artist Picasso exhibited his cubic painting " Avignon girls" - a large panel depicting a brothel scene. The female figures are flat, the characters are depicted in a pinkish color, in a geometric form. Representatives of Cubism are Picasso, Gris, Duchamp, Léger, etc.

In the first half 20th century - abstractionism The essence of art, according to its advocates (Kandinsky, Mondrian, Kupka, etc.), is that painting, freed from depicting the forms of visible reality, can more fully express what objectively exists.

Futurism – first quarter of the 20th century, distributed in Italy and Russia. The essence of the movement is a rebellious, anarchic protest against tradition. culture The main means of cleansing the world from old junk Ital. futurists Boccioni, Balla, Severini and others saw in wars and revolutions. Having greeted Perv with delight. world war, many of them went to fight as volunteers and died.

Surrealism. His representatives: writers Breton, Appolinaire, Eluard, Soupault, artists Dali, Bloom, Ernst, Miro, playwrights Artaud, Scheale, filmmakers Bergman, Hitchcock) proclaimed the source of art in the sphere of the subconscious - instincts, dreams, hallucinations, memories of infancy.

Hood. literature of the 20th century remained faithful to classical traditions much longer. In spirit realism created their own works Galsworthy("The Forsyte Saga"), German. writer Thomas Mann- novel "Doctor Faustus", French. writers Rolland-- author of the novels Cola Breugnon, The Enchanted Soul and Frois- novel "Penguin Island", American. writers Faulkner, who created the series of novels “The Sound and the Fury”, etc. and Ernst Hemingway- author of the novels “A Farewell to Arms”, “For Whom the Bell Tolls”, etc.

At the same time, in artistic literature penetrated modernist innovations in t grumble French poets Eluard and Aragon, in the novels of the Irish writer Joyce, French writer Proust, German novelist Remarque, Austrian writer Kafka, Austrian poet and prose writer Rilke.

Musical culture 20th century more clearly than thin. literature, are characterized by the search for modernist means and forms of art. expressions. This is manifested in the works of the French. composers Ravel, Lito, Jolivier, Russian composer Stravinsky, English composer Brintten.

On Tue. half of the 20th century - influence postmodernism . Although the term “postmodernism” appeared in the first quarter of the century in the work of R. Panzwitz “Crisis European culture", only in 1947 it was given a cultural meaning in the work of the English sociologist and historian A. Toynbee "The Study of History". In line with postmodernism, the developmental tendencies of Western philosophy (Baudrillard, Deleuze, Guattari, Lyotard, Derrida, Kristeva, etc.), artistic literature (Vian, Eco, Mailer, etc.), painting (Merz, Palladino, Fuchs, etc.), sociology (Bourdieu, Giddens), architecture (Stirling, Janks), music (Schnittke, etc.).

Great originality and was distinguished by inconsistency in the 20th century. development of culture in Russia and other countries, which from 1917 to 1991 were united in the USSR, and in the last decades of the century acquired the status of independent states

49) Cultural studies in professional activity
The point is that culture is closely linked to economics. She helps businessmen and bankers, economists negotiate with various cultural nations, solve global financial questions, find ways to solve complex situations. Also, cultural studies plays a great role in drawing up contracts and preparing documents.

Economics originally meant the art of managing a household. Nowadays, the concept of “economics” denotes a wide area in the life of society, including the economics of enterprises, industries, the national economy as a whole, various aspects economic activity, finance, money circulation, and finally, economic culture.

Economic culture- is a complex of cultural elements and phenomena, motives of behavior, economic institutions ensuring the reproduction of economic life. Economic culture most directly influences the development of the economy.

This set of phenomena of consciousness includes the following aspects:

1) values ​​associated with the economy - certain economic benefits that are more or less preferable in a certain situation;

2) economic needs - individual, family, group different levels;

3) norms in the economic sphere - economic norms of mass behavior;

4) priorities and preferences in the economic sphere - people’s choice of certain economic benefits;

5) motivation of economic behavior - explanations that justify actions and actions, as well as the choice of values ​​and norms.

Bibliographic description:

Nesterova I.A. Culture of Russia at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century [Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia website

The culture of Russia at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century is experiencing hard times, associated with globalization, the growth of negative trends associated with the development of digital technology. At the same time, the culture of Russia in the 21st century remains a worthy successor to the original Russian traditions.

Trends in the cultural development of Russia until the 90s of the 20th century

Monument to the Motherland Calls Mamayev Kurgan

A number of current trends in culture at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century owe their appearance to the 60s of the last century. It was then that “scientific motivation” came into fashion, “ scientific basis"to all phenomena, both in culture and in worldview. Religion was finally relegated to the category of bourgeois propaganda and a relic of the tsarist past. As measures to combat the “influence of religion,” the journal “Science and Religion” began to be published, and Houses of Scientific Atheism were opened In addition, the Institute of Scientific Atheism was created at the Academy social sciences under the Central Committee of the CPSU.

The fight against religious views was also carried out in universities. Thus, in most educational institutions a new discipline, “Fundamentals of Scientific Atheism,” was introduced. Against this background, the circulation of anti-religious literature increased. All these measures, according to the authorities, were supposed to contribute to the education of a scientific-materialistic worldview among Soviet people.

Decisive impact on development artistic creativity V post-war years had the victory of the Soviet country in the Patriotic War. Military theme took great place V literary works. Such significant books about the war were published as “The Tale of a Real Man” by B.N. Polevoy, story by V.P. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad". The topic of the Patriotic War was addressed by writers of the “front-line generation” - G.Ya. Baklanov, V.V. Bykov. The events of the war years were main theme in the works of many film playwrights and film directors ("The Exploit of a Scout" by B.V. Barnet, "The Young Guard" by S.A. Gerasimov, etc.).

In the literature of the 50s, interest in man and his spiritual values ​​increased. From everyday life with its collisions and complex relationships between people, the heroes of D.A. came to the pages of novels. Granina ("The Searchers", "I'm Going into the Storm") and Yu.P. German ("The Cause You Serve", "My Dear Man") and others. The popularity of young poets E.A. grew. Evtushenko, A.A. Voznesensky, B.Sh. Okudzhava. The literature has been replenished with interesting works about the life of the post-war village (essays by V.V. Ovechkin “District Everyday Life” and “Notes of an Agronomist” by G.N. Troepolsky). The novel by V.D. received a wide response from the public. Dudinpev "Not by Bread Alone", where the topic of illegal repressions in the Soviet state was first raised. However, this work received a negative assessment from the country's leaders. Solzhenitsyn, who ended his life in the USA, also made a name for himself on pseudo-facts about repressions. It is not without reason that his works about the Gulag contain much more fiction than was fashionable in the 80s and 90s of the last century. One way or another, the “patriot” Solzhenitsyn ended his days in America.

Post-war architecture is remembered for the grandiose projects of the times of Stalin, the dull, standard buildings of the times of Khrushchev and the development of metro construction. In the period from 1949 to 1953, several high-rise buildings were built in Moscow, including the Moscow State University them. M.V. Lomonosov (architects L.V. Rudnev, S.E. Chernyshev, P.V. Abrosimov, A.F. Khryakov).

Moscow State University building in 1965

Modern society is usually called post-industrial, modern culture- postmodernist. Since society, culture and science are a single organism, science also has not remained aloof from the changes that occur in all spheres of human life - modern science is at the stage of transition from non-classical rationality to post-non-classical rationality.

The main characteristics of the current stage of development of science

During the development of science in the last third of the 20th century. the grounds were identified for creating a new scientific picture of the world - an evolutionary-synergetic one. Its foundation is formed by the principles of development and consistency that have become general scientific. The theoretical framework of this picture of the world is determined by the theories of self-organization (synergetics) and systems (systemology), as well as the information approach, within which information is understood as an attribute of matter along with movement, space and time. It is still too early to judge the entire content of the evolutionary-synergistic picture of the world, but some of its essential features can be indicated. Firstly, development is considered in it as a universal (carrying out everywhere and always) and global (encompassing everything and everyone) process. This feature of this picture of the world finds its expression in the development of the concept of universal (global) evolutionism. Secondly, development itself is interpreted as a self-determined nonlinear process of self-organization of non-stationary open systems. This understanding of development processes comes from synergetics. Thirdly, the fundamental consistency of the basic laws and properties of the Universe with the existence of life and intelligence in it is affirmed.

These features of the evolutionary-synergetic picture of the world allow us to solve the problem of the unity of the world in a new way, to understand the relationships between different levels of organization of the material world (mega-, macro- and microworlds), living and inanimate matter, nature and society, to see the place and role from a new perspective mind in the Universe.

The above-mentioned features of the emerging new NCM also reflect the main characteristics modern science.

Firstly, the principle of development (evolution) in modern science has received the status of a fundamental ideological and methodological constant. In the general scientific concept of universal (global) evolutionism, the principle of development is reproduced at the level of the foundations of science, which serves as the center of ideological crystallization of a new scientific picture of the world - evolutionary-synergetic.

Within the framework of universal evolutionism, the concept of an isolated system is eliminated, and with it the concept of absolute (Laplacian) determinism. Now any local process of evolution (geological, biological, social, etc.) can only be explained as a necessary moment of a single universal process of development of the Universe as a whole.

Modern cosmological models clearly demonstrate the heuristic power of the evolutionary approach, which involves considering physical reality from the standpoint of the principle of development. It is obvious that if the Universe is reconstructed in cosmological models as a developing integrity, then specific forms of matter (chemical, geological, biological, social), generated in a single “universal” development process, also undergo directed changes, i.e. are developing.

Secondly, in the second half of the 20th century, the scientific community fully realized the integrity, and therefore the systematic nature of the Metagalaxy. What is fundamentally important here is that the central aspect of the systematic nature of the Metagalaxy forms the universality of development processes. This is a synchronous aspect of the relationship between development and systematicity. The diachrony of development and systematicity lies in the fact that initially (both from the point of view of time and from the point of view of the substrate) the development process was realized in physical reality. The result of this process was the substrate of chemistry - the atom. The cosmological era of recombination has arrived: matter has separated from radiation. At this point, the unified process of development diverges: now it is embodied in the physical and chemical branches of the evolution of the universe. The spatiotemporal superposition of the physical and chemical branches of evolution gives rise to the biological mode of development. At a certain stage of its development, biological evolution, superposing with its foundation - physico-chemical evolution, "explodes" into a new branch of development - social, which, in turn, gives rise to new round evolution - informational (again through superposition with its natural basis - the unity of living and nonliving).

The described scheme is nothing more than an extremely general scenario for the generation and increase in the systematicity of that part of the world that is accessible scientific knowledge. Moreover, this process is carried out in the form of development.

The systemic nature of the objects studied by science is based on the process of development. System paradigm in the second half of the 20th century. acquired the status of a general scientific one precisely because during this period of science’s own development, the vast majority of its spheres were aware of the historicity and variability of their subject areas.

This state of affairs provides grounds for conclusions that are fundamentally important in ideological and methodological terms.

In modern science, development is interpreted as a nonlinear, probabilistic and irreversible process, characterized by the relative unpredictability of the result. Due to these circumstances, forecasting as a necessary element of philosophical and scientific knowledge is currently embodied in the form of construction possible worlds, representing a set of expected future states of an object.

Thirdly, modern science is becoming human-sized. As part of the concept of universal evolutionism, one of the central places occupies the anthropic principle. This principle allows us to establish a connection between the earliest stages of the evolution of the Universe and the later biological evolution on the ground. Consequently, human existence is considered as an endogenous form of being in relation to the world as a whole and that part of it called nature. A brief formulation of the anthropic principle is as follows: “The world is like this because man exists.”

Indeed, in the area of ​​the world known to us - our Universe - the basic parameters of its existence are coordinated so “jewelly” that only with this set of fundamental characteristics is the emergence and development of life, especially intelligent life, possible. So man is not a random phenomenon. It is the result of a directed world process of self-organization, with an infinitely increasing “multi-channel” coordination of its parameters and a decreasing degree of stability of the existence of new, more complex forms of existence.

Another aspect of the anthropic principle is explicated through the search for an answer to the question: “Why is nature structured this way and not otherwise?” Here we're talking about about the origin and conditionality of the system of laws of “our” Universe, which determine its evolution and structure. It is noteworthy that the posing of this question is accompanied by a change in the idea of ​​​​the stability of the universe (raised to the absolute level by classical mechanics) with the idea of ​​​​its radical instability. In turn, the instability of the world is based on the uncertainty that takes place in the microworld, because the very uncertainty of micro-objects is a consequence of the inconsistency of movement in general and the movement of elementary particles in particular. This leads to the conclusion that uncertainty is an attributive feature of the objective world. It is this fundamental fact that quantum mechanics established. Uncertainty began to be interpreted as objective, in contrast to uncertainty in all previous physics, where it was interpreted as incompleteness or insufficiency of knowledge.

Another aspect of the anthropic principle reveals itself in the process of understanding the civilizational crisis. Here the reverse side of the anthropic principle comes to the fore: “The existence of man in the Universe is possible because it is the way it is.” This means that there is a limit to the ways and extent to which a person can transform the world around him. Today, more than ever, these limits are literally tangible. Every environmental problem is a visible expression of these limits.

And yet, the anthropic principle allows us to interpret the place and role of man in the universe in a completely new way. Man occupies one of the central places in the world not because he is the “peak” of the evolutionary process, because this “peak” can collapse due to his own insolvency (stupidity coming from conceit, etc.), but because man can become a factor in “guided™” or “controllability” of development, while directing the latter towards increasing the stability of the global society-nature system. This new understanding of man, combined with modern views on development, is embodied in the theory sustainable development, the core of which is the idea of ​​co-evolution of nature and society. The essence of the latter is to determine those consistent with fundamental laws nature parameters and mechanisms of development of human civilization. In this case, one should take into account the fact that not only the phenomenon develops, but also the essence underlying it. For example, today it is stated that humanity is entering a new stage of its development, called information civilization. This stage of human history is characterized by an intensive exchange between people not of matter and energy, but of information, which becomes the main object of human activity. Matter and energy are means for people to manipulate information. Taking into account the development trend information technologies- reduction of material and energy costs for production and handling of information - then we can predict a reduction in anthropogenic loads on environment, which should lead to a softening of the severity environmental problems in the traditional sense. But at the same time, we can assume the emergence of environmental problems of a different kind, for example, pollution of the information space.

Fourthly, in modern science, the idea that comes from synergetics has become widespread that evolutionary processes proceed in the form of self-organization complex systems. Synergetic research emerged in the late 70s. XX century as a result of the discovery of the ability of inanimate systems to maintain their order and move from a less ordered state to a more ordered one, for example, during the formation of turbulent flows. Previously, such abilities were attributed only to social and living systems. In other words, just as in society and living nature, processes of self-organization occur in inanimate nature.

According to I. Prigogine, the discovery of the phenomenon of bifurcation in inanimate systems was the beginning of the penetration of the idea of ​​development into the foundations modern natural science, which indicates a close connection between the main provisions of synergetics and the principles of the philosophical theory of development - dialectics. Thus, the very concept of bifurcation is a scientific concretization of the dialectical concept of a leap.

The main result of the development of synergetics as an interdisciplinary scientific direction is that the most diverse (both in nature and in scale) systems are characterized by processes of self-organization, and they proceed according to patterns common to all systems, which are based on the interactions of opposite tendencies: stability (stability) - instability, chaos (disorder) - order (orderliness), entropy - negentropy, necessity - randomness, etc. At the same time, synergetics proceeds from the fact that in the Universe development processes, an aspect of which is self-organization, proceed in the direction of the emergence of more complex systems.

Fifthly, modern science is characterized by interdisciplinarity, which is a summary trend determined by the first four characteristics. It is the intensification of this characteristic in the subsequent development of modern science that can become the central condition for constructing a unified picture of the world in which scientific ideas about the three main spheres of the universe - inanimate nature, organic world and society.

Thus, it should be expected that in the science of the 21st century. The dominant paradigm will be the one based on the universal laws of evolution and self-organization, invariant to any level of organization of reality (physical, chemical, geological, biological, social, etc.).