Bystritsky youth subcultures. What subcultures are modern youth divided into?

Subcultural discourse appeared in domestic science in the late 1980s. This period is characterized by significant pluralism methodological concepts of youth research related to the growing liberalization of Soviet society. The Western lifestyle, especially consumer practices, was still positioned as alien to Soviet youth, but its cultural influence on the younger generation during perestroika was no longer in doubt.

At the end of the 1980s. Numerous youth subcultures are appearing in the USSR, many of which have already gone through the full cycle of their existence in the West - hippie, punks, metalheads, bikers etc., as well as domestic youth associations - “ Mitki", Moscow rock laboratory, Leningrad, Sverdlovsk, Riga rock clubs, amateur song clubs (ASC), etc. Researchers of this period come to realize the real diversity of youth identities, and accordingly, interest in specific sociocultural practices increases.

Soviet researchers, avoiding the term “subculture”, used the concept “ informal youth association "(NOM). In the works of S.N. Ikonnikova, V.T. Lisovsky, I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada, A.I. Kovaleva, V.F. Levicheva, P.S. Gurevich, I.K. Kuchmaeva, V.A. Lukov explores the cultural, sociocultural, socio-psychological aspects of the functioning of such associations.

Alternatives - youth subculture, which emerged in the early 1980s and was subsequently introduced into Russia in the 1990s. Formed by a mixture of metalheads, punks and rappers . New wave subcultures alternativeists is one of the most popular subcultural phenomena of our time and fully corresponds to the characteristics of the type. Today, many Internet sites, nightclubs, shops, and even cable TV channels are aimed at this fairly massive target audience in Russia.

Alternative Also is And youth movement , uniting both separate specific subcultures ( emo), as well as many informals who do not identify themselves with one or another subculture, but implement everyday life strategies within the framework of an alternative movement. The unifying feature of the movement is a passion for music in the style of alternative, metalcore, hardcore, etc.

We consider it possible to include a subculture emo within the framework of the alternative movement due to the common style, socio-demographic, value and behavioral characteristics of their representatives, as well as the genesis of the emocore musical style within the alternative scene. Alternatives use paraphernalia similar to emo style, but avoiding androgynous elements: loose-fitting pants and T-shirts, sneakers, often dreadlocked hairstyles and abundant piercings. We can say that they prefer a “unisex” style in clothing and behavior.

Goths- representatives of the youth subculture that emerged in the late 70s of the 20th century in the wake of post-punk. They appeared in Russia in 1990. The Gothic subculture is very diverse and heterogeneous, but to one degree or another it is characterized by the following features: gloomy image, interest in mysticism And esoterics, love for gothic music.

Initially, fans of gothic music were called goths, but later the subculture spread to literature, cinema, and painting. And yet the main role in this subculture is played by unique worldview, a special perception of the surrounding world, death - as a fetish, which can be considered one of the signs of belonging to the Goths. But we should not forget that gothic appeared thanks to music, and to this day, it is the main unifying factor for all goths.

Goths have their own recognizable image, which is Lately has undergone significant changes. No matter how it develops Gothic, two unchanged basic elements remain: the predominant black color of clothing (sometimes with elements of other colors), as well as exclusively silver jewelry- gold is not used in principle, since it is regarded as a symbol of ordinary, hackneyed values, as well as the color of the sun.

The hairstyle also plays a big role important role in the image of goths of both sexes. It can be just straight long hair, or it can be lifted with gel or collected in large buns. Iroquois are occasionally seen. Hair is often dyed black, red, purple and white; it is also possible to dye hair with strands of one color against the background of another. Make-up remains one of the main signs of belonging to the subculture: a dense layer of white powder on the face, black eyeliner and lips.

Metalheads(metalheads or metallers) is a youth subculture inspired by metal music that appeared in Russia in the 1980s. The metal subculture is devoid of a clearly defined ideology and is focused mainly around music. The lyrics of metal bands promote independence, self-reliance and self-confidence, the cult of a “strong personality”. Attitudes towards religion vary, but it is traditionally believed that metalheads are not religious.

Appearance of metalheads:

Long hair for men

Leather biker jacket, leather vest.

Black T-shirts or hoodies with the logo of your favorite metal band.

Wristbands - leather bracelets

Stripes on clothes and other surrounding objects

Heavy shoes - camelots, grinders, short boots with Cossack chains.

Jeans (usually blue or black), leather pants.

Belt chains

Punks- a youth subculture that emerged in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia; in Russia, this subculture appeared a little later, in the 1980s. Punks hold a variety of political views, but for the most part they are adherents of socially oriented ideologies and progressivism. Punks are characterized by a desire for personal freedom and independence, the principles of “not selling out”, “relying on yourself”.

Punks have a colorful, shocking image: many punks dye their hair bright, unnatural colors, comb it and fix it with hairspray, gel or beer so that it stands up straight. In the 80s, the mohawk hairstyle became fashionable among punks. Punks put skulls and signs on clothes and accessories. They wear wristbands and collars made of leather with spikes, rivets and chains. Many punks get tattoos. They also wear torn, frayed jeans (which they specially cut themselves).

Rockers appeared as a subculture in the fifties and early sixties during the era of rock and roll, the representatives of the music and style of which were Chuck Barry, early Elvis Presley. Rockers wear leather motorcycle jackets, abundantly decorated with buttons, patches, stripes and pins. They often wear quite fashionable leather caps on their heads. They usually ride a motorcycle wearing an open-face helmet. Every rocker's wardrobe includes jeans, leather trousers, high-top motorcycle boots, military T-shirts and boots. Another side of rocker culture is the abuse of alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes.

Hip-hop- a youth subculture that appeared in the mid-1970s among African Americans and Latinos. It is characterized by its own music (also called hip-hop, rap), its own slang, its own hip-hop fashion, dance styles(breakdancing), graphic art (graffiti) and his own cinema. By the early 1990s, hip-hop had become part of youth culture in many countries around the world, as well as in Russia. Hip-hop music consists of two main elements: rap (rhythmic recitative with clearly defined rhymes) and the rhythm set by the DJ, although compositions without vocals are not uncommon. On stage, musicians are often accompanied by a dance ensemble. Currently, hip-hop is one of the most commercially successful forms of modern entertainment music.

Hip Hop Lovers Style: Most wear tube jeans and tight shirts or sports T-shirts, jewelry stylized in rap culture. Plus size clothing is welcome. Hats, “baseball caps” turned backwards, backpacks to the waist, chains, sports jackets, T-shirts are the obligatory attributes of representatives of this subculture.

Youth who are part of this subculture can be classified as quite specific and extraordinary. Hip-hop fashion will continue to influence the next younger generations of consumers, and artists and their fans will find new ways to develop the subculture. Emo- a youth subculture formed on the basis of fans of the musical style of the same name. Like most modern subcultures, emo originated in the United States in the mid-80s. In Russia, this subculture became known only at the beginning of the 21st century.

Expressing emotions is key a rule for those who consider themselves to be part of the emo subculture. They are distinguished by: self-expression, opposition to injustice, a special, sensual perception of the world. Often an emotional and depressed person. He stands out from the crowd with his bright appearance, looks for like-minded people and dreams of happy love.

Emo characterizes a fundamentally infantile view of the world based on the aesthetics of beauty, introversion, and an emphasis on internal experiences.

The traditional emo hairstyle is considered to be oblique, torn bangs to the tip of the nose, covering one eye, and short hair sticking out in different directions at the back. Preference is given to coarse, straight black hair. Girls can have childish, funny hairstyles. To create these emo hairstyles, they use cans of fixing hairspray. Emos often pierce their ears or make tunnels. In addition, an emo may have piercings on her face (for example, in the lips and left nostril, eyebrows, bridge of the nose). The eyes are heavily lined with pencil or mascara, making them look like a bright spot on the face. Nails are covered with black varnish.

Emos wear pink and black clothing with two-tone patterns and stylized badges. The main colors in clothing are black and pink (purple), although other shockingly bright combinations are considered acceptable. The most typical clothing for them is skinny jeans, sneakers with bright or black laces, a black or pink belt, a checkered scarf around the neck.

Glamor- one of the most controversial subcultures. The fact is that this movement took shape in our subculture quite recently, although before that it was present in everything connected with club and social life. Encyclopedias still do not define this word as a cultural movement, although it has become increasingly active since the beginning of the new millennium. Almost all musical styles received the prefix “glam”: glam gothic, glam garage, glam rock and even glam punk. In world culture, for example in Great Britain, the emergence of the glamor subculture dates back to the seventies and eighties, but due to certain circumstances it remained underground for a long time.

Originally from Lyubertsy: Lubers

The Lubers are a well-known youth group with pronounced aggressive behavior. Initially, it was a spontaneous association of teenagers who fought for the “improvement” of society: they “re-educated” homeless people, prostitutes, alcoholics, etc., persecuting and beating them. They appeared in different cities Russia, always ready for a surprise attack.

This practice of spontaneous beatings somewhat later became a “model” for skinheads and Barkashovites - groups with a more organized structure, also consisting mainly of teenagers.

Skinheads. Their distinctive symbol is swastika, a sign that doesn’t even speak, but screams for itself. It is worn by our contemporaries, who were born much later than the victory over fascism. They call themselves fascists and are proud of it. Someone is even familiar with individual statements and works of Nietzsche and Spengler. The majority follow a simple guideline: “the bulk of the “subhumans” must be destroyed, and the rest turned into slaves.” As an established youth movement, skins appeared in Russia in the early 90s of the twentieth century. Mainly among the supporters of fascist ideology are young people under 21, although in their ranks there are also people 22-26 years old.

Skinny teenagers stand out from the crowd with their shaved heads, black clothes, and trousers tucked into their boots. Sometimes there is an image of a pit bull on the clothes. They try to appear in public places in groups. You can meet them mainly in the evening, when it is “their” time. They try to hang out in different places, and when they meet, they can discuss the “chronicle of the day.” And if there is one less non-Nazi... then this news will bring great joy.

Subcultural phenomenon Gopniks is purely Russian. The essence of the worldview of representatives of this subculture is an aggressive denial of basic social values: a high level of education, interethnic tolerance, morality, work, desire for self-improvement. Gopniks are a fundamentally marginal movement, where ideas about social, moral, and legal norms are blurred. The main means of leisure for members of the gop culture is petty robbery and street fights.

Crimes are always committed by a large “gang” against a single victim or a significantly smaller group. Most often, informal youth are attacked by gopniks - from metalheads to rappers. The word “gopnik” is not used by representatives of the subculture for self-identification. A person who shares the values of gop culture is called a “kid” or a “normal kid” within the group. The choice of the word “boy”, which in Russian is synonymous with the words “boy”, “young man”, seems interesting.

If, for example, informals with their name emphasize non-compliance with the standard, difference from others, then gopniks show that they are ordinary, normal, the way everyone should be - “normal”, and not deviants. Gopnik communities are heavily influenced by the criminal subculture. This is manifested, in particular, in language, ideas about norms and values, and behavioral characteristics; however, it would be wrong to identify these two subcultures. Without a doubt, Gopniks stand out from the crowd by their appearance and clothing. Initially, a tracksuit and a cap were the only clothes the family could afford.

Nowadays, gop culture is gradually losing its association with poverty, social differentiation observed among Gopniks. Mode invariance with respect to social status indicates that the totality of indicators describing the social group of gopniks is not just characteristics of poor, poorly brought up, uneducated youth, it can claim to be considered as a special subculture. The current level of spread of gop culture leads to a confusion in the minds of young people of ideas about the “norm” and deviation, and the expansion of gop “values” into many other social groups.

Fans. Football fans are considered a subculture close to criminal. This is aggravated by the fact that fans are one of the most active teenage groups in Russia. What is typical for fans is that, as a rule, they do not even know the history of the teams, but are “up to date” with recent events and upcoming matches. For them great importance has emotional release, the ability to yell, rage and mix different attitudes and lifestyles. However, these associations also differ greatly. For example, the group of Spartak fans “Gladiators” avoids fights, but protects the “younger” (newcomers). They are physically well developed and promote a “clean lifestyle”. However, among such groups there is also one such as “Koldir Boy-Front” (“Koldir” is slang for “drunkard”). As you might guess, these are alcoholic fans. Age category They are 17-18 years old, but there are also older ones.

Environmentalists. Such youth movements protecting the environment are unpopular and small in number in Russia (only 4%), even in Chernobyl. Shares of the Russian " Greenpeace"are mostly ineffective and imitate the West. It is convenient to form such movements within official structures: they cannot exist independently due to financial difficulties and legal obstacles.

Bikers vs Motorcyclists. Moms and dads of modern teenagers probably remember how a new direction in music spread in the mid-80s - heavy metal. And then there were long-haired guys, on motorcycles and in leather jackets, who didn’t even think of following the rules traffic. They began to be called bikers. A narrow circle of “their own” accepted new recruits only after selection, and only those who could defend their beliefs with their fists.

Strength and training were cultivated, muscles were built up, and the appearance became more and more intimidating. Many bikers were indeed metalheads, and even acted as voluntary security at concerts. The Confederate flag became a symbol of absolute biker freedom. However, in order to imitate the bikers of the West, you need to have good material wealth. In addition, having motorcycles, their owners cannot fix basic breakdowns. But the ability to put your “horse” in order is an integral element of the subculture. Now the biker movement in Russia has taken on a different meaning. Young people who adhere to the biker lifestyle have no ideological basis.

This movement has not yet fully formed among children from families with low incomes. But it is no longer biker. These are small groups without any attributes or even a name. They no longer associate themselves with bikers. And the congresses to the motorcycle festival in Maloyaroslavets demonstrate a completely different lifestyle of young people. Festival participants assemble or modify their own motorcycles. Teenagers can literally move into a garage for a few months or set up a workshop right in the apartment. After completing the work, they ride motorcycles around the city in groups, observing all traffic rules and not setting any goals for themselves.

Ravers. In the English-Russian dictionary you will quickly find the translation of the word “rave”, meaning “to rave”, “nonsense”. Having rummaged around on the Internet, you can come across another definition in T. Thorne’s “Dictionary of Modern Slang”: “rave” - “a wild party, dancing or a situation of desperate behavior.” The last definition most accurately describes the behavior of the emerging youth subculture in Russia and the nocturnal lifestyle that has developed among the teenagers. Because ravers are usually visitors to nightclubs, and, it should be noted, not cheap ones. It is not surprising that this group is small compared to those whose hobbies require less investment.

This type of subculture belongs to ravers, which emerged in the 1990s. and associated with the emergence of specific club music techno and trance. Rave culture revived the drug-psychedelic experiments of the times of the main ideologist of ecstasy, Timothy Leary, i.e. counterculture of the 1960s, representing a unique form of neo-hippism, no longer operating in an urbanized space, but in the narrow confines of club nightlife.

Rave, according to some researchers, can be considered a reaction to the information boom of our time, expressed in a protest against rationalistic values and the promotion of internal freedom, individualism, the search for the mystical, sacred meaning of existence, etc. However, such a characteristic is applicable only to the era of the emergence of rave culture. Today, this subculture does not require complete identification and is a form of organizing the recreational practices of youth, loving music techno and trance.

In everyday life, an individual’s subcultural affiliation may not manifest itself in any way. Despite the fact that rave has now lost its countercultural pathos, it has significantly influenced the emergence and development of some modern youth subcultures and subcultural trends. Thus, elements of the style of ravers (fluorescent fabrics, luminous costume elements, T-shirts with psychedelic drawings, hair extensions with artificial materials) were borrowed by freak culture and cybergothic.

Diggers. They are attracted by the mystery of underground passages, the dangers of the underground world... The secrecy of this society, which does not like to advertise its actions and its existence in principle, attracts young people. There are many such associations throughout Russia. They unite in small groups and do not like to accept anyone else into their ranks. Diggers have something in common with ecologists: constantly “communicating” with underground communications, they warn about subsidence of the foundation and environmental problems that may be fraught with the earth’s bowels.

Hackers (computer geeks)- For the first time, thanks to Hollywood, the world learned about the “hacker” and his capabilities. Some young people picked up the artistic image as a counterpoint to adult society and turned their eyes (and wallets) to the rapidly developing industry information technologies. Hundreds of amateur teenagers appeared who tried to become “hackers”, to embody the first image of the “rebel hero” created by Hollywood. However, these are mainly students of technical faculties of universities, high school students of schools with a physics and mathematics focus. It is also difficult to determine the exact number of hackers because they communicate primarily through computer networks. In addition, not all computer fans recognize themselves as a kind of community with their own values, norms, and specific style.

Although ravers are usually classified as musicians, and rollers are classified as sports subcultures, the commonality of basic values that underlie these subcultures: an easy, carefree attitude to life, the desire to live for today, to be dressed in the latest fashion, is a sufficient basis for their convergence when typologizing .

Subculture Rastafarians represents a version of the Jamaican religion Rastafarianism, adapted for youth. The first Rastafarians appeared in Jamaica in the 1930s. They worshiped the former Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie (who received the name Jah Rastafari from them) and considered him a messenger God. Unconventional religious association transformed into a subculture in the 1960s, when reggae music appeared. Today, Rasta culture exists all over the world, including in Russia, based on special attributes (hairstyles made of natural dreadlocks, bright loose-fitting clothes, tricolor hats), reggae music and smoking ganja (hemp) in honor of the once existing god Jah.

Emergence indie culture in the mid-1970s. is a kind of turning point in the youth subcultural environment: the final death of the counterculture represented by punks and the emergence alternative culture“silent protest” against the pop scene, fashion and consumerism. Along with the flow post-punk, giving rise to gothic culture, indie protest was escapist and did not involve committing illegal or shocking actions. The indie music scene (from the English "independent" - independent) was created as an opposition to the mainstream and assumed complete freedom to experiment with sound. The image of representatives of this subculture is completely borrowed and in its modern version is discernible only to connoisseurs.

In Russia, indie culture has become a passion for “advanced” metropolitan youth, tired of glamor. Its representatives today are usually called hipsters, although initially this name belonged to a subculture that existed in the USA in the 40-50s. XX century Indie music currently continues to be released on independent labels, but the subculture itself has organically fit into popular culture(for example, such popular publications as Afisha focus on it).

Rollerballs called roller skaters. They prefer sportswear in bright colors; They can also be identified by multi-colored patches on their knees. They not only roller skate, but tumble and perform incredible pirouettes and somersaults. Roller skaters love to compete. Single roller skaters appeared in Russia in the early 90s.

The study of youth subcultures is an important area of youth sociology. Since the 60s of the twentieth century, leading sociologists have addressed this issue. different countries peace. In domestic sociology, the analysis of youth subcultural phenomena until the end of the 80s was carried out within a very narrow framework. To a certain extent, this was explained by the fact that these phenomena, due to established scientific paradigms, were perceived as a social pathology. In the process of formation and development of youth subcultures, the following types were formed:

- politicized subcultures - actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation;
- ecological and ethical subcultures - are engaged in the construction of philosophical concepts and fight for the environment;
- non-traditional religious subcultures - mostly a hobby eastern religions(Buddhism, Hinduism);
- radical youth subcultures - characterized by organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness;
- lifestyle subcultures - groups of young people forming their own way of life;
- subcultures based on interests - young people united by a common interest - musical, sports, etc.;
- the subculture of “golden youth” - typical for capital cities - is focused on leisure activities (one of the most closed subcultures). Belsky V.Yu., Belyaev A.A. "Sociology", M., "INFRA - M", 2005. - 399 p.

Analysis of various types of youth subcultures shows that this phenomenon is dynamic and developing, manifesting itself through many forms. They differ in their origin and internal organization; at different historical times, some are of greater relevance than others.

Subcultures of the 30s-60s

One of the most vibrant and well-known subcultural communities are youth movements associated with certain genres of music. Image musical subcultures is formed largely in imitation of the stage image of performers popular in a certain subculture. The formation and development of subcultures occurred quite a long time ago. The most striking period in the formation of subcultures was the beginning of the 1930s - 1940s.

Swingjugends. In 1939, an informal movement called the Swingjugends appeared in Germany. The most developed was mainly in Hamburg, Frankfurt and Berlin. “Swinging youth” - as a rule, these were children from bourgeois families - high school students, students, young musicians. They were getting carried away American jazz and swing dancing. The appearance of the “swinging youth” was the antipode to the official image of the “correct” German youth. "Swing-Boys" dressed "American style". They wore long double-breasted jackets with checkered or "tennis" stripes, with huge shoulders, wide trousers with large cuffs, and boots with thick soles. Ties and scarves, like clothing in general, were supposed to be as bright as a “jungle fire.” Young fashionistas had to make do in order to be stylish in conditions of military shortages - jackets were altered from their fathers', old rubber soles were glued to boots. The Swing Youths walked with a deliberately slouchy gait, the obligatory cigarette hanging from the corner of their mouths, they staged dance parties, where they played American and English music. In the end, the authorities banned swing dancing.

Bikers. Bikers and the biker subculture, like many other things, came from America. This is one of the oldest subcultures, formed back in the 1940-1950s. The appearance of bikers is quite recognizable: leather, jeans, metal accessories are far from full list components of biker style. Musical preferences include rock in all its forms, although some also listen to pop music. Nowadays it is carried out great amount music festivals, where the vast majority of viewers and listeners are bikers. Such festivals are fun entertainment program, plenty of beer and rock and roll. There are also various rock clubs where bikers like to gather. Such clubs can always be identified by the motorcycles parked at the entrance. There, in the parking lot, they not only await their owner, but also attract the attention of others with their impressive appearance. Every biker pays great attention not only to the technical equipment of his steel horse, but also to its visual appeal. In addition to freedom, bikers value their biker brotherhood and are always ready to help each other.

Teddy fights. The Teddy Boy subculture originated in 1953 in London and quickly spread throughout the UK. Teddy boys dressed in tapered trousers or trousers, long jackets, fitted coats, double-collared frock coats, and bow ties. So they tried to be like dandies and “golden youth”. The Teddys were mostly from working class backgrounds. Teddy boys are the first youth culture in England that differentiates itself by having its own dress code and certain hobbies, and as a result adjusts the market to suit itself. It was with the advent of Teddy that the first youth clothing stores and youth television programs appeared. For Teddy Boys, appearance and clothing are important - this is what makes them stand out from the crowd. They were distinguished by rather hooligan behavior, which shocked the elders conservative generation, and newspapers usually “inflated” the hype around them even more, exaggerated and added fuel to the fire.

Fashion. Mods are a British youth subculture that formed in the late 1950s. among the London petty bourgeoisie and reached its peak in the mid-1960s. Mods replaced teddy boys, and later the skinhead subculture was formed from among the most radical mods. Fashion people chose motor scooters as their mode of transport. Mods typically met in clubs and seaside resorts. The fashions were not united, they did not have some kind of connecting idea where the ideas of brotherhood and unity were promoted. They were just young people who got together at night and had fun until the morning. And yet, they left a mark on history with their bright appearance and unique tuning of their scooters. Initially, the preference for clothing was tailored suits, later - just suits from Italian and British brands. The language is extremely limited. They use drugs - pills and dark beer. In the second half of the 60s. The mod movement waned and has since been revived only sporadically.

Skinheads. The first mentions of skinheads in the press and music were found in England in the late 60s of the 20th century. Skinheads of the 60s had common features style with the mod subculture. The subculture was completely apolitical from the very beginning. Neither left nor right politics prevailed. These were tough guys who equally hated young bourgeois majors and relaxed hippie drug addicts. The "White Power" ideology appeared - White Power, which must maintain racial balance not only in Europe, but throughout the world. Real skinheads do not call for the destruction of other races, they simply say that everyone has their own home, their own homeland, the land of their ancestors. The skins cut their collars, narrowed their trousers, took off their badges, and put heavy construction boots on their feet. This is how the canon of skinhead clothing was established. Everything in these clothes is strictly functional, adapted for street fight. Nothing superfluous: no glasses, badges, no bags, shoulder straps, nothing that prevents you from dodging the enemy’s hands. Instead of black laces, white laces appeared in the boots, as a symbol of the fact that the skins are fighting for the White Race.

Hipsters. Hipsters are a youth subculture in the USSR, which became widespread in large Soviet cities from the late 1940s to the early 1960s, having mainly American image life. Hipsters were distinguished by their deliberate apoliticality, a certain cynicism in their judgments, and a negative attitude towards certain norms of Soviet morality. Western cinema played a major role in the development of the dude subculture. In the first years of the existence of this phenomenon, the appearance of the dudes was rather caricatured: wide bright pants, a baggy jacket, a wide-brimmed hat, brightly colored socks, the notorious “fire in the jungle” tie. Later, the dress code of Soviet dudes underwent significant changes: the famous pipe trousers, a whipped “cock” on the head, an elegant jacket with wide shoulders, a narrow herring tie, and an umbrella-cane appeared. Among the shoes among Soviet fashionistas, pointed-toe high-top boots were popular rubber soles. For a girl who positioned herself as a representative of the “stylish” culture, it was enough to wear bright makeup and wear a “crown of the world” hairstyle. Tight skirts that tightly hugged the girl’s hips were considered especially chic. In their musical preferences, dudes gravitated more toward jazz and rock. n-roll. Favorite dances were boogie-woogie, rock and roll, and later twist and shake. Dudes were distinguished not only by special clothes, music, dancing and behavior, but also by specific slang, partially borrowed from jazzmen. Lisovsky V. T. Sociology of Youth, M. 1996, p. 54

In addition to the previously discussed subcultures, in the 30-60s of the last century, such cultures as Edelweiss Pirates, Rockabilly, Ore-boys and Hipsters appeared.

Subcultures of the 70-80s of the XX century

Hip-hop. The hip-hop subculture began in 1974 in the African-American and Latino neighborhoods of the Bronx. Clothing style in the hip-hop subculture. Freedom of action presupposes loose clothing. Therefore, the hip-hop style is characterized by men's T-shirts, tank tops, sweatshirts, hoodies and hoodies. The colors of clothing were initially dark and gray, but over time this convention was overcome in favor of more positive shades. On their feet, hip-hop fans prefer to wear wide trumpet jeans, often with a low waist. They are usually worn in such a way that part of the underwear becomes visible. We can call this a form of disregard for the norms of culture and ethics accepted in society. Hip-hop style shoes are 100% sporty. In addition to attributes of a purely sporting nature, such as bandanas, wristbands, baseball caps, which are worn by almost all representatives of the movement, the hip-hop style also includes jewelry, typical for those whose financial capabilities are significantly above average. Ponomarchuk V.A., Tolstykh A.V. Secondary education: two critical points of modern school.// Socis 12/94 p.54

Ravers. Ravers are usually classified as musicians. At the heart of this subculture there is: an easy, carefree attitude to life, the desire to live for today, to be dressed in the latest fashion. The ravers subculture emerged in the 80s. in the USA and UK. It has been spreading in Russia since the early 90s. An integral part of the raver lifestyle is night discos with powerful sound and laser beams. Ravers' clothing is characterized by bright colors and the use of artificial materials. The development of the rave subculture went in parallel with the spread of drugs, in particular amphetamines. Taking stimulants and hallucinogens for the purpose of “expanding consciousness” has, unfortunately, become an almost integral part of the raver subculture. At the same time, many figures youth culture, including DJs - key figures in the rave subculture - have expressed and continue to express an extremely negative attitude towards drug use.

Punks. A youth subculture that emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, characterized by a critical attitude towards society and politics. The philosophy of punk is mainly about the fight against dullness, aggression and monotony. Punks have a colorful image. Many punks dye their hair bright, unnatural colors, comb it and fix it with hairspray, brilliantine, gel or beer so that it stands up straight. In the 1980s, the mohawk hairstyle became fashionable among punks. They wear ripped jeans tucked into heavy boots and sneakers. “Dead style” predominates in clothing. Punks put skulls and signs on clothes and accessories. Punks also wear various attributes of rocker subcultures: collars, wristbands, bracelets, mostly leather, with spikes, rivets and chains. Many punks get tattoos.

Goths. Goths are representatives of a youth subculture that emerged in the late 70s of the 20th century in the wake of post-punk. The Gothic subculture is quite diverse and heterogeneous. The main elements of the Gothic image are the predominance of black in clothing, the use of metal jewelry with the symbols of the Gothic subculture, and characteristic makeup. Typical attributes used by the Goths are the ankh, the ancient Egyptian symbol of immortality, skulls, crosses, upright and inverted pentagrams, the bats. Makeup is used by both men and women. It is not an everyday attribute, and is usually applied before visiting concerts and gothic clubs. Makeup usually consists of two elements: white powder for the face and dark eyeliner around the eyes. Hairstyles in gothic fashion are quite varied. During the post-punk era, the main hairstyle was medium-length tousled hair. But in modern subculture many wear long hair, or even mohawks. It is common for Goths to dye their hair black or, less commonly, red. Some Goths prefer clothes styled after the fashion of the 18th-19th centuries. with the corresponding attributes: lace, long gloves and long dresses for women, tailcoats and top hats for men. Normal condition for the Goths, “longing” is a fairly comprehensive term that describes the usual Gothic state. The humor of the Goths is quite specific - it is purely black humor.

Hippie. One of the first musical youth subcultures of our time were hippies. Hippie is a philosophy and subculture that originally emerged in the 1960s in the USA. The movement flourished in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially, hippies protested against the Puritan morality of some Protestant churches, and also promoted the desire to return to natural purity through love and pacifism.

Hippies believe:

- that a person should be free;
- that freedom can be achieved only by changing the internal structure of the soul;
- that beauty and freedom are identical to each other and that the realization of both is a purely spiritual problem;
- that everyone who thinks differently is mistaken. Shchepanskaya T.B. System: texts and traditions of subculture. M., 2004

The hippie culture has its own symbols, signs of belonging and attributes. Representatives of the hippie movement, in accordance with their worldview, are characterized by the introduction of ethnic elements into their costumes: beads, woven beads or threads, bracelets, “baubles” and so on.

In the 70-80s, other subcultures appeared such as Metalheads, Freaks and Glamor.

Subcultures 1990-2000

Cyber Goths. Approximately, the origins of the Cyber Goth subculture originate in 1990. It is worth noting that an exact classification and definition of this informal trend does not yet exist; of course, there are certain features that distinguish this trend from others, but according to the deep misconception of many, they have nothing in common with the usual Gotha subculture. The origins themselves were taken precisely from the Gothic movement, but in a short time they were completely reoriented. Like most subcultures, Cyber Goths were formed due to musical trends. The main directions of Cyber Ready's musical preferences were the sounds of the guitar and standard rock songs. The main hairstyles used are: dreadlocks - hair dyed in different colors, often found among representatives of this movement and mohawks, but they have nothing in common with the punk subculture. The color range ranges from green to black, but bright ones are predominantly used. Clothing is mainly made of leather or synthetic material. The design included elements of microchips, showing Cyber Ready's passion for computers. This is the distinguishing feature of Cyber Ready from Goths. Shchepanskaya T.B. System: texts and traditions of subculture. M., 2004.

Grangers. One of the oldest subcultures is grunge; they arose under the influence of the grunge musical movement, from where they actually emerged as a separate culture around 1990-1991. Its founders, the Nirvana group, who were able to promote not only their style to the masses, but also gave birth to a whole generation of their followers. By appearance Grungers are easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures; they are distinguished by a checkered shirt, sneakers and long hair - these three elements completely form the image and image. Moreover, preference is given to worn-out clothes. Often, such things to create an image, style and image are bought at second-hand stores. In their existence, they are completely harmless to others. Among musical styles, priority is naturally given to Grunge. The grunger subculture is also distinguished by its conservatism, its reluctance to change its ways of life, norms, philosophy or value system. The fashion for grunge ended around 2000-2005, but even now only those people who are not indifferent to this trend adhere to this subculture. It is worth noting that it was from the Granger direction that an element of clothing was later adopted - a T-shirt or sweatshirt with black and red colors. As for age, there are no restrictions. Among the grungers you can meet both 15-year-olds and fully formed and established people.

Alternatives. The Alternative subculture was formed in the first half of the 90s. It included representatives of rappers, metalheads and punks. Of all youth music styles, they stand out for their friendliness towards representatives of any subcultures. Unlike all musical movements, Alternative combined several styles at once, which made it possible to create a completely separate subculture. The HardCore style was taken as a basis. As for the musicians, and not the followers, they tried to make a breakthrough in music, rejecting existing standards. The main contribution that has been made to world music is the combination of rap and rock. Closer to the turn of 2000, a new style entered the mainstream and began to spread massively throughout the world. The appearance of the Alternatives immediately catches the eye. They are easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures. They are wearing wide clothes and piercings. The peak of Alternative's popularity came in 2005. This subculture did not have a special ideology; everything rested on a musical experiment, which radically changed the development of world music.

During this period, such a subculture as Tolkienists appeared.

Social sciences understand a subculture as a part of a culture that differs from the generally accepted one: a system of values, the appearance of representatives, language. A subculture, as a rule, seeks to oppose itself to society and isolate itself from its influence.

The concept itself was formulated in the 1950s in America. The article will examine the youth subculture, its types, and ideology.

History and modernity

In the middle of the 20th century, the first informal youth associations appeared, based on musical preferences. The development of rock and roll, its new directions led to the emergence of such types of subcultures as beatniks, hippies, rockers, punks, goths and others. In one form or another, these movements have retained their relevance.

In the 21st century, the basis of informal movements is not only musical tastes, but also various types of art, sports hobbies, and Internet culture.

If several decades ago belonging to one single movement was unambiguous, now there is fragmentary inclusion in one or another informal society does not cause hostility and conflicts among young people.

Among modern species Subcultures are distinguished by the following areas:

musical;
sports;
industrial;
Internet cultural.

Art subculture

Art subculture refers to informal movements associated with creative self-expression and hobbies. This includes graffiti, underground art, role-playing games, and anime.

Graffiti is the most recognizable type of art subculture. It refers to inscriptions and drawings on the walls of buildings, entrances, and metro stations. The modern graffiti movement originated in New York.

Many street artists their works reflect sensitive social or political topics, some create real masterpieces on the walls of houses, and 3D paintings on city streets, popular in recent years, amaze with their realism.

Graffiti as a type of subculture is quite popular among Russian youth. In the mid-2000s, an international festival of this direction was held in St. Petersburg.

Roleplayers are inhabitants of two worlds

Role-players or historical reenactors are another direction of the art subculture.

The role-playing movement is based on a passion for fantasy or history. Each participant in the role-playing game transforms into a specific character and acts according to the script. The game can be based on both historical events and plots of works in the fantasy style.

Participants try to replicate living conditions, costumes, crafts, and battles of a particular era as faithfully as possible. Vikings are popular among roleplayers, Ancient Rus' or medieval knightly battles.

A separate direction of the role-playing movement are Tolkienists - fans of J.R. Tolkien. Participants in this subculture transform into characters from his books: elves, orcs, gnomes, hobbits, acting out scenes from the universe invented by the writer.

IN ordinary life participants in the role-playing movement may not stand out from the crowd, but many prefer unusual jewelry and clothes that are stylistically close to the character’s costumes; many open accounts in in social networks on behalf of your hero.

Role-playing games are a form of escapism, a way to escape reality. For some it is a break from the daily routine, for others it is an alternative and more preferable reality. Among role players you can find both teenagers and older people.

Anime fans and cosplayers

Another type of youth subculture is otaku. It is based on a love of Japanese animation and manga ( japanese comic). Participants in this movement not only passively watch cartoons, but also create their own, organize festivals and cosplay competitions.

Cosplay is the transformation into a specific character from an anime, manga, film or computer game. This is not only an authentic costume and hairstyle; many people use art makeup to achieve a complete resemblance to the chosen hero.

Representatives of this type of subculture can be recognized by their bright hair and paraphernalia with their favorite characters. But again, not everyone copies the appearance of their favorite heroes in everyday life.

The otaku movement in Russia is characterized by specific slang based on the use of Japanese words. These can be both common phrases - “arigato” - “thank you”, “sayonara” - “goodbye”, and specific ones: “kawaii” - “cute”, “lovely”, or “nya” - expressing a huge range of emotions.

The age composition of anime fans is diverse - these include 15-year-old teenagers and people 20-30 years old.

Musical subcultures

In the concept of subculture, types are inextricably linked with the development of musical genres. The first musical movement is considered to be rock and roll fans of the 50s of the 20th century - rockabilly. Bright and daring, they challenged social norms, winning their right to self-expression.

With the development of rock music in the 60s, hippies appeared, advocating a world without wars, for love of nature and harmony with it. “Flower children” preferred to live in communes, wore long hair, indulged in soft drugs and studied Eastern philosophy. Self-knowledge and the discovery of one's mental abilities, love of nature and non-violence form the basis of the hippie subculture.

In the 70s, a variety of rock music genres gave the world punks and metalheads. In the 80s, the goths appeared. In the 90s of the XX century, the development electronic music led to the emergence of ravers.

What various musical subcultures have in common is a love for a particular genre, an appearance that copies popular musicians, and the philosophy and values inherent in a particular genre of music.

Punks are anarchists who challenge social norms

In the mid-70s of the 20th century, the punk movement was born. Its participants opposed themselves to society and expressed dissatisfaction with the political system.

The flagships of punk rock are the Sex Pistols, The Stooges (Iggy Pop), Ramones. The music is characterized by dirty guitar sound, provocative lyrics and outrageous behavior of the musicians on stage, bordering on and even beyond the bounds of decency.

Iggy Pop, one of the brightest representatives of the punk scene, largely laid down the behavior of the musicians of this genre.

Punk as a subculture declares complete personal freedom, rejection of generally accepted rules, the desire to rely on own strength and not to be influenced.

Nihilism, nonconformism and outrageousness are the features that define representatives of the punk movement.

You can recognize a punk by torn jeans, an abundance of metal jewelry, pins, rivets, chains, hair dyed in bright color, mohawk or shaved temples, leather biker jacket.

Despite the fact that the punk movement originated in the distant 70s, it remains relevant in modern realities. Protest against social injustice, a call for personal freedom - this is what makes punk popular among young people.

Gothic - aestheticization of death

In the 80s of the 20th century, on the wave of post-punk, a new musical direction appeared - gothic rock. It gives rise to a new type of subculture.

Goths do not protest so vehemently against social injustice; they move away from an imperfect world, plunging into mystical romance and the aestheticization of death. They can be compared with adherents of the decadence of the literary and artistic movement in turn of XIX-XX centuries.

Melancholic, dressed, as a rule, in all black, Goths see beauty where ordinary people do not notice it. Cemeteries and ancient cathedrals, grotesque graphics filled with mystical meaning, poems glorifying decline, thrillers and horror films are an incomplete list of hobbies of representatives of this type of subculture.

Goths have a refined taste and high level aesthetic needs. They can be called rock music snobs.

Black clothing of the Victorian era or more modern looks made of latex and leather, makeup, the basis of which is a bleached face, on which black-painted eyes and lips stand out, are the hallmarks of a goth.

Gothic rock underwent changes, branching into several directions, and the entire subculture changed and expanded along with musical genre. From the classic The Sisters Of Mercy, Bauhaus, The Cure to London After Midnight, Dead Can Dance, Clan of Xymox, Lacrimosa.

In countries such as Great Britain, Germany, the USA, and Latin America, gothic has remained popular for several decades; in Russia, the peak of popularity of this subculture occurred in 2007-2012.

Industrial subcultures

Industrial subculture, its types and their characteristics are discussed below.

Industrial subcultures include:

diggers;
stalkers.

Diggers are explorers of underground military or civil structures, abandoned or active. These can be either bomb shelters or abandoned bunkers inaccessible to metro station passengers.

This subculture is characterized by its own slang, which will be difficult for the uninitiated to understand.

Stalkers prefer to explore all sorts of abandoned objects, both civilian and military, and ghost towns. The object of their interest may also be existing industrial zones that are closed to citizens.

Stalkers are attracted to industrial landscapes and the special atmosphere of abandoned buildings. Many people combine their passion for stalking with photography or graphic art.

Representatives of this subculture are distinguished by particular secrecy; most do not advertise the exact coordinates of the objects they visit and try not to post private photos on objects on the network.

Internet subculture

The spread of the Internet has led to the emergence of such subcultures as “bastards” and the blogosphere.

The emergence of such an Internet phenomenon as “bastards” is associated with the site “Udaff.ru”. It was its founder who first began to promote communication on the Internet using specially distorted, misspelled words. Expressions such as “aptar zhot” quickly spread throughout the Runet.

“Bastards” are characterized not only by violating the norms of the Russian language, but also by a particularly cynical attitude towards everything that happens, ridiculing and devaluing even significant events.

The blogosphere as a direction of Internet subculture brings together people running various blogs. These can be YouTube channels, LiveJournal diaries, and partly public pages and communities on social networks. Bloggers cover a variety of topics: some cover the latest in cinema, music, literature, some write about politics, some write a beauty blog.

A short list of subcultures

List of types of subcultures most common in Russia:

Musical subcultures:

punks;
metalheads;
Goths;
rappers;
folkers;
skinheads.

Art subcultures:

graffiti;
role players;
otaku;
underground.

Industrial subcultures:

diggers;
stalkers;
cyber goths;
rivetheads.

Internet subcultures:

"bastards";
blogosphere;
demoscene.

Subcultures allow a teenager to find like-minded people and better understand his inner world, but at the same time it is a kind of escape from reality.

Youth subcultures are not a new phenomenon, but, oddly enough, they are uncharacteristic for Russia. This came to us from the West, after some changes took place in the country, including the collapse of " iron curtain"(read more about this and what subcultures are). Today there are many subcultures, and their list is regularly updated.

The study of types of youth subcultures began in the 70s of the 20th century. I suggest you familiarize yourself with some modern typologies.

Based on the principle of unification

The most popular classification proposed by L. V. Kozilova:

Political informal associations.
Religious associations.
Professional and quasi-professional associations (common cause and interests).
Sports and gaming associations.
Cultural associations (creativity, cognition, analysis).
Gender associations (gender, other demographic characteristics).
Ethnic associations and communities (common origin or imitation thereof).
Criminal (community of criminal interests).
Youth.
Subcultural (belonging to a subcultural environment).

By types of communities of their carriers

V. Sokolov and Yu. Osokin identify the following subcultures:

gender and age,
social-professional,
professional-corporate,
leisure,
religious,
ethnic,
territorial,
local.

By time of occurrence

T.V. Latysheva identified the following subcultures:

past (dudes, teddy boys);
reanimated (hippies, goths);
modern (role-players, otaku).

According to the principle of formality

Formal and informal youth groups can be distinguished.

Formal ones include youth associations officially registered with justice institutions:

political youth associations (the youth parliament under the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the People's Democratic Youth Union (NDYM), the “OUR” movement, “STEEL”, etc.); all-Russian public non-political youth associations (“ Russian Union Youth", "Student Self-Government", "Russian Student Teams" "It's a Small World", etc.);
uniting people with disabilities health (“Perspective”, “New Opportunities”, “First Russian Internet portal for disabled people”, etc.);
youth human rights associations (“Balance”, “New Perspectives” Foundation, etc.);
environmental youth associations (“Green Sail”, “Forest and We”, “Friends of the Baltic”, etc.);
religious youth associations (“Common Cause”).

Informal youth groups include those that are not legally registered or prohibited by law:

extremist (nationalists, vandals, religious extremists, etc.);
aggressive movements (gopniks, punks, etc.);
socially dangerous and criminal groups (illegal para-religious groups (sects), “black trackers”, destructive mimics).

DIY principle

D. V. Wolf classifies subcultures according to the principle of participants’ involvement in the development of their subculture.

Passive

For example, otaku, furries, metalheads, goths. Representatives of passive groups do not create something new, but imitate what exists, sometimes elevating it to a cult. More often we're talking about about some work of art, something creative, or a specific genre or style of art. Members of a passive subcultural group blindly imitate their “idol” in behavior, speech, clothing, etc.

These groups do not have a social or political character. They don't have their own philosophy. There is only a desire to repeat something or someone. These are the ones who express themselves. Representatives of such groups are:

listeners,
consumers,
spectators,
fans,
fans.

Active

Active subcultures include those whose representatives themselves create and develop their own culture, participate in it and actively influence society. Moreover, in turn, active groups can be divided:

for those who are physically active (skaters, snowboarders, surfers, roller skaters, trialists, parkour athletes, bikers, as well as all extreme youth groups);
active mentally (beatniks and members of literary associations).

Active groups can be divided:

for reproductive purposes (role-players and re-enactors, music lovers);
productive (hippies, punks, metalheads, rockers, indie, graffiti, lito).

In relation to society

G. A. Nigmatulina identified tolerant subcultures (bikers, breakers, rappers), nihilistic (majors, beatniks), negative groups (hippies, punks), aggressive (skinheads).

Representatives of tolerant groups try to distance themselves as much as possible from the outside world and not express their attitude towards it.
Nihilists show their lifestyle and values, but do not oppose it to generally accepted norms, but present it as an alternative.
Negative youth express dissatisfaction and disgust with the generally accepted culture, but do not try to destroy it.
Representatives of aggressive groups directly promote non-acceptance main culture society and express their attitude through open protests.

As a way of self-expression

I. Yu. Sundieva considers any subculture as an amateur activity (cultural, political, social) and a way of self-expression. And it highlights an aggressive subculture, shocking, alternative, social and political.

The aggressive subculture has a cult of physical strength (a tough confrontation between us and them) and an internal hierarchy.
A shocking subculture involves self-expression through appearance, challenging established norms and rules.
Alternative culture represents the development of behavior, leisure activities, and lifestyles that differ from the generally accepted ones.
Social culture has a goal in the form of solving specific social problems (ecological, ethnocultural and charity movements).
The political subculture has its own ideas and is aimed at changing social situations in the country in accordance with these ideas.

By type of interests (Yu. V. Monko and K. M. Oganyan)

Musical (ravers, rockers, breakers, Beatlemaniacs, metalheads, rappers).
Intellectual (Tolkienists, archaeologists, Russians).
Religious and philosophical (neo-Christians, Pushkinists, Buddhists).
Sports (fans, roller skaters, bikers).
Computer (hackers, administrators).
Countercultural (hippies, punks, dudes).
Destructive (lubers, gopniks, skinheads, fascists).

Based on the principle of individual inclusion

I offer my classification of youth subcultures based on the principle of inclusion young man into the subculture and the scope of its influence on the life of the individual.

Superficial subcultures

Characteristic is external shockingness, exclusively external self-expression. Representatives do not have a specific philosophy, rules, attitudes or values. As a rule, such subcultures are not dangerous. These include:

freaks,
hipsters,
cosplayers.

Subcultures of belief

Subcultures of belief do not affect a person’s appearance, but they do big influence on his worldview and behavior. They may have their own rules, principles, and guidelines. Such subcultures can create threats and problems to society. These include:

hackers and crackers;
gamers;
pagans and neo-pagans.

Subcultures of deep inclusion

Subcultures of deep inclusion of an individual have a specific philosophy, worldview, ideas, and try to achieve them (by legal and/or illegal means). At the same time, they have external signs of belonging to one movement or another. May evolve into subcultures of worship. These include:

hippie,
punks,
goths,
Rastafarians.

Subcultures of worship

Subcultures of worship (fanaticism) tend to completely cover all spheres of an individual’s life, shaping his views, needs, and behavior. Most often they manifest themselves externally. They are dangerous to society. These include:

football fans,
Nazis,
skinheads,
Satanists.

In practice, classifying subcultures and determining an individual’s membership in a particular youth group is more difficult for two reasons:

Firstly, the same subculture can be characterized from different sides and belong to different types.
Secondly, subcultures often interact with each other, borrow something from other cultures, change, “die” and are revived, and develop. This specificity can complicate the selection of means and methods of interaction with groups.

Subculture values

The values of youth subcultures have not yet been fully explored. This may be due to their dynamism, transformation and tendency to borrow.

The values of subcultures are the priorities and needs dictated by the subculture in all spheres of an individual’s life (social, spiritual, material).

As a rule, the values of youth subcultures do not completely contradict generally accepted patterns. More often they can coexist peacefully, or certain aspects of society can be criticized. Groups whose values are completely opposite to generally accepted ones are called countercultures.
The culture of Russian youth contains elements of both countercultures and subcultures. In the youth subculture, the most important area is leisure. This is where many of the peculiarities of young people’s pastime and worldview follow.

For some subcultures, such as Diggers and Tolkienists, main value is risk, seeking adventure, testing oneself, searching for new and unusual sensations, the meaning of life. The same desire for risk drives members of subcultures associated with dangerous sports.

Several groups of subcultures can be distinguished, classifying them according to values.

According to the orientation of values

Musical direction (rockers, rappers, metalheads, etc.).
Extreme sports (parkour, skaters, bikers, motorcyclists, cyclists, workout).
Subcultures of virtual space (gamers, hackers, other Internet subcultures).
Fashion and consumer groups (hipsters, dudes, etc.).
Shocking and escapist (emo, goths, hippies).
Sports fans (football fans, ultras).
Dance groups (breakdance, hip-hop and more).
Creatively directed (graffiti).
Creatively enthusiastic (anime enthusiasts) and creatively imitative (reenactors, Tolkienists).

By type of combination of values

By type of pastime (music and sports fans, metalheads, lubers, Nazis). For them, the value is the formation of spiritual, moral and civic responsibility, participation in solving political problems, preservation and restoration of cultural and historical monuments, improvement of the environment, and any social and political activity.
By way of life (people, high-life, religious organizations, “system engineers” and any of their branches). Promote and follow the idea of the value of human communication, peace and love. Representatives of such groups are united by the search for an existence without economic and social problems, contradictions, wars, everyday hassles and other shocks. Very often, even after growing up, people do not leave these subcultures, since for them this is not a way of spending leisure time, but life itself.
For alternative creativity (not officially recognized artists, sculptors, musicians, graffiti artists). Creative self-realization takes first place. They draw, write poetry, music, but their creativity goes beyond the generally accepted, and therefore is not officially recognized.

According to the level of continuity and value of surfactants

Groups with a negative attitude (neo-Nazis, chauvinists, straight-edge movement).
“Risk groups” (rastafarians, hippies, punks, ravers, rappers, emo, goths, bikers).
Groups with a neutral attitude (anime, naturists, nudists, role-players, Tolkienists).

In relation to values and generally accepted ways of achieving them

Conformists. The group's values coincide with those of society and are achieved through legal means.
Retreatists. The group’s values coincide with public ones, but are achieved by any means, including illegal ones.
Ritualists. Social values are denied, but the values of the subculture are achieved only through legal means.
Innovators. Neither values nor methods of obtaining them are recognized. Participants offer alternative methods to achieve goals.
Rebels. Values and methods are not recognized, alternatives are put forward. To achieve them, any methods are chosen.

By gender values

Androgyny (lack of gender distinction and separation social roles). The trend is noticeable, for example, among emo, glam rockers, freaks, goths, anime fans, hippies.
Masculinity (cult of physical strength, brutality and masculinity). Typical for football fans, bikers, metalheads, skinheads, gopniks.
In some subcultures, gender identification and division of roles have been preserved (glamour, role-playing, hip-hop).
Gender indifferent, that is, neutral groups (punk, rasta, rave, alternative, roller skaters, skaters, snowboarders, hackers, rastafarians).

The issue of cause-and-effect relationships between value orientations subcultures and characteristics of modern youth:

on the one hand, young people themselves create and develop subcultures, which means they invest certain values;
on the other hand, subcultures interact with each other, with common culture, with the culture of other countries, which means that new (possibly beneficial to someone) attitudes penetrate into them.

As a rule, the values of subcultures greatly influence the formation of personality and leave their mark forever. Even after a person’s self-determination in society and leaving the subculture, some subcultural values remain with him forever. Values and trends youth environment observed today can take root and become a determining factor in shaping the future of the country, society, and world culture.

Finally, I suggest getting acquainted with the new and dangerous youth movement “Youth Patrol”. This is a vivid example of a destructive and antisocial youth subculture. Is this really the world we want to live in?

Modern urban society, largely multicultural, includes a large number of subcultures, defined in sociology (also in anthropology and cultural studies) as groups whose beliefs differ from the interests of the general culture.

Subcultures are a set of cultures of groups of minors, different in style, interests, behavior, demonstrating rejection. The identity of each group largely depends on social class, gender, intelligence, generally accepted traditions of morality, the nationality of its members, characterized by a preference for a specific style of clothing and hairstyles , gatherings in some places, the use of jargon - this is what forms symbolism and values. But it should be noted that today each group is not characterized by a strict identity, it can change, in other words, individuals move freely from one group to another, various elements from different subcultures are mixed, in contrast to classical separate categories.

Youth subculture can be defined as a way of life and a way of expressing it, developed in groups. A major theme in her sociology is the connection between social class and everyday experience. Thus, the work of a French sociologist states that the main factor influencing the character of a group is social environment- the occupation of parents and the level of education that they can give to their children.

There are many studies and theories regarding the development of these cultures, including the concept of the decline of morals. Some historians argue that until about 1955, a youth subculture as such did not exist. Before the Second World War, young people who were called exclusively children until they came of age, at least when talking about Western society, had very little freedom and no influence.

The concept of "teenager" has its origins in America. One of the reasons for the emergence of youth groups is said to be the increase in consumer culture. Throughout the 1950s, a growing number of young people began to influence fashion, music, television, and film. The youth subculture was finally formed in the mid-1950s in Great Britain, when teddy boys appeared, distinguished special attention to their appearance (they were replaced by fashion in the 1960s) and rockers (or tone-up boys), who gave their preference to motorcycles and rock and roll. Many companies adapted to their tastes, developing marketing strategies, creating magazines, such as the English music magazine New Musical Express (abbreviated NME), and eventually the television channel MTV appeared. Fashion stores, discos and other establishments aimed at wealthy teenagers opened. Advertising promised a new, exciting world for young people through the consumption of the goods and services offered.

However, some historians argue that the youth subculture may have appeared earlier, during the period between the world wars, citing the flapper style as an example. These were the "new breed" of girls in the 1920s. They wore short skirts, cut their hair short, listened to fashionable jazz, wore excessive makeup, smoked and drank alcoholic beverages, drove cars, and generally showed disdain for what were considered norms of acceptable behavior.

There is no one dominant group today. Youth subcultures in modern Russia represent to a greater extent forms of Western youth cultures (for example, emo, goths, hip-hoppers), but are characterized by Russian specifics.