List of who belongs to the Slavs. Eastern Slavs in ancient times

Rosalia Samoilovna Zemlyachka(nee Zalkind, by husband Samoilova; 1876-1947) - Russian revolutionary, Bolshevik, leader of the massacres in Crimea, Soviet party and statesman.

Participant in the revolution of 1905-1907, in particular the Moscow uprising in December 1905. She gained fame as one of the organizers of the Red Terror in Crimea in 1920-1921, carried out during the period Civil War against former soldiers and officers of the Russian army P. N. Wrangel and the civilian population.

On her conscience are tens of thousands of lives, in the murder of which she personally took part. She simply did not miss the opportunity to take someone's life. Her own people were also afraid of her - the mentally unstable Bolshevik shot or ordered her own people to be hanged.

Biography

Born on March 20, 1876 into a Jewish family of a merchant of the 1st guild Samuil Markovich Zalkind.

She received her education at the Kyiv Women's Gymnasium and at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lyon. IN revolutionary activities from the age of 17.

Since 1896, he has been a participant in the Russian Social Democratic movement and a member of the RSDLP. Underground pseudonyms - Daemon, Osipov.

Since 1901, Iskra agent in Odessa and Yekaterinoslav.

Delegate to the II (from the Odessa Committee of the RSDLP) and III (from the PC of the RSDLP) congresses of the RSDLP.

In 1903 she was co-opted into the party Central Committee.

In 1904 - a member of the “Bureau of Majority Committees” (a Bolshevik body parallel to the united Central Committee of the RSDLP in conditions when the party had not yet officially split into “Bolsheviks” and “Mensheviks”).

At the beginning of 1905 - an agent in the Urals from the Bureau of Majority Committees.

On February 16, N.K. Krupskaya wrote about the state of social democratic organizations: “ Here I found things in a terrible state. The committee failed completely. There were groups of different cities no committee».

Then - secretary of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, party organizer of the Rogozhsko-Simonovsky district, worked in the military organization of the RSDLP. She was arrested several times.

In 1909 - secretary of the Baku party organization, then she was in exile.

In 1915-1916 - Member of the Moscow Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

From February 1917 - Secretary of the 1st Legal Moscow Committee of the RSDLP(b); delegate of the 7th (April) All-Russian Conference and the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b), in October 1917 she led the armed uprising of the workers of the Rogozhsko-Simonovsky region.

She taught at the Prechistensky work courses.

After the October Revolution - at the leading party and Soviet work. She was repeatedly elected as a member of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Participation in the Civil War

In 1918 she was appointed military commissar of the brigade.

From 1918 to 1919 - head of the 8th political department,

from 1919 to 1920 - head of the political department of the 13th armies of the Red Army.

Since 1920, head of the political department of the Northern Railway.

In March 1919 she was part of the “military opposition”.

Red terror in Crimea

From November 1920 to January 1921 she was the executive secretary of the Crimean Regional Committee of the RCP (b). She became a member of the Crimean Revolutionary Committee formed on November 14, headed by Bela Kun. Together with White Kuhn And Georgy Pyatakov considered responsible for carrying out massacres in Crimea - executions and torture of residents of the peninsula and captured officers of the Russian army P. N. Wrangel.

M. S. Sultan-Galiev left the following memories about Rosalia Samoilovna of the Crimean period:

Comrade SAMOILOVA (Countrywoman) is an extremely nervous and sick woman who denied any kind of belief system in her work and left behind almost all the workers the memory of the “Arakcheevsky times”. Unnecessary nervousness, an overly elevated tone in conversation with almost all of my comrades, extreme exactingness... undeserved reprisals against everyone who had at least a little courage to “dare to have your own opinion” or simply “not to please”...

When Comrade SAMOILOVA in Crimea, literally all the workers trembled before her, not daring to disobey her even the most stupid or erroneous orders.

According to historians Zarubins, such treatment of Rosalia Samoilovna with her “party comrades” shows that she did not stand on ceremony with “class enemies” at all.

After the Civil War

In 1922-1923 Secretary of the Zamoskvoretsky RK party in Moscow.

In 1924-1925, a member of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), then secretary of the Motovilikha RK RCP (b) of the city of Perm.

In 1926-1931, member of the board of the People's Commissariat of the Russian Foreign Inspectorate.

In 1932-1933, member of the board of the NKPS. Delegate to the VIII, XI-XVIII Party Congresses. Since the XIII Congress of the RCP (b) (1924) member of the Central Control Commission. At the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1934) she was elected a member of the Commission of Soviet Control, worked as deputy chairman and chairman of the Commission of Soviet Control.

At the XVIII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) she was elected a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

In 1939-1943, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, from May 1939 to September 1940, Chairman of the Commission of Soviet Control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, then (1943-1947) Deputy Chairman of the Party Control Committee under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Awards

• two Orders of Lenin (3.9.1931, 1.4.1946)
• Order of the Red Banner (1921)
• Medal "For the Defense of Moscow"
• medal "For valiant labor in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945."

In culture

The writer Vera Morozova wrote a documentary work “Stories about Zemlyachka” about the life and work of Rosalia Zemlyachka. Lev Ovalov dedicated his biographical story “January Nights” to her.

Rosalia Zemlyachka appears in Ivan Shmelev’s work “The Sun of the Dead,” in Papanin’s memoirs “Ice and Fire,” in Alexander Segen’s novel “Gentlemen and Comrades,” as well as in Igor Bolgarin’s novel “His Excellency’s Adjutant.”

In Nikita Mikhalkov's film " Sunstroke", released in 2014, Miriam Sekhon starred in the role of Countrywoman. The countrywoman is also a character in the films: “Comrade Innocent” (1981) - Antonina Shuranova, “It’s not always summer in Crimea” (1987) - Nora Gryakalova, television series “Split” (1993) actress Irina Metlitskaya.

Demyan Bedny dedicated the following poems to R. Zemlyachka:

From bureaucracy and hibernation
To completely protect yourself,
Portrait of Comrade Zemlyachka
Hang it on the wall, buddy!

Then wandering around the office,
Pray that you have found out so far
Countrywoman only in the portrait,
A hundred times more formidable than the original!

Memory

Streets in:

• Volgograd (Dzerzhinsky district)
• Voronezh
• Dmitrieva
• Krivoy Rog (Dzerzhinsky district)
• Nizhny Novgorod(Sormovo district)
• Nizhny Tagil (Tagilstroevsky district)
• Perm (Motovilikha district)
• Prokopyevsk
• Solikamsk

travel to: Kokshetau (Kazakhstan)

• Shymkent

lanes in:

• Yekaterinburg. The name of the lane in the Ordzhonikidze district of the then city of Sverdlovsk was given in the early 60s.

The names of the Countrymen were:

• Bolshaya Tatarskaya Street in Moscow (1947-1991)
• Bolshaya Zheleznodorozhnaya Street in Kyiv (1963-2005), since 2005 has been named after Tatyana Yablonskaya

She is the first woman to be awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

************************

More than 60 years have passed since the wizened old lady in pince-nez, Rosalia Zemlyachka, passed away. IN famous House on the embankment, where the party elite lived, she was one of the most titled.
She also held an unspoken record during the Red Terror: under the leadership of this woman, tens of thousands of people were executed. Thus, she justified the nickname Demon, which she awarded herself long before the revolution. Her other pseudonym - Zemlyachka - will become official after 1917. But the Demon will remain loved.

Science of Destruction

...1903. Rosalia hurries through the streets of St. Petersburg for a secret meeting with the workers. A representative of the Bolshevik activists announces: “Comrade Demon has arrived from London. He...she will tell you how our party congress went.”.

About Rosalia's conspiratorial activities already in Soviet time wrote Lev Ovalov and talked about French hats, English raincoats, double-bottomed travel mirrors for transporting illegal literature, and the royal prisons from which she successfully escaped.
Fighting for the rights of workers and peasants, Rosalia had nothing to do with either one or the other.

Born in Kyiv in 1876 in the family of a wealthy merchant Samuel Zalkind. I became interested in left-wing ideas in high school, after which I went to study at French university. For the next 20 years, until October 1917, she did not officially work a day. In this, her biography is similar to many famous Bolsheviks.
Money for clothing, food, housing and payments for visits abroad was taken from the party treasury.

In this sense, the revolutionaries represented an amazing social group, which had its own clear psychology, expressed Mikhail Bakunin:

“Feelings of kinship, love, friendship, gratitude, and even honor itself must be suppressed in a revolutionary. He is not a revolutionary if he feels sorry for anything in this world. He knows only one science - the science of destruction."

Rosalia could have signed these words in blood. Not her own, but tens of thousands of people tortured by her will. We are talking primarily about Crimea, where Zalkind was sent to establish a new order as secretary of the regional party committee. After her appearance, the Black Sea off the coast turned red with the blood of those executed.

“The massacre went on for months. The deadly clicking of a machine gun could be heard until the morning... On the very first night, 1800 people were shot in Simferopol, 420 in Feodosia, 1300 in Kerch, etc.”

The historian Sergei Melgunov, who himself experienced October Revolution, in the work “Red Terror in Russia. 1918-1923."

Machine guns in Crimea worked without ceasing until comrade Daemon did not command:

“It’s a pity for them to have cartridges. Stoke. And that’s it.”

Those sentenced to execution were gathered onto a barge, stones were tied to their feet and thrown into the sea. This was often done in front of wives and small children, who knelt on the shore and begged for mercy. But as the People's Commissar of Education said Lunacharsky:

“Down with love of neighbor! We must learn to hate."

Then the fishermen who went out to fish saw an army of the dead standing in the water. Rosalia not only gave the go-ahead for the extermination of people, but also actively took part in executions. She ran around in a commissar's leather jacket with a Mauser on her side from city to city, from village to village - “the fury of the red terror,” as Alexander Solzhenitsyn called her.

"Sun of the Dead"

A number of subordinates Country women, looking at her sadism, they tried to reach out to the Kremlin: they shoot everyone - doctors, teachers, nurses, patients in hospitals, fishermen, port workers, former high school students, priests. In the cities of Crimea, corpses were hanging from lanterns, trees in parks and even monuments. But there were no passers-by - they were hiding. In the suburbs, the corpses of those shot lay lightly covered with earth. Many were buried alive. At night the unfinished ones crawled towards residential buildings and moaned. Melgunov has testimony from witnesses who saw women shot from infants. But Lenin did not think of stopping Zemlyachka’s bacchanalia, because she embodied his words about a dictatorship that

« there is power based on violence and not bound by any laws.”

In instructions on terror Lenin wrote:

“look for tougher people.”

Lenin had no doubt about the firmness of Zemlyachka, whom he personally knew for 20 years. And he thanked her for her loyalty: Zemlyachka became the first woman awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
However, the truth about the Crimean tragedy will be revealed in the same 20s. not only thanks to the work of the historian Melgunov, but also to the work of the great Russian writer Ivan Shmelev “The Sun of the Dead”. The only son Shmeleva Sergey became one of the victims of punitive actions in Crimea. Finding out how his son died and where the body was buried, the writer turned to the authorized representative of the Cheka, Redens, to which he replied:

"What do you want? Here in Crimea, it’s such a mess!..”

Shmelev survived both the Red Terror and a terrible famine in Crimea - special detachments entered houses, taking away food supplies and clothing, stripping people of the latter. Shmelev's neighbor came to him barefoot and wearing rose-colored trousers - he sewed them from aprons: even the cook's old skirts were taken out of his house. Starving people could hardly move, children looked for the bones of dead horses and gnawed at them like dogs.

“Is it really necessary to start with human slaughterhouses to make a person happy?.. Eh, Russia! They seduced you - with what spell? What kind of wine did you drink?!”

The writer lamented.

About the "Sun of the Dead" German writer Thomas Mann said:

“Read this if you have the courage.”

In the book, a chemist, maddened by hunger, creates his own system for calculating the number of victims in tons. human meat:

“Only in Crimea alone, in just three months! - human flesh, shot without trial, without trial! - eight thousand cars, nine thousand cars! Three hundred trains! Ten thousand tons of fresh human meat, young meat! One hundred and twenty thousand heads! human beings!!”

The figure of 120 thousand victims of terror in Crimea is also mentioned in historical studies.

About Zemlyachka Shmeleva said briefly:

"Beast!"

And in the Soviet press we read:

« Amazing man there was a Zemlyachka. She never tired of taking care of people. She worked without sparing her strength.”

True, there are memoirs of the Bolshevik Sultan-Galiev:

“The countrywoman is an extremely nervous and sick woman... In Crimea, literally all the workers trembled before her, not daring to disobey even her most stupid or erroneous orders.”

The author of these lines was imprisoned and shot, but Zemlyachka was not affected by the purges in the party - she herself was involved in this purge. She instilled fear in party organizations when she came to check. One of the highest positions she held was deputy. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Currently - Deputy Prime Minister.

Having retired from business, Rosa Samuilovna I started scribbling complaints about my neighbors in the stairwell. Zemlyachka lived in Moscow, in the so-called House on the Embankment, where the party elite lived. At the House on the Embankment museum, AiF was told that Zemlyachka’s apartment No. 201 was located in the tenth entrance, where he lived Nikita Khrushchev.
Information about her personal life is very scarce. There were no children. It is surprising that despite her active work for the benefit of the people, not many photographs of her have been preserved in the archives. It was as if someone’s skillful hand had worked, destroying photographs associated with the executions of tens of thousands of people.
Zemlyachka died at the age of 70. And immediately, in 1947, a street in the center of Moscow was named after her. True, 20 years ago the street was returned former name- Bolshaya Tatarskaya. But in other Russian cities hundreds of streets bear the name Country women, and people hurrying along them do not suspect that they are dealing with Demon.

Shmelev says briefly about Zemlyachka: “Beast!” And in the Soviet press we read: “Zemlyachka was an amazing person. She never tired of taking care of people. She worked without sparing her strength.” The countrywoman became the first woman to be awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

However, the truth about the Crimean tragedy will be revealed in the same 20s. not only thanks to the work of the historian Melgunov, but also to the work of the great Russian writer Ivan Shmelev"Sun of the Dead" Shmelev's only son Sergei became one of the victims of punitive actions in Crimea. Finding out how his son died and where the body was buried, the writer turned to authorized by the Cheka Redens, to which he replied: “What do you want? Here, in Crimea, it’s such a mess!..” Shmelev survived both the Red Terror and a terrible famine in Crimea - special forces entered houses, taking away food supplies and clothing, stripping people of the latter. Shmelev's neighbor came to him barefoot and wearing rose-colored trousers - he sewed them from aprons: even the cook's old skirts were taken out of his house. Starving people could hardly move, children looked for the bones of dead horses and gnawed at them like dogs. “Is it really necessary to start with human slaughterhouses to make a person happy?.. Eh, Russia! They seduced you - with what spell? What kind of wine did you drink?!” - the writer lamented.

About the "Sun of the Dead" German writer Thomas Mann said, “Read this if you have the courage.” In the book, a chemist, distraught with hunger, creates his own system for calculating the number of victims in tons of human meat: “Only in Crimea alone, in just three months! - human flesh, shot without trial, without trial! - eight thousand cars, nine thousand cars! Three hundred trains! Ten thousand tons of fresh human meat, young meat! One hundred and twenty thousand heads! human beings!!” The figure of 120 thousand victims of terror in Crimea is also mentioned in historical studies.

The ashes of the revolutionary are buried in the Kremlin wall.

As People's Commissar of State Control of the USSR

Rosalia Samoilovna Zemlyachka(nee Zalkind, by husband Samoilova; -) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet party and statesman. Participant revolutions of 1905-1907, in particular Moscow uprising in December 1905. Gained fame as one of the organizers red terror in Crimea in 1920-1921 carried out during the Civil War against former soldiers and officers Russian army P. N. Wrangel and civilians.

Biography

At the beginning of 1905 - an agent in the Urals from the Bureau of Majority Committees. Wrote on February 16 N. K. Krupskaya about the state of Social Democratic organizations: “Here I found things in a terrible state. The committee failed completely. There were groups in different cities without a committee.” Then - secretary of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, party organizer of the Rogozhsko-Simonovsky district, worked in military organization of the RSDLP. She was arrested several times.

Participation in the Civil War

In 1918 she was appointed military commissar of the brigade. From 1918 to 1919 - head of the political department 8th, from 1919 to 1920 - 13th armies Red Army. Since 1920, head of the political department of the Northern Railway.

Red terror in Crimea

From November 1920 to January 1921 she was the executive secretary of the Crimean Regional Committee of the RCP (b). She became a member of the Crimean Revolutionary Committee formed on November 14, headed by Bela Kun. Together with Beloy Kun And Georgy Pyatakov considered responsible for carrying out mass executions of residents of the peninsula and captured officers of the Russian army in Crimea P. N. Wrangel.

Comrade SAMOILOVA (Countrywoman) is an extremely nervous and sick woman who denied any kind of belief system in her work and left a memory of “ Arakcheevsky times" Unnecessary nervousness, an overly elevated tone in conversation with almost all of his comrades, extreme demands... undeserved reprisals against everyone who had at least a little courage to “dare to have your own opinion” or simply “not to please”... When Comrade was. SAMOILOVA in Crimea, literally all the workers trembled before her, not daring to disobey her even the most stupid or erroneous orders.

In 1921, Rosalia Zemlyachka was awarded for her services in political education and increasing the combat capability of units of the Red Army. Order of the Red Banner, becoming the first woman to receive such an award.

After the Civil War

In 1922-1923 Zamoskvoretsky's secretary RK party in Moscow. B - member South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), then secretary of the Motovilikha RKP(b) city Perm. B - member of the board of the People's Commissariat NKPS. Delegate VIII, XI-XVIII Party Congresses. WITH XIII Congress of the RCP(b)(1924) member Central Control Commission. On XVII Congress of the CPSU(b)(1934) elected member Soviet control commissions, worked as deputy chairman and chairman of the Soviet Control Commission.

Demyan Bedny dedicated the following poems to R. Zemlyachka:

From bureaucracy and hibernation
To completely protect yourself,
Portrait of Comrade Zemlyachka
Hang it on the wall, buddy!

Then wandering around the office,
Pray that you have found out so far
Countrywoman only in the portrait,
A hundred times more formidable than the original!

Memory

Streets in:

• Volgograd (Dzerzhinsky district)
• Nizhny Novgorod (Sormovo district)
• Nizhny Tagil(Tagilstroevsky district)
• Perm (Motovilikha district)
• Serov (Sverdlovsk region)

travel to: Kokshetau (Kazakhstan)

lanes in:

• Yekaterinburg. The name of the lane in the Ordzhonikidze district of the then city of Sverdlovsk was given in the early 60s.

The names of the Countrymen were:

• Bolshaya Tatarskaya Street V Moscow (1947-1991)
• Bolshaya Zheleznodorozhnaya Street in Kyiv(1963-2005), since 2005 bears the name Tatiana Yablonskaya
• street in Odessa, now Spanish

see also

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Notes

2. Revolution and civil war in Russia: 1917-1923. Encyclopedia in 4 volumes. - Moscow: Terra, 2008. - T. 2. - P. 127. - 560 p. - ( Great encyclopedia). - 100,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-273-00560-0.
3. Krechetnikov A.(Russian) . BBC Russian Service(October 25, 2012). Retrieved October 25, 2012. .
4. Zarubin, A. G., Zarubin, V. G. No winners. From the history of the Civil War in Crimea. - 1st. - Simferopol: Antiqua, 2008. - P. 682-693. - 728 p. - ISBN 978-966-2930-47-4.
5. - article from
6. Sverdlova K. T. Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov. - 4th ed. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1985. - 399 p., ill. With. 14
8. Sergey Chennyk.// First Crimean: information and analytical newspaper. - 2005. - August 19 (No. 87).
10. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. Lit.: 1) Razumova A., Arina S., R. S. Zemlyachka, in the book: Glorious Bolsheviks. M., 1958; 2) Angarskaya M., A heart given to the people, in the book: Women of the Russian Revolution. M., 1968.

Literature

• - article from Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
• Ovalov L.. - M.: Politizdat. Fiery revolutionaries, 1972. - 335 pp., ill.
• Razumova A., Arina S., R. S. Zemlyachka, in the book: Glorious Bolsheviks, M.: Gospolitizdat, 1958-324 pp., ill.
• Angarskaya M., A heart given to the people, in the book: Women of the Russian Revolution, M.: Politizdat, 1968-574 pp., ill.

Links

• Chennyk S.(Russian) // “TOPIC”: Internet publication. - October 13, 2010.

An excerpt characterizing Zemlyachka, Rozalia Samoilovna

Oh, angels!!! Look, mommy, Angels! – a thin voice suddenly squeaked nearby.
I still couldn’t recover from the unusual “flight,” but Stella was already sweetly chirping something to the little round girl.
“And if you are not angels, then why do you sparkle so much?..” the little girl asked, sincerely surprised, and then again squealed enthusiastically: “Oh, ma-a-mama!” How beautiful he is!..
It was only then that we noticed that Stella’s last “work” had also “failed” with us – her funniest red “dragon”...

Svetlana at 10 years old

– Is...what is this? – the little girl asked with a breath. – Can I play with him?.. He won’t be offended?
Mom apparently mentally reprimanded her sternly, because the girl suddenly became very upset. Tears welled up in her warm brown eyes and it was clear that just a little more and they would flow like a river.
- Just don't cry! – Stella quickly asked. – Do you want me to make you the same?
The girl’s face instantly lit up. She grabbed her mother’s hand and squealed happily:
– Do you hear, mommy, I didn’t do anything wrong and they’re not angry with me at all! Can I have one like that too?.. I’ll really be very good! I really, really promise you!
Mom looked at her with sad eyes, trying to decide how best to answer. And the girl suddenly asked:
– Have you seen my dad, good glowing girls? He and my brother disappeared somewhere...
Stella looked at me questioningly. And I already knew in advance what she would offer now...
- Do you want us to look for them? – as I thought, she asked.
– We have already looked, we have been here for a long time. But there are none. “The woman answered very calmly.
“We’ll look differently,” Stella smiled. “Just think about them so we can see them, and we will find them.”
The girl closed her eyes funny, apparently trying very hard to mentally create a picture of her dad. A few seconds passed...
“Mommy, how can it be that I don’t remember him?” the little girl was surprised.
I heard this for the first time and from the surprise in Stella’s big eyes I realized that this was also something completely new for her...
- How come you don’t remember? – the mother did not understand.
- Well, I look and look and don’t remember... How can it be, I love him very much? Maybe he really is no more?..
- Excuse me, but can you see him? – I asked my mother carefully.
The woman nodded confidently, but suddenly something in her face changed and it was clear that she was very confused.
- No... I can’t remember him... Is this really possible? – she said almost in fear.
- And your son? Can you remember? Or brother? Can you remember your brother? – Stella asked, addressing both of them at once.
Mother and daughter shook their heads.
Usually so cheerful, Stella’s face looked very worried, she probably couldn’t understand what was going on here. I literally felt hard work her living and such an unusual brain.
- I came up with it! I came up with an idea! – Stella suddenly squealed happily. – We will “put on” your images and go for a “walk”. If they are somewhere, they will see us. It's true?
I liked the idea, and all that remained was to mentally “change clothes” and go on a search.
- Oh, please, can I stay with him until you return? – the little girl stubbornly did not forget her desire. - And what is his name?
“Not yet,” Stella smiled at her. - and you?
- Leah. - The little girl answered. – Why do you still glow? We saw these once, but everyone said that they were angels... And who are you then?
“We are girls like you, but we live “upstairs.”
– Where is the top? – little Leah did not let up.
“Unfortunately, you can’t go there,” Stella, who was in difficulty, tried to somehow explain. - Do you want me to show you?
The little girl jumped for joy. Stella took her hand and opened her stunning fantasy world to her, where everything seemed so bright and happy that she didn’t want to believe it.
Leah’s eyes looked like two huge round saucers:
– Oh, what a beauty!....Is this heaven? Oh ma-mom!.. – the little girl squeaked enthusiastically, but very quietly, as if afraid of frightening off this incredible vision. -Who lives there? Oh, look, what a cloud!.. And golden rain! Does this really happen?..
-Have you ever seen a red dragon? – Leah shook her head negatively. - Well, you see, but it happens to me, because this is my world.
- And then what are you - God??? “But God can’t be a girl, can he?” And then, who are you?..
Questions poured out of her like an avalanche and Stella, not having time to answer them, laughed.
Not busy with “questions and answers”, I began to quietly look around and was completely amazed by what was opening up to me. extraordinary world... It was truly a real “transparent” world. Everything around sparkled and shimmered with some kind of blue, ghostly light, from which (as it should have been) for some reason it did not become cold, but on the contrary - it warmed me with some unusually deep, soul-piercing warmth. Around me, from time to time, transparent human figures, then densifying, then becoming transparent, like a luminous fog... This world was very beautiful, but somehow impermanent. It seemed that he was changing all the time, not knowing exactly how he would remain forever...
- Well, are you ready to take a walk? – Stella’s cheerful voice pulled me out of my dreams.
-Where should we go? – Having woken up, I asked.
- Let's go look for the missing! – the little girl smiled cheerfully.
- Dear girls, will you still allow me to watch over your little dragon while you walk? – not wanting to forget him for anything, little Leah asked, lowering her round eyes.
- Okay, take care. – Stella graciously allowed. “Just don’t give it to anyone, otherwise he’s still a baby and might get scared.”
- Oh, wow, how can you!.. I will love him very much until you return...
The girl was ready to go out of her way to flattery, just to get her incredible “miracle dragon”, and this “miracle” puffed and puffed, apparently trying his best to please, as if she felt that it was about him...
– When will you come again? Will you come very soon, dear girls? – Secretly dreaming that we will not come very soon, the little girl asked.
Stella and I were separated from them by a shimmering transparent wall...
-Where do we start? – the seriously concerned girl asked seriously. – I’ve never seen anything like this, but I haven’t been here that long... Now we have to do something, right?.. We promised!
– Well, let’s try to “put on” their images, as you suggested? – without thinking for a long time, I said.
Stella quietly “conjured” something, and a second later she looked like plump Leah, but I, naturally, got Mom, which made me laugh a lot... And we put it on ourselves, as I understood it, just energy images, with the help of which we hoped to find the missing people we needed.
- Here it is positive side using other people's images. And there is also a negative one - when someone uses it for bad purposes, like the entity that put on my grandmother’s “key” so that it could beat me. Grandma explained all this to me...
It was funny to hear how this tiny girl expressed such serious truths in a professorial voice... But she really took everything very seriously, despite her sunny, happy character.
- Well, let’s go, “girl Leah”? – I asked with great impatience.
I really wanted to see these other “floors” while I still had the strength to do so. I had already noticed what a big difference there was between this one we were on now and the “upper”, Stella’s “floor”. Therefore, it was very interesting to quickly “plunge” into another unfamiliar world and learn about it, if possible, as much as possible, because I was not at all sure whether I would ever return here again.
– Why is this “floor” so much denser than the previous one, and more filled with entities? – I asked.
“I don’t know...” Stella shrugged her fragile shoulders. - Maybe because people just live here good people who did no harm to anyone while they lived in their last life. That's why there are more of them here. And at the top there live entities that are “special” and very strong... - here she laughed. – But I’m not talking to myself, if that’s what you’re thinking! Although grandma says that my essence is very old, more than a million years... It's scary how many years, right? How can we know what happened a million years ago on Earth?..,” the girl said thoughtfully.

Soviet power, established in Crimea after the departure of Wrangel’s troops, marked its reign as one of the most terrible tragedies modernity: in a relatively short period it was exterminated in the most cruel way great amount former soldiers of the White Army who believed in the new government and did not leave their homeland. This cruelty also had a female face...

Sometimes Zemlyachka was asked how she, a girl from a bourgeois family, became a revolutionary? Who led her, a young schoolgirl with curly black hair and gray curious eyes, to hatred towards representatives of the class from which she herself was?

She was born in 1876. Enterprising man Samuel Markovich Zalkind owned an excellent apartment building, and his haberdashery store was considered one of the best and largest in the city. He wanted to bring the children into the people and he did - they studied and became engineers and lawyers. But, alas, they didn’t think quite the way my father wanted. good for your home country they saw in the revolution, even in its extreme and ugliest forms. All the children of Samuel Zalkind visited the royal prisons. So the merchant of the first guild, Zalkind, was constantly forced to make a deposit, taking first one or the other son as surety.

Cruel Rose, nicknamed Zemlyachka

Rosalia Zemlyachka (Zalkind)

Security officers drag female corpses

In 1894, Rose, having graduated from high school, entered the University of Lyon to study medical sciences. She was looking for a use for her powers. A student acquaintance gave her a brochure by V. Ulyanov “What are “friends of the people...”” to read. And soon Rosa Zalkind joined the Kyiv Social Democratic organization, becoming a professional revolutionary. A year later, Zemlyachka, that was now her revolutionary pseudonym, was arrested. The reports of Kyiv secret police agents indicated that the daughter of a merchant of the first guild, Rosalia Zalkind, lectured workers on the revolutionary movement, and that she personally embroidered a red banner for the May Day demonstration in the apartment of the midwife Sishinskaya. She failed to escape from prison. The prison was replaced by exile to Siberia. In exile, Zemlyachka got married and acquired another surname - Berlin. She fled from exile alone; her husband remained in Siberia and soon died. Later, she herself could not really determine the reason for her marriage: either it was sympathy for a fellow fighter, or she wanted to support a weaker comrade. During the three years that she had to spend in prison and exile, revolutionary movement in Russia acquired a new quality: he became an inspirer, organizer and leader Lenin. The countrywoman arrived in Yekaterinoslav. There she tried to establish connections with Kiev and again attracted the attention of the police. I had to move to Poltava, where there was a small group of supervised Social Democrats, and from there, on the instructions of the Iskra editorial board, head to Odessa. From Odessa, Zemlyachka was summoned abroad to report on the progress of the struggle for Iskra. In her memoirs, Zemlyachka wrote that she first met Lenin either in Zurich or in Bern. In fact, she met Lenin in Munich.

A photograph of her from those years has survived. An oblong face, slightly curly but smoothly combed hair, clearly defined eyebrows, small intelligent eyes, a straight, regular nose and what distinguished her from many other young ladies: a high masculine forehead and an inquisitive gaze. The time spent in prisons made her cruel, sometimes to the point of pathology. The new party nickname - Demon - suited her perfectly.

How the security officers had fun

The countrywoman returned from Munich to Odessa, from where she was instructed to move to Ekaterinoslav. It was alarming and dysfunctional there. Fearing a new arrest, she leaves for Geneva.

Upon returning to Russia in 1905, she was introduced to the leadership of the Moscow committee of the RSDLP. As one of the party leaders, she worked in the military cell of the RSDLP. She actively participated in organizing the Troubles of 1905 and in the December battles in Moscow. She acquired her first experience of shooting at the tsarist troops, which turned out to be very popular later, in the Crimea, during the executions of Wrangel’s officers. After the victory of the revolution, the party leadership entrusted her with very responsible work.

At the end of 1918, when the situation on the Southern Front became more complicated, she was sent to the Red Army, first appointed commissar of the brigade, and then head of the political departments of the 8th and 13th armies of the Southern Front. It was a demoralized and incapable military unit. The army had to be put together anew, commanders and political workers had to be selected - cogs of that terrible machine, which, thanks to “fiery revolutionaries” like Rosalia, rolled across Russia, leaving a bloody rut in its wake.

Zemlyachka's working day lasted up to twenty hours, she did not spare herself and demanded the same from others, without particularly thinking about the methods of coercion, and without stopping at extreme measures.

For her services in political education and increasing the combat effectiveness of units of the Red Army, Rosalia Zemlyachka was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1921. She was the first woman to receive such an award.

The demon has broken free

In 1920, Wrangel’s army left Crimea, but tens of thousands of soldiers and officers did not want to leave their native land, especially since Frunze in leaflets promised those who would remain life and freedom. Many remained.

The work of the Bolshevik authorities in Crimea: source: http://molodidov-cossacks.com

On Lenin’s instructions, two “Iron Bolsheviks”, fanatically loyal, were sent to Crimea “to restore order” with virtually unlimited powers. Soviet power and equally hated enemies: Rosalia Zemlyachka, who became secretary of the Crimean Regional Committee of the Bolshevik Party, and the Hungarian Comintern member Bela Kun, appointed special commissioner for Crimea. 35-year-old Kun, a former prisoner of war officer of the Austro-Hungarian army, had by that time managed to proclaim the Hungarian Soviet Republic, which was drowning in blood, after which he came to “make a revolution” in Russia.

Crimea was handed over to Bela Kun and Rosalia Samuilovna. The triumphant winners invited him to chair the Revolutionary Military Council Soviet Republic Crimea Lev Davidovich Trotsky, but he replied: “Then I will come to Crimea when there is not a single White Guard left on its territory.” The leaders of Crimea took this not as a hint, but as an order and a guide to action. Bela Kun and Zemlyachka came up with a brilliant move to destroy not only the prisoners, but also those who were free. An order was issued: all former servicemen of the Tsarist and White armies must register - last name, rank, address. For evading registration - execution. There was only no notification that everyone who came to register would be shot...

With the help of this truly diabolical trick, several tens of thousands more people were identified. They were taken to their home addresses one by one at night and shot without any trial - according to registration lists. The senseless bloody destruction of all those who laid down their arms and remained native land. And now the numbers are called different: seven, thirty, or even seventy thousand. But even if it’s seven, shooting so many thousands is work. This is where the pathological cruelty that had been accumulating for years in Rosalia Zalkind manifested itself. The demon has broken free. It was Zemlyachka who said: “It’s a pity to waste cartridges on them and drown them in the sea.”

Zalkind’s best characterization was given later by A.I. Solzhenitsyn, who called her “the fury of the red terror.” The destruction took on nightmarish forms; the condemned were loaded onto barges and drowned at sea. Just in case, they tied a stone to their feet, and for a long time afterwards, through the clear sea water, the dead were visible standing in rows. They say that, tired of paperwork, Rosalia loved to sit at the machine gun.

Eyewitnesses recalled: “The outskirts of the city of Simferopol were full of the stench from the decaying corpses of those executed, who were not even buried in the ground. The pits behind the Vorontsov garden and the greenhouses on the Krymtaev estate were full of the corpses of those who had been executed, lightly covered with earth, and the cadets of the cavalry school (future Red commanders) traveled a mile and a half from their barracks to knock out the golden teeth with stones from the mouths of the executed, and this hunt always yielded great loot." .

During the first winter, 96 thousand people out of the 800 thousand population of Crimea were shot. The massacre went on for months. On November 28, “News of the Temporary Sevastopol Revolutionary Committee” published the first list of those executed - 1,634 people, on November 30, the second list - 1,202 people. In a week in Sevastopol alone, Bela Kun shot more than 8,000 people, and such executions took place throughout Crimea, machine guns worked day and night. Rosalia Zemlyachka ruled the Crimea so much that the Black Sea turned red with blood.

To be fair, it should be noted that Zemlyachka was not the only fury of the Red Terror. Connoisseur female soul Mirabeau once said about the Paris riot that “if women do not intervene in the matter, then nothing will come of it.” In Russia, women intervened seriously. Countrywoman - in Crimea. Concordia Gromova - in Ekaterinoslav. "Comrade Rose" - in Kyiv. Evgenia Bosh - in Penza. Yakovleva and Elena Stasova - in St. Petersburg. Former paramedic Reveka Meisel-Plastinina is in Arkhangelsk. Nadezhda Ostrovskaya is in Sevastopol. This dry teacher with an insignificant face, who wrote about herself that “her soul shrinks like a mimosa from every sharp touch,” was the main character of the Cheka in Sevastopol, when they shot and drowned officers in the Black Sea, tying their bodies to weights.

The terrible massacre of officers under the leadership of Zemlyachka made many shudder. Women, children, and old people were also shot without trial or investigation. The massacres received such a wide response that the All-Russian Central Executive Committee created a special commission of investigation. And then all the “especially distinguished” city commandants presented in their justification telegrams from Bela Kun and Rosalia Zemlyachka, inciting massacres, and reports on the number of innocent people killed. In the end, this is not at all " sweet couple"had to be removed from Crimea.

Even Beria didn’t touch her

In 1921 - 1924, Rosalia Samuilovna was secretary of the Zamoskvoretsky district party committee in Moscow, then a member of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1925 she was sent to work in Perm province, after which in 1933 he was appointed a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate of the USSR, and the board of the People's Commissariat of Railways of the USSR. Her duties included monitoring the work of government agencies, including the prosecutor's office, army and navy.

During the mass repressions of 1937, Zemlyachka was deputy chairman of the Soviet Control Commission, and then its chairman. The “Great Purge” in the party led to her being appointed deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in May 1939. However, later Rosalia gradually found herself on the sidelines. In 1943, she was removed from this position and sent to the work that she did best - Rosalia Zemlyachka became deputy chairman of the Party Control Commission under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. It is interesting that when the Commission of Soviet Control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR came under pogrom in 1939, the chairman of the commission, Rosalia Zemlyachka, Beria didn't touch it. Apparently, Stalin was satisfied with her zeal in the fight against “enemies of the people”...

She idolized Lenin all her life and even wrote the extremely tendentious “Memoirs of V.I. Lenin." She was always dry and withdrawn with everyone and, one might say, completely devoid of personal life. Many considered her indifferent, and most feared and hated her. One of the party veterans, “the last of the Mohicans” of the pre-revolutionary RSDLP, talking about the Bolshevik Rosalia Zemlyachka, long years who led the bodies of party and Soviet control, assessed one of her qualities this way: “Whoever she loves is for those fellow countrymen, who she doesn’t love is a sore for those.”

Zemlyachka died in 1947. Her ashes, like those of many other executioners own people, buried in the Kremlin wall.
SERGEY CHENNYK
First Crimean N 87, AUGUST 19/AUGUST 25, 2005

In the famous House on the embankment, where the party elite lived, Rosalia Zemlyachka was one of the most titled.

She also held an unspoken record during the Red Terror: under the leadership of this woman, tens of thousands of people were executed. Thus, she justified the nickname Demon, which she awarded herself long before the revolution. Her other pseudonym - Zemlyachka - will become official after 1917. But the Demon will remain loved.

Science of Destruction

...1903. Rosalia hurries through the streets of St. Petersburg for a secret meeting with the workers. A representative of the Bolshevik activists announces: “Comrade Demon has arrived from London. He...she will tell you how our party congress went.” He wrote about Rosalia’s conspiratorial activities already in Soviet times Lev Ovalov and talked about French hats, English raincoats, double-bottomed travel mirrors for smuggling illegal literature, and the royal prisons from which she successfully escaped.

Rosalia Zemlyachka. Photo: RIA Novosti

Fighting for the rights of workers and peasants, Rosalia had nothing to do with either one or the other. Born in Kyiv in 1876 in the family of a wealthy merchant Samuel Zal-kind. She became interested in left-wing ideas in high school, after which she went to study at a French university. For the next 20 years, until October 1917, she did not officially work a day. In this, her biography is similar to many famous Bolsheviks.

Money for clothing, food, housing and payments for visits abroad was taken from the party treasury. In this sense, the revolutionaries were an amazing social group, which also had its own clear psychology, expressed Mikhail Bakunin: “In a revolutionary, feelings of kinship, love, friendship, gratitude, and even honor itself must be suppressed. He is not a revolutionary if he feels sorry for anything in this world. He knows only one science - the science of destruction." Rosalia could have signed these words in blood. Not her own, but tens of thousands of people tortured by her will. We are talking primarily about Crimea, where Zalkind was sent to establish a new order as secretary of the regional party committee. After her appearance, the Black Sea off the coast turned red with the blood of those executed. “The massacre went on for months. The deadly clicking of a machine gun could be heard until the morning... On the very first night, 1800 people were shot in Simferopol, 420 in Feodosia, 1300 in Kerch, etc.,” wrote historian Sergei Melgunov, himself a survivor of the October Revolution, in his work “Red Terror in Russia. 1918-1923."

The machine guns in Crimea worked non-stop until Comrade Demon commanded: “It’s a pity for the cartridges they have. Stoke. And that’s it.” Those sentenced to execution were gathered onto a barge, stones were tied to their feet and thrown into the sea. This was often done in front of wives and small children, who knelt on the shore and begged for mercy. But as the People’s Commissar of Education Lunacharsky said: “Down with love of neighbor! We must learn to hate." Then the fishermen who went out to fish saw an army of the dead standing in the water. Rosalia not only gave the go-ahead for the extermination of people, but also actively took part in executions. She was worn in a commissar's leather jacket with a Mauser on her side from city to city, from village to village - “the fury of the red terror,” as he called her Alexander Solzhenitsyn.

"Sun of the Dead"

A number of Zemlyachka's subordinates, looking at her sadism, tried to reach out to the Kremlin: they shot everyone - doctors, teachers, nurses, patients in hospitals, fishermen, port workers, former high school students, priests. In the cities of Crimea, corpses were hanging from lanterns, trees in parks and even monuments. But there were no passers-by - they were hiding. In the suburbs, the corpses of those shot lay lightly covered with earth. Many were buried alive. At night, the undead crawled to residential buildings and moaned. Melgunov has testimony from witnesses who saw women with infants being shot. But Lenin did not think of stopping Zemlyachka’s orgy, because she embodied his words about dictatorship, which “is power based on violence and not bound by any laws.” In his instructions on terror, Lenin wrote: “look for people more firmly.”

Member of the board of the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate Rosalia Zemlyachka during a speech at an evening dedicated to March 8. Photo from 1930. Photo: RIA Novosti / Dmitry Debabov

Lenin had no doubt about the firmness of Zemlyachka, whom he personally knew for 20 years. And he thanked her for her loyalty: Zemlyachka became the first woman awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

However, the truth about the Crimean tragedy will be revealed in the same -20s. not only thanks to the work of the historian Melgunov, but also to the work of the great Russian writer Ivan Shmelev"Sun of the Dead" Shmelev's only son Sergei became one of the victims of punitive actions in Crimea. Finding out how his son died and where the body was buried, the writer turned to authorized by the Cheka Redens, to which he replied: “What do you want? Here, in Crimea, it’s such a mess!..” Shmelev survived both the Red Terror and a terrible famine in Crimea - special forces entered houses, taking away food supplies and clothing, stripping people of the latter. Shmelev's neighbor came to him barefoot and wearing rose-colored trousers - he sewed them from aprons: even the cook's old skirts were taken out of his house. Starving people could hardly move, children looked for the bones of dead horses and gnawed at them like dogs. “Is it really necessary to start with human slaughterhouses to make a person happy?.. Eh, Russia! They seduced you - with what spell? What kind of wine did you drink?!” - the writer lamented.

About the "Sun of the Dead" German writer Thomas Mann said, “Read this if you have the courage.” In the book, a chemist, distraught with hunger, creates his own system for calculating the number of victims in tons of human meat: “Only in Crimea alone, in just three months! - human flesh, shot without trial, without trial! - eight thousand cars, nine thousand cars! Three hundred trains! Ten thousand tons of fresh human meat, young meat! One hundred and twenty thousand heads! human beings!!” The figure of 120 thousand victims of terror in Crimea is also mentioned in historical studies.

Shmelev says briefly about Zemlyachka: “Beast!” And in the Soviet press we read: “Zemlyachka was an amazing person. She never tired of taking care of people. She worked without sparing her strength.”

True, there are memories Bolshevik Sultan-Galiev: “The countrywoman is an extremely nervous and sick woman... In Crimea, literally all the workers trembled before her, not daring to disobey even her most stupid or erroneous orders.” The author of these lines was imprisoned and shot, but Zemlyachka was not affected by the purges in the party - she herself was involved in this purge. She instilled fear in party organizations when she came to check. One of the highest positions she held was deputy. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Currently - Deputy Prime Minister.

Having retired from work, Rosa Samuilovna began scribbling complaints about her neighbors in the stairwell. Zemlyachka lived in Moscow, in the so-called House on the Embankment, where the party elite lived. At the House on the Embankment museum, AiF was told that Zemlyachka’s apartment No. 201 was located in the tenth entrance, where he lived Nikita Khrushchev.

Information about her personal life is very scarce. There were no children. It is surprising that despite her active work for the benefit of the people, not many photographs of her have been preserved in the archives. It was as if someone’s skillful hand had worked, destroying photographs associated with the executions of tens of thousands of people.

Zemlyachka died at the age of 70. And immediately, in 1947, a street in the center of Moscow was named after her. True, 20 years ago the street was returned to its previous name - Bolshaya Tatarskaya. But in other cities of Russia, hundreds of streets bear the name Zemlyachki, and people hurrying along them do not suspect that they are dealing with the Demon. The ashes of the revolutionary are buried in the Kremlin wall.