Chinese symbols. Chinese symbolism: from the “Book of Changes” to hieroglyphic images

Amulet "Three catfish with lingzhi mushrooms". Xinjiang jade, carving. End of the 20th century

For the Chinese, happiness is not an abstract concept or an elusive goal. This is quite specific category, consisting of simple values, tangible even at the everyday level: health, a happy family (many children and strong relationships between spouses), wealth and a successful career. Since ancient times, the “Five Types of Happiness” (ufu) have been known and embodied in ornaments - longevity, wealth, peace, high morality and natural death from old age.

The following motifs are most common on household items and art.

HAPPINESS AND JOY

♦♦♦The hieroglyph “happiness” (si).

♦♦♦Bat (bianfu) - consonant with the phrase “universal, complete happiness” (bianfu); in a favorable plot there may be either one or several bats surrounded by others lucky symbols. “Five types of happiness, harmony and agreement” (ufu he he) - a hint-wish for great happiness and harmony. Five bats are depicted flying out of the box. The words “together with the box” (he he) sound like “harmony and agreement” (he he). This plot is also often called “Five bats came to the court” (wu fu lai chao).

♦♦♦Deer (lu) - sounds the same with the word “joy” (le).

♦♦♦ Magpie (Xiqiu) is a symbol of joyful deeds and events. A magpie sitting on a plum tree is an expectation of a joyful event, or “Joy on the eyebrows” (shishan meishao). In addition, it can be associated with pregnancy, childbirth, or a happy event.

♦♦♦Three stars shine from above (sanxing gao zhao) - this is a hint of a wish for great happiness, successful career and longevity. Three stars (san xing) symbolize happiness, career and longevity (fu lu shou). The happiness and misfortune of a person depends on them. The Fuxing star controls misfortune and prosperity, Lu-xing - wealth and nobility, Shoushin - birth and death.

♦♦♦Pine and cypress are ancient evergreen trees that symbolize longevity.

♦♦♦Immortal crane - myths say that it lives for several thousand years.

♦♦♦Lingzhi mushroom - if a person eats this mushroom, he can live up to 100 years.

♦♦♦Peaches of immortality - in the novel “Journey to the West” it is said that in the palace (tian) peaches (pantao) grow in a special garden, producing one fruit every 3000 years; If you eat it, you will never grow old.

♦♦♦Turtle (gui) is a long-liver, symbolizing peace and health.

♦♦♦Immortal (Xianzhen) - legendary characters who live indefinitely and do not age, for example, the Eight Immortals (basyan).

♦♦♦Longevity star (laoshousing) - an ancient symbol of peace and wealth, a wish for good beautiful life and praise.

♦♦♦Hieroglyph and stylized signs for “longevity”.

WEALTH AND PROSPERITY

♦♦♦Fish (yuy) - consonant with the hieroglyph “prosperity” (yuy).

♦♦♦Peony Siudan) - symbolically indicates nobility and wealth.

♦♦♦Lyukhai - a mythical character; Having tamed a magical toad that spits out gold coins, he began to help those in need.

♦♦♦Toad - the golden toad of the celestial Liukhai.

♦♦♦Coins and bars - attract and enhance wealth.

Cicada on a lotus leaf - “Be reborn with pure thoughts.” Fragment of a tea scoop. Wood, carving. Modern work.

FAMILY HAPPINESS AND NUMEROUS OFFSPRINGS

♦♦♦ Pomegranate (sew) - its open fruit is a metaphor pointing to a large number of children. The plot with an open pomegranate is called “At a joyful event, the face opens in laughter” (xixiao yankai).

♦♦♦Grapes (putao) - symbolizes a large number of sons.

♦♦♦Guanyin - personifies compassion and consolation; prayers are offered to her by those who want to be saved from suffering and misfortune.

♦♦♦Qilin - brings children.

♦♦♦Mandarin ducks (yuanyang), lotus boxes (bindilyang), a pair of flowers opposite each other (hua cheng dui). Both flowers and birds form pairs - this is a hint and wish for a successful marriage.

Miniature figurine “Monkey with Peaches”. Wood, carving. End of the 20th century

PROMOTION AND ACHIEVEMENT OF RANKS

♦♦♦Monkey (houzi) - consonant with the word “prince” (hou); it is the highest title in the social hierarchy.

The cockscomb (jiguanghua) symbolizes an official (guan).

♦♦♦Halberd (ji) - indicates promotion, sounds like “degree in service” (ji).

♦♦♦Big lions, small lions (tayili, shaoshi) - symbolize two degrees of promotion: major commander, commander (tayili, shaoshi).

♦♦♦A vessel made of dried gourd (hulu) - indicates a promotion, an increase in salary, a hint of career advancement.

ON YOUR BIRTHDAY

On one's birthday, one traditionally wishes for longevity. With best wishes for long years happy life The symbolic meaning of gifts is also connected. On the birthday of one of the spouses, an image with birds of paradise is presented, which means “With deep respect, I congratulate you on your birthday” (zhu mei shou or). The ornament is based on the similarity of the sound of the words “bamboo-:: “congratulations”, “plum” and “eyebrows”, “long-liver” and “birds of paradise”.

The following themes are also suitable for a birthday: “The Beauty of Heaven”, a wonderful mushroom and a stone of longevity (tian zhu xiang lin shou) - a wish for a long life, “A heavenly official bestows happiness.” The female plot is with the fairy Magu, who, according to legend, brings youth and health for many years.

Aunt Ma grants longevity (to the Xiangshou magician)
Auntie Ma (Magu) is depicted carrying a basket of peaches and mushrooms, a stork (symbol of longevity) and a deer (symbol of happiness). Magu - sounds like the word “mushrooms” (I can). Wishes for longevity.

The heavenly official bestows happiness (tianguang sifu)
Depicted celestial being, head heavenly ranks(look guan, shang yuan), unrolling a scroll; geeky phrase. A flying bat is a symbol of happiness sent from the sky.

Shou Shin is the deity of longevity. Wood, carving. Late XIX V.

NEW YEAR'S MOTIVES

New Year in China it is the Spring Festival, the most revered holiday of the nation for several thousand years. During this time, many wonderful customs and traditions have developed, but throughout the Celestial Empire the basis of the holiday is the same - to remove the old and welcome the new, to repay gratitude for everything that was given to you last year, to make a new beginning for the future.

Preparations begin from the full moon that precedes the coming new year. After the house is in order, it is decorated. By tradition, special paired inscriptions are required - “couples at the door” (mentui), or “spring stickers” (chunte), or “spring bundles” (chunliang). They are written on paper Red and hung on both sides of the front door. Thousands upon thousands of homes welcome the arrival of spring with these colorful decorations.

The Chinese people know that happiness and unhappiness come into the house through openings - windows and doors. On the eve of the birth of the year, it is important to invite all that is good and protect the home from harm, therefore, in addition to favorable inscriptions at the front door, you can often see images of guards - Wei Chihong and Chubao, as well as peach amulets hanging at the entrance - tablets with images of Shen Shu and Yu Lei, which reliably protect the doors. Decorative cockerels cut out of red or colored paper are glued onto the glass windows. Another custom that arose during the Song Dynasty is to hang the hieroglyph “happiness” upside down on doors: “inverted well-being” (daofu) sounds the same as “to achieve well-being.”

New Year's entertainment. Folk picture, nyaphua. Paper, color printing, hand-tinted. Modern copy

Men-sheni are the guardian spirits of the entrance to the house. Folk picture, shnhua. Paper, color printing, hand-tinted. Late 19th century

The rat gets married - there will be a rich harvest.
Folk picture, nianhua.
Paper, color printing, hand-tinted. End of the 19th century

There are many other symbols that traditionally fill homes during New Year’s celebrations. To attract happiness, “fruits that pacify the year” are placed next to the pillow - tangerines (ji) and lizhi (li), which sounds like “happiness and profit.” The vase symbolizes peace and tranquility, goldfish - wealth, peaches - longevity, vines and pumpkins - stability and long life. Cypress sprigs decorating a large tangerine wrapped in a pancake symbolize great success for many things. New Year's knots made of red threads on rings (panchang jie), known since the Tang Dynasty (618-907), are tied specifically as a symbol of a happy union and unbreakable connection men and women.

The holiday itself opens with a ceremony of honoring Tsao-wan, the Guardian of the Hearth. For a year he protects the house with
by all his household, and on the 23rd or 24th day of the twelfth month he ascends to Heaven with a report to the heavenly ruler about all the deeds of his charges - both good and bad. Based on this report, the Jade Emperor issues prescriptions for happiness and misfortune for the next year.

Another ritual New Year's event is dedicated to the God of Wealth, Tsai-shen. The “gate to wealth” opens, and the participants, dressed in red robes and special hats, with artificial beards and jewelry, hold in their hands bundles of coins and a printed paper image of Tsai-shen. They shout outside the gate: “Come see off Grandfather Tsai-shen!” At this time, the owner of the house, expressing his respect to the God of wealth, distributes money people coming and says greetings: “Let gold, silver and jewels flow in a stream,” “Let there be a pair of golden lions on the left, and let there be a pair of golden phoenixes on the right.”
Traditional New Year's auspicious ornaments in the form of popular prints (nianhua) are “Heavenly official bestows happiness”, “Five grains rise abundantly”, “Prosperity of six domestic animals”, which call wealth, happiness, career and longevity to the home. Images of Wang Zhaojun and Yang Guifei are often given as gifts. Ban Xi and Lu Zhu - four beauties of antiquity. The most common New Year's story- “The Rat Gets Married,” where the rat-groom, accompanied by a marriage procession, takes the rat-bride as his wife. IN New Year's Eve household members put treats under the bed for the rat bride to get a rich harvest for the next year, and grandmothers before going to bed tell the children: “Hide your shoes well, otherwise the rat will steal them and make himself a wedding palanquin,” which makes the children invariably laugh enthusiastically.

Another popular New Year's story is “Lyukhai playing with a toad.” According to legend, it attracts wealth and happiness to the house.

People revered spirits who personified the forces of nature: the spirit of the earth, the spirit of the sun, the spirit of the moon, the spirit of trees, the spirit of mountains, the spirit of the seas, etc. These spirits, according to the ancients, ruled over nature and controlled the forces of the elements. Various natural phenomena were associated with the action of spirits or some mysterious forces. The Northern Lights were explained by the fact that the dragon Zhu-long, who lives in the far North, where the sun does not shine, holds a candle in his mouth and illuminates the dark polar countries from time to time. The rainbow was perceived as a large snake bent over the ground in an arc. The wind was generated by the sheng-long sacred dragon. Gusty wind created the invisible wings of the mythical bird da-feng (great phoenix). The howling of the wind in inclement weather was mistaken for the cry of the homeless souls of those warriors who fell on the battlefield and were not buried by their relatives; hurricanes and tornadoes this is the flight or fight of dragons; thunderstorm fight between white and black dragons, who, striking each other, shed heavy rain on the ground. The rumble of thunder was also likened to the roar of a heavenly chariot riding through the clouds. Spirits lived on the tops of mountains, watched the lives of people from the stars, knew the ebb and flow of the sea, embodied in trees and rain, their voices could be heard in thunder. Growth and destruction, flood and drought, pleasant and terrible - everything was under their supervision. Valleys, forests and mountains, with their rare paths and deep silence, broken only by the noise of running streams, served as the abode of spirits. The spirits of the mountains were depicted as gray-haired elders with long beards, gloomy faces and stern expressions in the eyes. They often came to the aid of a person and brought him happiness and prosperity.

The spirit of longevity was generally respected. He was depicted as a venerable, smiling old man with a high forehead. Next to the spirit of longevity, a stork (symbol of eternity) and a deer (symbol of happiness) were usually drawn. In his hands the spirit held a peach and a rod, which also symbolized longevity. Artists painted grenades at his feet. The red color of the garnet meant calm, joy, happiness and prosperity. Pictures depicting the spirit of longevity were pasted on the walls of living rooms: it was believed that this would help drive out evil spirits and then the whole family would live a long and prosperous life.

One of the people revered was the god of war Guandi. He was usually depicted sitting with an open book in his hands. And although he patronized primarily military service, peaceful professions were also under his jurisdiction. Guandi was also the spiritual protector of the suffering, the patron of trade and wealth. In cities and villages, temples or shrines were erected in his honor.

Chinese peasants deeply revered the local spirit (tudi). He was depicted as an old man in the headdress of an official of ancient times. Two servants were painted next to him. The local spirit was obliged to protect the possessions entrusted to him, take care of the harvest of grains, vegetables and fruits. Pictures depicting tudi were pasted on the walls of houses, or his figurine was placed on a special stand in the room. Smoking candles were lit in front of it and sacrifices were displayed: bread and fruits. In the houses of the poor, images of deities were often replaced by a tablet with the appropriate inscription.

Sacred beings

In Chinese mythology, a large place was given to four sacred creatures: the dragon, the tiger, the phoenix, and the turtle. The dragon was considered a symbol of spring and the east, the phoenix of summer and the south, the tiger of autumn and the west, the turtle of winter and the north.

According to Chinese folk beliefs, the dragon, the lord of the water element, gave people moisture. He generously irrigated the fields of those who served him faithfully, protecting the peasants from countless disasters. In the hierarchy of Chinese deities, the dragon occupied third place after heaven and earth. He was depicted in the most bizarre forms. The dragon's eyes are like those of a rabbit, and its ears are like those of a cow; he has a long mustache; the body resembles the body of a snake, covered with scales; four tiger paws have eagle claws. There is also another option: a dragon's head, like a camel's, mustache, like a hare's, eyes, like a bull's, neck, like a snake's, belly, like a lizard's, scales, like a carp's, claws, like an eagle's, paws, like a tiger. Sometimes the dragon was depicted as a large snake or an animal that resembled both a tiger and a horse. But in all cases, the appearance of the monster was majestic, stern and warlike.

There were four types of dragons: the heavenly dragon, which guarded the abodes of the gods; the divine dragon who sent wind and rain; the dragon of the earth, who determined the direction and depth of rivers and streams; a dragon guarding treasures.

Folk fantasy has created many varieties of dragons - lords of the water element. There was a belief that the seas, rivers and lakes were controlled by dragons that did not rise into the sky. They are known by the names: yellow dragon (huang long), serpentine dragon (jiao long), wriggling dragon (pan long). People began to associate almost all incomprehensible natural phenomena with the tricks of the dragon. He was depicted in clouds and fog or in waves to create the idea of ​​the ability to create wind and waves. He soared into the sky and soared in the clouds, baring his fangs and releasing his claws.

The image of a dragon in China could be seen everywhere: in temples, in palaces, on memorial obelisks, on ancient buildings, on the walls of peasant houses (in the form of a picture or a paper cutout). IN different time, especially often in May and June, religious processions took place in honor of the dragon “Prayers for rain.” An integral element of such a procession was the dragon dance. Banners of various colors swayed next to the mythical monster: yellow and white symbolized wind and water, black and green clouds. Along the procession's path, bonfires were laid and "sacrificial money" was burned on them.

Of all the animals in myths and legends, the tiger was especially revered, symbolizing strength, lust for power, severity, courage and ferocity. It also symbolized military valor. The image of a tiger is found on bronze and porcelain items from the distant past. The entrance to monasteries, government buildings, rich shops, and residential buildings of feudal lords were decorated and protected by stone sculptures of a tiger.

In Ancient China, the tiger was associated with the feminine principle of yin, with the underworld and the West (where the sun descends underground). In the Feng Shui system of geomancy, its opposite was the green dragon, the bearer of the yang masculine principle. Only later, in Buddhism, the tiger and the green dragon swapped places: the hieroglyph yang began to denote the courageous nobility of the tiger, especially since its forehead is decorated with a sign that is recognizable as the hieroglyph van, which means “king.” The image of a tiger (yin) in a bamboo grove (yang) corresponded to the ancient Chinese image a corrupted, sick society: that is, darkness that has penetrated into the area of ​​light.

A special role in China was played by the tiger-like monster dao-dai (“devourer”), mentions of which date back to the Han Dynasty. Images of Dao-dai are found, as a rule, on objects of funeral cult, and sometimes the funeral urn itself was made in the shape of a tiger. This image is the earth devouring the dead and thereby providing food for the living.

The image of a tiger was used in the fight against poisonous reptiles. Therefore, on the summer holiday, large and small tiger masks were made from silk, velvet and cotton fabric. The head of a predator was painted on the shields of warriors; it was engraved on the wooden doors of military fortifications to intimidate the enemy. The image of a tiger, embroidered on the clothes of military officials, served as a badge of rank. In ancient times, trying to instill fear in the enemy’s camp, Chinese warriors in tiger skins walked towards the enemy with wild cries that resembled the roar of a real tiger.

In order for the tiger to terrify evil spirits, the head of this predator was painted on the walls of residential buildings and monasteries and embroidered on the clothes and shoes of children.

Along with the tiger, the lion was highly respected among the people, although the king of beasts was never found in China (the Chinese word for “lion” shi comes from the Persian shir). A lion dance was held in his honor. Usually, two brightly colored toy lions were carried through the streets, who competed with each other in wrestling or played with a “pearl” - a kind of ball. The lion's cloth-covered wooden frame was supported by several people. To the beat of drums and sounds musical instruments the toy lion jumped up, raised its head, waved its tail, and opened its mouth.

The most beautiful and most revered among the feathered tribe was the bizarre mythical phoenix bird. She has the throat of a swallow, the beak of a rooster, the neck of a snake, the tail of a fish, the forehead of a crane, the head of a duck, the coloring of a dragon, the back of a turtle. Phoenix feathers are of five colors: yellow, white, red, blue, black. They symbolize five virtues: philanthropy, duty, decency, knowledge of rituals, fidelity.

The magical phoenix bird is kind and merciful: it does not peck insects, its food is bamboo seeds, and it quenches its thirst only from a clean spring. The origin of the phoenix bird is associated with the sun and fire, so it symbolizes the warmth inseparable from summer and a good harvest. Phoenix emblem of the Empress. The turtle was also considered a sacred animal; she personified longevity, strength, endurance. Her domed back was likened to the vault of heaven, and her belly to the earth. The turtle's longevity has become a symbol of eternity; they believed that she lived up to three thousand years. The sacred turtle had the head of a snake and the neck of a dragon. Her statue served as decoration for imperial palaces and pedestals for monuments on the graves of noble people. Other living beings were also deified. The cult of snakes, foxes, monkeys, lizards, and rats became widespread among the people. The fox was endowed with supernatural properties: she supposedly could work miracles. It was believed that a fox could cause a fire, poison food and generally cause harm to a person, and also turn into anyone. When a fox turns 50, she is able to turn into an ordinary woman; at the age of 100, she can become a beautiful young girl or a magician who knows all the secrets of sorcery; Having reached the age of a thousand, the fox can be admitted to heaven and then turn into a “heavenly fox.”

Most often, the fox sorceress tried, taking on the image beautiful woman, marry an ordinary person. To a reasonable husband who does not search for his wife’s secrets, a fox could bring happiness; the desire to find out about her past could lead to big troubles. To recognize a fox in a woman, you had to look at her shadow at moonlight. In this case, the shadow of even the most beautiful woman gave an exact image of an elongated fox face with pointed ears. The fox is extremely cautious and distrustful, but decides to do the most cunning tricks in order to gain the trust of mortals. If a person is morally corrupt and prone to debauchery, then a fox can cause him especially a lot of trouble. If a person is honest, the fox is afraid of his straightforwardness and avoids him. Morally weak and deceitful, she drew her power from the dark, cold principle of yin. An honest person receives knowledge and virtues from the life-giving principle of yang.

To appease the fox, sacrifices were made to her. The peasants, in order to protect themselves from her wrath, painted large white circles on the walls and walls of houses. Killing a fox was considered a major crime, and the culprit faced serious punishment.

The tricks of the fox are beautifully described by the Chinese writer Pu Song-ling (18th century) in the short stories “The Fox's Spells.” The monkey was also considered one of the sacred animals. The hero gained particular popularity folk tales the king of the monkeys, who was called Sun Houzi or Sun Wukong. There were various legends about him.

Amulets and talismans

In the fight against evil spirits important role was devoted to amulets and talismans that protected a person from various misfortunes. They were the most various types and were used in different ways. They were made from stone, metal, paper and other materials. The difference between an amulet and a talisman was that an amulet was hung on the body, while a talisman had a wider application.

The use of talismans was varied, as was their range. A sheep's hoof was hung at the door as a talisman against thieves. On New Year's Eve, a ram's head was hung at the gate, sheets of paper with the image of a tiger were glued to doors and windows, and willow branches were attached to prevent trouble. The rooster was considered a symbol of courage, bravery and bravery. On New Year's Eve, the rooster was plucked and hung on the gate - this is how the owners of the house protected themselves from misfortunes.

To cure a fever or protect oneself from this disease, one had to write the names of the eight spirits of fever on paper, and then swallow the paper along with sweets. For the same purpose, they burned a strip of yellow paper, mixed the ashes in water, and then drank it.

Some Confucian books ("The Book of Changes", "The Great Teaching", etc.) also served as talismans of sorts. To drive out evil spirits, books were placed under the pillow of the sleeping person or next to his bed. Anyone who, walking alone, repeated quotes from these books also had the hope of driving away evil spirits. Religious texts were also used as mascots. Red or yellow stripes papers with religious inscriptions were pasted on the ceilings, doors and walls of houses. Such talismans were carried with them or swallowed, having previously rolled them into small balls. The newlyweds' bed was protected from evil spirits by ancient Chinese coins or a paper talisman in the form of a sword placed under it. To appease the river spirit, a rooster was usually sacrificed to him, but since this was burdensome for the poor fisherman, a wooden or clay image of a rooster was attached to the stern of the boat: let the spirit know that the owner of the boat is ready to make the required sacrifice at any moment. The fisherman drew eyes on the bow of his boat: let the dragon lord know that his machinations are being closely watched and it is not so easy for him to deceive the owner of the boat.

In the coastal regions of China, when a junk set sail, fishermen would beat gongs and explode firecrackers to scare away any evil spirits that might be lurking nearby and harming the junk and its crew. Wanting to speed up the onset of good weather, they closed the northern gates of the city; calling for rain, they closed the southern gates of the city. This was done because the north was associated with the element of water, and the south with the element of fire.

Lucky symbols and signs

Chinese beliefs are based on a vivid imagination and entire generations of "superstition", which is especially clearly expressed in a wide range of symbols of happiness and prosperity. They are based on ancient legends, folklore, traditional practices (Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism) and the vast Chinese history, which goes back 4500 years.

Symbolism in the Chinese sense extends to all areas of everyday life and affects any significant event from the celebration of festivals to weddings, births, and deaths. He could compose an entire encyclopedia and still not cover the entire topic. Within the framework of this book, the most popular symbols have been selected, which are often depicted in pictures, screens, costumes and figures of which are cut out of various materials. Feng Shui, when interpreting the environment, uses symbolism to determine "good" and "bad" structural elements. Using these figures at home or in the office is a good help for correcting unfavorable Feng Shui. Many Chinese believe that they should have at least a few of these symbols. Happiness in their understanding lies not only in material well-being, but also in the presence of such factors as good health, many sons continuing the family tradition, strength and authority, honor and success at work, as well as a calm family life. There are many animals, flowers, fruits and plants in the Chinese pantheon that symbolize all these qualities. In addition, the Chinese worship many gods, each of which has special powers and helps in something specific: health, wealth, divine blessing, long life, knowledge, etc. This book has a section illustrating this pantheon, which includes the most popular gods, Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, images of which can be found in almost all Chinese homes around the world.

Four heavenly creatures

These include DRAGON, PHOENIX, UNICORN and TURTLE; they are believed to have sacred spiritual powers and symbolize various aspects happiness. Their images, especially the Dragon, are found everywhere.

THE DRAGON or Lung symbolizes strength and generosity, courage and endurance. It carries the spirit of rebirth and change, life-giving rain, representing the productive forces of nature. It is also a symbol of vigilance and security, which stands apart from all celestial creatures and unites all the scaly creatures of the Universe. It can live on land, in water and fly in the sky without wings, and can be the size of a silkworm or a mountain. However, the Dragon is not a god, and whether he actually exists or not is unknown. For the Chinese, the Dragon is a symbol of their nation and all blessings, which is why many Chinese restaurants and companies use its image; and for many centuries the imperial power in China was identified with it. The image of the Dragon is especially suitable for those born in the year of the rooster, the most fortunate of whom can transform into the Phoenix, the consort of the Dragon. These two creatures appear so frequently in Chinese literature and mythology that they occupy a central position in symbolism.

PHOENIX or Feng Huang unites all the feathered creatures of the Universe. It is believed that it appears only in times of peace and prosperity. The Phoenix symbolizes the warmth of the sun, summer and fire and helps childless couples, and paired with the Dragon - a fruitful union and is depicted during a wedding. In Feng Shui, this creature symbolizes the south, so houses facing its entrance will be visited by good luck, since the south is summer, warmth, life and harvest time.

UNICORN or Chi Lin third heavenly creature, mystical good omen. Symbolizes long life, celebration, splendor, joy, famous descendants and wisdom. Sometimes called the dragon's horse, the Unicorn carries qualities of gentleness, kindness and benevolence towards all living creatures. The Chinese believe that he is always alone and appears only during the reign of a magnanimous leader or when a great sage is born. People turn to his image when help is needed in organizing a branch or the success of children.

TURTLE the fourth celestial creature, which is considered a sacred animal. This symbol of long life, strength and endurance is considered immortal. She is identified with the north and winter. Those who want to live a long, healthy life keep turtles in their homes.

Animals symbolizing longevity

One of the important components of happiness for a person according to Eastern concepts is the opportunity to live a long, healthy and dignified life, reaping the fruits of one’s labor and enjoying the happiness of watching one’s heirs who bear the family name with honor. In addition to the turtle and unicorn, there are several other creatures that symbolize longevity. These are the BAT, DEER, HARE, CICADA and CRANE.

BAT symbol of happiness and long life; its origin is based on the semantics of the combination “bat”, which in Chinese means “happiness”. When used as a symbol of good luck, it is drawn in red, the color of joy. The image of a bat is often found on the robes of Chinese officials, and is sometimes drawn out so carefully that it resembles a butterfly. Among the ceramics and images, the bat is found in groups of five, thereby symbolizing the five earthly blessings: old age, wealth, health, virtue and natural death, which form the essence of the concept of happiness in the Chinese mentality.

DEER- the only animal that managed to find the mushroom of immortality, so it symbolizes long life. The deer is always depicted next to the God of Longevity. Like the deer, HARE means longevity, and if it is depicted in red, it is considered a favorable omen.

CICADA - the insect, whose summer “singing” the Chinese love so much, is considered a symbol of immortality and resurrection. In ancient times, it was a custom among wealthy Chinese to place a cicada made of jadeite into the mouth of the deceased before burial to ensure eternal life. She also personifies happiness and eternal youth, as she is the only insect that lives for more than seventeen years. Cicadas made from jadeite are very popular among Hong Kong residents, as these tiny creatures are believed to inspire great ideas and symbolize vividness of thought.

And finally, handsome CRANE, an extremely popular bird often depicted in paintings, screens, and other forms of Chinese art. It is believed to be endowed with many mystical properties and attributes, including purity and the ability to live a long life. The crane is usually depicted standing under a pine tree, another symbol of longevity.

Protective animals

Another group of animals that is very significant in symbolism, and the meaning of which is important to understand in the context of Feng Shui. Some of them give protection to the home, others give courage and endurance. These are BEAR, TIGER, ELEPHANT, HORSE, LEOPARD and LION.

BEAR means courage and strength, and its images hung at the entrance to the house are an effective defense against burglars.

TIGER- a symbol of military valor, the image of which is used in the fight against demons and insolent spirits. In Feng Shui, this animal appears as the 500-year-old White Tiger, which connects with the Green Dragon and produces huge volumes of cosmic Qi. The Tiger symbol is used with great caution, since it is a very ferocious animal that, if handled inappropriately, can “devour” its owner. Using it to protect your home, check if among your family members there are those born in the year of animals that make up the tiger's food (boar, rabbit, rooster, etc.). This warning is so serious that mothers of sons born in these years strongly object if they want to marry a girl born in the year of the tiger; it is believed that such a wife can cause the premature death of her husband. Women born in the year of the tiger's food animals are warned not to give birth to children in the year of the tiger, as the small "tiger" may "devour" the mother during childbirth. Despite all this, the Chinese believe that the spirit of the Tiger is so strong that there is no better protection against external evil intentions.

ELEPHANT, although not so often found in Chinese art, is nevertheless a symbol of strength, indestructibility and wisdom. This animal is one of the seven treasures of Buddhism, and in countries such as Thailand and India, where this religion is widespread, the elephant is considered a sacred animal. For the Chinese, it also symbolizes strength and energy and is used as an effective means of fighting terrible spirits. Near the tombs of the Ming Dynasty, huge stone elephants, standing and kneeling, guard the path leading to the tombs. Legend says that childless women come to these elephants, begging them for help so that an heir can be born.

HORSE just like the elephant, one of the seven treasures of Buddhism; it symbolizes speed and perseverance, and the Chinese often compare smart children to young horses. She is not a heavenly creature, but nevertheless, because of her noble qualities, she is very popular among the people.

LEOPARD symbolizes courage and warlike ferocity.

A LION has long been associated with energy and valor. Stone lions were often placed at the entrance gates of temples and large family homes. They are perceived as excellent home protectors and public places, especially against evil spirits. In Buddhism, the lion is a sacred animal, and the Chinese often dance a special Lion dance to loud music on festive occasions, which scares away demons and attracts good luck.

Birds that bring joy and happiness

Apart from the phoenix and crane, some other winged creatures also symbolize joy, beauty and happiness. Among them, the most notable are PHEASANT, PEACOCK, ROOSTER and DUCK.

PHEASANT- a widely used emblem of beauty and happiness, and PEACOCK- beauty and nobility. For centuries, thanks to the beautiful colors of its tail feathers, the peacock symbolized official ranks, especially during the reign of the Ming Dynasty.

IMPERIAL DUCK associated with marital fidelity and happiness. This beautiful species of duck is considered the best among its kind and is given to young married couples so that tenderness and happiness will remain in their relationship throughout their lives.

ROOSTER considered the main symbol of the Yang element and the bearer of many virtues. The crown on his head speaks of his literary gift, the spurs on his feet indicate courage and courage, the protective instinct towards his chickens reflects his benevolence, and the daily early cry - reliability. The Chinese believe that the image of the Red Rooster in the home or workplace is an effective protection against fire, and the White Rooster drives away evil spirits at night.

Trees and fruits of longevity

There are four of them: BAMBOO, PINE, PLUM and PEAR.

BAMBOO an always revered plant, widely represented in the art, poetry and literature of the Chinese nation and with the meaning of longevity, strength and endurance, which remains green throughout the year. The Chinese believe that he has mystical power, and by hanging it at home, you will be reliably protected from the influence of evil spirits. Bamboo in the form of a flute or "singing wind" is also a conductor of favorable energy, and is therefore widely recommended by Feng Shui masters.

PINE the most famous symbol of long life, mainly due to the fact that it is an evergreen plant. She is often planted next to CYPRESS, and since they do not fade and are able to withstand even the most very coldy, then they are a sign of eternal friendship that can withstand any test. They are often found in poetry and landscape paintings on the theme of fidelity and devotion.

PLUM along with peony, lotus and chrysanthemum symbolize the four seasons (plum corresponds to winter). Plum flowers, due to their aroma and purity, are valued as highly as their fruits, which make your mouth water at just one glance. The plum tree is a symbol of longevity, as its flowers appear on almost bare and seemingly lifeless branches even when the tree has reached a very mature age. It is believed that Lao Tzu was born under a plum tree.

Flowers that bring blissful joy

There are five significant flowers that have become extremely popular in China and symbolize good luck and many happy occasions, and are displayed in homes during holidays. These are PEONY, CHRYSANTHEMUM, LOTUS, MAGNOLIA and ORCHID.

Majestic PEONY highly valued in China and rightly called the “king of flowers”. It is also known as the flower of wealth and honor, symbolizing the yang element, spring, love and affection. When a peony bush blooms, it is considered a good omen, and therefore people try to grow it near the house.

Like the peony CHRYSANTHEMUM, which symbolizes autumn, joy and an easy life, is very popular in China. A particularly widespread custom is to give each other yellow chrysanthemums on holidays, which create an atmosphere of happiness.

Sacred LOTUS holds a special place in the hearts of the Chinese, especially those who practice Buddhism. He is often depicted floating gracefully and majestically above dark water, symbolizing stunning purity in a polluted environment. This is a flower that symbolizes summer; the flower in which the beloved Buddha Padmasambhava was born. Lotus images or flowers in the home are used to create a calm, peaceful atmosphere, as well as to awaken spiritual consciousness.

Other beautiful flowers MAGNOLIA And ORCHID symbolize sweetness, love and sophistication.

Fruits of Happiness

These include PEACH, ORANGE, POMEGRANATE and PERSIMO, each prized for different reasons.

PEACH- Chinese symbol of eternity and marriage. Ancient legend describes peach gods, which grew in the gardens of the Queen of the West, Xi Wang Mu, and bore the fruit of eternal life once every three thousand years, which gave strength to the eighteen Immortals, and the god of immortality himself came from the immortal peach. Paintings of this god, Sau Seng Kung, holding a peach are a popular gift for the head of the family, as it symbolizes long life and longevity.

ORANGE means happiness, abundance and prosperity. It is often given as gifts to each other, and images are displayed in the home during the Lunar New Year, not only because of the name ("kum", orange, means "gold" in Chinese), but also because of its rich, joyful color and luscious aroma. Finally, POMEGRANATE symbolizes numerous offspring and success in the activities of a branch of the company, as well as honor, glory and success; PERSIMMON it means joy.

PANTHEON OF CHINESE GODS

Chinese religion is a mixture of Buddhism, Taoism and folk beliefs. This is a very deep section, so the discussion of this subject in this book is a review and does not pretend to be a theological study. The pantheon of Chinese gods is quite extensive, and understanding it in its entirety requires very serious study. There are some gods that are also worshiped in other countries where other branches of Buddhism are practiced. Thus, many of the gods, buddhas and bodhisattvas described here may be represented in different forms in other cultures. The following deities are the most popular deities that bring happiness, protection and prosperity to the home. FUK, BOW, SPG: they can be found in every Chinese home around the world; these are the three most popular star gods who are worshiped and extolled. They are depicted together, and their presence in the house brings good luck, wealth, lucky sons, peace of mind, health and abundance in food. FUC the god of Happiness, who stands head and shoulders above the other two and is always depicted in the center. ONION the god of Wealth and Honor, who holds the scepter of strength and power. self-propelled guns the god of Longevity, holding a peach in one hand, and in the other a traveler's staff, accompanied by a deer. In many wealthy homes, special rooms are reserved for sculptures and images of these gods, and middle-class families place their ceramic figurines on a high table or in the dining room. Or to the room where the whole family gathers.

Gods of wealth

There are several of them, but the most famous CAI SHEN YE; he is revered everywhere and is depicted in two forms: the Peaceful God of Wealth and the Military God of Wealth. These deities owe their origin to two mortals: Chao Kung Ming and Pi Kan. Another deity of Wealth WONG CHOI SAN, who is very generous to the families who worship him. He is often depicted wearing golden sandals and carrying a rat.

Laughing Buddha

This is the Buddha, Maitreya Buddha, often called the "next Buddha", very popular among those people who believe that his laughing image with a big belly is an excellent symbol of happiness and wealth. He is depicted either standing or sitting in the lotus position, surrounded by five children and laughing jubilantly. They say that stroking his belly at least once a day brings happiness. His figures are carved from wood, ivory, jadeite and cast from ceramics. It is believed that when Maitreya Buddha is invited into a home, he creates good vibrations that create happiness and wealth in the family.

Buddha Amitabha

This is the Buddha of Infinite Light, who is associated with the Pure Land and Western Paradise. He brings peace and a calm, despair-free life to those who worship him. According to the teaching, Buddha Amitaba precedes Buddha Shakyamuni, and his followers are the goddess Kuan Yin and the goddess Ta Chi Chi. Those people who revere this deity are adherents of Mahayana Buddhism.

Buddha Shakyamuni

This is Gautama Buddha, whose teachings include the Eightfold Path and the Diamond Sutras. He was born a prince in 560 BC. e. in the Shakya kingdom, next to Nepal. At the age of sixteen, he left his family to follow the path of extreme asceticism, and one day, sitting under the Bodhi tree, he achieved enlightenment. Buddha Shakyamuni is worshiped in many countries professing Buddhism, and his image, to which people turn for help, is placed on family altars.

Monkey god

This deity is endowed enormous power and courage. Thanks to his ingenuity, he is revered as a god who can solve any problems and difficulties. It is especially popular among businessmen: gamblers, stock brokers and traders of various goods.

Bodhisattva Manchushuri

Also known as Wen Shui, one of the Three Great Beings; the god of Wisdom and knowledge, who, sitting in the lotus position, holds a sword in his right hand and a book in his left. It is especially popular in Tibet and Nepal; it is believed that it purifies the mind and teaches wisdom to the young. In China you can find images of him holding the Book of Wisdom and controlling the Green Lion.

Goddess of Mercy Guanyin

Goddess Guanyin is the most widely revered and beloved of Chinese deities. Her image can be found in many homes where special altars dedicated to this goddess are installed. Guanyin is the compassionate aspect of all Buddhas, who answers all prayers and comes to the aid of all those who suffer. This deity is depicted in different ways, but for the Chinese it appears in female form in a white robe with a rosary, a willow branch or a small vial of elixir. She is also known in male form as Avalokiteshvara, depicted with four hands: two hands are joined in prayer, and the other holds a rosary or a lotus flower. This image is turned to when protection is needed.

Protective Gods

In addition to success, happiness and wealth, the Chinese believe that they should be reliably protected from external harmful influences, and this can only be ensured by turning to the protecting gods, especially the gods of War. KUAN KUNG is the most popular deity who grants protection (also known as Quan Ti). It is said that he is so fierce in his support that demons and evil spirits will not dare to enter a house whose entrance is guarded by Kuan Kung. Nowadays, he is so popular that he is considered not only the deity of war, but also the patron saint of police officers, the Chinese mafia and businessmen, as many consider him to be the patron deity of wealth. An image of Kuan Kung can often be found in the living rooms of Chinese houses, facing the front door so that everyone entering first pays their respects to him. CHUNG KUEI often depicted with a barrel of wine and is considered a good exorcist of demons. He likes to drink, and therefore is more often drunk than sober. Despite this, the Chinese consider it an excellent protector against wandering spirits that bring misfortune to the house.

September 9, 2017 - ChinaPk

As we move from class to class, most of our school life is structured around studying the history of the country in which we live, which is supposed to help us understand the cultural heritage from which we come and to which we belong. However, many of us have lived in China our entire adult lives and know almost nothing about the basics of Chinese history. Let’s take this opportunity and look in detail at the national symbols of China so as not to blush when we are asked a basic question and we don’t know the answer.

National flag

Chinese National flag designed by Zeng Liangsong, each of the 4 small stars represents four social class in Chinese society (the proletariat, the peasantry, the intelligentsia and the army), and the largest of them is a symbol of their devotion to the Communist Party. The flag is unfurled on the mainland, in Hong Kong (which now has its own flag) and in Macau.

National emblem

Tiananmen was decided to be used as the national emblem in 1950. The wheel and grain represent the working class and peasantry respectively, while the five stars symbolize solidarity different nationalities China.

National anthem of China

Chinese National anthem called "March of the Volunteers" (also known as San Ming Chui or "Three Principles of the People"), lyrics by Tian Han, music by Nie Er. The text consists of excerpts from Sun Yat-sen's inaugural address at the Whampoa Military Academy. It was officially adopted in 1943, but has been the de facto anthem since 1937.

Father of the Nation

Living in China, you cannot help but know General Mao Zedong, who founded the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, seven days of rest for this very reason. His portrait also hangs at the entrance to Tiananmen Square.

National currency of China

Renminbi is the official currency of the People's Republic of China. In colloquial language the name yuan is more often used. The international currency code for the currency is CNY.

National flower

A symbol of luxury and prosperity, the peony was once very popular among the poets of the Tang Dynasty. Peony was chosen national flower China by popular vote of citizens in 1994.

National animal

For obvious reasons, the national animal of the People's Republic of China is the giant panda. In case you didn't know, ALL the pandas in the world belong to China.

According to mythology, the national animal of the Celestial Empire is dragons. Traditionally they can take various shapes, such as a fish or a turtle, but popularly, the symbol consists of a horse's head, a snake's body and chicken claws.

National color

The national colors of China are yellow and red, as seen in the colors chosen for the flag.

National bird

The Red King Crane is the National Bird of the People's Republic of China and symbolizes elegance and flight (the symbolic rise of China). These birds in Chinese mythology signify immortality and the journey through life, similar to the Western concept of the phoenix.

National tree

Yes, China has a national tree called ginkgo. This type of tree was introduced to Japan by Chinese monks and after the trees survived the bombing of Hiroshima, the tree became known as a symbol of resilience.

National Costume

Traditionally, men wore hanfu (loose, long tunics), and the traditional costume for women evolved and became known as the qipao. The Mao suit was the official attire of the communist period.

National sport

Chinese painting is a world of spiritual wanderings, a thought hidden between the symbols

One of the cardinal differences Chinese painting from the European one, so familiar to us, this is symbolism. All the details of the paintings mean something and therefore the works Chinese masters must be read and understood, and not simply viewed as works of European artists. Sometimes, in order to correctly understand a picture, serious knowledge of language, history, and traditions is required. Symbolism is what makes Chinese painting Chinese.

Before continuing, it is worth noting that Chinese painting carries only positive charge, carries good wishes for happiness and prosperity. Chinese artists believe that paintings should bring joy, luck, success and nothing else.

Lotus

Lotus images are widespread in Chinese painting. The Chinese believe that this flower was crushed in paradise, in the sky, and therefore the lotus is revered as a sacred plant.

The lotus personifies perfection, is a symbol of spiritual revelation, purity, fertility and chastity. By the way, these amazing plants are listed in the Red Book.

In general, the lotus flower is quite popular in China, but what about the Great Buddha himself, in his earthly incarnations, usually sitting on this wonderful plant.

At the end of summer, the Lotus Festival is held in China. In the center of Beijing, many people gather in Beihai Park, where Buddhist shrines are located.

By the way, in China they use lotus for various needs; not only leaves are used, but also roots, seeds, and flowers. Various delicious dishes, sweets, drinks are made from them, and even medicines are prepared.

Pine

It is very popular. This is an evergreen tree and does not shed its needles even in winter. Pine symbolizes spiritual fortitude, courage, vitality, restraint, constancy and longevity.

Concerning family values then, thanks to its double needles, pine serves as a symbol of marital happiness and fidelity.

Bamboo

Bamboo is a perennial, evergreen plant that grows at an amazing rate and is also very durable.

The image of bamboo is very popular in Chinese painting. It is associated with longevity, resistance to life's adversities, and high moral qualities. Interestingly, bamboo is a symbol of filial piety and devotion. Bamboo is one of the four noble plants.

Wild plum, like everyone else deciduous trees in Chinese painting, it personifies the eternal cycle of nature: young leaves appear, grow, fall and reappear.

In terms of popularity of the image, plum can easily compete with bamboo. Like bamboo, plum is one of the four noble plants, and the combination of plum and bamboo symbolizes lasting friendship. During the Tang Dynasty, a separate direction of painting dedicated to plums was founded.

Symbolizes purity of thoughts, equanimity, calm, harmony. It begins to bloom when it is still cold; wild plum flowers in the snow are not uncommon. It is not surprising that meihua symbolizes winter and inflexibility.

Crane

In China, the crane is considered a messenger of the gods. Like many peoples of the world, the crane in Chinese culture is associated with good luck, happiness, fidelity, and love of freedom. Also in China, the crane is a symbol of longevity, immortality, vigilance, prosperity and high position in society.

Ducks - mandarin ducks

Two mandarin ducks symbolize marital happiness, strong family, Love. The most expensive painting of these ducks, “Lotus and Mandarin Ducks,” by the famous artist Zhang Daqian, went for $21.8 million at Sotheby’s Hong Kong auction. This is one of the most faked paintings in the world.

Painting "Lotus and mandarin ducks". Sold under the hammer for $24.5 million at a Sotheby's auction in Hong Kong in 2011.

Goldfish

Pisces are often mentioned in many legends and symbolize longevity, prosperity and harmony. In addition, goldfish and carp are symbols of prosperity, fulfillment of desires and success.

Orchid

This delicate, sophisticated flower is one of the noble plants. The orchid personifies spring, honor, purity of thoughts, nobility. And besides, it is a symbol of femininity and beauty.

Chrysanthemum

The chrysanthemum, like the orchid, is one of the four noble plants. This flower decorates gardens until late autumn, as if challenging winter, and symbolizes good spirits, giving people joy, beauty and good mood. Also, the chrysanthemum is a symbol of peace and can represent a hermit scientist.

Chrysanthemums that bloom in cold autumn are not afraid of bad weather and evil winds. An amazing example of strength and perseverance Chinese poet Yuan Zhen

Chinese masters of painting, poetry and music dedicated their best works to this flower. Chrysanthemums are used to make tart and aromatic tea, golden wine and even medicine.

Their grisanthemum wine is a drink that can relieve sorrows and take you away from earthly worries. Chinese poet Tao Yuan-ming

During the Mid-Autumn Festival, there is Chrysanthemum Day, on which a traditional chrysanthemum exhibition is held in Beijing's Yuanmingyuan Park, which is attended by tens of thousands of people.

Peony is the flower of emperors. It is a symbol of wealth, abundance, honor and career growth. Peony also represents human beauty, romance, passion, love.

Shrimp

Images of shrimp mean happiness, good luck, as well as such a quality as the ability to communicate with people. Shrimp is also a favorable symbol for business.

Like other peoples of the world, the Chinese have their own good and bad signs and omens. In an effort to protect themselves from life's misfortunes, people surround themselves with objects that are believed to bring happiness and try to avoid anything that could serve as a bad omen. Some words and expressions, numbers and objects have a subjective connotation of “good” or “bad”.

These beliefs still make themselves felt in some rules of etiquette and in artistic folk crafts. Knowledge of this kind of signs is necessary for better understanding traditional Chinese culture. Of the many items of a positive nature, the mythical image of a dragon comes first. While in some European countries The dragon is portrayed as an evil and ugly monster; according to the Chinese, it is a good creature, ready to come to the aid of people.

Tibetan tablet. Goddess on the Dragon.

His image was based on the dragon totem, which was considered the patron saint of the Chinese nation. To emphasize the dragon's status as a creature unsurpassed in power, the Chinese endowed it with features taken from a number of animals: the dragon has deer antlers, a horse's head, hare's eyes, a snake's neck, a belly lizard, eagle claws, tiger feet, mouse ears, and a body covered fish scales. The ancient Chinese attributed to the dragon the ability to fly through the sky and penetrate underground, control clouds and cause rain.

Therefore, since ancient times, people have erected idols and temples in honor of the dragon, where they prayed for rain and a good harvest. During the Han Dynasty, the image of the dragon, in particular the golden dragon, began to be used as a symbol of the emperor and imperial power. Subsequently, all Chinese emperors spoke of themselves as the embodiment of the dragon, or as a ruler who was protected by the dragon. Thus, they tried to rise above mere mortals and strengthen the authority of their power.

Statue of a lion guarding a tomb (Beijing).

All objects intended for use by the emperor began to be decorated with images of a dragon or corresponding ornaments. At the same time, it was strictly forbidden for anyone other than the emperor to use an ornament with a dragon to decorate clothes, chairs, etc.

But among the common people, the cult of the dragon as the personification of a good omen by no means disappeared; handicrafts and architectural buildings were decorated with its images, the dragon appeared in works oral folklore. People simply tried to ensure that in these cases the dragon took on a form and color that was different from the imperial dragon. The customs of organizing dragon-shaped boat races, dragon dances, etc. on holidays have survived to this day.

Clay doll with the hieroglyph “happiness”.

The image of the dragon is still widely used to decorate artistic crafts. Of course, today the dragon has lost its totemic mystique and political overtones, but the symbolism has been preserved, according to which it is considered the personification of the Chinese nation; the Chinese like to call themselves “successors of the dragon.”

The elephant is a symbol of happiness.

To others mythically, equal in importance to the dragon, is the phoenix bird. She is called the “king of birds.” According to legend, the phoenix, whose image combines the features of several birds and animals, chooses exclusively the paulownia tree, drinks water only from a sacred spring, and feeds exclusively on bamboo shoots.

The Qianlong Emperor (r. 1736-1795) in ceremonial dress. Qing Dynasty.

She is credited with not only extraordinary beauty, but also a noble disposition. People say that with the arrival of the phoenix, peace and tranquility comes, and a philanthropic and highly moral ruler comes to power. In Ancient China, the phoenix, along with the dragon, served as a symbol of imperial power, but later, in the Ming and Qing eras, their roles were separated, and the phoenix began to be attributed to the personification of the feminine principle, that is, the empress herself.

During the Ming period, there was a law that required wives of officials of the 9th rank and above to wear a phoenix headdress. Among the people, the image of a phoenix was used to decorate bride's trousseau items and women's clothing. Another mythical animal with which the Chinese associated well-being is the qilin. His images can be seen among the palace utensils. According to legend, the qilin appeared only in years when peace reigned in the state, it ruled wise ruler and the people prospered.

Therefore, the qilin enjoyed the special favor of the emperor. The people believed that if you pray to a qilin for the birth of an heir in the family, he can grant the request, but on the condition that the family of the person praying has good deeds to its credit. One of the traditional themes of popular prints is the qilin bringing a baby boy into the family. Ornaments with images of qilin were used to decorate objects associated with marriage, the birth of a child, as well as architectural structures.

The dragon, phoenix and qilin are among the four “sacred” animals, the fourth member of which is the turtle. The turtle, which is by no means a mythical creature, is distinguished by its enviable longevity and is considered almost the wisest representative of the animal world.

Mythical beast qilin.

The Chinese even believe that the turtle is able to foresee the future. It is not without reason that in ancient times turtle shells were used for fortune telling and fortune telling. It was for wisdom that the Chinese respected the tortoise. Her image became a symbol of high position on the hierarchical ladder. The gold seals of government departments during the Han period were decorated with an image of a turtle; during the Tang Dynasty, officials in the rank of 5th and above wore a pouch with a turtle design as an accessory.

Later, the image of a turtle began to be used for decoration of buildings; stone sculptures of huge turtles carrying a high stele on their back became most popular. Among the animals, stone sculptures of which decorate palaces, temples, residential complexes and tombs, you can often see sculptural images Lviv The lion - the “king of beasts”, an animal with a formidable disposition - according to the Chinese, was capable of driving away evil spirits.

The image of a lion was also used as a symbol of the influence and high position of the owner. IN folk dances a lion appears - the animal is rather good-natured and comical, these dances are an indispensable element mass celebrations. The tiger is another image that is respected among the Chinese. The tiger was also called the “king of beasts.” It served as a symbol of strength, courage and belligerence. Just like the lion, the tiger was credited with the ability to ward off evil spirits.

There was a custom to sew a cap and slippers for a newborn with an image of a tiger, which the child put on on the 100th day after birth. Thus, the parents wanted to protect the child from illness and damage and expressed their hope for his healthy growth. If a boy was born, then the tiger ornament was supposed to mean the wish to see his son strong and fearless. Near Central China It is customary to put toy tiger cubs made from dough in the bride's dowry, thereby expressing the wish that the newlyweds have a son.

The red-headed crane, which the Chinese call “sacred,” is the personification of longevity. In folk mythology, the crane is credited with the role of a bird on which celestial beings travel through the clouds. A favorite theme of the popular popular print is “pine trees and cranes,” expressing wishes for long life. In the decoration of palace buildings one can often see images of animal symbols: crane, turtle and deer, which, according to the Chinese, creates an atmosphere of prosperity.

Bronze figures of cranes are installed on both sides of the imperial throne in the Taihedian Pavilion in the Forbidden City in Beijing. The image of mandarin ducks, which naturally live in pairs, is used by the Chinese to personify harmony between lovers and marital fidelity. This image is present in the decoration of objects that surround the newlyweds.

Of the fish, the golden carp is used as a good symbol. The fact is that the pronunciation of the hieroglyph “fish” coincides with the pronunciation of the hieroglyph “prosperity”. Therefore, the image of a fish is used as a symbol of wealth and prosperity. In some places, it is customary to prepare a dish with golden carp for the New Year, thereby expressing a wish for wealth in the new year. Moreover, the image of a fish also means fertility, and newlyweds are often presented with a jade fish as a gift, wishing them to have numerous offspring.

The carp is also the character of a widely popular parable about brave carp who managed to overcome the Dragon Rapid on the Yellow River, characterized by the extraordinary strength of the current. According to the parable, every year in the third month, schools of carp rise upstream to the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Most of them die on the way, only a few manage to overcome the Dragon Threshold. Such daredevils themselves turn into dragons.

This parable is often remembered when it comes to applicants participating in exams for positions. A parallel is drawn between the content of the parable and the difficulties awaiting examinees on the path to a career. But a person who passes the exam with good results is equated to “a carp that jumped over the Dragon Threshold and turned into a dragon.”

The Chinese, who have a very developed cult of nature, endow plants with the ability to feel and, observing plants, in turn like to find in them similarities with human characters. Take, for example, the peony - its bright, lush double flowers suggest wealth and luxury. The peony is called the “state flower”, “king of flowers”, etc.

He personifies nobility and wealth. Pine (its image is often used in conjunction with the image of cypress) - an evergreen, frost-resistant tree - serves as the personification of perseverance and the ability to withstand difficult conditions. Since pine and cypress trees are distinguished by their longevity, pine-cypress groves were usually planted around the graves of emperors and nobles. The image of the “four noble men”, the blossoming plum, orchid, chrysanthemum and bamboo, personifies the noble qualities of man.

The flowering plum “mei” is loved because it blooms earlier than other trees when they are still standing. winter frosts, and thus is the harbinger of spring. In addition, “mei” flowers, while emitting a pleasant aroma, at the same time do not strive to amaze the eye with external splendor. The orchid is remarkable because it grows in deep forest thickets, filling the air with a delicate aroma. Chrysanthemum blooms in late autumn and is resistant to frost, and this in the eyes of the Chinese means its proud, independent character.

In the eyes of the Chinese, bamboo represents modesty (the hieroglyph “modesty” sounds the same as the hieroglyph denoting a hollow stem of bamboo) and high morality (the hieroglyph “bamboo ring” has the same pronunciation as the hieroglyph denoting fidelity to moral principles). The four plant symbols mentioned are often used by poets and artists as an allegorical means of expressing their thoughts and approach to life.

Some fruits and vegetables also have symbolic meaning. Thus, pomegranate fruits, which contain a large number of seeds, serve as a symbol of fertility, and therefore family happiness. Therefore, pomegranate fruits are an attribute of wedding offerings. Peach serves as a symbol of longevity and happiness. According to legend, sacred peaches grew in the garden of the celestials, blooming once every 3 thousand years and bearing fruit after another 3 thousand years. Anyone who tasted such a peach was destined for immortality. Therefore, in popular prints and folk sculpture, a gray-haired centenarian, a flying fairy, and a holy baby are usually depicted with a peach in their hands as a symbol of longevity.

Those who want to understand the ideas of the ancient Chinese regarding good wishes will be interested in familiarizing themselves with the symbolism of the ornaments applied to household items. For example, on bronze vessels from the Shang-Zhou period you can see an ornament in the form of a monster with a human face. This is the mythical beast Taote, which, according to legend, was distinguished by its extraordinary gluttony. The purpose of painting this image on dishes was to warn people against gluttony and greed.

The custom of hanging popular prints and paper cuttings on New Year's Eve has become widespread among people. These works folk art They embody people’s desire for happiness and well-being like nothing else. Lubok paintings originated from icons depicting the gods of doors, which were hung on the doors in order to protect the house from evil spirits and misfortunes. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, people began to hang icons to pray for well-being. Nowadays, popular prints and paper cutouts are usually hung on New Year's Eve to decorate the room and create a festive atmosphere.

But in ancient times they were also hung for other reasons: a wedding, the birth of a child and his reaching a certain age, sacrifice to the gods, etc. The themes of popular popular prints are devoted either to the depiction of traditional objects that have a “blessed” meaning, or fragments from popular legends. For example, the theme of a good harvest and abundance, the theme of wishes for longevity and numerous offspring, the theme of family harmony and honoring parents, etc. Historical and legendary figures are depicted mostly for edifying purposes, they are set as an example to people.

It is customary to stick paper cutouts on windows. They are dedicated to such events as a wedding, the birth of a child, the anniversary of the birth of the head of the family, housewarming, etc. The bride's dowry is not complete without paper clippings expressing good wishes, and, as a rule, all clippings are made by the bride herself, as well as a pouch intended as a gift to the groom, and other details of the dowry. The theme of paper cuttings consists of patterns and hieroglyphs that have a special, “happy” meaning, and in this respect the cuttings are close to popular prints.

Sometimes the theme of the clippings is wishes to protect the house from harm, there are also simply decorative clippings and decorations. Paper cutouts are also used as a backing for embroidery patterns.