Rituals of the Siberian belief tradition. Russian folk customs of Siberians

EvenkiAccording to the census
2002, in Russia
lives about 35 thousand
Evenks, of them in
Irkutsk region –
approximately 1,400
Human. Despite
small numbers and
assimilation into
Russian cultural
environment, this people
managed to save
your identity.

Evenki traditions

Traditions, customs and culture of the Buryat people

Language, culture and art

Buryat customs, rites and traditions

Bibliography:

Many traditions that had disappeared by the 19th century in European Russia were not only preserved in Siberia, but also revived. Many value components of Siberian folk culture, which had a negative assessment in Russia, have become positive here. Siberia was surprisingly able to combine the traditional, eastern value system with the western, progressive one. This was due to the free labor of a Siberian on soy land, where the center was the personality of the owner, living according to the norms of the customary law of “society”

Human labor came first in the value system. From early childhood, hard work was brought up. The highest assessment of a person was “fussy, diligent.” This meant at the same time - a highly moral, decent person. The assessment of hard work was supported by an assessment of the condition of the farmstead, house, arable land, thriftiness and frugality. Motorcycling was condemned.

Not least among Siberian characteristics is the tendency to drink. But they drank on holidays, almost in winter. Summer wanton drinking was judged and suppressed. Individual wine drinking was especially condemned.

An attempt on someone else's property was considered dishonorable. “A thief steals not for profit, but for his own destruction,” they said in Siberia. Honesty and respect for property are traits inherent, in the opinion of the guard, to a Siberian. But the settlers and exiles were treated with distrust, they said, “Settler, whatever the baby looks at, he will pull off.”

Particularly in Siberia they valued hospitality and cordiality, generosity and respect for the guest. The norms for “visiting” were as follows. Firstly, the guest was agreed upon in advance, sometimes the circle of guests was determined for the whole winter, which indicates the calculation and orderliness of life in time. Secondly, the guests came with “gifts” to the children, they did not discuss the gifted item, they made gifts in return. The loan was always given on parole. In case of deception, the person no longer had faith. The traditions of the old-timers were based on the “testaments of their ancestors”, on constant reference to the rules by which their fathers lived.

Pomochi were various types of work that the peasant could not do alone or wanted to do in the shortest possible time. It was customary for the owner who arranged to “help” to personally go around everyone and, when inviting, stipulate all the working conditions. The owner was obliged to offer the Pomochans breakfast in the morning and feed them 1-2 times during work.

Orthodoxy in the Yenisei region. Faith became the personification of the moral ideal.

“Unchrist,” they said about a morally flawed person who commits bad deeds. However, Siberia was much less religious, especially in performing rituals and going to church, yet every person was an internal believer. Faith helped to cultivate a wise attitude towards issues of life and death, and sanctified the moral traditions of the ancients. Human life was connected with the Orthodox calendar of holidays, rituals, fasts and meat-eaters.

Believers attended church mainly on Sundays, more often in winter than in summer. It was noted that during the lean summer season, Siberians almost did not go to church, especially the peasants of remote villages. They dressed in their best clothes to attend church, and behaved “decorously, decently, sedately” in church. Women were more zealous about faith than men. The spiritual center of the peasant house was the icon in the front corner. When purchasing an icon, the peasants called it not a purchase, but an exchange, although they exchanged it for money.

The Siberian worldview was based on dual faith. Dual faith was manifested in everything, including belief in “evil spirits” and “shishkuns”, in the “brownie” and in magic. But all actions under the conditions of faith in God and pagan beliefs were performed in a complex manner. A prayer was read and the “rite of the ancestors” immediately followed. Before plowing, the whole family prayed in front of the icon, and upon arriving at the arable land, they plowed a piece of bread into the first furrow.

Almost all traditional medicine combined the treatment of illness with Orthodox prayer with ancient conspiracies.

A special place in the system of beliefs was occupied by the house owner, the neighbor. In every house they told stories about how they saw him. The “owner” monitors the well-being and health of family members, he is the keeper of the house, waters and cares for the livestock. Siberians not only believed in the existence of the brownie. But they also performed a number of actions to respect him. “Bread loaves” with salt were placed for the “master and hostess” in a secluded place in the yard; two loaves of bread were placed underground, under a beam, in a special recess. They constantly shared snacks, poached eggs, and pancakes with the brownies. But remembering Orthodox customs, they added: “Just don’t be baptized when addressing the owner, or my God.”

Women's work and women's fate. The joint, generally useful labor of family members was the basis for the well-being of the peasant economy. The division of labor while maintaining its harmony is, first of all, the moral side of natural peasant farming. The fate of the Siberian woman, his life path, was primarily determined by the nature-determined function of the worker. And the high self-worth of the worker, his contribution to the “sufficiency” of the economy, endowed the woman with a high economic status. Nowhere has a woman enjoyed such a high position in the world as a Siberian woman in the community of “her own.” Although, by nature, a woman occupied a place subordinate to a man, her position was compensated by social rights: the right to choose. Siberian women had property rights: they could keep their small livestock and poultry for subsequent sale. They spent the money they earned from pre-agreed daily labor.

From a very early age, the girl was taught that a woman’s destiny is inextricably linked with the skills and work that are natural for any woman. All these works were perceived not as hopelessness and “hard labor”, but as a natural course of life. From a young age, the girl was taught to spin, knit, milk a cow, sew, weave, and do other housework, but the specifics of cooking in her parents’ house were not taught. When a woman gets married, she should not bring the traditions of her parental home into her husband’s house. After the wedding, the “young woman” was not assigned to general work for the first year, but was taught at the stove: the mother-in-law taught everything.

On the threshold of old age, Siberian women performed the most important work - weaving and sewing “mortal things” for themselves.

Thus, the entire range of a woman’s work, labor and rest were the basis of her difficult, but in its own way happy, female destiny.

Child education system. Raising a child included three main components: public, family-related and self-education.

From the first minutes of life, from the moment of birth, it was considered obligatory to give moral guidance. “Don’t be loud, don’t be jealous, be smart, be calm, don’t be greedy, be loud,” the midwife said over the child. The child was “set” for congenital dislocations, his head was straightened, his hernia was “set”, and he was hardened from the first days.

Grandfather and grandmother were traditionally involved in raising the family: they were less involved in peasant labor than others. Labor and moral education occupied the most important place. In the system of upbringing, an even attitude towards children, without humiliation or insult, was important. Often the grandmother playfully named the baby by his first name and patronymic, asked for advice, and talked about serious topics. The “society” strictly monitored the behavior of children, set an example of traditional behavior and dealt with violations to the fullest extent. Any adult could make a remark, reprimand for an action, and the parents immediately became aware of this. The family, not wanting a loss of authority in society, severely punished him for his son’s orders - the honor of the family was put in first place. A person continued to be educated all his life and only in his old age did he acquire true wisdom: the concepts of old age and wisdom among the Siberians were synonymous.

Literacy and enlightenment. A special feature of Siberia compared to European Russia was the higher level of literacy of the peasant population. Literacy training at home played an important role. Homeschooling was most often done by literate peasants, parents, relatives, and literate outsiders. The training began on December 1, the day of the prophet Nahum, who was considered “the helper of mental knowledge.

The Decembrists played an exceptional role in the development of public education in Siberia. Almost all of them were involved in teaching children.

Literacy and prosperity were highly revered and respected by the guards. But the attitude towards public education on the part of old-timers for a long time was a passive - negative attitude, both towards the authorities and towards politics.

“Russian peasants and Cossacks, moving to Siberia, created a number of original versions of the Russian cultural tradition... The explorers and the peasants who followed them mixed with the aborigines of Siberia and formed the subethnic group of Siberians.” (L.N. Gumilev.)

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Presentation on the topic: “Culture and traditions of the peoples of Siberia” Author of the work: Zabelnikova L.V., class teacher of the Bolokhov Education Center No. 1 Contact phone: 8-903-421-81-01 2015-2016 academic year

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Nothing holds a people together like traditions. It is on them that cultural conformity rests. The richer the traditions, the spiritually richer the people and the higher their national pride and human dignity. G.N.Volkov

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Relevance of the research topic. The modern world is increasingly exposed to globalization processes. This means that the features and originality of national cultures are being erased. Many unique national cultures are on the verge of extinction. The problems of preserving these crops are relevant today.

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Purpose of the study. Study the traditional culture and life of the Buryats. Research objectives: 1. To trace the history of the peoples of Russia. 2. Introduce children to the system of cultural values ​​of the Buryat people: to national culture and art. 3. To cultivate respect, understanding, and tolerance for people of other nations and nationalities living in Russia. 4. To instill in the younger generation a sense of internationalism and tolerance. 5. Conduct a survey among students.

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The Buryats are the largest indigenous people in Siberia, numbering almost half a million. They live in the very south of Siberia - in Buryatia, Irkutsk and Chita regions. Archaeological research has established that the earliest traces of human presence on the territory of the Baikal region and Transbaikalia date back to the end of the Ice Age - to the late period of the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), i.e. by the time the culture of people began to develop, their physical structure no longer differed much from modern ones.

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The main social and economic unit of the community was a large patriarchal family, representing a single economic and social collective. The father was always considered the head of the family. For all family members, his will and desire were law. Even his older sons did not dare to object to him. The main commandment of moral education was to instill in children respectful obedience to their elders. The mother in the family enjoyed great respect and honor from the children. Disobedience and disrespect towards her were considered completely unacceptable.

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The traditional dwelling of the Buryats is the yurt. The round yurt is an original, historically established example of a dwelling, ideally suited for a nomadic lifestyle. One of the important features of a yurt is the rational and expedient organization of its internal space. An important part of the yurt is the door, and especially the threshold. The door separates the yurt from the surrounding undeveloped, “wild” space; the door is the border between the external and internal, mastered and unmastered worlds. Crossing this border, both in one direction and the other, was associated with the observance of a number of rules that became part of folk etiquette.

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When entering a Buryat yurt, you must not step on its threshold; this is considered impolite. In the old days, a guest who deliberately stepped on the threshold was considered an enemy, announcing his evil intentions to the owner. You cannot enter the yurt with any burden. It is believed that the person who did this has the bad inclinations of a thief, a robber.

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The Buryat national costume is part of the centuries-old culture of the Buryat people. It reflects its culture, aesthetics, pride and spirit. National clothing consists of degel - a kind of caftan made of dressed sheepskin, which has a triangular cutout on the top of the chest, trimmed, as well as the sleeves, tightly clasping the hand, with fur, sometimes very valuable.

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Footwear Footwear - in winter, high boots made from the skin of foals' feet, or boots with a pointed toe. In summer they wore shoes knitted from horsehair with leather soles. Headdresses Men and women wore round hats with small brims and a red tassel (zalaa) at the top. All the details and the color of the headdress have their own symbolism, their own meaning. The pointed top of the hat symbolizes prosperity and well-being.

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Every year in our country the traditional national holiday of the Buryats is held - Sagaalgan - the arrival of the White Moon. In everyday life, preparation for the New Year begins long before its onset - with the preparation of national dishes, putting order and cleanliness in the house, purchasing new items and numerous gifts for all relatives and friends.

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Surkharban - a holiday - a rite of honoring the Earth - took place in the summer and was considered the second most important holiday of the year among the Buryats. It included archery, Buryat wrestling and horse racing.

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One of the most interesting layers of the culture of Buryatia is the culture of its indigenous people - the Buryats. A huge layer of culture belongs to Buddhism and the Buddhist tradition brought to Buryatia from Tibet and Mongolia. The culture of Russians in Buryatia has retained its traditional features thanks, first of all, to one of the most prominent groups of representatives of the Russian population - the Semeis (Old Believers). The language of the Buryat people, having undergone influences from other languages, nevertheless, did not lose its structure. Nowadays it is the second state language of the republic. The culture of the Buryat people is gradually becoming known in Russia and in other countries.

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The musical folklore, songs, dances, and throat singing are also very interesting. The famous Buryat circular dance Yokhor is danced with pleasure by people of different nationalities, because it contains universal motives of friendship, love, unity and general fun. Yokhor is an ancient Buryat circular dance with chants. Each Yohor tribe had its own specifics. The rest of the Mongolian peoples do not have such a dance.

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Religion plays an important role in the life of the peoples of Russia. Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism are especially widespread in our country.

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Nomadic farming also determined the nature of food. Meat and various dairy products were the basis of the Buryat diet. It should be emphasized that meat and especially dairy foods had ancient origins and were very diverse. Meat food occupied an extremely important place in the diet of the Buryats. Horse meat was considered the most satisfying and best-tasting meat, followed by lamb.

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The Buryats had a reverence for iron and objects made from it; it was believed that if an ax or knife was placed near a sick or sleeping person, they would be the best amulet against evil forces. Among the crafts, blacksmithing should be noted first of all. The blacksmith's profession was hereditary. Blacksmiths made hunting tools, military equipment (arrowheads, knives, spears, axes, helmets, armor), household items and tools, in particular, cooking pots, knives, axes, etc. In addition to blacksmiths and jewelers, there were also coopers, saddlers, turners, shoemakers, and saddlers.

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Andyusev B.E.

If you would like to learn more about the old Siberian culture, traditions, customs, about the life of old-timers, about the Siberian character - you are welcome to take a trip into the history of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and all of Siberia!

A word about Siberia

The land we live on is Mother Siberia. Since childhood, we have felt her stern disposition, her lack of comfort and comfort, her frosty breath and serious distances. But, looking into our hearts, we feel attached to our district, region, city; true affection for the amazing beauty and uniqueness of Siberian nature.

There comes a moment when one day we, frozen in place, discover the expanse of taiga under the mountain at our feet, or the landscape of a river valley, the boundless hills of the South Siberian steppe, or a mountain range behind fields-forests with sparkling snowy peaks - “squirrels” of the Sayan peaks even in summer. horizon. An awareness of the values ​​of ancient Siberian rituals and beliefs comes. One day we notice that we involuntarily and now use words and expressions of the ancient Siberian dialect in conversation.

Looking around, we see around us skillfully cut and decorated wooden houses, not similar to each other. These are not the houses that are now being built by would-be carpenters and quickly fall into disrepair. Ancient houses are strong and can tell a lot about their owners: whether he was hardworking and zealous, neat and thorough, or, on the contrary, laziness settled in this household for a long time.

Since childhood we know that we are Siberians. But only when we get to the distant Russian lands do we proudly realize that Siberians have always been spoken of with special respect everywhere and always. Residents of distant cities look at us with surprise and curiosity - they say, how do you live in your harsh land? It is no secret that many people still believe that bears roam the streets of Siberian cities at night.

Far from home, communicating with Norilsk and Tobolsk residents, Irkutsk and Novosibirsk residents, Transbaikalians and Tomsk residents, Altai and Omsk residents, we especially begin to feel that we are all fellow countrymen.

However, being Siberians, we feel like Russians, citizens of a Great Country with a unique historical past. But it was in our region that the West and the East met and intertwined, their civilizational values ​​and ideals, the heroic and tragic pages of the eternal desire for freedom and the experience of building democratic relations in conditions of centuries-old despotism. It was in Siberia that from time immemorial man became free, a person with the highest and extremely heightened sense of self-worth. There was no serf here either in status or in psychology.

A person on Siberian soil was assessed according to two criteria: what kind of conscience are you and what kind of work are you like? Siberians have always held in high esteem the concepts of high morality, conscientiousness and hard work.

We are all different in this huge country, unique and special, and we must accept each other as we are. Our Siberian uniqueness comes from the harsh extreme climate and nature, from mutual agreement and heightened honesty, from firmness and perseverance in overcoming challenges. The result of complete adaptation to the harsh realities of the struggle for survival is the Siberian character. The whole world remembers how the Siberians near Moscow in 1941 proved that the Siberian character was, is and will be.

“Russian history, at its very core, is primarily the history of various regional masses of people, the history of the construction of territorial structures,” - this is how our famous fellow Siberian, historian A.P. Shchapov defined the role of individual regions in the history of Russia. Critical assessments and negative conclusions alone cannot reveal the rich daily life of Siberians. It is also obvious that many troubles of recent times and, interestingly, the beginning of the 20th century, occurred as a result of the forgetting of primordial traditions, certain, albeit conservative, principles of life. The greatest mistake of recent years has been the widespread, reckless craving for the culture, values ​​and religious teachings of the West. Russia.

We must not forget that each region of Russia has a rich cultural past, its own spiritual values ​​and thousand-year-old roots of traditional paganism, Orthodoxy and other religious faiths. A person lives in his time, in the world of his spiritual ideals. Understanding and respecting the past is the duty and responsibility of the current generation of Siberians, descendants of old-timers and settlers of the 17th-20th centuries.

• A word about Siberia.
• Mentality of Siberians.
• Peasant community in Siberia.
• Economic life of an old-timer.
• Everyday culture: clothing, food, traditional medicine of Siberians.
• Spirituality and traditions.
• Literacy and education in the Yenisei province in the 19th - early 20th centuries.
• Customs and rituals of old-timers in Siberia.
• Folk signs of the Siberian calendar.
• Folk art of Siberians.
• Dictionary of the dialect of old-timers of the Yenisei region.
• Appendix: “Siberian character” by Fedorov-Omulevsky I.V.

Sources

• Published based on materials from Boris Ermolaevich’s personal website: “Siberian Local History”.
• Printed edition: Andyusev B.E. Siberian local history: textbook. manual. – 2nd ed. – Krasnoyarsk: RIO KSPU, 2003. – 303 p.

To the point

Modern library local history What is “local history”, what does it study and what is the benefit of it? Let's look at science using the example of library local history

Report of students of study group F-1211

Ivanova P.

Shkarupa V.

Manakova M

on topic: “Traditions of the Siberians”

Teacher: Barsukovskaya N.M.

Barnaul

Traditions of Siberians

The ritual of the Russian wedding, born in ancient times, was brought to Siberia, but, while maintaining the main plot and structural components, it underwent certain changes.

Wedding customs:

Handshake;

Bachelorette party (bachelor party);

Bride kidnapping;

Matchmaking;

Blessings from the bride's parents to the newlyweds.

Traditions of Siberians

Birth of a baby

Unlike “Russian” customs (“to protect the child from harm”) in Siberia, all relatives, friends, and parents were notified of the birth of a baby.

Customs:

If health permitted, the parent was certainly taken to the bathhouse every other day. Siberians used to say: “Banka is a second mother.” After the bath, they were given a decoction of berries, weak beer with raisins, prunes, and ginger. The mother was fed whole millet porridge with raisins.

Silver coins were placed in the water in which the baby was bathed, which the midwife then took for herself.

After 3-4 months, the baby began to be fed with cow's milk, which was poured into a horn.

Traditions of Siberians

"Help"

In cases where a peasant family could not cope with a large task alone, it invited everyone to help. The family prepared food and everything needed for collective work in advance.

A canvas tablecloth was used after work even in poor houses. They even laid out the tablecloth just for one potato.

Be sure to eat cabbage soup.

Dropping and not picking up a piece of bread was considered a sin, leaving it uneaten, and leaving the table early was also not allowed.

Maintaining time between breakfast, lunch, lunch and dinner.

Traditions of Siberians

Entering a new home

Signs associated with moving and home have now lost a little of their relevance, and many no longer remember the traditions and customs of our distant ancestors associated specifically with signs and a new home.

They let the cat into the house.

A horseshoe is hung above the front door.

A knife is placed under the threshold.

When entering a house, you need to throw a few silver coins on the floor.

After moving in, clean the new apartment.

Celebrate housewarming.

Traditions of Siberians

The oldest Christian holiday, the main holiday of the liturgical year. Established in honor of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Currently, its date in each specific year is calculated according to the lunisolar calendar.

Starting from Easter night and the next forty days (before Easter is celebrated), it is customary to christen, that is, greet each other with the words: “Christ is risen!” - “Truly Sunday!”, while kissing three times.

Easter streams.

Easter fire.

Easter cakes, eggs and bunnies.

Rituals of the Siberians

Maslenitsa is a week of joy

Monday - Maslenitsa meeting

Tuesday - fun games, ice slides

Wednesday - Gourmets

Thursday - take a walk - taking the snowy town

Friday - “To Mother-in-Law for Pancakes”

Saturday - Sister-in-law's gatherings

Sunday - “Farewell to Maslenitsa”

Rituals of the Siberians

Funeral

Particular attention is paid to signs. Explanations for the causes of death were varied. “When a cemetery is enlarged, there are more dead people that year.” “If you bury a person from your own village first in a new cemetery, there will be a pestilence on the people in that village.” If the deceased has one or both eyes open, then “he doesn’t want to go alone. At the same time they say: “He looks out, he will take something away, he will lead you.” In such cases, the deceased’s eyes are closed by placing a copper coin on them. The presence of many ritual features can be summarized. In Siberia, it was customary to place an icon not on the chest of the deceased, but in the head. The deceased was covered with linen or brocade. A cup of water was always placed on the table at the head of the table. “So that the soul can wash itself”

Rituals of the Siberians

“From the Tale of Bygone Years” (XII century); “I saw amazing things in the Slavic land on my way here. I saw wooden bathhouses and they would heat them up until they were red, and they would undress, and they would be naked, and they would douse themselves with leather kvass, and they would lift young rods on themselves, and they would beat themselves, and they would finish themselves off so badly that they would barely get out, barely alive, and they would douse themselves with cold water. .. And that’s the only way they live. And they do this every day, not tormented by anyone, but torment themselves, and then they perform ablution for themselves, and not torment.”

Rituals of the Siberians

Among the main traditions is the sacred veneration of nature. You can't harm nature. Catching or killing young birds. Cut down young trees near springs. No need to pick plants and flowers. You can't throw trash and spit. Leave traces of your presence behind, for example, overturned turf, debris, or an unextinguished fire. You cannot wash things at the source. One should not desecrate a holy place with bad words, thoughts or actions. You can't shout loudly or get very drunk. Particular respect must be shown to elders. You can't offend old people. Offending elders is the same sin as depriving a living creature of life. The respectful attitude towards the fire of one's hearth has been preserved from ancient customs. Fire is credited with a magical cleansing effect. Purification by fire was considered a necessary ritual so that guests would not create or bring any harm.

Rituals of the Siberians

Christening

Soon after childbirth, Siberian families performed the Orthodox baptismal ceremony. For this purpose, wealthy families invited a priest to their home, and most brought newborns to church for baptism on the Sunday following the birth. The godfather and godmother are appointed by the parents from among numerous relatives or close acquaintances. At baptism, parents rarely chose the child’s name themselves; most often this was left to the priest, who gave the child the name of the saint who was celebrated on the day of baptism. Even in business papers, a person was called not by a Christian name, but by a nickname, for example, Smirny, Spider, Shestak, Raspuga, Myasoed, Kabak, etc. Sometimes they had three nicknames and two baptized names - open and secret, known only to those closest to them. This was done to save from dashing people and from the evil eye. At the end of the baptismal ceremony, there was always a feast or just dinner. Millet porridge was served with milk, and on fasting days it was boiled in water. Lenten porridge was sprinkled with sugar. The guests drank wine and congratulated the father and mother on the birth of a child and christening. If the child was the first in the family (“first-born”), then often, making fun of the father, they would give him a spoonful of porridge with salt or pepper, saying that he should share his wife’s torment.