The causes of sudden death are heart disease, thrombosis and hereditary factors. Causes of death: natural, violent, illness

Soviet fighter pilot Valentin Bondarenko could become the first man in space. In any case, he had a chance of this... But he simply did not live to see his first flight: he died by a stupid accident during testing.

First squad

Valentin Vasilyevich Bondarenko was born on February 16, 1937 in Kharkov. His father, the head of a workshop at the Kharkov fur factory, went to the front in the first days of the war. Together with his mother and older brother, Valentin survived the German occupation. As a high school student, he began studying at the Kharkov flying club. In 1954, after graduating from school, he entered the Voroshilovgrad Military Aviation School, after its disbandment he transferred to Grozny, and then to the Armavir School, from which he graduated with honors in 1957. Bondarenko served in the aviation units of the Air Force of the Baltic Military District.

On April 28, 1960, Valentin’s cherished dream came true: after careful selection, he was enrolled in the first squad of Soviet cosmonauts. Out of several thousand applicants, only 29 people were selected.

Initially, Valentin was not one of the six candidates for space flight on the Vostok spacecraft. But for various reasons, several selected future cosmonauts dropped out of action, and Bondarenko was brought in for training.

Ridiculous death

The tests included a ten-day stay in a pressure chamber, the purpose of which was to test the reaction to the absence of external stimuli. It was believed that the conditions in the chamber were close to the conditions inside the spacecraft. It was located at the Air Force Research Institute-7 (now the Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine).

At the end of the experiment, Valentin was informed that he could remove the medical sensors attached to his body. There were red marks left at the attachment points, which Bondarenko wiped with a cotton swab soaked in alcohol. After that, the young man, without looking, threw the cotton wool towards the trash can. But by an unfortunate accident, it landed on the spiral of a hot electric stove and immediately burst into flames... Since the chamber was filled with almost pure oxygen, the flame quickly spread. Bondarenko's woolen training suit caught fire.

It was not possible to open the chamber quickly due to the large pressure drop. When it was finally opened, the cadet was still alive. Doctors at the Botkin Hospital fought for his life for 8 hours. He died on March 23, 1961, just 19 days before Gagarin’s flight, who, together with his squad comrades, spent several hours in his hospital... The cause of death was burn shock.

Secret Hero

The death of Senior Lieutenant Valentin Bondarenko was not reported anywhere: in those days, everything related to space was strictly classified. However, on June 17, 1961, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Bondarenko was posthumously awarded the Order of the Red Star “for the successful completion of the government’s assignment.”

At Bondarenko’s grave, located in Kharkov at the Filippovsky cemetery, an obelisk was erected with the inscription: “In blessed memory from fellow pilots.” Only in the 80s did the postscript appear: “-cosmonauts of the USSR.”

Bondarenko left behind his wife Anna and son Alexander. For some time they continued to live in Star City, where Anna worked at the Cosmonaut Training Center, then they left for Kharkov, where they had relatives. Until Sasha’s 16th birthday, he was paid a pension of 100 rubles for his father - quite decent money at that time. Subsequently, Alexander Bondarenko followed in his father’s footsteps and became a military pilot.

Only in 1980 did the Western press begin to write about the death of Valentin Bondarenko. In the USSR, an article about him was first published in 1986 in Izvestia. In 1991, one of the lunar craters was named after Bondarenko, and in July 2013, the name of the cosmonaut was given to school No. 93 in the city of Kharkov, where he once studied.

It would seem that the death of Valentin Bondarenko has nothing to do with the space flights themselves - it is simply a tragic accident. However, without such mistakes and tragedies, astronautics could not develop. By the way, this story forced engineers and scientists to reconsider the design of the test pressure chamber, in particular, changing the composition and pressure of the atmosphere, which was taken into account in the further development of manned spacecraft.

Today, in the Museum of the First Flight, located in the city of Gagarin, Smolensk region, in the small homeland of the world’s first man to go into space, you can see a deaf chamber, which is an exact copy of the one in which Valentin Bondarenko died.

Why did the woman die from alcoholism? How do men die from alcoholism? What are the main causes of such deaths? It's worth knowing the answers to all these questions. Alcohol is a highly toxic substance; with its constant use, irreversible changes occur in the body, which has a detrimental effect on the human condition as a whole. Gradual poisoning of the body provokes the development of diseases, which can often result in death. Death after drinking alcohol-containing drinks is a consequence of the gradual toxic effect of alcohol on the body or is associated with its ability to quickly worsen a person’s health in chronic diseases and various hidden pathologies.

Main causes of death from alcohol dependence

Important! Death from alcohol is one of the main causes of sudden death for many apparently healthy men, although no obvious signs of intoxication are visible.

How can you die from alcoholism? Death from alcohol abuse can occur for a variety of reasons. In acute pancreatitis, a person's heart may suddenly stop. The cause of death will also be a blood clot that breaks off and blocks the blood supply while drinking alcohol. Often the cause of death is the consumption of a lethal dose of alcohol - in this case, death usually occurs the next day.

Diseases

According to statistical information from the World Health Organization, about 4% of the world's population die annually from alcoholism and diseases of internal organs caused by alcoholic beverages, which now amounts to approximately 2.5 million people. Such cases include:

• At least 1/5 of the deaths from alcohol are due to various cancers that were provoked by alcohol;
• About 16% of people who drink die from liver disease, most of them die from cirrhosis;
• Approximately 14% of deaths are due to alcohol-related cardiovascular disease;
• 18% of deaths are associated with other chronic diseases and pathologies that are aggravated due to alcohol poisoning.

The harmful effects of alcohol are observed when taking ethanol in any volume, and regular alcohol intoxication causes diseases of many internal organs, of which the greatest danger is:

• Heart diseases – myocardial dystrophy, arrhythmia;
• Nervous system – polyneuropathy, myopathy, hepatic encephalopathy, epileptiform seizures;
• Diseases of the digestive tract - pancreatitis, stomach ulcers, esophageal reflux, liver failure;
• Genitourinary system – acute urinary retention, nephritis, sexual disorders;
• Pneumonia;
• Bone fractures.

Alcohol consumption leads to disturbances in purine and carbohydrate metabolism, contributes to the exacerbation of gout, diabetes, and destroys the immune system.

Accidents

According to WHO statistics, about 30% of drunken deaths occur due to an accident. Here are just some examples of how people die from alcohol:

• Getting hit by various vehicles (cars, trams, trains, etc.);
• Falling from height;
• Hypothermia or overheating;
• Gassing;
• Improper handling of all kinds of household appliances;
• Death in fires;
• Drowning.

When the dose of alcohol was large enough, intoxication had set in a long time ago, the person no longer felt a change in the conditions around him - temperature, altitude, obstacles. Reflexes are dulled and in this state any absurd accident can happen. Suicides among alcoholics occur a little less frequently. Psychoses caused by alcohol abuse can provoke alcoholics to many actions, including suicide.

Medicines

Alcohol and drugs very often do not go together. Alcoholic drinks (including beer) can make medications either simply ineffective or change their effect in the most unpredictable way. For fatal poisoning in this case, it is enough to mix alcohol with drugs:

• Sleeping pills – may cause drowsiness, coma or death;
• Cardiovascular– seriously increases the risk of developing vascular insufficiency;
• Antipyretic– provokes ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract;
• Diuretic – stimulates the development of pancreatitis and heart failure;
• Analgesics – increases tachycardia;
• Antibiotics – enhances the destructive effect of toxins on the body.

Avoiding alcoholic beverages while undergoing any drug treatment can often be vital. However, every year a certain number of people for some reason forget about this simple rule.

Surrogates

A high price, a beautiful bottle and label are not always signs of truly high-quality alcohol. Even reputable stores can sell products based on methyl alcohol (methanol), and it is much more dangerous than ordinary ethanol. These are just some of the harmful features of its effect on the human body:

• Methanol severely affects vision, including blindness;
• Methyl alcohol causes severe poisoning of the body;
• Methanol leads to intoxication many times faster, and causes much more damage to health.

Methyl alcohol as a lethal substitute for ethyl alcohol is used in industry; it is prohibited in food production because it is extremely harmful to the human body. But even such qualities do not stop some alcoholics from drinking questionable drinks.

Important! Due to the fact that methanol-based alcohol is visually indistinguishable from high-quality alcohol, dangerous drinks are successfully sold, but for the most part this is observed on the market in the low-price segment.

The weakening of the immune system, which is inherent in all alcoholics, leads to their increased susceptibility to various infections. With alcoholism, a person often dies extremely ill, experiencing unimaginable pain. And for which of the above-mentioned reasons this happens - with the worsening of alcoholism it becomes less important, because the person eventually almost completely loses touch with reality. Therefore, it is necessary to solve problems with alcohol as soon as they appear, so as not to lead to irreversible consequences.

How to avoid dying from alcohol poisoning?

How to avoid dying from alcohol poisoning? Feeling unwell in the morning after drinking too much alcohol is an indicator of the onset of addiction to alcohol. Depending on the symptoms, the subsequent reaction of the body can be different, including death. Vomiting blood may well be a sign of a stomach ulcer, and a sign of a heart attack is pain in the heart. If the pain is severe, you should not try to cope with it by willpower and various folk remedies. Fainting, increased temperature or blood pressure, worsening headache - all these symptoms should force a person to immediately seek professional medical help. You cannot do nothing if there is a strong heartbeat, dizziness, confusion, or painful repeated vomiting.

These symptoms may not be signs of intoxication, but may be an acute reaction of the body to any disease. With renal colic, pain can be relieved only by intravenous administration of painkillers; other methods will not help, especially if it is bilateral pain, acute urinary retention, or repeated vomiting. Warming procedures such as warm baths and warm compresses at the site of pain will also have no effect. In case of acute urinary retention, all attempts to help the patient on their own will only lead to increased suffering. To provide first aid, it is necessary to perform catheterization of the bladder. If you have symptoms of heart failure or hepatic coma, you should immediately call an ambulance.

You shouldn’t joke with your health in the situation of alcohol poisoning and at the first signs of intoxication you need to start acting, and not wait until everything “goes away on its own.” An alcoholic may not feel the worsening of his condition, which is why fatal alcohol poisoning occurs so often among alcohol-dependent people. The probability of death from alcoholism can be called the first and one of the main reasons to give up drinking right now and start leading a healthy lifestyle.

Since the appearance of man, he has always been tormented by questions of the mystery of birth and death. It is impossible to live forever, and, probably, it will not be long before scientists invent an elixir of immortality. Everyone is concerned about the question of how a person feels when he dies. What is happening at this moment? These questions have always worried people, and until now scientists have not found an answer to them.

Interpretation of death

Death is a natural process of ending our existence. Without it, it is impossible to imagine the evolution of life on earth. What happens when a person dies? This question has interested and will continue to interest humanity as long as it exists.

Passing away proves to some extent that it is survival of the fittest and the fittest. Without it, biological progress would have been impossible, and man might never have appeared.

Despite the fact that this natural process has always interested people, talking about death is difficult and difficult. First of all, because a psychological problem arises. Talking about it, we seem to be mentally approaching the end of our life, which is why we don’t want to talk about death in any context.

On the other hand, it is difficult to talk about death, because we, the living, have not experienced it, so we cannot say what a person feels when he dies.

Some compare death to simply falling asleep, while others argue that it is a kind of forgetting, when a person completely forgets about everything. But neither one nor the other, of course, is right. These analogies cannot be called adequate. We can only say that death is the disappearance of our consciousness.

Many continue to believe that after his death a person simply passes into another world, where he exists not at the level of the physical body, but at the level of the soul.

It's safe to say that research into death will always continue, but it will never provide a definitive answer about how people feel at this moment. This is simply impossible; no one has ever returned from the other world to tell us how and what is happening there.

How does a person feel when he dies?

Physical sensations probably at this moment depend on what led to death. Therefore, they can be painful or not, and some believe that they are quite pleasant.

Everyone has their own inner feelings in the face of death. Most people have some kind of fear sitting inside, they seem to resist and do not want to accept it, clinging to life with all their might.

Scientific evidence shows that after the heart muscle stops, the brain still lives for a few seconds, the person no longer feels anything, but is still conscious. Some believe that it is at this time that life’s results are summed up.

Unfortunately, no one can answer the question of how a person dies and what happens. All these sensations are most likely strictly individual.

Biological classification of death

Since the very concept of death is a biological term, classification must be approached from this point of view. Based on this, the following categories of death can be distinguished:

1. Natural.
2. Unnatural.

Natural death can be classified as physiological death, which can occur due to:

• Aging of the body.
• Fetal underdevelopment. Therefore, he dies almost immediately after birth or while still in the womb.

Unnatural death is divided into the following types:

• Death from disease (infections, cardiovascular diseases).
• Sudden.
• Sudden.
• Death from external factors (mechanical damage, respiratory failure, exposure to electric current or low temperatures, medical intervention).

This is how we can roughly characterize death from a biological point of view.

Socio-legal classification

If we talk about death from this perspective, then it can be:

• Violent (murder, suicide).
• Non-violent (epidemics, industrial accidents, occupational diseases).

Violent death is always associated with external influence, while non-violent death is caused by senile flabbiness, illness or physical disabilities.

In any type of death, damage or illness triggers pathological processes, which are the direct cause of death.

Even if the cause of death is known, it is still impossible to say what a person sees when he dies. This question will remain unanswered.

Signs of death

It is possible to identify initial and reliable signs that indicate that a person has died. The first group includes:

• The body is motionless.
• Pale skin.
• There is no consciousness.
• Breathing stopped, no pulse.
• There is no reaction to external stimuli.
• The pupils do not react to light.
• The body becomes cold.

Signs that indicate 100% death:

• The corpse is numb and cold, and cadaveric spots begin to appear.
• Late cadaveric manifestations: decomposition, mummification.

The first signs can be confused by an ignorant person with loss of consciousness, so only a doctor should pronounce death.

Stages of death

Death may take different periods of time. This can last minutes, or in some cases hours or days. Dying is a dynamic process, in which death does not occur immediately, but gradually, if you do not mean instant death.

The following stages of dying can be distinguished:

1. Preagonal state. The processes of blood circulation and breathing are disrupted, this leads to the fact that the tissues begin to lack oxygen. This condition can last for several hours or several days.
2. Terminal pause. Breathing stops, the work of the heart muscle is disrupted, and brain activity stops. This period lasts only a few minutes.
3. Agony. The body suddenly begins to fight for survival. At this time, short pauses in breathing and weakening of cardiac activity occur, as a result of which all organ systems cannot function normally. A person’s appearance changes: the eyes become sunken, the nose becomes sharp, the lower jaw begins to sag.
4. Clinical death. Breathing and blood circulation stop. During this period, a person can still be revived if no more than 5-6 minutes have passed. It is after returning to life at this stage that many people talk about what happens when a person dies.
5. Biological death. The body finally ceases to exist.

After death, many organs remain viable for several hours. This is very important, and it is during this period that they can be used for transplantation into another person.

Clinical death

It can be called a transitional stage between the final death of the organism and life. The heart stops working, breathing stops, all signs of the body’s vital functions disappear.

Within 5-6 minutes, irreversible processes have not yet started in the brain, so at this time there is every chance of bringing a person back to life. Adequate resuscitation actions will make the heart beat again and the organs function.

Signs of clinical death

If you carefully observe a person, you can quite easily determine the onset of clinical death. She has the following symptoms:

1. There is no pulse.
2. Breathing stops.
3. The heart stops working.
4. Severely dilated pupils.
5. There are no reflexes.
6. The person is unconscious.
7. The skin is pale.
8. The body is in an unnatural position.

To determine the onset of this moment, you need to feel the pulse and look at the pupils. Clinical death differs from biological death in that the pupils retain the ability to react to light.

The pulse can be felt in the carotid artery. This is usually done simultaneously with checking the pupils to speed up the diagnosis of clinical death.

If a person is not helped during this period, then biological death will occur, and then it will be impossible to bring him back to life.

How to recognize approaching death

Many philosophers and doctors compare the process of birth and death with each other. They are always individual. It is impossible to predict with accuracy when a person will leave this world and how it will happen. However, most dying people experience similar symptoms as death approaches. How a person dies may not even be influenced by the reasons that triggered the onset of this process.

Just before death, certain psychological and physical changes occur in the body. Among the most striking and frequently encountered are the following:

1. There is less and less energy left, and drowsiness and weakness throughout the body often occur.
2. The frequency and depth of breathing changes. Periods of stopping are replaced by frequent and deep breaths.
3. Changes occur in the senses, a person can hear or see something that others cannot hear.
4. Appetite becomes weak or practically disappears.
5. Changes in organ systems lead to urine that is too dark and stools that are difficult to pass.
6. There are temperature fluctuations. High can suddenly give way to low.
7. The person completely loses interest in the outside world.

When a person is seriously ill, other symptoms may occur before death.

A person's feelings at the moment of drowning

If you ask the question of how a person feels when he dies, the answer may depend on the cause and circumstances of death. This happens differently for everyone, but in any case, at this moment there is an acute lack of oxygen in the brain.

After the movement of blood is stopped, regardless of the method, after about 10 seconds the person loses consciousness, and a little later the death of the body occurs.

If the cause of death is drowning, then the moment a person finds himself under water, he begins to panic. Since it is impossible to do without breathing, after a while the drowning person has to take a breath, but instead of air, water enters the lungs.

As the lungs fill with water, a feeling of burning and fullness appears in the chest. Gradually, after a few minutes, calm appears, which indicates that consciousness will soon leave the person, and this will lead to death.

The lifespan of a person in water will also depend on its temperature. The colder it is, the faster the body becomes hypothermic. Even if a person is afloat and not underwater, the chances of survival decrease every minute.

An already lifeless body can still be taken out of the water and brought back to life if not much time has passed. The first step is to clear the airways of water, and then carry out full resuscitation measures.

Feelings during a heart attack

In some cases, it happens that a person suddenly falls and dies. Most often, death from a heart attack does not occur suddenly, but the development of the disease occurs gradually. Myocardial infarction does not affect a person immediately; for some time, people may feel some discomfort in the chest, but try not to pay attention to it. This is a big mistake that ends in death.

If you're prone to heart attacks, don't expect things to go away on their own. Such hope may cost you your life. After cardiac arrest, only a few seconds will pass until the person loses consciousness. A few more minutes, and death is already taking away our loved one.

If the patient is in the hospital, then he has a chance to get out if doctors detect cardiac arrest in time and carry out resuscitation measures.

Body temperature and death

Many people are interested in the question of at what temperature a person dies. Most people remember from biology lessons in school that for humans a body temperature above 42 degrees is considered fatal.

Some scientists associate deaths at high temperatures with the properties of water, the molecules of which change their structure. But these are only guesses and assumptions that science has yet to deal with.

If we consider the question of at what temperature a person dies, when hypothermia of the body begins, then we can say that already when the body cools down to 30 degrees, a person loses consciousness. If no measures are taken at this moment, death will occur.

Many such cases happen to people who are intoxicated, who fall asleep right on the street in winter and never wake up.

Emotional changes on the eve of death

Usually, before death, a person becomes completely indifferent to everything that happens around him. He ceases to be oriented in time and dates, becomes silent, but some, on the contrary, begin to constantly talk about the road ahead.

A loved one who is dying may begin to tell you that they talked to or saw deceased relatives. Another extreme manifestation at this time is a state of psychosis. It is always difficult for loved ones to bear all this, so you can consult a doctor and get advice about taking medications to alleviate the condition of the dying person.

If a person falls into a state of stupor or often sleeps for a long time, do not try to stir him up or wake him up, just be there, hold his hand, talk. Many people, even in a coma, can hear everything perfectly.

Death is always difficult; each of us will cross this line between life and non-existence in due time. When this happens and under what circumstances, what you will feel about it, unfortunately, is impossible to predict. This is a purely individual feeling for everyone.

Sudden death due to cardiac causes: from acute coronary insufficiency and others

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is one of the most severe cardiac pathologies, which usually develops in the presence of witnesses, occurs instantly or in a short period of time and has as the main cause the coronary arteries.

The factor of surprise plays a decisive role in making such a diagnosis. As a rule, in the absence of signs of an impending threat to life, instantaneous death occurs within a few minutes. A slower development of the pathology is also possible, when arrhythmia, heart pain and other complaints appear, and the patient dies in the first six hours from the moment of their occurrence.

The greatest risk of sudden coronary death is observed in people 45-70 years old who have some form of disturbances in the blood vessels, heart muscle, and its rhythm. Among young patients, there are 4 times more men; in old age, men are susceptible to pathology 7 times more often. In the seventh decade of life, gender differences are smoothed out, and the ratio of men and women with this pathology becomes 2:1.

Most patients experience sudden cardiac arrest at home; a fifth of cases occur on the street or on public transport. In both places there are witnesses to the attack who can quickly call an ambulance, and then the likelihood of a positive outcome will be much higher.

Saving a life may depend on the actions of others, so you cannot simply walk past a person who has suddenly fallen on the street or lost consciousness on a bus. You need to at least try to carry out a basic one - indirect cardiac massage and artificial respiration, having first called doctors for help. Cases of indifference are not rare, unfortunately, and therefore the percentage of unfavorable outcomes due to late resuscitation occurs.

Causes of sudden cardiac death

the main cause of SCD is atherosclerosis

The causes that can cause acute coronary death are very numerous, but they are always associated with changes in the heart and its blood vessels. The lion's share of sudden deaths is caused when fatty tissues form in the coronary arteries, obstructing blood flow. The patient may not be aware of their presence and may not make any complaints as such; then they say that a completely healthy person suddenly died of a heart attack.

Another cause of cardiac arrest may be acutely developed, in which proper hemodynamics are impossible, the organs suffer from hypoxia, and the heart itself cannot withstand the load and.

The causes of sudden cardiac death are:

• Cardiac ischemia;
• Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries;
• arteries with endocarditis, implanted artificial valves;
• Spasm of the arteries of the heart, both against the background of atherosclerosis and without it;
• for hypertension, defect,;
• Metabolic diseases (amyloidosis, hemochromatosis);
• Congenital and acquired;
• Heart injuries and tumors;
• Physical overload;
• Arrhythmias.

Risk factors have been identified when the likelihood of acute coronary death becomes higher. The main such factors include ventricular tachycardia, a previous episode of cardiac arrest, cases of loss of consciousness, previous cardiac arrest, and a decrease in the left ventricle to 40% or less.

Secondary, but also significant conditions under which the risk of sudden death is increased are considered concomitant pathologies, in particular diabetes, obesity, myocardial hypertrophy, tachycardia more than 90 beats per minute. Smokers, those who neglect physical activity and, conversely, athletes are also at risk. With excessive physical exertion, hypertrophy of the heart muscle occurs, a tendency to rhythm and conduction disturbances appears, so death from a heart attack is possible in physically healthy athletes during training, a match, or competitions.

Diagram: distribution of causes of SCD at a young age

For more careful monitoring and targeted examination groups of people at high risk of SCD have been identified. Among them:

1. Patients who have undergone resuscitation due to cardiac arrest or;
2. Patients with chronic heart failure and ischemia;
3. Persons with electric;
4. Those diagnosed with significant cardiac hypertrophy.

Depending on how quickly death occurred, instant cardiac death and rapid death are distinguished. In the first case, it occurs in a matter of seconds and minutes, in the second - within the next six hours from the onset of the attack.

Signs of sudden cardiac death

In a quarter of all cases of sudden death of adults, there were no previous symptoms; it occurred without obvious reasons. Other One to two weeks before the attack, patients noted a deterioration in their health in the form of:

• More frequent pain attacks in the heart area;
• Rise ;
• A noticeable decrease in performance, feelings of tiredness and fatigue;
• More frequent episodes of arrhythmia and interruptions in cardiac activity.

Before cardiovascular death, pain in the heart area increases sharply, many patients manage to complain about it and experience severe fear, as happens with myocardial infarction. Psychomotor agitation is possible, the patient grabs the heart area, breathes noisily and frequently, gasps for air, sweating and redness of the face are possible.

Nine out of ten cases of sudden coronary death occur outside the home, often against the background of strong emotional distress or physical overload, but it happens that the patient dies from acute coronary pathology in his sleep.

When ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest occur during an attack, severe weakness appears, dizziness begins, the patient loses consciousness and falls, breathing becomes noisy, and convulsions are possible due to deep hypoxia of the brain tissue.

Upon examination, pale skin is noted, the pupils dilate and stop responding to light, heart sounds cannot be heard due to their absence, and the pulse in large vessels is also not detected. In a matter of minutes, clinical death occurs with all its characteristic signs. Since the heart does not contract, the blood supply to all internal organs is disrupted, so within a few minutes after loss of consciousness and asystole, breathing disappears.

The brain is most sensitive to a lack of oxygen, and if the heart is not working, then 3-5 minutes are enough for irreversible changes to begin in its cells. This circumstance requires the immediate start of resuscitation measures, and the sooner chest compressions are provided, the higher the chances of survival and recovery.

Sudden death due to accompanying atherosclerosis of the arteries, then it is more often diagnosed in older people.

Among young Such attacks can occur against the background of spasm of intact blood vessels, which is facilitated by the use of certain drugs (cocaine), hypothermia, and excessive physical exertion. In such cases, the study will show no changes in the vessels of the heart, but myocardial hypertrophy may well be detected.

Signs of death from heart failure in acute coronary pathology will be pallor or cyanosis of the skin, rapid enlargement of the liver and neck veins, possible pulmonary edema, which is accompanied by shortness of breath up to 40 respiratory movements per minute, severe anxiety and convulsions.

If the patient has already suffered from chronic organ failure, but edema, cyanosis of the skin, an enlarged liver, and expanded borders of the heart during percussion may indicate a cardiac origin of death. Often, when the ambulance team arrives, the patient’s relatives themselves indicate the presence of a previous chronic illness; they can provide doctors’ records and hospital extracts, then the diagnostic issue is somewhat simplified.

Diagnosis of sudden death syndrome

Unfortunately, cases of post-mortem diagnosis of sudden death are not uncommon. Patients die suddenly, and doctors can only confirm the fact of a fatal outcome. At the autopsy, they do not find any pronounced changes in the heart that could cause death. The unexpectedness of the incident and the absence of traumatic injuries speak in favor of the coronarogenic nature of the pathology.

After the arrival of the ambulance team and before the start of resuscitation measures, the condition of the patient, who by this time is already unconscious, is diagnosed. Breathing is absent or too rare, convulsive, the pulse cannot be felt, heart sounds cannot be detected on auscultation, the pupils do not respond to light.

The initial examination is carried out very quickly, usually a few minutes are enough to confirm the worst fears, after which doctors immediately begin resuscitation.

An important instrumental method for diagnosing SCD is the ECG. With ventricular fibrillation, erratic waves of contractions appear on the ECG, the heart rate is above two hundred per minute, and soon these waves are replaced by a straight line, indicating cardiac arrest.

With ventricular flutter, the ECG recording resembles a sinusoid, gradually giving way to random waves of fibrillation and an isoline. Asystole characterizes cardiac arrest, so the cardiogram will show only a straight line.

With successful resuscitation at the prehospital stage, already in a hospital setting the patient will undergo numerous laboratory examinations, starting with routine urine and blood tests and ending with a toxicological study for certain drugs that can cause arrhythmia. Daily ECG monitoring, ultrasound examination of the heart, electrophysiological study, and stress tests will be required.

Treatment of sudden cardiac death

Since sudden cardiac death syndrome causes cardiac arrest and respiratory failure, the first step is to restore the functioning of life support organs. Emergency care should be started as early as possible and includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation and immediate transport of the patient to the hospital.

At the prehospital stage, the possibilities of resuscitation are limited; it is usually carried out by emergency specialists who find the patient in a variety of conditions - on the street, at home, at the workplace. It’s good if at the time of the attack there is a person nearby who knows her techniques - artificial respiration and chest compressions.

Video: Performing Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

After diagnosing clinical death, the ambulance team begins chest compressions and artificial ventilation of the lungs with an Ambu bag, providing access to a vein into which medications can be injected. In some cases, intratracheal or intracardiac administration of drugs is practiced. It is advisable to administer drugs into the trachea during intubation, and the intracardiac method is used most rarely - when it is impossible to use others.

In parallel with the main resuscitation actions, an ECG is taken to clarify the causes of death, the type of arrhythmia and the nature of the heart’s activity at the moment. If ventricular fibrillation is detected, then the best method for stopping it will be, and if the necessary device is not at hand, then the specialist delivers a blow to the precordial area and continues resuscitation measures.

defibrillation

If cardiac arrest is determined, there is no pulse, there is a straight line on the cardiogram, then during general resuscitation the patient is administered adrenaline and atropine at intervals of 3-5 minutes, antiarrhythmic drugs by any available means, cardiac pacing is established, after 15 minutes sodium bicarbonate is added intravenously.

After the patient is admitted to the hospital, the fight for his life continues. It is necessary to stabilize the condition and begin treatment of the pathology that caused the attack. You may need surgery, the indications for which are determined by doctors in the hospital based on the results of examinations.

Conservative treatment includes the administration of drugs to maintain blood pressure, heart function, and normalize electrolyte metabolism disorders. For this purpose, beta blockers, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmic drugs, antihypertensive drugs or cardiotonics, and infusion therapy are prescribed:

• Lidocaine for ventricular fibrillation;
• Bradycardia is treated with atropine or isadrine;
• Hypotension is the reason for intravenous administration of dopamine;
• Fresh frozen plasma, heparin, aspirin are indicated for DIC syndrome;
• Piracetam is administered to improve brain function;
• For hypokalemia - potassium chloride, polarizing mixtures.

Treatment in the post-resuscitation period lasts about a week. At this time, electrolyte disturbances, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and neurological disorders are likely, so the patient is placed in the intensive care unit for observation.

Surgery may involve radiofrequency ablation of the myocardium - for tachyarrhythmias, the effectiveness reaches 90% or higher. If there is a tendency to atrial fibrillation, a cardioverter-defibrillator is implanted. Diagnosed atherosclerosis of the heart arteries as a cause of sudden death requires valvular heart surgery.

Unfortunately, it is not always possible to provide resuscitation measures within the first few minutes, but if it was possible to bring the patient back to life, then the prognosis is relatively good. As research data show, the organs of people who have suffered sudden cardiac death do not have significant and life-threatening changes, therefore maintenance therapy in accordance with the underlying pathology allows them to live for a long time after coronary death.

Prevention of sudden coronary death is needed for people with chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system, which can cause an attack, as well as for those who have already survived it and were successfully resuscitated.

To prevent a heart attack, a cardioverter defibrillator may be implanted, which is especially effective for serious arrhythmias. At the right moment, the device generates the impulse the heart needs and does not allow it to stop.

Requires medication support. Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and products containing omega-3 fatty acids are prescribed. Surgical prevention consists of operations aimed at eliminating arrhythmias - ablation, endocardial resection, cryodestruction.

Nonspecific measures to prevent cardiac death are the same as for any other cardiac or vascular pathology - a healthy lifestyle, physical activity, giving up bad habits, proper nutrition.

Video: Presentation on Sudden Cardiac Death

Video: lecture on the prevention of sudden cardiac death

It is obvious that after the death of the USSR and socialism, the death of Russia itself is inevitable. It is the matter of time. The West, which destroyed the USSR with the help of traitors from the top of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, will destroy Russia. By the way, also with the help of traitors: the Yeltsins, Chubais, Gaidars, Putins, Medvedevs, Nemtsovs, Yavlinskys and other Navalnys. It will destroy because Russia in its current form, large and numerous with nuclear weapons and missiles, is the main geopolitical enemy in the world. And there is always a danger that Russia will throw off its power - the proxies of the West, who have ruled Russia since 1991, and begin its revival. Since the Russians still have genetic memory and a thirst for justice, they can again revive the USSR or its analogue. Therefore, the West not only wants to deprive Russia of missiles and nuclear weapons, but also to split it into parts that conflict with each other. How the Russian Federation and Ukraine are now in conflict with each other, but once they were one. . Therefore, the West, with the help of its proteges who have ruled Russia for 27 years, is doing everything to prevent Russia from being revived and continuing to degrade. Until quantitative degradation turns into qualitative degradation, that is, into decay. Which will happen under the control of the West, just as the collapse of the USSR occurred. In new regions, the right guys will be put in new positions, who will faithfully serve the West. If necessary, the West, at the request of the Kremlin, will send in its troops to control the process and pacify the natives, that is, us.

At the moment, science and industry have already been virtually destroyed in Russia. They made medicine inaccessible, which has completely degraded in 27 years. First of all, due to the decline in the quality of doctors. Since education in the country has completely degraded. All food products in supermarkets and convenience stores are counterfeit. All without exception. What does not add health to people. But the main thing is the destruction of science and industry. While they are still in the country. Thanks to the legacy of the USSR. But the legacy ends. And soon we will have to forget about space, missiles and nuclear weapons. The country will forget how to make them. The machine tool and electronics industries have already been destroyed. Factories producing bearings were destroyed. Factories producing high-tech products that produced watches, cameras, optics, domestic televisions, radios, refrigerators, and household appliances were deliberately bankrupted and closed. Russia produces mainly low-value products. And at the few remaining enterprises producing high value-added products, the share of imports exceeds 50%. Moreover, the most complex parts and assemblies: engines and their components, electronics. And the few parts that Russia produces, stamped iron, are produced using imported equipment. At AvtoVAZ in Tolyatti, the share of imports is 55% and continues to grow. At the plant producing Superjets, the share of imports is 75-80%. Moreover, almost all other aircraft factories in Russia were destroyed. The personnel training system for production was also destroyed. Old staff are retiring due to age, and there is no replacement for them. Over 27 years, about 80% of factories were closed. Most of it under Putin. And they keep closing. Hundreds of thousands of scientists have left Russia for the West over the years, since since 1992, science in the country has actually not been funded. Let me remind you that the Kremlin is doing all this deliberately on instructions from the West.

Here is what the wonderful Russian writer Valentin Rasputin wrote about this: “A state that deliberately kills itself - this has never happened in the world.” For me, everything has long been obvious, like twice two. Russia is essentially an occupied country that was defeated during the Cold War. Perestroika was a joint special operation by the CIA and the top of the CPSU to destroy the USSR and socialism. As a result of perestroika, the West was able to place its own agents at the head of our country, which were specially trained to govern Russia starting in the mid-70s. Prepared by traitors from the top of the CPSU Central Committee. At the head of the anti-Soviet conspiracy were Andropov and Kosygin. Head of the KGB and Prime Minister. Both are members of the Politburo. Traitors - the modern Russian elite is held tightly by the West by the balls, since all the money of the elite, trillions of dollars stolen from Russia, is stored in Western banks. We are ruled by the Vlasovites of the 21st century, ruled by the administration of the occupied territory, which does everything the West wants. No wonder the three-striped “Vlasov flag” proudly flies over the Kremlin. Controlling a colony with the help of a corrupt elite is a method long ago worked out by the Anglo-Saxons in their colonies. Particularly in India. By the way, Russia is now also a colony. And not only raw materials.

Now let’s assume that the West doesn’t care about Russia. That he doesn’t care what happens to her, will Russia be reborn then? No. But the process of death and decay will drag on. Why will this happen?

Capitalism in the world is divided into capitalism of metropolitan countries and peripheral capitalism. For capitalism to flourish in metropolitan countries, markets are needed, someone needs to be robbed, beads and mirrors need to be exchanged for natural resources, for cheap labor. Someone needs to snag dollars, euros, pounds sterling. He printed beautiful pieces of paper, the price of which is pennies, and with them you can buy whatever you want in the states of peripheral capitalism. Including the leadership of these countries. So that it implements in its states the economic policy that was prescribed in the metropolitan countries. Which is dictated by the IMF, the World Bank and the WTO - surrogates that created metropolitan countries so that the states of peripheral capitalism live by certain rules, according to which they will never be able to get out of hunger and poverty. For example, the countries of Latin America, in which capitalism is more than 150 years old, and they have not advanced one step towards the developed capitalism of the metropolitan countries.

The main wealth in the world is natural resources. And there are not enough of them for everyone to live well. It is the metropolitan countries that rob states with peripheral capitalism, taking away their raw materials through deception, buying them for pennies so that they can live beautifully themselves. The same USA is 20% of world GDP, and they consume 35% of world resources. Moreover, the laws of capitalism, which are good for metropolitan countries, are completely unsuitable for states with peripheral capitalism. But the latter, with the help of the IMF, the World Bank, and the WTO, force them to comply with the laws of capitalism that apply in the metropolitan countries. But the same Japan performed its “Japanese miracle” by violating these laws; the Japanese took the Soviet economy of the 30s as a model. But the Japanese were allowed to do this, which is why I will write below.

Sometimes the question arises: is there capitalism in Russia now? Yes, capitalism, typical peripheral capitalism. Which is fundamentally different from the capitalism of the metropolitan countries. I have already explained above why this happens. There are not enough resources for everyone. If Russia begins to live richly, then the West will have to live poorer and consume less. Let's take Moscow. Why is it fattening, its standard of living is the same as in the Czech Republic, and in the rest of Russia, like in Africa? So Moscow robs the entire country, lives off it, produces nothing, but the elite, owners of companies and factories live in it, pay taxes in it.

Similar relations are developing between metropolitan countries and states with peripheral capitalism. TNCs have taken over most of the enterprises and companies in the states of peripheral capitalism and are transferring all profits to the metropolitan countries. They invest in their countries, in their countries they pay taxes on the money they earned in Russia and other states of peripheral capitalism. That's where a lot of money and high salaries come from. Local businessmen do the same when they transfer money to the West. Many people pay taxes there.

Why is almost no money invested in business development in states of peripheral capitalism? Everyone in the world cannot live richly. The rich are rich because 90% are poor. Therefore, the states of peripheral capitalism are deliberately prevented from developing industry with the help of the IMF, the World Bank and the WTO. Which impose suicidal economic policies on these states. Therefore, in these states conditions have been deliberately created that make it unprofitable to create new enterprises. High loans, high taxes on literally everything, bribe-taking officials, racketeering. And in Russia, for example, there is also state racketeering if other obstacles do not work. The state just comes and takes your business away from you if you don’t understand it in an amicable way. So, in essence, they took away Euroset from Chichvarkin and Magnit from Galitsky, buying them for pennies. By the way, Magnit eventually went to Lavrov’s son-in-law. Who is our Minister of Foreign Affairs.

They rob us and do not allow us to be reborn. They do not give through political and economic methods. And sometimes they use military force against the dissatisfied, as well as conspiracies, sabotage, they organize counter-revolutions, “color revolutions”, coups: Chile - 1973, Arab countries of North Africa - 2010, Ukraine - 2014. And personal hostility has nothing to do with it. Just BUSINESS.

That is, Russia, as a country of peripheral capitalism, will simply not be allowed to develop, will not be allowed to emerge from a state of eternal degradation. And is it destined, like other states of peripheral capitalism, to degrade for centuries? No, it's not meant to be. What is not so dangerous for other states is deadly for Russia. Russia is an empire, the largest state in the world, home to hundreds of peoples. And all weak empires fall apart. This is an axiom. Just as the Great Ancient Empires of past centuries fell apart, when they weakened: Egypt, Greece, Carthage, Rome, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, so Russia will also fall apart. The inevitability that miraculously did not happen in 1917, when Russia was saved by the Bolsheviks, will happen in the 21st century. Here is what the liberal and dissident Andrei Amalrik wrote about this in 1978: “Just as the adoption of Christianity delayed the death of the Roman Empire, but did not save it from the inevitable end, so the Marxist doctrine delayed the collapse of the Russian Empire - the third Rome - but was unable to avert it ". It may be objected that in 1991 the breakup had already occurred. I answer. The disintegration of the empire occurs until individual self-sufficient nations become separate states. That is, the collapse of 1991 was not final. Alas.

From the two parts I wrote above, it follows that in any situation under capitalism, Russia will have the same outcome - collapse. Who is to blame - I wrote. What to do? Only under socialism can Russia be raised from its knees. Therefore, we need to think about how to restore the USSR at a new stage. Is this real? No. The West has everything under control. He will not make the mistakes of 1917. He suffered too many troubles because of the October Revolution. Moreover, with the modern level of science and technology, television, it is much easier to control and zombie the masses. So it's too late to drink Borjomi. The collapse of Russia will happen in any case. At the same time, the Russians themselves will not find it enough. You have to pay for stupidity! The collapse of the USSR and the death of socialism could not be allowed. And now the train has left. But this does not mean that you have to stop fighting. You have to fight to the end in order to remain human, not to become a slave, a stupid chomping man in the street.

PS. Often, when I explain to people that states of peripheral capitalism will not be allowed to become metropolitan countries, they tell me about Japan and South Korea. And post-war Germany is sometimes cited as an example. The thing is that after WWII the Anglo-Saxons could not do without allies. The USSR was too strong and powerful. And socialism began to raise its head in Europe. The Anglo-Saxons needed an outpost that would prevent socialism from spreading further in Europe. Therefore, Germany was helped to revive with the help of the Marshall Plan. They opened their markets to Germany. Moreover, Germany became a colony of the Anglo-Saxons. There are tons of US military bases in it. Similarly, an outpost was needed in the east. It became another Anglo-Saxon colony - Japan. As a counterbalance to the USSR and China. It also has many US military bases. To boost the Japanese economy, an analogue of the Marshall Plan was used. The USA, England and other Western countries opened their markets for it. At the same time, Japan was allowed to use the experience of the USSR in the 30s. To accelerate the growth of your economy, to achieve a breakthrough, when in ten years you need to do what other countries took a century. They similarly helped South Korea, as an outpost in the confrontation with the DPRK. By the way, the standard of living in the DPRK in 1970 exceeded the standard of living in South Korea. In 1975, their standard of living was equal. In the second half of the 70s, stagnation began in the USSR. Which also affected the DPRK. Therefore, in 1980, South Korea managed to overtake the DPRK in terms of GDP per person. And after the collapse of the USSR and the death of socialism in Europe, the economy of the DPRK collapsed. Because the economy of North Korea was focused on the socialist countries in Europe and the USSR. And the West imposed an economic embargo on North Korea. Therefore, GDP per person in the DPRK in 1995 fell four times compared to 1987. North Korea's GDP fell accordingly by three times over the same period.