Description of the painting: winter evening of the Crimea. Description of the painting “Winter Evening” N

The colloquial style of language is opposed to all other styles, which are called bookish. The main condition for such a contrast is that the colloquial style uses predominantly dialogical speech, and this style functions mainly in oral form, while book styles are distinguished mainly written form presentation and monologue speech.

Conversational style performs the main function of language - the function of communication (in in the narrow sense this word), its purpose is the direct transmission of information mainly orally (with the exception of private letters, notes, diary entries). The linguistic features of conversational style are determined by the special conditions of its functioning: informality, ease and expressiveness of verbal communication, lack of pre-selection linguistic means, automaticity of speech, ordinariness of content and dialogic form.

Great influence on conversational style the situation is the real, objective situation of speech. This allows you to extremely shorten a statement that may lack individual components, which, however, does not interfere with correctly perceiving conversational phrases. For example, in a bakery the phrase “One with bran, please” does not seem strange to us; at the station at the ticket office: “Two to Rekshino, children and adults,” etc.

In everyday communication, a concrete, associative way of thinking and a direct, expressive nature of expression are realized. Hence the disorder, fragmentation of speech forms and emotionality of style.

Like any style, colloquial has its own special scope of application, a specific topic. Most often, the subject of conversation is the weather, health, news, any interesting events, purchases, prices... Perhaps, of course, a discussion of the political situation, scientific achievements, news in cultural life, but these topics are also subject to the rules of conversational style, its syntactic structure, although in similar cases the vocabulary of conversations is enriched with book words and terms.

For casual conversation a necessary condition is the lack of formality, confidentiality, open relationship between participants in a dialogue or polylogue. The attitude towards natural, unprepared communication determines the attitude of speakers towards linguistic means.

In a conversational style, for which the oral form is primordial, vital role The sound side of speech plays a role, and above all, intonation: it is this (in interaction with a peculiar syntax) that creates the impression of conversationality. Relaxed speech is characterized by sharp increases and decreases in tone, lengthening, “stretching” of vowels, scanning of syllables, pauses, and changes in the tempo of speech. By sound, you can easily distinguish the complete (academic, strict) style of pronunciation inherent in a lecturer, speaker, professional announcer broadcasting on the radio (all of them are far from the colloquial style, their texts represent other book styles in oral speech!), from incomplete, characteristic of colloquial speech. It notes a less distinct pronunciation of sounds, their reduction (reduction). Instead of Alexander Alexandrovich we say San Sanych, instead of Marya Sergeevna - Mary Sergeevna. Less tension in the speech organs leads to changes in the quality of sounds and even sometimes to their complete disappearance (“hello”, not “hello”, not “says”, but “grit”, not “now”, but “ter”, instead of “what”) "" what ", etc.). This “simplification” is especially noticeable spelling standards in non-literary forms of colloquial style, in common parlance.

In radio and television journalism special rules pronunciation and intonation. On the one hand, in improvised, unprepared texts (conversations, interviews), it is natural and natural to follow the pronunciation norms of the conversational style, but not vernacular versions, but neutral ones. In the same time high culture The speaker’s speech requires precision in the pronunciation of words, emphasis, and expressiveness of the intonation pattern of speech.

Conversational style vocabulary is divided into two large groups:

1) common words (day, year, work, sleep, early, possible, good, old);

2) spoken words(potatoes, reading room, zapravsky, perch).

It is also possible to use colloquial words, dialectisms, jargon, professionalisms, that is, various extra-literary elements that reduce style. All this vocabulary is predominantly of everyday content, specific. At the same time, a very narrow circle book words, abstract vocabulary, terms and little-known borrowings. The activity of expressive-emotional vocabulary (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic) is indicative. Evaluative vocabulary usually has a reduced connotation here. Typical use occasional words(neologisms that we come up with on occasion) - “good guy”, “dealer”, “kundepat” (to do poorly).

In conversational style, the law of “savings” applies speech means", therefore, instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: condensed milk - condensed milk, utility room - utility room, five-story building - five-story building. In other cases, stable combinations of words are transformed and instead of two words one is used: forbidden zone - zone, academic council - council, sick leave - sick leave, maternity leave- maternity leave.

A special place in colloquial vocabulary is occupied by words with the most general or vague meaning, which is specified in the situation: thing, thing, matter, history. Close to them are “empty” words that acquire a certain meaning only in context (bagpipes, bandura, jalopy). For example: Where are we going to put this bandura? (about the closet).

The conversational style is rich in phraseology. Most Russian phraseological units are of a colloquial nature (at your fingertips, unexpectedly, like water off a duck's back, etc.), colloquial expressions are even more expressive (the law is not written for fools, in the middle of nowhere, etc.). Colloquial and colloquial phraseological units give speech vivid imagery; They differ from book and neutral phraseological units not in meaning, but in special expressiveness and reduction.

Let's compare: to leave life - to play in the box, to mislead - to hang noodles on one's ears (to rub one's glasses in, to suck it out of one's finger, to take it from the ceiling).

The word formation of colloquial speech is characterized by features determined by its expressiveness and evaluativeness: here suffixes of subjective evaluation are used with the meanings of endearment, disapproval, magnification, etc. (mommy, honey, sunshine, child; crooked, vulgar; home; cold, etc.), as well as suffixes with a functional connotation of colloquialism, for example in nouns: suffixes ‑to– (locker room, overnight, candle, stove); -ik (knife, rain); -un (talker); -yaga (hard worker); -yatina (yummy); -sha (for nouns female names of professions: doctor, conductor). Suffixless formations are used (snoring, dancing), word formations (lounger, windbag). You can also indicate the most active cases of word formation of adjectives of evaluative meaning: eye-asty, bespectacled, tooth-asty; biting, pugnacious; thin, healthy, etc., as well as verbs - prefixal-suffixal: to play pranks, to talk, to play, suffixal: der-anut, spe-kul-nut; healthy; prefixal: lose weight, buy, etc.

In order to enhance expression, doubling of adjective words is used, sometimes with additional prefixation (he is so huge - huge; the water is black - very black; she is big-eyed - big-eyed; smart - excellent), acting in the function superlatives.

In the field of morphology, the colloquial style is distinguished by the special frequency of verbs; they are used here even more often than nouns. The particularly frequent use of personal and demonstrative pronouns is also indicative. Personal pronouns (I, we, you, you) are widely used due to constant need identify the participants in the conversation. Any dialogue (and this is the main form of conversational speech) presupposes I - the speaker, you - the listener, who alternately takes on the role of the speaker, and he (he) - the one who is not directly involved in the conversation.

Demonstrative pronouns and others are needed in conversational style due to their inherent breadth and generality of meaning. They are concretized by a gesture, and this creates the conditions for a very compressed transmission of this or that information (for example: It’s not here, but there). Unlike other styles, only colloquial allows the use of a pronoun accompanied by a gesture without prior mention of a specific word (I won’t take that; This one doesn’t suit me).

Of the adjectives in colloquial speech, possessive ones are used (mother’s work, grandfather’s gun), but short forms rarely used. Participles and gerunds are not found here at all, but for particles and interjections Speaking- native element (What can I say! That’s the thing! God forbid you even remember about it! It’s a surprise for you!).

In the conversational style, preference is given to variant forms of nouns (in the workshop, on vacation, at home; a glass of tea, honey; workshop, mechanic), numerals (fifty, five hundred), verbs (I’ll read, not read, raise, not raise). In live conversation, truncated forms of verbs are often found that have the meaning of instant and unexpected action: grab, jump, jump, knock, etc. For example: And this one grabs his sleeve. Conversational forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives (better, shorter, more difficult), adverbs (quickly, more conveniently) are used. Even colloquial forms are found here in humorous contexts (her boyfriend, her comrades). In colloquial speech, zero endings in the genitive case are fixed plural such nouns as kilogram (instead of kilograms), gram (instead of grams), orange (instead of oranges), tomato (instead of tomatoes), etc. (one hundred grams of butter, five kilograms of orange).

Under the influence of the law of economy of speech means, the conversational style allows the use of material nouns in combination with numerals (two milks, two fermented baked milk - in the meaning of “two servings”). Here, peculiar forms of address are common - truncated nouns: mom! dad! Roll! Van!

Colloquial speech is no less original in the distribution of case forms: the nominative dominates here, which in oral remarks replaces the book controlled forms.

For example: I bought a fur coat - gray astrakhan fur (I bought a fur coat made of gray astrakhan fur) ; Porridge - look! (conversation in the kitchen). The nominative case is especially consistent in replacing all others when using numerals in speech: The amount does not exceed three hundred rubles (instead of: three hundred); with one thousand five hundred and three rubles (with one thousand five hundred and three).

The syntax of colloquial speech is very unique, which is due to its oral form and vivid expression. Here they dominate simple sentences, often incomplete and extremely short. The situation fills in the gaps in speech: Please show me in the line (when purchasing notebooks); From the heart to you? (in a pharmacy), etc.

IN oral speech We often don’t name an object, but describe it: Were you wearing a hat here? As a result of unprepared speech, connecting constructions appear in it: We must go. In Saint-Petersburg. To the conference. This fragmentation of the phrase is explained by the fact that the thought develops associatively, the speaker seems to recall details and complements the statement.

Complex sentences are not typical for colloquial speech; non-union sentences are used more often than others: If I leave, it will be easier for you; You speak, I listen. Some non-union colloquial constructions are not comparable to any book phrases. For example: Is there a lot of choice there or haven’t you been?; And next time, please, this lesson and the last one!

The order of words in live speech is also unusual: as a rule, the most important word in the message is placed first: Buy me a computer; Paid in foreign currency; The most terrible thing is that nothing can be done; These are the qualities I value.

The following features of conversational syntax should be noted:

1. The use of a pronoun that duplicates the subject: Faith, she comes late; The district police officer noticed it.

2. Placement of an important word from the subordinate clause at the beginning of the sentence: I like bread to be always fresh.

3. Use of words-sentences: Okay; Clear; Can; Yes; No; From what? Certainly! Still would! Well, yes! Not really! Maybe.

4. The use of plug-in structures that introduce additional, additional information that explains the main message: I thought (I was still young then), he was joking; And we, as you know, are always happy to have a guest; Kolya - he in general a kind person- wanted to help...

5. Activity of introductory words: maybe, it seems, fortunately, as they say, so to speak, let's say, you know.

6. Widespread lexical repetitions: so-so, just about, barely, far, far, quickly, quickly, etc.

In conclusion, we note that the colloquial style, to a greater extent than all other styles, has a striking originality of linguistic features that go beyond the scope of the standardized literary language.

This does not mean that colloquial speech always conflicts with literary language rules. Deviations from the norm may vary depending on the intra-style stratification of the conversational style. It contains varieties of reduced, rude speech, vernacular speech that has absorbed the influence of local dialects, etc. But the colloquial speech of intelligent people, educated people It is completely literary, and at the same time it differs sharply from the book, bound by the strict norms of other functional styles.

Questions for self-control:

1. How does the scope of operation determine language features conversational style?

2. Vocabulary and word formation in conversational style.

3. Morphological and syntactic features of oral conversational speech.

Table 1. Characteristics of conversational style

The conversational style (RS) is contrasted with all other styles (bookish) for the following reasons:

The main function of RS is communicative (communication function), while the functions of book styles are informative and influencing.

The main form of existence of the RS is oral (in book styles it is written).

The main type of communication in RS is interpersonal (person - personality), in books - group (oratory, lecture, scientific report) and mass (print, radio, television).

The main type of speech in RS is dialogue or polylogue, in books it is monologue.

RS is implemented in a situation of informal communication, and it is assumed that the participants in the dialogue know each other and are usually socially equal (youth, simple people and so on.). Hence - ease of communication, greater freedom in behavior, in expressing thoughts and feelings. Most often, MS is implemented in everyday communication, these are dialogues between family members, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, study buddies, etc. In this case, topics of an everyday and non-professional, non-official nature are discussed mainly. Book styles are implemented in formal conditions and serve verbal communication on almost any topic.

Main characteristics of conversational style:

spontaneity, i.e. unprepared speech, lack of preliminary selection of linguistic means;

automaticity of speech, i.e. the use of established verbal formulas characteristic of certain situations ( Good afternoon! How are you doing? Are you going out?);

expressiveness (special expressiveness) of speech, which is achieved by using reduced words ( go crazy, go crazy, go crazy), emotionally expressive vocabulary ( big guy, kikimora, loafer), suffix formations ( daughter, grandma, cute);

the ordinariness of the content;

basically dialogical form.

The formation of speech in a conversational style is also influenced by extra-linguistic factors: the emotional state of the speakers, their age (cf. the speech of adults among themselves and their conversation with small children), the relationships of the participants in the dialogue, their family and other connections, etc.

Linguistic features of conversational style

The conversational style forms its own system and has features that distinguish it from book styles at all levels of language.

On phonetic level, MS is characterized by an incomplete style of pronunciation (fast pace, reduction of vowels up to the disappearance of syllables: San Sanych, Glebych etc.), colloquial stress options are acceptable ( cottage cheese, cooking, gave etc.), freer intonation, unfinished statements, pauses for thinking, etc.

Vocabulary MS is heterogeneous and differs in the degree of literature and emotional-expressive characteristics:

Neutral vocabulary from everyday speech: hand, leg, father, mother, brother, run, look, hear and under.

Colloquial vocabulary (the main stylistic device) - words that give speech an informal character, but at the same time are devoid of rudeness: spinner, superlative, warrior, know-it-all, go home, fool, antediluvian, prevaricate.

Evaluative vocabulary in the composition of colloquial words, which expresses a playful, humorous-ironic, ironic, affectionate, dismissive emotional assessment: grandma, daughter, kids, baby, little boy; poems, scribblings, hackwork, inveterate.

In dictionaries, colloquial words are listed with the mark “colloquial.” and additional marks “joking,” “ironic,” “disdainful,” “affectionate.”

Emotionality large number colloquial words are associated with them figurative meaning: kennel(about a cramped, dark, dirty room), tower(about a human tall), stick(intrusively pester with something) and so on.

Due to the fact that the boundaries between colloquial and colloquial vocabulary are often fluid, as evidenced by the double mark “colloquial-simple.” in dictionaries, RS includes crudely expressive colloquial words, the expressiveness of which allows you to “close your eyes” to their rudeness: belly, big guy, whine, hag, kikimora, freckled, loafer, shabby, hang around, squish and under. They briefly and accurately express an attitude towards a person, an object, a phenomenon, and often contain an additional semantic connotation that is not found in a neutral word, cf.: “he is sleeping” and “he is sleeping.” The word “sleeping” expresses condemnation of a person: someone is sleeping when they should be going somewhere or doing something.

Similar vocabulary may be listed in explanatory dictionaries under the main heading “simple.” additional marks “fam.”, “branch.”, “with a hint of disdain,” “joking.”, for example: clunker - simple. joking (Dictionary by D.N. Ushakov).

On phraseological level, the colloquial style is characterized by the use of proverbs and sayings from folk speech: even stand, even fall; sit in a puddle; break into pieces; turn up your nose; hunting is worse than bondage and under.

Derivational The level of conversational style is characterized by:

1) colloquial suffixes

For nouns: -un, -un(ya): talker, talker; chatterbox, chatterbox;

Sh(a): cashier, doctor, elevator operator;

Yag(a): poor fellow, handsome, mongrel, hard worker;

Their(s): janitor, doctor, cook;

K(a): buckwheat, semolina, overnight, candle,

including abbreviated words with -к(а): soda, e-reader, dryer, locker room, record book;hitchhiker, "Literature";

N(i), -rel(i): running, fussing, bickering, cooking, hustle;

Yatin(a): nonsense, dead meat, vulgarity;

For verbs: -icha (t), -nicha (t): to be sarcastic, to be nice, to be greedy;

Well: say, spin, grab;

2) prefix-suffixal verbal formations of conversational type:

run around, chat, sit up;

talk, shout, look;

get sick, daydream, play out;

3) suffixes of subjective assessment:

magnifying: house, beard, hands;

diminutives: house, beard, cunning, quietly, quietly;

diminutives: daughter, daughter, son, little son; Sun, honey;

dismissive: little thing, little house, old man, buffoonery, hillbilly, beard;

4) half names ( Vanka, Lenka), caressing ( Mashenka, Sashok) and babbling names ( Niki – Nikolay, Zizi – Suzanne).

5) doubling words to enhance expression: big-big, black-black;

6) formation of adjectives with evaluative meaning: big-eyed, skinny.

IN morphology :

the predominance of verbs over nouns (verbal nature of speech), the predominant activity of verbs of motion ( jump, gallop), actions ( take, give, go) and states ( hurt, cry); Wed in the NS and ODS the most common verbs are obligatory ( must, obliges) and linking verbs ( is, constitutes);

high percentage of personal use ( me, you, he, we, you, They) and index ( that, this, this etc.) pronouns;

presence of interjections ( ah, oh, uh, oh etc.) and particles ( here, well, she- that, He de he said they say saw);

presence of verbal interjections ( jump, skok, bang, grab);

widespread use possessive adjectives (Petya's sister, Fedorova wife);

colloquial case forms nouns: Genitive singular on -y ( from the forest, from home), prepositional singular in -y ( at the airport, on vacation), nominative plural in -a ( bunker, year, inspector, anchor, huntsman);

participles and short ones are rare adjective forms, no gerunds are used.

On syntactic level:

simple sentences, participial and adverbial phrases are not used, complex sentences are not used, except for subordinate clauses with a conjunction word which;

free word order in a sentence: I was at the market yesterday;

omission of words (ellipsis), especially in dialogue:

Have you been to the store? - I'm going to college. Are you home?

lexical repetitions: I tell him and tell him, but he doesn’t listen;

syntactic repetitions (identically constructed sentences): I went to him, I told him...;

speech figures like “Well done!”, “What a scoundrel you are!”, “What kind of idiot!”, “Wow!”;

designs like " Do you have what to write? (i.e. pencil, pen); " Give me how to hide! (i.e. blanket, blanket, sheet);

“non-smooth” phrases, i.e. sentences without clear boundaries, which are obtained as a result of the interpenetration of two sentences: In the fall such storms begin, there, at sea...;

frequent restructuring of structures during the dialogue, amendments, repetitions, clarifications;

rhetorical questions: Will he listen to me?

interrogative, exclamatory and incentive sentences;

in “non-smooth” phrases, the nominative topic is used when the first part of the sentence contains a noun in nominative case, and the second – information about it, while both parts are grammatically independent: Grandma - she will talk to everyone. Flowers, they are never superfluous.

Non-verbal means of communication play a major role in the implementation of MS - gesture and facial expressions, which can accompany the speaker’s words, indicating the shape, size and other characteristics of the subject of speech: I bought this round one(gesture) hat, but can also act at the place of a pause, as an independent means of communication, in the function of individual lines of dialogue, as an answer to a question, a request: nod your head with the meaning “yes”, shrug your shoulders - express bewilderment.

Colloquial style vocabulary* includes words characteristic of everyday speech, casual conversation, and in general the speech of people who are not connected or constrained official relations, and are, as a rule, unusual for written genres (the language of business papers, scientific articles etc.), oratory, etc.

* Some linguists call this vocabulary “vocabulary of oral speech” (see, for example, the above-mentioned textbook “Modern Russian Language...”). When using this term, it should be borne in mind that we are not talking about all words encountered in oral communication, but only about those that are used in oral speech and are unusual in written speech. This means that the vocabulary of oral speech does not include not only interstyle words that form the basis of both oral and written communication, but also words characteristic of written speech (as mentioned above, they are called the vocabulary of book styles.

The vocabulary of the conversational style is heterogeneous. However, unlike the vocabulary of book styles, where heterogeneity is explained not only by differences in expressive-emotional qualities, but also by differences in the degree of attachment of words to varieties of book styles, the vocabulary of conversational style differs in the degree of literaryness and expressive-emotional qualities.

In the vocabulary of colloquial style, colloquial and colloquial words are distinguished*.

* Regional and slang words, although they are found in everyday speech, are not considered here, however. They belong to a non-popular vocabulary, and the question of their aesthetic qualities and their use is independent problem Therefore, special sections are devoted to them. (“Dialect vocabulary” “Reflection of slang vocabulary in dictionaries”).

Spoken words

Colloquial words* of colloquial style vocabulary include those words that, while giving speech a relaxed, informal character, are at the same time devoid of rudeness. This: spinner, superlative, imagine, back home, just about, warrior, know-it-all, all kinds, stupid, talkative, dirty, delicate, antediluvian, up to here, ugly, fidgety, skittish, living creature, cutesy, a sight for sore eyes, bully, bullying, waiting too long, binge-watching, zaum, big guy, onlooker, tomorrow, know, in vain, cram, cramming, dodge, mess, trick, personnel officer, tower(about very tall man), hang around, here and there, here and there, scribble, lazy, slothful, boy, crybaby, fawn, rhyme weaver, poems, scribbling, pocket, prevaricate, hype, hack, what the hell and many others.

* Like the term “bookish,” the term “colloquial” is used both in relation to all words characteristic of casual conversation (as part of the term “colloquial style vocabulary”), and in relation to a certain part of these words.

A considerable part of colloquial words expresses the attitude towards the named object, phenomenon, action, property, attribute and their emotional assessment: grandma, daughter, kids, fidget, baby, boy, cute(affectionate); antediluvian, drip, rhymes, fight, battle(ironic); imagine, brainstorm, cramming, dodge, fawn, scribble, pocket, inveterate, prevaricate, hack(dismissive), etc.

The emotionality of a large number of colloquial words is created by the portability of their meanings - battle("noisy quarrel"), the vinaigrette("about the confusion of heterogeneous concepts and objects"), kennel(“about a cramped, dark, dirty room”), tower("about a very tall man"), stick("to pester with something annoyingly"), dragonfly("O a living, active girl, girl"), etc. – or by the transferability of the meaning of the root of the word – pocket, inveterate, prevaricate etc. In other cases, the emotionality of words is caused by the corresponding suffix: daughter, boy, leg, legs, poems etc.

But not all spoken words can express an emotional assessment. Don't have this ability usherette, take a nap, really, back home, just about, here, tricky, personnel officer, soda, bad luck, undressed, renewed, in an embrace, nickel, smoke break, instantly, chicken out, like, carpentry and etc.

Colloquial words (especially those that do not contain any emotional evaluation) are close to cross-style vocabulary. However, they are still different from her. This is easiest to detect if you “place” them in a business official context, where they, unlike interstyle words, will turn out to be foreign. And this is explained by those features of colloquial words that make them colloquial, at least slightly, but reduced: either by their evaluativeness, or by some “liberty” and at the same time inaccuracy of form (cf. colloquial soda, which, firstly, is shortened compared to the interstyle sparkling water, and secondly, “imprecise” in the sense that it can refer to anything that is saturated with gas; Wed from this point of view and nickel, nickel And five kopecks etc.).

In explanatory dictionaries, colloquial words are given with the mark “colloquial.”, to which is often added a mark indicating the emotional assessment expressed by the word (“joking.”, “iron.”, “disdainful.”, “affection.”, etc.) .

Important feature colloquial vocabulary is that it is among literary means expressions.

Colloquial words

Colloquial words are words that go beyond literary norm. The reasons for this are different, and they lie in the qualities and features of colloquial vocabulary.

Some colloquial words are characterized by varying degrees of rudeness and the ability to express an attitude towards the signified and evaluate it. These are the so-called rude and rudely expressive words. These include: bullshit("lie"), belly, jew's harp, vashey, scorching, scooping out, go crazy, dead meat, clunker, big man, toothy, whine, hag, kikimora, squirm, freckled, gobble, loafer, shabby, muss, kill, hang around, smack;vomit, burst into, lean into, stick out, scurry, grub, eat, bend over("die"), zenki, paw, muzzle, mug, snout, slam, bitch, thick-horned, hamlo* and so on.

* The above two “sets” of words illustrate, as is obviously understandable, different degrees of rudeness. The limit of lexical rudeness is unprintable words.

In explanatory dictionaries they are accompanied by the mark “simple.” and "rude-simple." (in the 17-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language there is no addition of “rude.”).

The evaluative nature of a large number of expressive colloquial words arises due to the transferability of the meaning of the word itself, or its root(s), or the word from which the given one is derived, cf., for example: burble, belly, drive in, dead meat, drive in("hit"), muzzle, snout, bend over;loafer, fool, become enraged, talker, miser and etc.

Being synonyms of interstyle words, expressive-colloquial words differ from them not only in their ability to express evaluation. They often contain an additional semantic connotation*, which is not present in the interstyle word and with which the evaluation is usually associated of this subject, action, sign, etc. For example, let’s compare two messages: “I’m there caught" and "I'm there caught". Pointing like interstyle catch to the unexpected discovery of a person somewhere, its rudely expressive synonym catch will additionally report that the discovered person was taken by surprise and that he was engaged in an unseemly business. This last semantic addition simultaneously contains an assessment (of the person and his actions). The semantic “additive” that many crudely expressive words have in comparison with an interstyle word is often reflected in the interpretation. For example, jalopy(given with the mark “simple-joking.”) has the following explanation in the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language: about an old, rickety carriage, cart; colloquial meaning of the word rake in is interpreted in the same dictionary as receiving, excessively much of something, greedily seizing, etc.

* It is no coincidence that we are talking about “the ability to express an assessment in a specific speech situation” and that they “often” (that is, not always) express an additional semantic connotation. Wed. "well-fed belly deaf to learning", "it took two hours to belly crawl" (where the rudely expressive belly completely coincides in meaning with the interstyle one stomach) and "grew (ate) belly" (Where belly -"big fat belly") or: "you'll have cabbage soup eat?" (=is) and "he doesn't eats and eats" (Where eat, the opposite is, indicates the semantic difference between these words, and also expresses an assessment of the action). It is precisely in the case when a rudely expressive (or rude) word is used as a complete semantic equivalent of an interstyle word that only their rudeness (vulgarity, etc.) is felt, the expressiveness of such words “fades out.”

Other colloquial words do not have rudeness, imagery, do not express (themselves) assessments, they are perceived as incorrect from the point of view of the literary norm, as evidence of insufficient literacy of the one who uses them. Some linguists call them vernacular*, others call them vernacular** (rightly noting the “similarity” with dialect words). These include: certainly, in the heat of the moment, apparently, blame, forward("at first"), wait, allow, cover up, theirs, it seems, cross, mama, mischief, for now, little by little, die, sew("sew") by("all right"), will do, forcefully, help, intimidate, get discouraged, forestall, grub, smart and under.

* Cm.: Kalinin A.V. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1978. S. 160 – 162.

** Cm.: Gvozdev A.N. Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1965. P. 80.

Since vernacular words themselves do not have figurativeness and do not contain evaluation, they represent the exact semantic equivalent of the corresponding literary words: in the heat of the moment - in the heat of the moment;blame - spades;always - always;theirs - theirs;sew - sew;to frighten - to frighten etc. In explanatory dictionaries, vernacular vocabulary itself is given, as a rule, with such an interpretation, which indicates complete semantic coincidence with the literary synonym. For example:

Allow- allow, allow.

From afar- the same as from afar.

Theirs- the same as them.

Schematically, the stylistic stratification of vocabulary looks like this:

Interstyle
Vocabulary of book styles	Conversational style vocabulary
Book	Official business	Public-journalistic	Poetic	Spoken	Prostorechnaya
emots. painted and unpainted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	actually vernacular (emotional, not colored)
moderately bookish	purely bookish	emots. painted	emots. painted	emots. painted	rude and rudely expressive (emotionally colored)
Vocabulary

Signs of a colloquial style of speech: presence of address, common colloquial words and jargon, use incomplete sentences, phraseological units, dialectisms, particles, repetitions, inconsistent phrases:

Kostya! How can?! Again the backpack is on the floor in the middle of the corridor!

I bought myself yesterday new mouse, a new “claveboard”, and “webcams” in mall I didn't like it. There's something strange there... I'll look at it in another store this week. In the meantime, I’ll “get by” without a camera.

Apparently, the neighbor drank away his salary again. Look, the neighbor has been nagging him since yesterday.

And where did our Maxim go?

Ira! Ira! Wait for us on the corner, we'll be there in a minute! Yes, soon, soon, wait!

He said that we would all go to the cinema together on Saturday, but now he has backed down. Laziness, they say, has overcome. If only I could scrape together some money, let's go eat some ice cream. It's the weekend after all...

But I don’t love him, I don’t love him, that’s all! And I will never love you. And what is my fault?

Apparently, a series about fairies on TV has begun. This one is yours, Winx. I look: at least one girl is playing on the playground in the yard. They were just there, but now they’re not. It was as if a cow had licked them all with its tongue.

Conversational style

Colloquial speech- a functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Peculiarities

The usual form of implementation of the conversational style is dialogue; this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material.

In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery it doesn’t seem strange to say: “Please, with bran, one.”

The relaxed atmosphere of communication determines more freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely ( be silly, talkative, talkative, giggle, cackle), vernacular ( neigh, weakling, awsome, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In a conversational style of speech, especially at a fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete elimination and simplification of consonant groups. Word-formation features: suffixes of subjective evaluation are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Limited: abstract vocabulary, foreign words, book words.

As an example, we can cite the statement of one of the characters in A. P. Chekhov’s story “Revenge”:

Open it, damn it! How long will I have to remain frozen in this through wind? If you knew that it was twenty degrees below zero in your corridor, you wouldn’t have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?

This short excerpt reflects the following features conversational style: - interrogative and exclamatory sentences, - colloquial style interjection "damn it", - personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons, verbs in the same form.

Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:

It's a shame, lady. You are angry with me, not deciding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter reassured me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, no matter how funny it may be, is not funny to me at all. What kind of desire is there to drag yourself to a nasty little provincial town to see bad actors playing a bad old opera badly?<…>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, apparently, that’s your nature.

In this passage, the following linguistic features of a colloquial style were revealed: - the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, to hang around, bad, to drive around, what kind of hunt, the union yes in the meaning of ‘but’, the particles are not at all, introductory word it can be seen - a word with an evaluative word-formation suffix gorodishko, - inverse word order in some sentences, - lexical repetition of the word bad, - appeal, - the presence of an interrogative sentence, - the use of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular, - the use of verbs in the present tense, - the use of the absent plural form of the word Kaluga (to drive around Kaluga) to designate all small provincial towns.

Lexical means

Colloquial words and phraseological units: vymahal (grown), electric train (electric train), vocabulary with an emotionally expressive coloring (class), diminutive suffixes (gray). suffixes of subjective assessment: hard worker, hard worker, hostel, secretary, director, handy. Substantivization, use of contraction words - deletion, record book; truncation - comp.

Description of the painting: winter evening of the Crimea. Description of the painting “Winter Evening” N

Linguistic features of conversational style

Peculiarities

Lexical means

see also

See what “Conversational style” is in other dictionaries:

Books