Table of categories of adjectives by meaning with examples. Possessive adjectives and traps when determining the category of adjectives

Adjective– this is an independent part of speech that combines words denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object and answering the questions which?, whose?;

In Russian, adjectives can change by gender, case and number, and have a short form. In a sentence, an adjective is most often a modifier, but can also be a predicate and subject.

This is the meaning of the attribute of an object, denoting color, taste, smell, evaluation, character, mental and speech activity.

Let's give an example: red, bitter, smelly, funny, smart.

There are lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives.

Adjectives can be divided into lexical and grammatical categories:
- high-quality
- possessive
- relative

The categories of adjectives always differ from each other in grammatical features and semantics.

Exist qualitative adjectives, which denote an object directly, that is, without relation to other objects (red, dull, evil), have forms of comparison and short forms.

Relative adjectives– indicate a characteristic through a relationship to another object, they are derived from nominal bases (steel, wood);

Possessive adjectives– denote belonging to a person or animal, that is, they contain an indication of the owner (foxes, fathers).
Short adjectives are those which in the masculine singular have zero endings (black, beautiful), in the feminine singular - endings "a", "ya" (black, beautiful), in the neuter singular - ending "o" , “e” (black, beautiful), and in the plural of all genders - the endings “i”, “y” (black, beautiful). Short adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate. (“How beautiful, how fresh these flowers were...”)

Morphological characteristics the adjective is the same as the noun - case, gender, number.

But unlike nouns, adjectives change by gender, number, and case, while differences in gender are visible in adjectives only in the singular form. This is due to the fact that adjectives clarify nouns: adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case.

Examples: Blue carpet, blue ribbon, blue saucer - red carpets, red ribbons, red saucers.

Syntactic features of an adjective.

Usually in a sentence, adjectives are modifiers or the nominal part of the predicate.

Let's give an example: The girl had a very beautiful toy; The toy was beautiful

Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case.
Let's give an example: A funny clown made the guys laugh; A funny joke made the guys laugh.

Adjectives can be extended by nouns and adverbs, forming phrases with them.
Let's give an example: weak from illness, very weak.

Stefanova Larisa Mikhailovna, teacher of Russian language and literature, State Educational Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Republican Education Center”, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic

Classifications of adjectives by meaning

Textbook: " Russian language", 6th grade. Authors Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L.A. Textbook for educational institutions in two parts. Moscow, “Prosveshchenie”, 2015.

The purpose of the lesson: formation of the concept of the categories of adjectives.

Tasks:

Orumbling:

- introduce students to the categories of adjectives and their distinctive features;

developing:

- to develop in students the ability to determine the category of adjectives;

- develop students' spelling and punctuation skills;

educational:

- cultivate interest in the Russian language as an academic subject.

Cognitive UUD:

- ability to work with information;

- use of sign-symbolic means, general solution schemes;

- performing logical operations (comparison, analysis, generalization, establishing analogies).

Regulatory UUD:

- drawing up a plan and sequence of actions;

- self-control, correction of knowledge, skills and abilities;

- awareness of the quality and level of assimilation.

Communication UUD:

- the ability to express one’s thoughts, construct an oral statement taking into account the sphere and situation of communication, participate in a conversation, discussion;

- the ability to draw conclusions, generalize, and argue one’s point of view.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, screen, lesson presentation created in Power Point 2003.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Blitz survey on the topic “Adjective”:

What questions does an adjective answer?

State the general grammatical meaning of adjectives.

How do adjectives change?

What syntactic role do adjectives play in a sentence?

What degrees of comparison does an adjective have? How are they formed?

State the topic and purpose of the lesson.

- Guys! Today we will continue our acquaintance with adjectives. Write down the topic of the lesson. Slide 1.

Observation of language material.

Exercise: write out phrases like “adj.” from the sentence. + noun”, determine the gender, number and case of adjectives. Slide 2.

Winter came and covered the badger hole with a deep snowdrift.

badger mink (f. r., unit. h., Vin. p.)

deep snowdrift (m.r., singular, tv.p.)

snowdrift (m.r., unit, tv.p.)

Creation of clusters.

Slide 3. Qualitative adjectives.

What adjective denotes a characteristic (quality) of an object that may be present in this object to a greater or lesser extent?

Which adjective has degrees of comparison?

Which adjective forms the short form?

What adjective can be combined with the adverb VERY?

Which adjective forms compound adjectives through repetition?

What adjective is formed by adjectives with the prefix NOT?

All of the above characteristics are inherent in the adjective DEEP. This is a qualitative adjective.

What attributes (qualities) can quality adjectives denote?

Slides 4-11 are shown, examples are given:

color - red ball,

size - tall house,

shape - round apple,

age - young man,

the inner qualities of a person are a brave knight,

a person's state of mind is a cheerful girl,

taste - sour lemon,

qualities that give a general description of the subject - an interesting book.

Slide 12. Relative adjectives.

Which of the adjectives denotes such a feature of an object that cannot be to a greater or lesser extent? Denotes the material from which the object is made? Does not have degrees of comparison, short form and does not combine with the adverb VERY? ( SNOW)

Absolutely right, guys. This is a relative adjective.

Relative adjectives can denote the material from which the object is made, the object consists, spatial, temporal characteristics of the object, and characterize the object by its action.

Slides 13-16. Meanings of relative adjectives (examples):

material - clay jug,

time - winter day,

place - mountain river,

action - swimming pool.

Slide 17. Possessive adjectives.

And we have one more adjective left - BADGER. This is a possessive adjective.

Why do you think possessive adjectives got this name? What questions do possessive adjectives answer and what do they mean? (Possessive adjectives denote that something belongs to a person or animal and answer the questions WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE?).

What suffixes do possessive adjectives have? (-OV (-EV), -IN (-UN), -II).

5. Primary consolidation. Development of students' skills and abilities.

Exercise 1. Copy the sentences by inserting the missing letters and marking the spelling in place of the gaps. Read expressively passages from poems by Russian poets; remember their names and authors. Find adjectives and determine their category.

1. Lingonberries are ripening,
The days have become colder,
And from the birds...his cry
My heart became sadder.

(K. D. Balmont “Autumn”)

2. It smelled like winter cold
To the fields and forests.
Light up bright purple
Before sunset the sky.

(I. A. Bunin “First Snow”)

3. Under blue skies
In... magnificent carpets,
Damn it’s in the sun, there’s snow.

(A. S. Pushkin “Winter Morning”)

Checking the completion of the task. Slides 18-20.

Task 2. Working with the textbook. Execution of exercise 341 (p. 17). Slide 21.

Determine the category of the resulting adjectives. Prove your opinion. (These are qualitative adjectives, since they form compound adjectives through repetition).

Task 3. From these nouns, form adjectives, create phrases with them like “adj. + noun"; determine the category of adjectives. Slide 22.

fox - ... (fox hole - possessive);

stone - ... (stone house - relative);

happiness - ... (happy child - qualitative);

bear - ... (bear's den - possessive);

evening - ... (evening twilight - relative);

running - ... (treadmill - relative);

sea ​​- ... (seashore - relative);

mom - ... (mom's umbrella - possessive).

Checking the completion of the task. Slide 23.

Say the words LI WITH YA , MEDVE AND YA. What sounds do you hear in place of the highlighted letters? What function does b perform? (Separating b)

Task 4. Working with the textbook. Execution of exercise 350 (page 22). Slide 24.

Punctuation in direct speech (incidental repetition). Work according to the schemes:

6. Summing up the lesson. Reflection. Teacher's assessment of students' work in class. Self-assessment using the “Unfinished Sentence” technique (slide 25):

1) Today in class I learned...

2) I felt... (difficult, difficult, easy, interesting, etc.).

3) I learned (as) ...

7. Homework. Ex. 344, 349.

Slides 26-27. Internet sources used.

In this lesson you will expand your knowledge about adjectives and learn about the categories of adjectives by meaning.

Topic: Adjective

Lesson: Classifying adjectives by meaning

1. Distinctive features of adjectives

We know that every word in a language belongs to one or another part of speech. By what signs can one distinguish an adjective from other parts of speech?

1. Adjectives answer questions Which? whose?

2. Adjectives denote a characteristic of an object

3. Adjectives relate to nouns and agree with them in number and case, and in the singular - in gender

Now we have named the common features of adjectives.

2. Places of adjectives

Adjectives have properties that allow us to divide them into three large groups. Or, as we say, discharges.

Let's select adjectives for the word pencil.

Thin,

small,

Beautiful

wood,

plastic.

If we asked sister Masha for a pencil, then we can say that it Machines or sisters.

Look at the last adjectives. They answer the question whose? Such adjectives are called possessive. They indicate that an object belongs to someone.

The adjectives we named first ( thin, small, beautiful), - quality. They denote the qualities of an object, that is, those characteristics that can appear in an object to a greater or lesser extent. This could be color, size, shape and so on.

Adjectives of the second group ( wooden, plastic) are called relative. They denote a feature of an object that cannot be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. These adjectives denote the material from which an object is made, a sign of an object by time or place of its existence, a sign of an object by purpose, and more. When using such adjectives in phrases, we can easily replace them with nouns.

For example:

Wood house - house made of wood

Winter day - winter day

3. How to determine the category of an adjective?

Determining which category an adjective belongs to is quite simple. To do this, you need to perform the following algorithm:

1. Ask a question:

If the adjective answers the question whose?, before us is a possessive adjective.

But if the adjective answers the question Which?, go to the next step.

2. Form a short form or any degree of comparison from the name of the adjective.

If you can do this, then we have a quality adjective.

And if not, then it’s relative.

Let's try to determine the categories of adjectives from the quatrains:

From evil wolf -

IN earthen crack.

By cold dew -

TO cunning fox.

For convenience, we can put adjectives in the nominative singular case.

Wicked(Which?). Let's try to form degrees of comparison: angrier, the most evil.

This means that we have a qualitative adjective.

Zemlyannaya (which?). Let's try to form degrees of comparison. One hole cannot be more earthy than another. And it’s impossible to form a short form from this adjective. We have a relative adjective.

Adjectives cold And cunning are also high quality because they answer the question Which? and from them we can form degrees of comparison ( the coldest, the most cunning).

Is it possible to determine the category of adjectives based on their morphemic composition? Sometimes you can. The point is that suffixes an, yang, enn are used when we form adjectives from nouns denoting material, substance. These will be relative adjectives: leather en y.

But if the adjective has no suffixes at all, then we have a quality adjective. For example , fast.

Adjectives of all three categories can move from one category to another. But only when they are used figuratively. For example:

Golden ring. In this case the adjective golden relative. But in the phrase golden character adjective gold will be qualitative, as it denotes the quality of a person.

Wolf mouth In this case, we have a possessive adjective. But in the phrase wolf fur coat this adjective acts as a relative adjective because it refers to the material from which the object is made.

Some relative adjectives were so often used in speech to mean qualitative that they gradually finally lost their original meaning and now in modern Russian we perceive them only as qualitative. Adjectives, for example, have gone this way stormy, outrageous and many others.

4. Qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all linguistic levels.

1. Designate a feature that may appear in an object to a greater or lesser extent

2. Can have antonyms: evil/good

3. Always non-derivative

But possessive and relative are always derivative, that is, formed from nouns, adjectives, verbs.

4. From qualitative adjectives you can form nouns of abstract meaning: severity

And adverbs in - O: strictly.

Adjectives with subjective evaluation suffixes: blue, angry.

5. Only they can have degrees of comparison and a short form

6. Only they can be combined with adverbs of measure and degree: very big, very strict

5. Formation of relative and possessive adjectives

Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs. The most common suffixes for their formation are the suffixes - l-, For example, fluent; -sk-, For example, human; -in- - poplar; -ov- - hedgehog; -n- - forest.

Possessive adjectives are formed only from nouns. Using suffixes - th- - fox, -ov- - fathers, -in- - mom's.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. About the categories of adjectives ().
2. Additional tasks ().

Homework

Sort adjectives into categories (qualitative, relative, possessive).

Tin soldier, tin eyes, cold day, long train, brave deed, kind person, stupid question, heart muscle, heartfelt greetings, stone house, stone face, short dress, fat boy, blue scarf, Moscow metro, children's literature, double chin , woolen suit, lead bullet, lead clouds, city park, heavy briefcase, heavy industry, deaf old man, deaf consonant, grandfather's office, Machine work, tit's nest, crow's foot, dog kennel, cleft palate, wolf's fur coat, wolf's appetite, deer horns, marines, dog cold, Katyusha's bicycle, grinding machine, snake venom, snake smile, vegetable oil, lean face, mouse tail, neighbor's garden, grandiose plans, observant person, tragic fate, wooden voice, chicken paw, chicken soup, squirrel collar, iron will, grandfather's words, birds' hubbub, hare's hat, December frosts, school uniform, Serezhin's briefcase, Barents Sea, Bering Strait.

2. Exercise 2.

Write by inserting the missing letters. Underline the adjectives and determine their category.

The whiteness of the snow made the paws turn even more green. The steam of the uneasy lowlands rose to the level of the tree peaks and crumbled on the birch branches.Countless showers of tiny beads sparkled on the sun. The frost slowly began to silver everything that had even a small amount of moisture. The forest river, which just yesterday was rushing towards the snowstorms, began to be crushed by silver teeth. Transparent ice confidently poured into the middle of the stream, compressing the current with an unbreakable armor. And everything around shone noisily, sparkled, sparkled. But, barely having time to warm up, our great luminary began to turn red and fall to the distant treetops. Purple wings, moving into the depths of the darkening expanse, descended lower and lower. In the constellation Gemini, the awakened Mars, the god of the Roman pagans, the patron of wars and conflagrations, flashed its red eye. But this shine immediately disappeared, lost in the twinkling of countless stars. And now, near and distant clusters of stars hung over the world. Only the month, glowing bright yellow, but still not (with, from) this light, seemed very close to the frosty forest ground. (According to V. Belov)

According to their meaning and grammatical characteristics, adjectives are traditionally divided into 3 categories: qualitative, relative and possessive. But modern linguistics also has other classifications. Russian Grammar–1980 (vol. 1, p. 540) proposes to classify adjectives on two grounds: firstly, according to the nature of the attribute being called; secondly, by the nature of the designation of the feature. Taking into account which feature is considered more important, a classification of adjectives is constructed.

I option. All adjectives are divided into two lexical and grammatical categories: qualitative and relative. Relative, in turn, are divided into relative, ordinal and pronominal. At the next stage, relatives themselves are divided into non-possessive and possessive.

Option II. According to the second criterion, the classification divides all adjectives into significant and pronominal. Next, nominative adjectives are divided into qualitative and relative; relative ones are divided into relative ones and ordinal ones. Finally, the relative ones themselves are divided into non-possessive and possessive [Russian Grammar – 1980, vol. 1, p. 540].

In school grammar, there are 3 categories: qualitative, relative and possessive. The same categories are highlighted in a number of university grammars. Taking into account the broad understanding of the term “adjective” adopted in this work, we add one more category to them - ordinal adjectives. Let's consider each of the selected categories.

Qualitative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic of an object that can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent. By lexical meaning they are very diverse and can be called:

a) color: blue, gray, bright, faded etc.;

b) properties of objects perceived by all senses: bitter, sweet, soft, elastic, warm, thick, long and etc.;

c) physical qualities of living beings: fat, old, strong, tall, stately and etc.;

d) spiritual qualities of people, their character traits, etc. .: kind, proud, sweet, affectionate, strict, honest and so on.

Qualitative adjectives can be included in antonymous pairs: long - short, narrow - wide, close - far, high - low, thick - thin etc. At the same time, different LSVs may have their own antonyms, for example: fresh bread -stale bread,fresh wind -warm wind,fresh cucumber -salty cucumber,fresh shirt -dirty shirt,fresh news -old news etc.

Word-formation features of qualitative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative (unlike possessive adjectives, whose stems are derivative): blue, good;

may have their own suffixes - iv, -ov, -liv, -chiv, -ist, -ast: gamesive oh, naughtyive oh, thoughtfulive oh, silverist y;

form forms of subjective assessment: white, whitish, whitish;

abstract nouns with suffixes are formed from them -ost, -is, from (a), -from (a)) : white - whiteness, strict - severity, fresh - freshness, deaf - deafness;

from them adverbs are formed -o, -e, -i: beautiful - beautiful, fresh - fresh, brutal - brutal.

Grammatical features of qualitative adjectives :

ability to have degrees of comparison: white– whiter, whiter(comparative); whitest, whitest, whitest of all (of all)(superlative);

availability of short and long forms ( white - white, thin - thin);

they can be combined with adverbs of degree extremely, very, very and etc.: very kind, extremely shy, very sweet.

The main features that distinguish quality adjectives are grammatical: degrees of comparison, short and long forms. Since not all qualitative adjectives have a full set of these features (for example: blind, barefoot, oblique have no degrees of comparison; business– short form, etc.), then the presence of two or even one of the main features is considered sufficient to classify an adjective as qualitative, for example: the river is navigable.

Relative adjectives. Relative adjectives denote the characteristics of an object by indicating its relationship to a person, animal, object, action, place, time, number, for example: children's drawings - children's drawings, wooden spoon - wooden spoon, Ukrainian village - village in Ukraine, yesterday - the day that was yesterday; double knot - a knot tied twice, etc.

Relative adjectives, as a rule, are characterized by the absence of lexical and grammatical features characteristic of qualitative adjectives. Synonyms of many relative adjectives are nouns, including the genitive adjective (a noun in gender after the noun): village street - village street, university building - university building.

Replacement with nouns is not possible in the following cases:

in geographical names, street names, hotels, etc.: Deribasovskaya embankment, hotel "Kyiv" and etc.;

in case of discrepancy in the meanings of the nominal construction and the corresponding adjective: urban view (characteristic of a city dweller) and the appearance of the city;

in phrases with adjectives in a figurative meaning : silk hair (not silk hair, but hair soft like silk) etc.

In some cases, relative adjectives can be replaced by gendered nouns. p. with prepositions: from: paper bag – a bag made of paper; straw hat - a hat made of straw; from: Crimean delegate - delegate from Crimea; For: smoking room - smoking room; nouns in wine. p. with a pretext

Possessive adjectives. Possessive adjectives express the attribute of an object by naming the belonging of the object to the owner (person or animal) and are formed using suffixes -ov- (-ev-), -in-, -nin-, -y-, -sk-, -ovsk- (-evsk-), -insk-.

There are several groups of possessive adjectives.

1. Adjectives with suffixes -in-, -nin-, -ov-, -ev-:sisters, grandfathers, brothers, teachers. They are used in them. n. only in a short form and have a special declension (see “Declination of adjectives”). These adjectives are formed by adding the specified suffixes to the stem of nouns denoting the names of persons or animals. In modern Russian they are used extremely rarely; genus is usually used instead. n. accessories of nouns: sister's book, brother's coat. The use of adjectives in - ov-, -ev-. This happens because such words indicate belonging to one person, and in modern language there is a tendency to expand the scope of use of those adjectives, the meaning of which combines an indication of belonging to a person and an entire group.

Adjectives starting with - nin- are used somewhat more often, mainly in colloquial speech. There are only a few of them: brother, daughter, husband, brother-in-law.

Adjectives of the first group often become components of phraseological combinations: pyrrhic victory, crocodile tears, pansies.

2. The next group consists of adjectives with a suffix -th- (-iii-): fox, bear, wolf. They denote not an individual, but a general gender affiliation, are formed from common nouns naming persons and animals, and are widespread in modern Russian: avian hubbub,fishy eye,wolf flock,shepherd's pipe,girlish pride. Some scientists classify such adjectives as relative possessive, while others include them in relative adjectives. It is necessary to take into account the semantics of such adjectives: if they denote belonging to an animal or a person, they should be classified as possessive ( Fox's tail– a tail belonging to a fox; wolf ear– wolf ear etc.); if an adjective denotes the material from which something is made, it belongs to the category of relative adjectives: fox coat - fox fur coat, sable hat - sable hat. Some adjectives with suffix -y- (-y-) have not a direct, but a figurative meaning and are included in stable combinations: voracious appetite, bearish gait, disservice.

3. A small group consists of possessive adjectives, indicating that an object belongs to one person and containing suffixes -sk-, -ovsk-, -insk-: Chekhov's story, Pushkin's poem.

Some linguists have tried to classify adjectives with suffixes as possessives -sk-, -ovsk-, -insk-, formed from the names of settlements and denoting belonging to a city, etc. .: Simferopol plant, Feodosia beach, Oryol theater. Such a broad understanding of “possessiveness” defies logic. As is known, the semantic basis for identifying possessive adjectives is an indication of belonging to a person or animal; The basis for identifying relative adjectives is the ability to denote the characteristics of objects in their relation to other objects. Therefore, adjectives like Leningradsky (park), city (street), yesterday's (news) must be included in the relative category.

Ordinal adjectives. Ordinal adjectives name the attribute of an object through its relation to number, quantity. They are formed from cardinal numbers, for example: nine - nine, ninety-nine - ninety-nine. The peculiarity of their declension in comparison with the corresponding cardinal numerals is that only the last component changes in compound words.

Table 1