Works that contain personification. Consultation (grade 3) on the topic: Memo
Homonyms are words that have the same sound and spelling, but are different lexical meaning and compatibility with other words.
Homonyms are divided into complete and incomplete.
Complete homonyms coincide in all of their grammatical forms. For example: key (source, ) - key (rod for unlocking locks); block ( construction material) - block (sports technique).
Incomplete homonyms do not coincide in their individual grammatical forms. Examples: bow (weapon) - onion (garden plant). The word "onion" in the meaning of "plant" has no form plural.
Types of homonyms
In addition to lexical homonyms, there are quite a lot of phenomena close to them. The following types of homonyms are distinguished:
1) - words that are spelled the same, but completely differently. Examples: castle - castle; Atlas - atlas; Iris - iris; on the street it soars - the eagle soars;
2) homophones - words that are pronounced the same but spelled completely differently. Examples: company - campaign; stories - to be lucky; rinse - rinse; mascara - mascara; guarded -; Roman - novel; arson - arson;
3) homoforms - words that coincide in their individual forms. Examples: when I am treating a patient, I am flying on an airplane; young man - caring for a young mother.
Thus, homonymy is a lexical-semantic unit that serves as a means of creating expressive speech.
The most common definitions are:
§ Homonyms - words that sound the same at the same time And spelled, but different in meaning.
§ Homophones are words that sound the same, but have different spellings and meanings.
§ Homographs are words that have the same spelling, but different sounds and meanings.
But there are other definitions:
§ Homonyms - words that sound the same or spelled, but different in meaning. (In this case, homophones and homographs are considered special cases of homonyms, and they are called “phonetic homonyms” and “graphic homonyms”, respectively.)
§ Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings. (That is, the spelling is not important.)
§ Homographs are words that have the same spelling but different meanings. (That is, the sound is not important.)
Examples of homonyms:
- 3: Braid - on the girl’s head; scythe - a tool for mowing; spit - a long cape in a body of water or in a watercourse (Curonian Spit).
- 6: Key - musical sign; key from door; key - natural spring water; wrench - wrench; key - information that allows you to decrypt a cryptogram or verify a digital signature; key - hint, cheat sheet, answer to the task.
- 3: Butterfly is an insect; the bow tie; butterfly knife.
- 2: Onion is a plant; bow weapon.
- 3: Writing pen (gel, ballpoint, etc.); handle - human hand; handle - door handle.
- 4: Brush - a bunch of ropes; wrist; brush - berries (rowan brush); brush - brush (for painting).
- 2: Trot - running (eg horse); lynx is an animal.
- 4: Troika - horses; three - mark; troika - the judicial body of the NKVD; three-piece suit.
- 2: The world is the universe; peace - the absence of war, hostility.
- 2: Messenger - giving news, a signal about something; messenger - in the army: a private for sending parcels on service matters.
- 3: Beam - part of a structure, a beam resting on something at several points (on walls, abutments); beam - a long ravine; beam and beam are lexical homonyms.
- 2: Kiwi is a fruit; kiwi is a bird.
Paronymy(from ancient Greek παρα- - prefix with the meaning of contiguity, ὄνομα - “name”) - similarity of words- paronyms in form with differences in meaning. It is also common to mistakenly use one of them instead of the other. For example, addressee - addresses n T.
Examples:
§ verification - verification;
§ ignorant - ignorant;
§ subscription - subscriber;
§ weapon - weapon;
§ engine - mover;
§ pragmatism - prognathism
§ guarantor - guarantee.
§ boatswain - pilot
§ flint - silicon.
§ civilized - civilized.
There are also adjectives:
§ hot - intoxicating;
§ defective - defective;
§ cruel - tough
§ godfather (godfather) - godfather (father)
§ untouchable - untouchable
§ hidden (about a thing) - hidden n y (about a person)
§ spectacular - effective
§ linguistic - linguistic
§ idle - festive
And also adverbs:
§ hard - cruel;
§ satiated - satisfying;
§ irresponsibly - irresponsibly.
§ sleep - sleep - sleep;
§ hear - listen;
§ fall asleep - fall asleep.
§ Send (incorrect use of the verb let's go) - send (send) - send (from send)
Paronyms can have the same root:
§ dress - put on;
§ human - humane;
§ pay - pay - pay.
Or completely unrelated:
§ Bill Gates is Belgian;
§ biology - bryology;
§ broth - brouillon (draft);
§ compote - complot (conspiracy) - compost;
§ texture - fraction;
§ Sarah Bernhardt - St. Bernard;
§ serpentarium (sometimes called serpernarium);
§ conservatory - conservation;
§ Barbie - barbecue;
§ convection - convention;
§ excavator - escalator
Hypernym- a word with more broad meaning, expressing a general, generic concept, the name of a class (set) of objects (properties, attributes).
Hypernym(in linguistics) - a concept in relation to another concept, expressing a more general essence. In relation to a certain set of objects hypernym is a concept that reflects a superset to the original one.
A hypernym is the result of a logical generalization operation or mathematical sense- additions to set.
Hyponym- a word with a narrower meaning that names an object (property, attribute) as an element of a class (set).
Examples:
The term "beast" is hypernym in relation to the term “dog”, and the term “dog” in turn is a hypernym in relation to the term “bulldog”. And vice versa - the term "bulldog" - hyponym in relation to the term "dog", and "dog" is a hyponym in relation to the term "beast".
Antonyms(Greek αντί- “against” + όνομα “name”) are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings: truth - lie, good - evil, speak - remain silent.
Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:
§ contradictory correlates (complementary)- such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in a relation of private opposition. Examples: bad - good, lie - truth, alive - dead, married - single.
§ contrasting correlates (contrasting)- antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in a relation of gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- average -) small.
§ vector correlates- antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena etc. Examples: enter - exit, go down - rise, light - put out, revolution - counter-revolution.
§ conversions- words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find.
§ enantiosemy- the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of a word. Examples: to lend someone money - to borrow money from someone, to pass around tea - to treat and not to treat; I listened to lecture, editor looked through these lines.
§ pragmatic- words that are regularly contrasted in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - “action”). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.
According to the structure, antonyms are:
§ multi-rooted(back and forth);
§ single-rooted- are formed using prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or using a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).
From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:
§ linguistic(usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);
§ speech(occasional) - antonyms that arise in a certain context (to check the presence of this type, we need to reduce them to a language pair) - (gold - half copper, that is, expensive - cheap). They are often found in proverbs.
In terms of action, antonyms are:
§ proportionate- action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poor);
§ disproportionate- action and lack of action (in in a broad sense) (light - extinguish, think - change your mind).
Antonyms, or words with opposite meanings, have become the subject of linguistic analysis relatively recently, and interest in the study of Russian and Tatar antonymy is growing noticeably [ source not specified 702 days] . This is evidenced by the emergence of a number of special linguistic studies on antonymy and dictionaries of antonyms [ source not specified 702 days] .
Lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relationships are impossible for them, however, in a figurative meaning they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relationships between words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.
Antonyms are possible for words whose meanings contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on common feature(weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be contrasted. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.
Among the antonyms there are no proper names, pronouns, or numerals.
Synonyms, pointing to the same concept and having the same lexical meaning, differ in their expressive coloring, assignment to a certain style, and degree of usage.
Many synonyms differ from each other in both lexical meaning and expressive coloring.
Thus, synonyms can be differentiated:
1. on the subjects they designate [P. “buffoon - actor - comedian - actor - artist” reflect different moments in the development of theater and different attitude to the profession of an actor (cf. next paragraph)];
2. according to the social assessment of the designated subject (S. “salary - wages” reflect different attitudes towards the remuneration received for work);
3. according to applicability in a particular style of speech (S. “horse - horse” are not always stylistically reversible; in the verse “Where are you galloping, proud horse?” the substitution of S. “horse” will produce comic effect- “Where are you galloping, proud horse?”);
4. by etymological meaning, which can give one of the S. a special coloring (S. “brave - fearless” is associated general concept courage in the first case with “daring”, “determination”, in the second - with “lack of fear”; therefore, these S. in a certain context can be used as words opposite in meaning, like antonyms);
Homonymy and polysemy
In relation to words belonging to the same parts of speech, in linguistics they often distinguish between homonymy and polysemy. Homonymy is a random coincidence of words, while polysemy- the presence of a word with different historically related meanings. For example, the words “boron” in the meaning “ Pine forest" and "boron" in the meaning " chemical element"are homonyms, since the first word is Slavic origin, and the second arose from the Persian “Bura” - the name of one of the boron compounds. At the same time, for example, the words “ether” in the sense organic matter and “ether” in the sense of “radio broadcasting and television” are called by linguists the meanings of one word, that is, polysemy, since both come from ancient Greek. αἰθήρ - Mountain air.
However, another part of linguists draws the line between polysemy and homonymy in a different way. Namely, if most people see a common shade of meaning in two coinciding words (as linguists say, “a common semantic element”), then this is polysemy, and if they do not see it, then this is homonymy, even if the words have a common origin. For example, in the words “braid” (tool) and “braid” (hairstyle), the common semantic element noticed by most people is “something long and thin.”
Finally, some linguists consider all individual meanings of polysemous words to be homonyms. In this case, polysemy is a special case of homonymy.
All or almost all Russian linguists certainly classify coinciding words belonging to different parts of speech as homonyms. Examples of such homonyms are “flow” (leak) and “flow” (leakage).
Classification
- Complete (absolute) homonyms are homonyms in which the entire system of forms coincides. For example, outfit (clothing) - outfit (order), forge (blacksmith) - bugle (wind instrument).
- Partial homonyms are homonyms in which not all forms coincide. For example, weasel (animal) And caress (show of tenderness) diverge in shape genitive case plural ( caresses - caress).
- Grammatical homonyms, or homoforms, are words that coincide only in certain forms (of the same part of speech or different parts speech). For example, the numeral three and verb three coincide only in two forms (to three - we are three).
Omomorphemes
Along with homonyms, that is, homonymous words, there are also homomorphemes, that is, homonymous morphemes, in other words, parts of words (prefixes, suffixes, roots, endings) that coincide, but have different meanings.
Homonyms, homophones, homographs, and homoforms
- Homonyms - words that sound the same at the same time And spelled, but different in meaning.
- Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that sound the same, but have different spellings and meanings.
- Homographs (graphic homonyms) are words that are the same in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.
- Homoforms (grammatical homonyms) are different words, coinciding in individual grammatical forms. For example, the verbs fly and treat coincide in the 1st person form singular present time - I'm flying.
Examples
Words
- 3: Braid - on the girl’s head; scythe - a tool for mowing; spit - a long cape in a body of water or in a watercourse (Curonian Spit).
- 7: Key - musical sign; key from door; the key is a natural source of water; wrench - wrench; key - information that allows you to decrypt a cryptogram or verify a digital signature; key - hint, cheat sheet, answer to a task, key - closing device in an electrical circuit
- 3: Butterfly is an insect; the bow tie; butterfly knife.
- 2: Onion is a plant; bow weapon.
- 3: Pen - writing (gel, ballpoint, etc.); handle - human hand; handle - door handle.
- 4: Brush - a bunch of ropes; wrist; brush - berries (rowan brush); brush - brush (for painting).
- 2: Trot - running (eg horse); lynx is an animal.
- 4: Troika - horses; three - mark; troika - the judicial body of the NKVD; three-piece suit.
- 2: The world is the universe; peace - the absence of war, hostility.
- 2: Messenger - giving news, a signal about something; messenger - in the army: a private for sending parcels on service matters.
- 3: Beam - part of a structure, a beam resting on something at several points (on walls, abutments); beam - a long ravine; beam and beam are lexical homonyms.
- 2: Kiwi is a fruit; kiwi is a bird.
- 2: Zebra is a beast; zebra crossing - pedestrian crossing.
- He mowed with a scythe (a well-known problematic phrase for foreigners).
Homonyms in poetry
You are the white swans fed,
Valery Bryusov
Throwing away the weight of black braid…
I was swimming nearby; agreed fed;
The sunset ray was strange braid.
Getting into a taxi, I asked dachshund:
Yakov Kozlovsky
“What is the fare? dachshund?»
And the driver: “Money from dachshunds
We don’t take it at all, here we go yes sir».
From the inside, like a ball chamber,
I burst, but hardly poem,
if my partner chamber
hears my prisoner poem
and a motive from the heart chamber.Aydin Khanmagomedov
Homonymy in taxonomy
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:See what “Homonym” is in other dictionaries:
Greek homonymos, from homos, similar, and onoma, a name. A word that has the same pronunciation as another word, but different meaning. Explanation 25000 foreign words, which came into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. Mikhelson A.D.,... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
homonym- a, m. homonyme m. gr. homonyma homos identical + onyma name. 1. A word that has the same sound as another word, but different in meaning. MAS 2. The game of Homonyms... consists in the fact that one leaves the company in which, without him... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
homonym- (incorrect homonym) ... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language
HOMONYM, homonym, husband. (from Greek homos identical and onyma name) (Ling.). A word that is identical to another in sound form, but different from it in meaning, for example. city city and city meteorological phenomenon. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
HOMONYM, ah, husband. In linguistics: a word that coincides with another in sound, but is completely divergent from it in meaning, as well as in the system of forms or in the composition of the nest, for example. "flow 1" and "flow 2", "mow 1" and "mow 2". | adj. homonymous... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary Terms of botanical nomenclature
homonym- Borrowing. from French lang., where omonyme lat. homonymus, rendering Greek. homōnymos, the addition of homos “one and the same, identical” and onyma “name”. Homonym literally “single name” (meaning the same sound of words denoting different... ... Etymological dictionary Russian language
Along with homonyms, that is, homonymous words, there are also homomorphemes, that is, homonymous morphemes, that is, parts of words (prefixes, suffixes, roots, endings) that are the same in spelling and pronunciation, but have different meanings. For example, the ending - A in Russian means:
plural of second declension nouns ( city - cities),
genitive case of nouns ( house - Houses),
feminine past tense verbs ( began - started).
Homonyms, homophones, homographs and homoforms
Homonyms - words that sound the same at the same time And spelled, but different in meaning.
Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that sound the same, but have different spellings and meanings.
Homographs (graphic homonyms) are words that are the same in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.
Homoforms (grammatical homonyms) are different words that coincide in individual grammatical forms. For example, the verbs fly and treat coincide in the 1st person singular form of the present tense - I'm flying. Examples of homoforms.
Homonymy in taxonomy[edit | edit wiki text]
According to their morphological structure, homonyms are simple, or non-derivative, and derivative. Non-derivative homonyms are most common among nouns. Derivative homonymy is especially common among verbs (cf.: backfillA t- fall asleep and backfillA t- fill with something loose, etc.).
The so-called homoforms, homophones and homographs, which are similar to lexical homonymy, but characterize in the broad sense of the word the phenomenon of so-called stylistic homonymy, should not be confused with lexical homonyms: 1) the coincidence of the sound and spelling of one or more forms of words - homoforms(cf. roadsO th- them. n. masculine adjective and roadsO th- gender, date, sentence feminine adjective cases); 2) the same pronunciation, but different spellings of words and phrases - homophones(cf. eye - voice; could - got wet); 3) the same spelling, but different pronunciation of words - homographs(cf. hA mock And deputyO To).
Such phenomena, along with lexical homonymy itself, can be used for various stylistic purposes: to create expressiveness of speech, in puns, jokes, etc.
See, for example, Y. Kozlovsky in the poem “The Bear and the Wasps” from the series of poems “About diverse words, identical, but different”:
Carried by the bear, walking to the market ,
Honey for sale jug .
Suddenly on a bear - here misfortune ! -
The wasps got it into their head misfortune .
Teddy bear with an army aspen
Fought torn out aspen .
Could he not be furious? fall into ,
If the wasps climbed into the mouth ,
They stung where horrible ,
For this they horrible .
Homonymous words, along with polysemantic ones, also form certain groups, connected internally by the unity of semantically different words, similar in spelling, pronunciation, and the same grammatical forms. Consequently, they, falling out of the system of words, semantically close or opposite, nevertheless represent formally united syntagms, i.e. elements of the general language system.
Note. Words that are homonymous should not be mixed with paronyms(gr. para - near + onyma - name), which differ in meaning, but are similar in pronunciation, grammatical affiliation, and often the relationship of the roots. For example, subscription - subscriber, everyday - everyday, offensive - touchy, provide - present and many more etc. (See about this in more detail: Vishnyakova O.V. Paronymy in the Russian language. M., 1984.)
Personification is one of the types of metaphor, but still it is an independent trope that should not be called a metaphor.
The progenitor of personification is animism. In ancient times, people endowed the surrounding objects and phenomena with human characteristics. For example, the earth was called mother, and rain was compared to tears. Over time, the desire to humanize inanimate objects has disappeared, but in literature and in conversation we still encounter these figures of speech. This figurative means of language is called personification.
PERSONALIZATION is literary device, in which inanimate objects are endowed with properties that are inherent in living beings. Sometimes this turn of phrase is called personification.
Personification is used by many prose writers and poets. For example, in Yesenin you can find the following lines: “Winter sings, echoes, the shaggy forest lulls.” It is clear that winter as a season cannot make sounds, and the forest makes noise only because of the wind.
Impersonation allows you to create bright image for the reader, to convey the mood of the hero, to emphasize some action.
This turn of phrase, in contrast to a more complex and refined metaphor more suitable for poetry, we use even in colloquial speech. The familiar phrases “the milk has run away” and “the heart is acting up” are also personifications. It makes our everyday speech more expressive. We are so accustomed to many personifications that they do not surprise us. For example, “it is raining” (although the rain clearly has no legs) or “the clouds are frowning” (it is clear that the clouds cannot experience any emotions).
In general, we can say that personification is a language trope in which the inanimate is endowed with the signs and qualities of the living. Personification is often confused with metaphor. But a metaphor is just that figurative meaning words, figurative comparison. For example, “And you laugh with a wondrous laugh, SNAKE IN A golden BOWL.” There is no animation of nature here. Therefore, it is not difficult to distinguish personification from metaphors.
Examples of avatars:
And woe, woe, woe!
And the bast of grief was girdled,
FEET ARE TURNED UP WITH WASTERS.
(Folk song)
THE gray-haired sorceress is coming,
Shaggy WAVES HIS SLEEVE;
And snow, and scum, and frost is FLOWING,
And turns water into ice.
From her cold BREATH
Nature's gaze is numb...
(G. Derzhavin)
After all, autumn is already in the yard
LOOKS through the spindle.
Winter follows her
WALKS IN A WARM FUR COAT,
The path is covered with snow,
It crunches under the sleigh...
(M. Koltsov)
Description of the flood in " Bronze Horseman» Pushkin:
“...The Neva all night/rushed towards the sea against the storm,/not being able to overcome their violent foolishness.../and it became impossible for it to argue.../The weather became even more ferocious,/the Neva swelled and roared.../and suddenly , like a frantic beast, / rushed towards the city... / Siege! Attack! evil waves/like thieves climb through the windows,” etc.
“The golden cloud spent the night...” (M. Lermontov)
"Through the azure twilight of the night
The snowy Alps LOOK
Their EYES are dead
SMASHED with icy horror"
(F. Tyutchev)
"The warm wind blows quietly,
The steppe BREATHES with fresh life"
(A. Fet)
"White birch
Below my window
COVERED IN SNOW,
Exactly silver.
On fluffy branches
Snow border
The brushes have blossomed
White fringe.
And the birch tree stands
In sleepy silence,
And the snowflakes are burning
In golden fire.
And the dawn is LAZY
WALKING AROUND
SPRAYS branches
New silver."
(S. Yesenin “Birch”):
Among the personifications of true poetry there are no simple, philistine, primitive personifications that we are accustomed to using in everyday life.
Each personification is an image. This is the meaning of using personification. The poet does not use it as a “thing in itself”; in his poetry, personification rises above the “worldly level” and moves to the level of imagery. With the help of personifications, Yesenin creates a special picture. Nature in the poem is alive - but not just alive, but endowed with character and emotions. Nature is the main character of his poem.
How sad look against this background the attempts of many poets to create a beautiful poem about nature, where “the wind blows”, “the moon shines”, “the stars shine”, etc. forever. All these personifications are hackneyed and worn out, they do not generate any imagery and, therefore, are boring. But this does not mean that they cannot be used. And the erased personification can be raised to the level of an image.
For example, in the poem “It’s Snowing” by Boris Pasternak:
It's snowing, it's snowing.
To the white stars in a snowstorm
Geranium flowers stretch
For the window frame.
It's snowing and everything is IN CONFUSION,
Everything starts to fly -
Black staircase steps,
Crossroads turn.
It's snowing, it's snowing,
It's like it's not flakes that are falling,
And in a patched coat
The firmament is falling to the ground.
As if looking like an eccentric,
From the top landing,
STEALING, PLAYING HIDE AND HIDE,
The sky is coming down from the attic.
Because life DOES NOT WAIT.
Before you look back, it’s Christmas time.
Only a short period,
Look, there's a new year there.
The snow is falling, thick and thick.
In step with him, with those FOOT,
At the same pace, WITH LAZINESS
Or at the same speed
MAYBE TIME PASSES?
Maybe year after year
Follow as the snow falls
Or like the words in a poem?
It's snowing, it's snowing,
It's snowing and everything is in turmoil:
White pedestrian
SURPRISED plants,
Crossroads turn."
Notice how many personifications there are here. “The sky is coming down from the attic,” steps and an intersection that take flight! The “surprised plants” alone are worth it! And the refrain (constant repetition) “it’s snowing” takes simple personification to the level of semantic repetition - and this is already a symbol. The personification “It’s snowing” is a symbol of the passing of time.
Therefore, in your poems, you should try to USE PERSONIFICATION NOT JUST BY ITSELF, BUT SO THAT IT PLAYS A CERTAIN ROLE.
Personifications are also used in artistic prose. For example, there is an excellent example of personification in Andrei Bitov’s novel “ Pushkin House" The prologue describes the wind circling over St. Petersburg, and the entire city is shown from the point of view of this wind. Wind - main character prologue. No less remarkable is the image of the title character of Nikolai Gogol’s story “The Nose”. The nose is not only personified and personified (that is, endowed with human personality traits), but also becomes a symbol of the duality of the main character.
A few more examples of personification in prose speech that come to mind:
The first rays of the morning sun STEALED across the meadow.
Snow BLACKED the ground like a mother's baby.
The moon WINKED through the heights of the clouds.
At exactly 6:30 am my alarm clock came alive.
The ocean DANCED in the moonlight.
I heard the island CALLING me.
Thunder grumbled like an old man.
There are enough examples. I'm sure you're ready for the next round of the "Trails" competition series.
Warmly, your Alcora
Reviews
Allah, these are the two points of the article:
1. "PERSONIFICATION is a literary device in which inanimate objects are endowed with properties that are inherent in living beings. Sometimes this turn of phrase is called personification."
2...In general, we can say that personification is a trope of language in which the inanimate is endowed with the signs and qualities of the living...-
Made me misunderstand the essence of personification. It talks about empowerment inanimate objects properties of living things, i.e. It turns out both animals and plants, and not just humans.
I think I'm not the only one. It is necessary to eliminate the duality of understanding.
With gratitude for the article, Vladimir.
In Part 2 of the article on Personifications, I already answered this question (I’ll quote myself):
“Can we consider “purrs” to be a personification? Or “wanders across the rooftops”? After all, we liken the darkness not to a person, but to an animal? Maybe it would be more correct to consider this general view- a metaphor? - I met different opinions about this question. Who is right? Don't know. I wouldn’t make a problem out of this - no matter what the trope is called, the main thing is to feel and use each of them adequately, to be able to use them to be accurate and convincing in conveying your thoughts and feelings.”
So, once again: Philologists have many (contradictory) opinions, I am not a philologist, I am a practitioner. If I participated in a competition, I would choose for the round those poems of mine that have TYPICAL personifications (or I would write new poems for the competition) and highlight the given paths - as tools for my victory in the competition. The same goes for judges - they need to first of all consider the work using the example of typical (not subject to doubt or discrepancy) given tropes, and everything else is an addition to the side dish.... This is an educational competition where you need to show both poetry and mastery of theory , and not just offer for a competition what the author has on his farm and what was once successful somewhere.
If we evaluate poetry at all, then it doesn’t matter what this trope is called, it is important that it works on the topic, creates an image that is understandable and accurate.
