What are nations and interethnic relations. Nations and interethnic relations in the modern world

Behind long history of humanity, various nations formed and changed, mixing with others and introducing their own characteristics into them. These processes are associated with the settlement and movement of large groups of people.

Concept

In modern society, the formation of nations has become established, although there is still room for local changes. Nations do not exist in isolation; on the contrary, they are in constant interaction. Let's find out what it is interethnic relations and briefly consider their varieties.

Interethnic relations are a type social relations, the participants of which are various nations.

There are two main types of interethnic relations:

• within one state;
• between nations of different countries.

The study of the problem of interethnic relations began in America. In this country, the question of the relationship between the white and black population, which, due to the peculiarities of historical development, it was necessary to establish joint activities within one state.

Problems of interethnic relations

The interaction of nations does not always proceed peacefully; sometimes difficulties and contradictions that arise cause aggression and even military clashes.
The reasons for this may be:

• different levels of development and culture of peoples;
• the desire to survive and achieve privileges, get rid of discrimination;
• struggle for economic resources.

We can give examples of countries in which relations between nations occurred peacefully (Modern America) and non-peacefully (the Conquest of neighboring peoples by the Roman Empire).

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The most acceptable way to establish ties between peoples is the formation of multinational states. They recognize the rights and freedoms of all nations, prohibit discrimination on national grounds, and allow the use of their native language in everyday life and education.

Despite the universal recognition of the right of nations to preserve their traditions, free use of language, Everyday life conflicts between representatives different nations happen quite often. They occur because some people are not ready to put up with a foreign culture that seems strange and wrong to them. This attitude towards the traditions of other peoples and confidence in the correctness of only one’s way of life is called ethnocentrism.

Racial and national discrimination does not correspond to the principles operating in the modern world community, therefore any forms of its manifestation raise the need to regulate and take measures to prevent such cases.

National politics

In Russia, as a multinational state, in conditions of constant international integration (establishing relations with other states), the issue of national policy is one of the most important.

The state strives to prevent national hatred by destroying and preventing any differences in the rights of peoples. Thus, it is permitted to use the native language, including in educational institutions, as a school subject. Trends in the development of interethnic relations in Russia are associated with the organization of peaceful and constructive dialogue different cultures, their mutual enrichment, mutual acceptance and respect (tolerance).

What have we learned?

Having studied the topic of 11th grade social studies, we found out that interethnic relations are relations between the peoples of one or several states. The issue of nations and interethnic relations is of particular importance in modern society. It is called upon to eliminate any manifestations of discrimination against nations, to open Free access every person for the benefit of society.

In this lesson we will look at the concepts of “nation”, “ethnicity” and “interethnic relations”. We will talk about interethnic conflicts that exist in different countries world, about how difficult it is for people to self-identify in this world. This topic is very important for us, since Russia is a multinational state that strives to prevent the infringement of any ethnic group within its composition.

Topic: Social sphere

Lesson: Nations and Interethnic Relations

From your geography course, you probably learned the term “ethnic group,” which is synonymous with the concept of “people.” Ethnos- this is a historically established stable collection of people in a certain territory who have common traits and characteristics of culture and psychological make-up, as well as an awareness of their unity and difference from other similar entities (self-awareness). If you looked at the ethnic map of the Earth, you could get a certain idea about the distribution of ethnic groups. At the same time, the ethnic map is very conditional: looking at the map, you understand that Russians live in a certain territory, Americans live in another, etc. But the world is far from being so clear-cut. Even our state is multinational, that is, not only Russians live in it, but also other ethnic groups. In general, the concept of “ethnicity,” like the entire group of concepts that relate a person to a particular cultural community, is quite ambiguous. These questions are really complex, it’s easy to make a mistake, and the consequences of an error in identifying a person can be extremely serious, including for the entire society as a whole.

Have you ever thought about the question why we call people Germans, but they live in Germany? This is far from a trivial question, and the answer is not so simple. There is such a rhyme: “German-pepper-sausage, bought a horse without a tail,” which has been known since the 17th century, but is still alive. At first glance, it is not clear where these words came from. The fact is that in Rus' all foreigners were called Germans. When for the first time, even under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, foreigners began to come to Russia, they settled in settlements. Among them were representatives of different nations: Dutch, Scots, French, but the majority were Germans. The Russians called these settlements German because “mute” people lived there, unable to speak Russian. The word “mute” in our language still has several meanings. On the one hand, a mute is a person who cannot speak, and on the other hand, not mine is a person who does not belong to my society, a stranger.

In reality, this people, of course, is called Germanic, and we need to talk about the Germanic language, and not about German. But this is how people work: we like to draw a clear line between what is ours and what is not ours. Therefore, accordingly, if we do not understand the culture of another person belonging to another nation, he becomes mute to us. The ancient Latins called all the peoples around them barbarians; they believed that a barbarian was a person who did not speak English. Latin, but only mutters something, accordingly, his traditions are not worth studying, his culture is primitive.

But the modern world gives us completely different patterns of behavior. We cannot treat other people as barbarians or as dumb. All people on Earth are equal and close to each other, because we live together, which means there can be no strangers in our world.

The danger lies in the fact that our self-identification, our self-determination, the answer to the question: “Who am I?” - this is a rather complex process. Not all people are completely sure what nationality and ethnic group they belong to. On the one hand, we can say that the person is Russian, since this is written down at his request in his passport, but who he really is is a completely different question. In reality, he is a person who feels like someone. Every person belongs to one culture or another and considers some language to be their native language. Based on this very complex palette, which has many components, the people are formed.

A problem arises in this regard. In modern society we live in an extremely mixed way, rather than in narrow local groups. In ancient times, this was quite possible; people lived in clusters, that is, there were tribes of people who were similar in all the characteristics that we have specified: closeness of language, cultural closeness, physiological closeness. These people really were a kind of national community and lived unitedly; everyone who lived outside their habitat were neighboring peoples. Tribe- a collection of people, usually similar in physical type, united (in one form or another) by tribal relations, a common language and territory. At that time, people easily managed to maintain their cultural identity; such a clear self-identification was only beneficial, as it formed loyalty to their tribe or community. After all, man is a biosocial being; we are unthinkable without society. But the modern world has become very confused, it is all local, we can no longer say “where our tribe ends and the neighboring one begins.” And in the modern world, we all need to learn to live together, although learning is always really very difficult.

Some of you may have read Kipling's work "Mowgli", in any case, you know exactly what this work is about. And we are talking about a boy who was raised by a pack of wolves. By the way, in the history of mankind there were cases when very young children ended up in certain animal communities, and the animals raised this child as their own. The question arises: what is the nationality of the Mowgli children? Since Mowgli was born into a family of people who belonged to a certain cultural and national community, in theory, he should also be a representative of some people. Due to certain life circumstances, he found himself among the wolves, but he remained a man. At the end of the book, Mowgli returns to people, but who is he? Outwardly, Mowgli looks like a representative of the peoples of India, but by nature he is a wolf cub, because after all, we are all determined by our environment.

If you were born into a Russian family, but have lived in the USA or Canada all your life and have accepted American culture as your own, then you can hardly be considered Russian. You roast turkey on Thanksgiving and set off fireworks on Independence Day, you have become a true American. You will not become Russian thanks to a Russian surname, because your habits are like those of a typical American.

The same thing will happen to a person who, due to some circumstances, finds himself in Russia for a long period. According to his passport, he can be Portuguese, Indian, Finnish, anyone, but if this person grew up in this cultural environment, then, most likely, he will become what his environment wants him to see. Therefore, when we talk about interethnic relations, we must, first of all, talk about intercultural relations. The more we know about the culture of neighboring people, the easier it is for us to communicate. People become who they are by perceiving the achievements of the environment in which they live. And if these people also do good, then it doesn’t matter what nationality they are.

When humanity lived in pockets, that is, in a monoethnic world, there were no special problems with self-identification. Yes, people communicated, but they understood that in a foreign community there were different rules and different rules. But now all our “tribes” have united, interethnic relations have emerged. Interethnic (international) relations- relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life. We need to learn to understand the people who live next to us, and at the same time we need to demand that the people who live next to us learn to understand us. Only in this way will society become strong and united, and will be free from problems of interethnic interaction, which are not so rare in the world today.

When we talk about what in Russia interethnic problems are serious in nature, this does not mean that the Russian Federation is the only country in the world that is faced with a lack of mutual understanding between ethnic groups on its territory. Such problems exist almost everywhere, in every country in the world. Even if we look at Europe, which is quite prosperous from the point of view of interethnic dialogue, we will find that quite a few countries have interethnic problems. These problems, as a rule, fit into the concept of “separatism.” Separatism- a movement towards independence of a group or organization seeking to separate from a larger association. For example, France is very long years fights Corsican separatism: a terrorist organization has been operating on the island of Corsica for a long time, fighting for the independence of this island from France. Similar manifestations of separatism are observed in Spain, where the Basque people are fighting for their own independence, again with the help of terrorist acts. A lot of films have been made and many books have been written about the struggle of Great Britain against the IRA - the Irish Republican Army, which is also the clearest example of an interethnic conflict. If we look at North America, then it turns out that in Canada there is a French-speaking part, and there is an English-speaking part, and it is the province of Quebec (French-speaking) that is stubbornly fighting to create its own state.

There are similar problems in the East. If we look at the Middle East, we will see an almost insoluble knot of contradictions associated with the Arab-Israeli confrontation. In essence, they are practically one people (the Semitic-Hamitic group), their languages ​​are very similar, but the contradictions that have developed between the peoples historically have still not been resolved. An almost mononational state - China - also suffers from interethnic conflicts, because in reality China consists of huge amount peoples and nationalities. The Chinese government is trying to keep this huge mass of people in its hands, but within China the Uyghur Autonomous Region stands out, whose residents are very different from the Chinese in terms of culture and language and want to secede. As a rule, Japan is cited as an example of an absolutely mono-ethnic state and, at the same time, there is a very small group of the indigenous population of the Japanese islands. In fact, today's Japanese are an alien people, but originally a people called the Ainu lived on these islands. These Ainu were driven out and now live on a very small group of small Japanese islands. The Ainu make up 1% of the Japanese population, but they are still trying to achieve some kind of national rights for themselves.

It is good if this struggle is exclusively peaceful, but many examples of wars based on interethnic conflicts can be given. This is why the problem of interethnic dialogue is especially acute for our state. Russia is multinational; the Constitution of our country states that the Russian people are multinational. Imagine the situation if the government begins to “play” on this national field, saying that some people here are exceptional, while others are secondary, of little use, defective. Then our state will simply cease to exist. Imagine that people who call themselves nationalists, that is, they say that they are fighting for the purity of their people, they will begin to defend the exclusivity of any people within the whole of Russia or a certain territory of Russia. It is from this moment, from this exclamation, that the history of our state will end. If we say that Russia is only for Russians, it means that we are losing our status Russian Federation, consisting of a huge number of subjects. To say that any of the subjects of our federation is intended only for the life of the titular people means losing the status of a Great Power. Speculation on issues of interethnic relations always ends in disaster. Any attempts to drive a wedge between representatives of different nations is playing with fire, which will lead to disaster.

We live in a very rich and happy country. In order for this country to continue to remain so, we must be attentive to both ourselves and those around us. Only in this way will we be able to increase the wealth that we inherited from our ancestors.

And in the next, final lesson, we will talk about what constitutes deviant behavior.

Bibliography

1. Kravchenko A.I. Social science 8. - M.: Russian Word.

2. Nikitin A.F. Social studies 8. - M.: Bustard.

3. Bogolyubov L.N., Gorodetskaya N.I., Ivanova L.F. / Ed. Bogolyubova L.N., Ivanova L.F. Social science 8. - M.: Education.

1. Single portal Social Studies ().

2. Scientific and educational magazine “Skepticism” ().

Homework

1. Explain why the issue of self-identification for a person is so difficult in the modern world.

2. What is separatism? Give some examples of hotbeds of separatism in the world.

3. * Write an essay on the topic: “A person who hates another people does not love his own” (N. Dobrolyubov).

What is interethnic relations? These are certain relationships that arise between ethnic groups, which cover all spheres of public life without exception.

In the modern world, relations between peoples play a big role, since the process of globalization determines constant contacts and cultural exchange between ethnic groups. Interethnic integration is taking place. An example of such integration is the EU, where peoples unite culturally, economically and politically.

In addition to the political integration strategy (EU), there are other types of integration process. Example – USA, “melting pot” concept. This expression means that in America people belonging to different ethnic groups mix, the peoples that make up the United States are united into a common ethnic group “Americans”. The USA is a country founded by emigrants from all over the world.

Another process is possible, called ethnic mixing (mixing). It occurs when, in the mixing of several ethnic groups, one new one is formed. For example, the tundra peasants in Yakutia are a people who have absorbed both Russian and Yakut national characteristics. The tundra peasants retained the Orthodox faith, but entered into marriages with the indigenous peoples of Siberia. There was a mutual exchange of everyday life, which led to the formation of a new ethnic group.

There is a phenomenon of assimilation, when the culture of one people is “absorbed” by another. One of the peoples is deprived of its own language, national identity, customs, traditions, and culture. This process can occur either peacefully (assimilation by Russian settlers of the Finno-Ugric peoples of northeastern Rus': Chud, Merya, all) or violently (Arab conquerors assimilated the Christian population who had lived for a long time in the Middle East).

Scientists highlight the process of acculturation, in which two cultures that are different from each other become similar to each other and mix. Nations can both integrate and differentiate.

Based on nationality, states are usually divided into multinational and mononational. The Russian Federation is a striking example multinational state, because almost 200 different peoples live in Russia. For example, Portugal can be called a mononational state, where the Portuguese ethnic group makes up the overwhelming majority. National problems can arise in almost any country, so the authorities must know about the main types of national policies:

1. The policy of multiculturalism. Its goal is to preserve in the state individual differences in culture between peoples and ensure peaceful coexistence while preserving the identity of ethnic groups. The American “melting pot” is the direct opposite of this method, because it does not preserve the uniqueness of peoples in the state, but the unification of nations into one large ethnic group.
2. Nationalism. This policy extols the nation, the people as the highest value. Outbursts of nationalism have more than once led to negative consequences, populists, and demagogues repeatedly appealed to a sense of national greatness and pride in order to persuade people to take cruel measures against other peoples. Nationalism is not popular when there are friendly relations between nations in the state; it becomes more active if hard times. Populists manage to appeal to a primitive sense of national pride when the situation in the country is unstable and interethnic conflicts are brewing.
3. Chauvinism. The policy is named “in honor” of Chauvin. He was a soldier in Napoleon's army and fiercely approved of the conquests of the French emperor. The term “chauvinism” refers to excessive, excessive nationalist policies.
4. Discrimination. Such a policy deprives people of any nationality of certain rights and puts them in a humiliated position in relation to the “privileged” people. Jews in Russian Empire were subject to serious discrimination. There was a “Pale of Settlement” - a limited territory in which Jews had the right to live.
5. Apartheid. Extremely severe discriminatory measures are applied to a certain ethnic group. Apartheid became especially widespread in South Africa, where the descendants of the Boer colonists did not accept indigenous people Africa as equal people. Africans were allocated certain territories outside of which they were forbidden to live. Their places of residence were called “bantustans”.
6. Segregation. If such a policy is pursued, then a certain ethnic group is deprived of part of its rights due to nationality.
7. Genocide. Total extermination of unwanted people. Destruction of civilians on ethnic, religious, or other grounds. The creation of concentration camps and other measures aimed at the complete, total destruction of the people. The Turks committed genocide during the First World War. The Turks killed Armenians, Pontic Greeks and Assyrians. It is worth noting that Türkiye still refuses to recognize the fact of genocide.
8. Holocaust. The policy of Nazi Germany aimed at the complete destruction of the Jewish people and everything connected with them. More than half of the world's Jews died in the Nazi Holocaust.
9. Separatism. Separatists are people who strive to separate themselves. own people from the state. Separatists modern life You can name the Spanish Basques, who have been seeking independence for many years.

Interethnic relations. Ethnosocial conflicts. Ways to resolve them

An interethnic conflict is a clash of interests of peoples. It can occur for various reasons, which are outlined below:

• Religious reasons. Crusades, Reconquista, Arab conquests.
• Economic reasons. A dispute over any resource, property, profitable territory. For many years, France and Germany fought over Alsace and Lorraine, where valuable coal deposits are located.
• Cultural. Peoples living in the same state and having different ways of life and traditions may enter into conflict on cultural grounds.
• "Clash of Civilizations". When two large people, defending two different models values ​​collide, a clash of civilizations occurs. The wars of merchant Carthage and agricultural Rome are a vivid example of such a conflict.
• Historical reasons. Armenia and Azerbaijan have been in conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh for many years.

Types of interethnic conflicts:

• Stereotype conflict. The people have a negative perception of their neighbor, due to the historical past. This leads to conflict, for example, between Palestinians and Jews.
• Ideological conflict. A nation makes territorial claims to lands that it considers historically its own. Byzantium had such claims to the territory of the former Roman Empire.

Interethnic conflicts must be resolved so that peoples can interact normally. There are the following strategies for resolving conflict situations:

• Determine what demands the warring parties have and try to find a compromise solution.
• Use sanctions. Economic restrictions and military intervention. The last method is very controversial. On the one hand, it is possible to destroy the radicals, but on the other hand, this may lead to a further escalation of the conflict.
• Reach a temporary break. The parties will calm down and be ready to cooperate.
• Take preventive measures to prevent conflict.

Nations and interethnic relations are an important topic in modern society.

Municipal government educational institution

"Average comprehensive school No. 14 village Prietoksky"

NATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Essay

Prepared by:

9th grade student

Ivanova Victoria

Supervisor:

Bobreshova Valentina Sergeevna,

life safety teacher-organizer

MKOU secondary school No. 14 village. Prietoksky

year 2014

Content

Introduction

The nation and its main features

National identity

Relations between nations

Attitude to the history and traditions of the people

Interethnic conflicts: the main causes and ways to overcome them

Used Books

Introduction

Today, tolerance in society is a necessary component of further

successful development. Tolerance, that is, equal recognition of the opportunity of all people to realize themselves in society, regardless of religious, national, or racial differences, is the key to economic and political stability in society. Tolerance gives people the opportunity to realize themselves and cooperate with each other. In a society in which there is high level tolerance, people are protected and feel free, which means they will work to strengthen such a society. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the theoretical and practical aspects of teaching tolerance among young people.

We present to your attention an abstract that will help deepen your knowledge about

historically established forms social society people, about the leading trends in the development of nations and interethnic relations in the modern world and in our country, possible ways of interethnic integration and harmonization of interethnic relations. We will consider a number of ideas that make up the value base of the culture of interethnic relations as part of the general moral and legal culture. It is based on the accepted modern civilization the principle of a humanistic approach to ethnic problems, the essence of which is discussed in the abstract.

The nation and its main features

Throughout recorded history, humanity has consisted of different peoples, or, to put it in scientific terms, ethnic groups. Let’s compare the total number of peoples living on Earth today (according to various estimates, from two to three thousand, if we take into account small nations), with total number currently existing sovereign states (about two hundred). Almost all modern states are multinational. Multinational all capitals of the world, all big cities and even large villages. Teams with a diverse national composition have become the norm these days not only in the most remote corners of the earth, but also in outer space.

The multinational environment is an objectively existing one, typical feature and living conditions modern man, peoples not only coexist, but also actively interact; the process of interaction has also been carried out throughout almost the entire history of mankind.

From history we know about the interaction of peoples and continents, different states and various civilizations, national groups and individuals. The modern scientific and technological revolution has raised the intensity of interaction to a new level: it has become fully global. Everywhere where people coexist, collaborate, and interact, not only business, but also personal, physical contacts have occurred and are occurring. There are so-called mixed marriages of different peoples will be born new family, in which children combine different ethnic branches into one tree human life. Science says: today there are not only pure-blooded peoples, but also individual people, among whose ancestors there would certainly (or with a greater degree of probability) not be representatives of different ethnic groups.

The leading Russian ethnologist L.N. Gumilyov has repeatedly emphasized that one cannot talk about any “purity of blood,” “exclusivity,” or “chosenness.”

Based on convincing scientific arguments, let us formulate a morally important position: any claims to “pure blood”, both from the standpoint of science and from the standpoint of morality, are a racist fantasy or calculated political demagoguery, deception. And the deception is not harmless: it is on this soil that nationalism, chauvinism, and fascism grow, which mean a dead end on the path to the future, and a bloody dead end, as evidenced by both the experience of history and the experience of our days.

A person’s belonging to one or another nation is neither an advantage nor a disadvantage. National identity is not subject to any moral assessment at all, because there is actually nothing to evaluate: it does not contain any human (social) act, action, relationship, accomplishment, etc., which could be considered from the standpoint of good and evil. At the same time, in reality, there are often cases when a person’s dignity is grossly belittled and insulted. Such behavior can only be regarded as immoral, as a vile act. Unworthy of a decent person, because in fact it humiliates the personal dignity of a person, which, based on civilized, humane principles, should be understood as the right of everyone to respect regardless of origin, social status, worldview, etc. This is firstly, and secondly, such behavior is illegal. Throughout the civilized world, there are norms of international law that protect the rights and dignity of individuals, regardless of national origin (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Articles 1-2), and they apply in every country (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Articles 19,21).

How should you build your relationships with people of other nationalities, how should you treat them? How to deal with them?

Modern civilized ethics of interethnic relations gives a clear, completely definite answer: these relations should always, in any situation, be built only on the basis of moral and legal norms. This idea can be expressed more specifically: since we have all always lived, and will continue to live, in a multinational environment, each of us is obliged to show special sensitivity and responsibility in relation to people of a different nationality. A responsible person must always foresee the consequences of his actions and know that he will have to answer for them according to the laws of morality and law. And the word “delicacy” in the Russian language has always meant and means politeness, attentiveness, tact, and subtlety in handling.

National identity

If speak about national identity, then the conversation will touch on such complex and sacred concepts as “patriotism” and “national pride”. These concepts are interconnected by the commonality of their constituent aspects. Such aspects include, first of all, the consciousness of belonging to one’s people and the feeling of love for the Fatherland. The very feeling of love is an infinitely complex inner world, which includes a sense of respect for the historical heritage (material and spiritual), a sense of responsibility for the fate of the Fatherland, and pain for it, and at the same time a critical attitude towards shortcomings, the desire to see the Motherland prosperous, free, etc. There is no place for arrogance, pride and conceit, but it certainly includes a sense of respect for the creative experience of other peoples and universal human values.

Relations between nations

In structure human society occupy an important place large groups(communities) that unite people along national lines. A person’s nationality is his belonging to a particular nation or nationality. There are now about 2 thousand nations, nationalities, and tribes on this earth. They are part of l80 states. It is not difficult to realize that there are many more nations and nationalities than states in the world, therefore among these states there are many that are multinational.

From history courses we know that in primitive society people were united by a tribe. After the emergence of classes and states (during the period of slave-owning and feudal societies), nationalities took shape: on the basis of strengthening inter-tribal ties and mixing of tribes, a single language for a given nationality was formed, and a territorial and cultural community emerged.

Capitalism has significantly strengthened economic ties within nationalities, thanks to which nationalities have turned into nations. Nations arose from both related and unrelated tribes and nationalities as a result of their connection, “mixing”, “fusion”. People belonging to the same nation are united by common economic ties, territory, and culture. They speak the same language. They are inherent common features national character.

The history of relations between tribes, nationalities, and nations is complex and dramatic. Often there were strife and bloody conflicts between them. The ruling classes, seeking to increase the territory and wealth they owned, more than once set one people against another. Inciting national hatred, they used the tension to strengthen anti-democratic regimes. And in the modern world, national conflicts continue.

Dream the best people of all times and peoples was the creation of a state of friendship and brotherhood, a society of harmony between nations. A. S. Pushkin thought “about the times to come, when peoples, having forgotten their strife, great family will unite."

Attitude to the history and traditions of the people.

Destiny individual person cannot be separated from the fate of his people. When the German fascists decided to destroy entire nations or a significant part of them - Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, etc.), Jews, Gypsies - their criminal actions ruined the fate of millions of families and brought misfortune to countless people. Therefore, a person cannot be indifferent to the successes or misfortunes of his people. People of any nation have a sense of national pride. But national pride is understood differently. For example, the best representatives of the Russian people have always been proud of the creations of Russian craftsmen, the outstanding achievements of Russian culture, and the exploits of their soldiers on the battlefields. National pride The best Russian people included respect for the national feelings of other peoples, recognition that other peoples also have the right to national pride.

This position is opposed by another: “Everything that is ours is good, everything that is alien (that is, characteristic of another nation) is bad.” People who share this position are ready, without hesitation, to justify everything that happened in the history of their people - both good and bad, and to denigrate everything that happened in the history of another people. Such limitations lead to national discord, and therefore to new troubles not only for other peoples, but also for our own.

There were glorious pages in the historical past of different nations. The achievements of the material and spiritual culture of the people evoke admiration not only among people belonging to a given nation, but also among representatives of other nations. But if there are dark pages in history, then they must be perceived accordingly with pain or indignation. Do not hide the “inconvenient” facts of the historical past, but evaluate them as they deserve.

Historical path of each people explains the emergence of national traditions and customs. Many nations have a tradition of hospitality. A tradition has developed of helping other nations in trouble.

But there are other traditions. For example, blood feud.

The younger generation cannot blindly accept any national traditions and customs. It must independently determine what historical experience worthy of admiration, and what is condemnable.

German fascists attacked in 1941. on the Soviet Union, they counted on the emergence of national clashes in the USSR. They miscalculated. All the peoples of the country courageously defended their common Motherland, fought shoulder to shoulder at the front, and helped each other in the rear. Among 11 thousand Heroes Soviet Union thousands of Russians and Ukrainians, hundreds of Belarusians, Tatars, Jews, dozens of Kazakhs, Georgians, Armenians, Uzbeks, Mordvins, Chuvash, Azerbaijanis, Bashkirs, Ossetians, Mari, Turkmen, Tajiks, Latvians, Kyrgyz, warriors of many other nationalities.

Cooperation and mutual understanding between nations, achieved in any multinational country, is a great achievement of peoples, which must be protected and strengthened in every possible way.

Interethnic relations in modern society

In the second half of the 80s, in some areas of our country there was a deterioration in interethnic relations. Intolerance, friction, and conflicts on an interethnic basis arose in a number of areas. They knocked people out of their normal life rut, and in some cases resulted in numerous casualties. People were injured, including old people, women, and children. Instigators have emerged who would like to use interethnic tensions for criminal purposes. Such actions can lead to general disaster.

The peace and well-being of people and the fate of the country largely depend on the problems of interethnic relations. It is important to understand well the danger of aggravating relations between people different nationalities, a danger to society, to every family, to every person. It is necessary to implement measures to normalize interethnic relations and solve the problems that have accumulated in this area.

Much depends on each person. No one should put up with manifestations of national hatred in any form, with artificial opposition of nations, with the intention of displacing some nations by others. These manifestations are humiliating from the point of view of human dignity.

We must be guided by the fundamental criterion: every person, no matter what nation he belongs to, must feel like an equal citizen in any part of our country, and have the opportunity to enjoy all the rights guaranteed by law. The equality of nations and peoples is inextricably linked with the equality of people, regardless of their nationality. This is the highest principle of humanism.

The experience of human civilization shows that national conflicts can be eliminated or mitigated by combining the principles of territorial, national-territorial and personal autonomy. The latter means a guarantee of human rights: rights of national self-determination, cultural autonomy, freedom of movement, economic and political protection regardless of place of residence. These rights are reflected in the legislation of the Russian Federation. First of all, it states that everyone has the right to freely determine their nationality. No one should be forced to determine and indicate his nationality. National self-determination means that a person himself determines his nationality not by the nationality of his parents, but by self-awareness, by the language in which he always speaks and thinks and which is therefore native to him, by the traditions and customs that he observes, by the culture that closest to him.

Russian laws proclaim that everyone has the right to use their native language, including education and upbringing in on native language. For this purpose, schools teaching in their native language are being created for children from national minorities.

People who consider themselves to be one nation and live among people of other nationalities can unite to preserve and develop their culture, communicate in their native language, create schools, clubs, theaters, and publish books and magazines. International law contains the following rule: in those countries where ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to these minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with other members of the same group, to enjoy their own culture, profess their own religion and practice, and also use your native language.

And one more important norm of international law: any speech aimed at inciting national, racial or religious hatred, constituting incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence, must be prohibited by law. The laws of our country provide for criminal liability for actions aimed at inciting national, racial or religious hatred, humiliation national dignity. Any propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of citizens based on their attitude to religion, nationality or race also entails criminal punishment.

Interethnic conflicts:

main causes and ways to overcome them

What vital causes of interethnic tension are considered

relevant today? Nowadays, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all subjects of the Federation are equal, and the trend towards the growth of self-government is growing. Miscalculations in cultural and language policy are being corrected – growth is expected cultural autonomy etc., we can conclude that the process of reform, democratization of public life, building the rule of law in our country has a positive effect on the nature of interethnic relations. And vice versa: when national policies lack wisdom, when democratic principles are abandoned and human rights are violated, tensions and even conflicts arise.

There are always and everywhere people interested in inciting ethnic hatred. Who are they? Perhaps these are careerist politicians who, on the wave of nationalism, would like to climb to key administrative positions, or incompetent leaders who like to write off their mistakes at the expense of “foreigners” who constantly “plant” something “very bad and harmful for the people”; These are those writers and journalists who seek to gain cheap popularity by inflating chauvinist ideas in their writings. These, of course, are mafia groups hungry for easy money in conditions of instability and weakness of law enforcement agencies; These are, finally, people with a sick psyche, an inferiority complex, who are trying to assert themselves by insulting and persecuting people of other nationalities.

Is it possible to live without ethnic conflicts? Are there any countries where national question successfully resolved? What are the ways to harmonize interethnic relations?

Analyzing relatively successful experience harmonization of interethnic relations in a number of countries of the world (Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Belgium, USA), experts believe that consistent democratization, adherence to the principles of humanism in solving ethnic problems and, as the main condition for the freedom of all people, the protection of human rights manifests itself in a number of specific conditions, including:

In providing all peoples living in a given country with the broadest possible self-government - autonomy (in all its forms);

In the refusal of national minorities to separatism, i.e. isolation, secession in order to create a new independent state, which violates the sovereignty of the country, poses a threat to its integrity, creates a lot of complex problems (Russia - the problem of Chechnya; Canada - the problem of the French-Canadians; Spain - the problem of the Basques; India - the problem of the Sikhs, Tamils; Ethiopia – the problem of the Eritreans; Indonesia – the problem of the Moluccans, Sumtrans separatists, etc.);

In constant search for consensus;

Finally, in a persistent struggle against the insurmountable vice - everyday nationalism and chauvinism, contrasting it with the consistent implementation of the principle of respect for people of other nationalities. This is the duty of every thinking citizen, just a decent person.

In conclusion, I would like to get acquainted with the opinion of experts. Science says: in an absolute sense - no, but in a relative sense - yes. In other words, building harmonious interethnic relations is not a hopeless task. The scientists' cautious optimism has reason. The world is full of contradictions and conflicts - this is a reality that cannot be embellished. And while there are social and even interpersonal conflicts(and they, apparently, will always exist), in any multinational society there remains the danger of transferring the conflict to the interethnic plane, that is, the possibility of blaming “foreigners” for all the troubles. In addition to wise national policies in general, only one thing can be opposed to this - the personal culture of interethnic and broader - interpersonal relationships which everyone must develop within themselves. Such a culture, said the Russian scientist L.N. Gumilev, who considered the friendship of peoples an invaluable gift, is built on a simple formula: respect the national identity of others, be tolerant, responsive and sincerely friendly, in short, show others the attitude that you expect from them.

Used Books

Introduction to social studies: Proc. allowance for 8-9 grades. general education institutions / L.N. Bogolyubov, L.F. Ivanova, A.I. Matveev, etc.; Ed. L.N. Bogolyubova. – 6th ed. – M.: Education, 2001.

All are different - all are equal: Educational Sat. Ideas, means, methods and work in the field of intercultural education of adults and youth / European Youth Center. - Strasbourg.

Constitution of the Russian Federation. 2004.

Melnikova E.V. Culture and traditions of the peoples of the world: [ethnopsychological aspect]/E.V. Melnikova. – M.: Dialogue of Cultures, 2006.

Selishcheva L. Tolerance is the key to the well-being of society / L. Selishcheva // Bibliopol. – 2008. - No. 5.

Eliasberg N.I. Social science. Social practice: Textbook. social studies manual for 6-7 grades. basic general education school – St. Petersburg: Soyuz, 2006.

http://www.prosv.ru/ebooks/Chelovek_i_obshestvo_2/8.html

Social studies lesson in 10th grade

Target:
- create conditions for students to acquire knowledge about historically established communities of people.

Lesson objectives:

Didactic: create conditions for organizing creative and exploratory activities of students in the classroom, increase the independence of students’ work.

Educational: 1.Know what “ethnicity” and “ethnic communities” are, understand the meaning of the basic concepts of the topic (racism, chauvinism, genocide, etc.), know the types and causes of interethnic conflicts and ways to resolve them.

Developmental: mastering the skills to receive and critically comprehend social information, analyze, systematize the data received, the ability to work with sources; mastering methods of cognitive, communicative, practical activities, make comparisons, draw conclusions, give examples from the media. The lesson includes elements of training tasks for the Unified State Exam in social studies, which helps students successfully prepare for the Unified State Exam in the subject.

Educational: to cultivate in students national patriotic feelings, tolerance, formation of active life position, instilling in students respect for other peoples and forming the foundations of a culture of interethnic communication.

Basic concepts: nation, nationality, ethnicity, tribe, nationality, interethnic relations, interethnic conflict, nationalism, chauvinism, genocide, racism, tolerance

Interdisciplinary connections: history, music, geography, literature

Didactic material: text with a fragment from the works of philosophers about the nation and interethnic relations, worksheets with tasks , Constitution of the Russian Federation

Equipment: projector, screen, computer, presentation “Nations and Interethnic Relations”, manual “Social Studies for Preparation for the Unified State Exam” P.A. Baranov, Constitution of the Russian Federation

Goal setting.

Declaring the objectives of the lesson: to practice and consolidate basic skills in training tasks Unified State Exam and in the process of completing tasks, repeat the basic terms, concepts, classifications and characteristics on the topic.

Lesson format: workshop lesson with elements of integration and the use of ICT.

Provision of information: presentation “Interethnic conflicts”

(interdisciplinary connection with history, music)

An approach: competence-based