Marriages are concluded between representatives of the association. Concept of society

Society existed in that distant era when there were no countries and states. Therefore, the concept of society is applicable to any historical era, to a group or association of people of any size. Society is the largest group living in a given territory. The signs that E. Shils expressed in concentrated form are applicable to him.

Both modern powers, numbering hundreds of millions of citizens, and ancient tribes, located in the territory of the current urban microdistrict, meet these criteria. Both have consanguineous systems (marriage and recruitment of new members), their own territory, name, culture, history, governance, and most importantly, they are not part of another whole. But many other human associations do not correspond to them, say, a village or village, although at first glance they have everything necessary for this: a consanguinity system, territory, history, culture, name, management.

The concept of society takes on a very definite meaning when we talk about<российском обществе>having geographical boundaries, a common legal system and some kind of national unity. Sociologists argue approximately in this direction when they create a set of specific definitions of society. In 1967, R. Marsh tried to determine the conditions under which social association should be considered a society:

1) permanent territory - for example, Spain in its state borders;

2) replenishment of society mainly through childbearing, although immigration also plays some role in this;

3) highly developed culture - cultural models can be diverse enough to satisfy all needs public life;

4) political independence - society is not a subsystem or part of some other system, therefore colonial societies such as the Belgian Congo before independence could not be considered as such.

The author of this classification recognized the incompleteness and controversial nature of his criteria. For example, is it possible to apply the criterion<высокоразвитая культура>to a country where representatives of various religious beliefs And ethnic groups, be it the USA, India or the USSR. There is no common values and ideals accepted by the entire population. It would be more correct to call their culture a collection of subcultures, with great difficulty linked together by political and legislative power. Perhaps that’s why it turned out to be so fragile Soviet Union. Criterion<политическая независимость>is no less controversial. On the territory of the USSR there were established and very ancient ethnic groups that had a highly developed culture, but did not have political independence, but existed as a union republic, in particular Armenia, Georgia, and Estonia.

Shils Edward Albert

(1911) - American sociologist. In sociology, Shils is a proponent of the concept of equilibrium, according to which society is viewed as a system that restores “social order” in conditions of disruption of its equilibrium. Shiles is one of the ardent supporters of the concept of deideologization. It was he who gave the name to this concept, putting forward the slogan “the end of ideology” as an attempt to substantiate a pure social science free from value judgments.

E. Shils singled following signs societies:

1. It is not an organic part of any larger system.

2. Marriages are concluded between representatives of a given community

3. It is replenished by the children of those people who are members of this community

4. It has its own territory

5. It has its own name and its own history

6. It has its own control system

7. It lasts longer average duration life of an individual

8. It brings him together general system values, norms, laws, rules.

Related information:

1. I. In the Garden of Eden there were two trees, one was the tree of life, the other was the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, and this means that man was given freedom of choice in spiritual matters.

1. The concept of society

Systematic approach to the analysis of society

Today, two approaches to understanding society can be distinguished. IN in a broad sense words society- This a set of historically established forms life together and human activities on earth. IN in the narrow sense words society is a specific type of social and political system, specific national theoretical education. However, these interpretations of the concept under consideration cannot be considered sufficiently complete, since the problem of society occupied the minds of many thinkers, and in the process of development of sociological knowledge, different approaches to its definition.

Thus, E. Durkheim defined society as supra-individual spiritual reality based on collective ideas. From the point of view of M. Weber, society is the interaction of people who are the product of social, i.e., other-oriented actions. K. Marx represents society as a historically developing set of relations between people that develop in the process of their joint actions. Another theorist of sociological thought, T. Parsons, believed that society is a system of relations between people based on norms and values ​​that form culture.

Thus, it is not difficult to see that society is a complex category characterized by a collection of various signs. Each of the above definitions reflects certain characteristic features of this phenomenon. Only taking into account all these characteristics allows us to give the most complete and precise definition concepts of society. Most full list characteristic features society was highlighted by an American sociologist E. Shils . He developed the following characteristics characteristic of any society:

1) it is not an organic part of any larger system;

2) marriages are concluded between representatives of a given community;

3) it is replenished by the children of those people who are members of this community;

4) it has its own territory;

5) it has a self-name and its own history;

6) it has its own management system;

7) it exists longer than the average life expectancy of an individual;

8) he is united by a common system of values, norms, laws, rules.

Taking into account all these features, we can give the following definition of society: it is a historically established and self-reproducing community of people.

The aspects of reproduction are biological, economic and cultural reproduction.

This definition allows us to distinguish the concept of society from the concept of “state” (the institution of governance social processes, which arose historically later than society) and “country” (a territorial-political entity formed on the basis of society and the state).

The study of society within the framework of sociology is based on a systems approach. The use of this particular method is also determined by a number of characteristic features society, which is characterized as: social system higher order; complex system education; holistic system; a self-developing system because the source is within society.

Thus, it is not difficult to see what society is complex system.

System- This in a certain way an ordered set of elements interconnected and forming some kind of integral unity. Undoubtedly, society is a social system that is characterized as holistic education, the elements of which are people, their interactions and relationships, which are sustainable and reproduced in the historical process, passing from generation to generation.

Thus, the following can be identified as the main elements of society as a social system:

2) social connections and interactions;

3) social institutions, social strata;

4) social norms and values.

Like any system, society is characterized by close interaction of its elements. Taking this feature into account, within systematic approach society can be defined as a large ordered collection social processes and phenomena more or less connected and interacting with each other and forming a single social whole. Society as a system is characterized by such features as coordination and subordination of its elements.

Coordination is the consistency of elements, their mutual functioning. Subordination is subordination and subordination, indicating the place of elements in a holistic system.

The social system is independent in relation to its constituent elements and has the ability to self-develop.

Functionalism was developed based on a systematic approach to the analysis of society. The functional approach was formulated by G. Spencer and developed in the works of R. Merton and T. Parsons. IN modern sociology it is complemented by determinism and an individualistic approach (interactionism).

Undoubtedly, the key issue of any civilized society is the issue of its organization. Modern society organized exclusively on capital, which is why it is called capitalist.

Society is a group of people that is not formally organized, but has common interests and values. Open and closed society are concepts introduced by K. Popper to describe the cultural, historical and political systems characteristic of various societies at different stages of their development.

Socialization is the process necessary for a child to acquire the skills necessary to live a full life in society. Unlike other living beings, whose behavior is determined biologically, man, as a biosocial being, needs the process of socialization in order to survive. Initially, the socialization of an individual occurs in the family, and only then in society.

Signs of society as a social system

1. Hierarchy
2. Self-regulation
3. Openness
4. Information content
5. Self-determination
6. Self-organization

The functioning and development of a social system necessarily presupposes a succession of generations of people and, therefore, social inheritance - members of society pass on knowledge and culture from generation to generation.

Signs of society (according to Edward Shils)

American sociologist Edward Shils identifies the following criteria for society:

• it is not part of a larger system;
• marriages are concluded between representatives of this association;
• it is replenished primarily by the children of those people who are already its recognized representatives;
• the association has a territory that it considers its own;
• the society has its own name and its own history;
• it has its own control system;
• the association exists longer than the average life expectancy of an individual;
• it is united by a common system of values ​​(customs, traditions, norms, laws, rules), which is called culture.

R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 describes a totalitarian society that relies on popular culture and consumer thinking, in which all books that make you think about life are to be burned.

Society- the social organization of the country, ensuring the joint life of people. This is a part of the material world isolated from nature, representing a historically developing form of connections and relationships between people in the process of their life.

Many scientists have tried to study society, to determine its nature and essence. The ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle understood society as a collection of individuals who united to satisfy their social instincts. Epicurus believed that the main thing in society is social justice as the result of an agreement between people not to harm each other and not to suffer harm.

T. Parsons defined society as a system of relations between people, the connecting principle of which is norms and values. From point of view K. Marx, society- is a historically developing set of relationships between people, emerging in the process of their joint activities.

According to Marx, production relations are the root cause of all human relations and create large social system called society.

According to the ideas of K. Marx, society is the interaction of people. Form social order does not depend on their (people's) will. Each form of social structure is generated by a certain stage of development of the productive forces.

People cannot freely dispose of productive forces, because these forces are the product of people’s previous activities, their energy. But this energy itself is limited by the conditions in which people are placed by the productive forces that have already been conquered, by the form of social structure that existed before them and which is the product of the activities of the previous generation.

American sociologist E. Shils identified the following characteristics of society:

1) it is not an organic part of any larger system;

2) marriages are concluded between representatives of a given community;

3) it is replenished by the children of those people who are members of this community;

4) it has its own territory;

5) it has a self-name and its own history;

6) it has its own management system;

7) it exists longer than the average life expectancy of an individual;

8) he is united by a common system of values, norms, laws, rules.

Society lives and develops according to objective laws unity (of society) with the natural environment; provision social development; energy concentration; promising activity; unity and struggle of opposites; transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones; negations - negations; compliance of production relations with the level of development of productive forces; dialectical unity of the economic basis and social superstructure; increasing the role of the individual, etc. Violation of the laws of social development is fraught with major cataclysms and large losses.

Whatever goals the subject of social life sets for himself, being in the system of social relations, he must obey them. In the history of society, hundreds of wars are known that brought huge losses to it, regardless of the goals of the rulers who unleashed them. Suffice it to recall Napoleon, Hitler, former presidents The USA, which started the war in Vietnam and Iraq.

CHAPTER 3. STRUCTURE OF THE SOCIETY

Concept social structure first applied to social object Herbert Spencer in his book "Principles of Sociology". By structure, Spencer understood stable connections between a social organism and its parts. The very concept of structure means, according to Spencer, the arrangement, order or set of functionally interconnected elements, connections and dependencies that form the internal structure of an object.

In modern sociology there is no single approach to determining the social structure of society. Different structural elements are identified and formed various theories their interactions.

Structural elements society.

One of the most common approaches to the formation of the social structure of society is to highlight as the initial element various types social communities.

A social community is a really unrealistically existing, empirically fixed set of individuals, distinguished by relative integrity and acting as an independent subject of social action.

Social communities differ in the variety of specific historical and situationally determined types and forms. The communities differ:

1) by the number of elements that make up the community (from two elements to many millions);

2) by duration of existence (from short-term, existing less than the lifespan of one generation of people, to long-term, existing for many generations);

3) by the density of connections between members of the association (from closely knit teams to nominal associations).

Based on the totality of their characteristics, social communities can be divided into two types - mass and group. Mass communities differ from group ones primarily in the quality and degree of interaction. The signs of a mass community are the following features:

associations are amorphous formations with unclear dividing boundaries;

to unify the nature of the uncertainty of quantitative and qualitative composition, it is characterized by heterogeneity and intergroup nature

An association is characterized by a situational method of formation, an association that is not stable, but rapidly changing.

Mass communities are the crowd, political and social movements, various associations.

Social stratification (stratification of society) is a hierarchically ranked social inequality, as well as a process as a result of which individuals and groups turn out to be unequal to each other. The stratification system implies a characteristic stratification and a method of its approval.

There are mixed stratification systems; in addition, according to scientists, people are in constant motion, and society is in development. Therefore, the mechanism social stratification is social mobility, which is defined as a change by an individual, family, social group, place in the social structure.

CONCLUSION

In this work, I found out that civil society is a combination of moral, religious, national, socio-economic, family relations and institutions through which the interests of individuals and their groups are satisfied.
In economic terms, this means that each individual is an owner.

He actually possesses the means that a person needs for his normal existence. He is free to choose forms of ownership, determine the profession and type of work, and dispose of the results of his work. IN socially belonging of an individual to a certain social community(family, clan, class, nation) is not absolute.

It can exist independently and has the right to sufficiently autonomous self-organization to satisfy its needs and interests. Political aspect the freedom of the individual as a citizen lies in his independence from the state, i.e. in the opportunity, for example, to be a member of a political party or association that criticizes the existing state power, has the right to participate or not to participate in elections of state authorities and local self-government.

Freedom is considered to be secured when an individual, through certain mechanisms (court, etc.) can limit the willfulness of state or other structures in relation to himself.
Civil society is open social education. It ensures freedom of speech, including freedom of criticism, openness, access to various types of information, the right of free entry and exit, wide and constant exchange of information and educational technologies with other countries, cultural and scientific cooperation with foreign government and public organizations, assistance

activities of international and foreign associations in accordance with the principles and norms of international law. It is committed to general humanistic principles and is open to interaction with similar entities on a planetary scale. Civil society is a complexly structured system.

Of course, any social organism has a certain set of systemic qualities, but civil society is characterized by their completeness, stability and reproducibility. Availability of diverse social forms and institutions (trade unions, parties, associations of entrepreneurs, consumer societies, clubs, etc.) makes it possible to express and realize the most diverse needs and interests of individuals, to reveal all the originality of the human being.

Founder Auguste Comte considered it about society, the space in which people’s lives take place. Without it, life is impossible, which explains the importance of studying this topic.

What does the concept “society” mean? How does it differ from the concepts “country” and “state”, which are used in everyday speech, often as identical?

A country is a geographical concept that denotes a part of the world, a territory that has certain boundaries.

- political organization of society with a certain type of government (monarchy, republic, councils, etc.), bodies and structure of government (authoritarian or democratic).

- the social organization of the country, ensuring the joint life of people. This is a part of the material world isolated from nature, representing a historically developing form of connections and relationships between people in the process of their life.

Many scientists have tried to study society, to determine its nature and essence. The ancient Greek philosopher and scientist understood society as a collection of individuals who united to satisfy their social instincts. Epicurus believed that the main thing in society is social justice as the result of an agreement between people not to harm each other and not to suffer harm.

In Western European social science XVII-XVIII centuries ideologists of the new rising strata of society ( T. Hobbes, J.-J. Rousseau), who opposed religious dogma, was put forward the idea of ​​a social contract, i.e. agreements between people, each of which has sovereign rights to control its own actions. This idea was opposed to the theological approach to organizing society according to the will of God.

Attempts have been made to define society based on the identification of some primary cell of society. So, Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that the family is the most ancient of all societies. She is the likeness of a father, the people are like children, and all those born equal and free, if they alienate their freedom, do so only for their own benefit.

Hegel tried to consider society as a complex system of relations, highlighting as the subject of consideration the so-called, i.e., a society where there is a dependence of everyone on everyone.

The works of one of the founders were of great importance for the scientific understanding of society scientific sociology O. Konta who believed that the structure of society is determined by the forms of human thinking ( theological, metaphysical and positive). He viewed society itself as a system of elements, which are the family, classes and the state, and the basis is formed by the division of labor between people and their relationships with each other. We find a definition of society close to this in Western European sociology of the 20th century. Yes, y Max Weber, society is a product of the interaction of people as a result of their social actions in the interests of everyone.

T. Parsons defined society as a system of relations between people, the connecting principle of which is norms and values. From point of view K. Marx, society is a historically developing set of relationships between people, emerging in the process of their joint activities.

Recognizing the approach to society as the relations of individuals, K. Marx, having analyzed the connections and relationships between them, introduced the concepts of “social relations”, “relations of production”, “socio-economic formations” and a number of others. Relations of production, forming social relations, create society, located at one or another specific stage of historical development. Consequently, according to Marx, production relations are the root cause of all human relations and create large social system called society.

According to the ideas of K. Marx, society is the interaction of people. The form of social structure does not depend on their (people's) will. Each form of social structure is generated by a certain stage of development of the productive forces.

People cannot freely dispose of productive forces, because these forces are the product of people’s previous activities, their energy. But this energy itself is limited by the conditions in which people are placed by the productive forces that have already been conquered, by the form of social structure that existed before them and which is the product of the activities of the previous generation.

American sociologist E. Shils identified the following characteristics of society:

• it is not an organic part of any larger system;
• marriages are concluded between representatives of a given community;
• it is replenished by the children of those people who are members of this community;
• it has its own territory;
• it has a self-name and its own history;
• it has its own control system;
• it exists longer than the average life expectancy of an individual;
• it is united by a common system of values, norms, laws, and rules.

It is obvious that in all the above definitions, to one degree or another, an approach to society is expressed as an integral system of elements that are in a state of close interconnection. This approach to society is called systemic. The main task of the systems approach in the study of society is to combine various knowledge about society into whole system, which could become a unified theory of society.

Played a major role in systemic research of society A. Malinovsky. He believed that society can be viewed as a social system, the elements of which are related to the basic needs of people for food, shelter, protection, and sexual satisfaction. People come together to satisfy their needs. In this process, secondary needs arise for communication, cooperation, and control over conflicts, which contributes to the development of language, norms, and rules of the organization, and this in turn requires coordination, management and integrative institutions.

Life of society

The life of society is carried out in four main areas: economic, social, political and spiritual.

Economic sphere there is a unity of production, specialization and cooperation, consumption, exchange and distribution. It ensures the production of goods necessary to satisfy the material needs of individuals.

Social sphere represent people (clan, tribe, nationality, nation, etc.), various classes (slaves, slave owners, peasants, proletariat, bourgeoisie) and other social groups that have different financial situation and attitude towards existing social orders.

Political sphere covers power structures ( , political parties, political movements), people managers.

Spiritual (cultural) sphere includes philosophical, religious, artistic, legal, political and other views of people, as well as their moods, emotions, ideas about the world around them, traditions, customs, etc.

All of these spheres of society and their elements continuously interact, change, vary, but in the main remain unchanged (invariant). For example, the eras of slavery and our time differ sharply from each other, but at the same time all spheres of society retain the functions assigned to them.

In sociology, there are different approaches to finding foundations choosing priorities in social life of people(the problem of determinism).

Aristotle also emphasized the extremely important importance government system for the development of society. Identifying the political and social spheres, he viewed man as a “political animal.” At certain conditions politics can become a decisive factor that completely controls all other areas of society.

Supporters technological determinism The determining factor of social life is seen in material production, where the nature of labor, technique, and technology determine not only the quantity and quality of material products produced, but also the level of consumption and even the cultural needs of people.

Supporters cultural determinism They believe that the backbone of society consists of generally accepted values ​​and norms, the observance of which will ensure the stability and uniqueness of the society itself. Differences in cultures predetermine differences in people’s actions, in the organization of material production, in the choice of forms of political organization (in particular, this can be associated with famous expression: “Every people has the government it deserves”).

K. Marx based his concept on the determining role of the economic system, believing that it is the method of production of material life that determines the social, political and spiritual processes in society.

In modern Russian sociological literature there are opposing approaches to solving problems of primacy in the interaction of social spheres of society. Some authors tend to deny this very idea, believing that society can function normally if each of the social spheres consistently fulfills its functional purpose. They proceed from the fact that the hypertrophied “swelling” of one of the social spheres can have a detrimental effect on the fate of the entire society, as well as underestimating the role of each of these spheres. For example, underestimating the role of material production (the economic sphere) leads to a decrease in the level of consumption and an increase in crisis phenomena in society. The erosion of norms and values ​​that govern the behavior of individuals (social sphere) leads to social entropy, disorder and conflict. Accepting the idea of ​​the primacy of politics over the economy and other social spheres (especially in a totalitarian society) can lead to the collapse of the entire social system. In a healthy social organism, the vital activity of all its spheres is in unity and interconnection.

If unity weakens, the efficiency of society will decrease, up to a change in its essence or even collapse. As an example, let's take the events recent years XX century, which led to the defeat of socialist social relations and the collapse of the USSR.

Society lives and develops according to objective laws unity (of society) with ; ensuring social development; energy concentration; promising activity; unity and struggle of opposites; transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones; negations - negations; compliance of production relations with the level of development of productive forces; dialectical unity of the economic basis and social superstructure; increasing the role of the individual, etc. Violation of the laws of social development is fraught with major cataclysms and large losses.

Whatever goals the subject of social life sets for himself, being in the system of social relations, he must obey them. In the history of society, hundreds of wars are known that brought huge losses to it, regardless of the goals of the rulers who unleashed them. Suffice it to recall Napoleon, Hitler, the former US presidents who started the war in Vietnam and Iraq.

Society is an integral social organism and system

Society was likened to a social organism, all parts of which are interdependent, and their functioning is aimed at ensuring its life. All parts of society perform the functions assigned to them to ensure its life: procreation; ensuring normal conditions for the life of its members; creating production, distribution and consumption capabilities; successful activities in all its areas.

Distinctive features of society

Important distinctive feature society advocates him autonomy, which is based on its versatility, ability to create the necessary conditions to meet the diverse needs of individuals. Only in society can a person engage in narrowly professional activities, achieve its high efficiency, relying on the division of labor existing in it.

Society has self-sufficiency, which allows him to fulfill the main task - to provide people with conditions, opportunities, forms of organization of life that facilitate the achievement of personal goals, self-realization as fully developed individuals.

Society has a great integrating force. It provides its members with the opportunity to use habitual patterns of behavior, follow established principles, and subordinates them to generally accepted norms and rules. It isolates those who do not follow them in various ways and means, ranging from the Criminal Code, administrative law to public censure. Essential characteristic of society is the level achieved self-regulation, self-government, which arise and are formed within himself with the help social institutions, which, in turn, are at a historically determined level of maturity.

Society as whole organism has quality systematic, and all its elements, being closely interconnected, form a social system that makes the attraction and cohesion between the elements of a given material structure stronger.

Part And whole as components unified system connected inseparable bonds between each other and support each other. At the same time, both elements have relative independence in relation to each other. The stronger the whole is in comparison with its parts, the stronger the pressure of unification. And on the contrary, the stronger the parts are in relation to the system, the weaker it is and the stronger the tendency to separate the whole into its component parts. Therefore, to form a stable system, it is necessary to select appropriate elements and their unity. Moreover, the greater the discrepancy, the stronger the adhesion bonds should be.

The formation of a system is possible both on the natural basis of attraction, and on the suppression and subordination of one part of the system to another, that is, on violence. In this regard, different organic systems are built on different principles. Some systems are based on the dominance of natural connections. Others rely on the dominance of force, others seek to hide under the protection of strong structures or exist at their expense, others unite on the basis of unity in the fight against external enemies in the name of the highest freedom of the whole, etc. There are also systems based on cooperation, where force does not play a significant role. At the same time, there are certain limits beyond which both attraction and repulsion can lead to the death of a given system. And this is natural, since excessive attraction and cohesion pose a threat to the preservation of the diversity of system qualities and thereby weaken the system’s ability to self-develop. On the contrary, strong repulsion undermines the integrity of the system. Moreover, the greater the independence of the parts within the system, the higher their freedom of action in accordance with the potentials inherent in them, the less they have the desire to go beyond its framework and vice versa. That is why the system should be formed only by those elements that are more or less homogeneous with each other, and where the tendency of the whole, although dominant, does not contradict the interests of the parts.

The law of every social system is hierarchy of its elements and ensuring optimal self-realization through the most rational construction of its structure in given conditions, as well as maximum use of conditions environment to transform it in accordance with its qualities.

One of the important laws of the organic system — law to ensure its integrity, or, in other words, vitality of all elements of the system. Therefore, ensuring the existence of all elements of the system is a condition for the vitality of the system as a whole.

Fundamental Law any material system, ensuring its optimal self-realization, is the law of the priority of the whole over it components . Therefore, the greater the danger to the existence of the whole, the greater the number of victims on the part of its parts.

Like any organic system in difficult conditions society sacrifices a part in the name of the whole, the main and fundamental. In society as an integral social organism, the common interest is in the foreground under all conditions. However, social development can be carried out the more successfully the more the general interest and the interests of individuals are in harmonious correspondence with each other. Harmonious correspondence between general and individual interests can be achieved only at a relatively high level social development. Until such a stage is reached, either public or personal interest prevails. The more difficult the conditions and the greater the inadequacy of the social and natural components, the more strongly the general interest manifests itself, being realized at the expense and to the detriment of the interests of individuals.

At the same time, the more favorable the conditions that arose either on the basis of the natural environment, or created in the process of the production activities of people themselves, the less, other things being equal, the general interest is realized at the expense of the private.

Like any system, society contains certain strategies for survival, existence and development. The survival strategy comes to the fore in conditions of extreme lack of material resources, when the system is forced to sacrifice its intensive development in the name of extensive, or more precisely, in the name of universal survival. In order to survive, the social system withdraws material resources produced by the most active part of society in favor of those who cannot provide themselves with everything necessary for life.

Such a transition to extensive development and redistribution of material resources, if necessary, occurs not only on a global but also on a local scale, i.e. within small social groups, if they find themselves in an extreme situation when funds are extremely insufficient. In such conditions, both the interests of individuals and the interests of society as a whole suffer, since it is deprived of the opportunity to develop intensively.

Otherwise, the social system develops after leaving extreme situation, but located in conditions inadequacy of social and natural components. In this case survival strategy is replaced by existence strategies. The strategy of existence is implemented in conditions when a certain minimum of funds arises to provide for everyone and, in addition, there is a certain surplus of them in excess of what is necessary for life. In order to develop the system as a whole, surplus produced funds are withdrawn and they concentrate on decisive areas of social development in in the hands of the most powerful and enterprising. However, other individuals are limited in consumption and are usually content with the minimum. Thus, in unfavorable conditions of existence the general interest makes its way at the expense of the interests of individuals, a clear example what is the formation and development of Russian society.