The problem of the attitude towards power Khodasevich Before his resignation, Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin loved Zvanka (Unified State Examination in Russian). The attitude of the authorities towards the common man

Psychology defines jealousy as a negatively colored feeling, the source of which is uncertainty in own strength combined with a real or perceived lack of attention, affection, and respect from a significant other loved one. This formulation best reflects the essence of the problem, and the root cause of jealousy actually lies in the internal state of a person.

Almost always, for someone who experiences jealousy, the explanations of the other party or evidence of the innocence of the object of jealousy do not have any decisive significance. A jealous person behaves inappropriately, becomes suspicious, irritable, and ruins the lives of himself and those around him with his behavior. Sometimes he is aware that he is behaving incorrectly, but he cannot do anything about it.

Jealousy can be justified or unjustified. In the first case, the one who is jealous gives a reason by his behavior to treat himself this way, and in the second real reason no, but there are conjectures and inventions of the one who is jealous.

Most often, this destructive feeling is aimed at a particularly close environment, at those people with whom the jealous person is in close contact, but sometimes it can spread to people who are unfamiliar or unfamiliar at all. Oddly enough, jealousy is considered to be a companion of partnerships, but in fact it spreads much wider, although in other cases it is less pronounced.

Jealousy can be experienced at any age; both children and adults are susceptible to this feeling.

Types of jealousy

It doesn't happen identical people, there are no identical manifestations of feelings. Jealousy is multifaceted and complex manifestation human individuality, which can take different shapes. In each case, it manifests itself uniquely and has a close connection with the characteristics of a person’s character:

Power-hungry, tough, cold, selfish natures, incapable by default of deep and strong manifestations of feelings, often experience possessive jealousy towards the object of their attention.
Such an option as paranoid jealousy occurs in individuals who have low self-esteem, are self-critical, overly focused on their own person, with a heightened reaction to the attitude of others towards them.
A narcissistic person can experience narcissistic jealousy at the very thought that someone else is superior to them in some way.
Psychopathic jealousy is a possible fate of unbalanced and impulsive people who are unable to control their emotions and correctly express them. Often such jealousy has a pronounced antisocial character.
This type of masochistic jealousy develops in individuals who are inclined to receive moral pleasure from possible suffering. In an attempt to attract attention to themselves, they find nothing more original than to manipulate other people in all available ways, until their consistent methodology in achieving goals and claims cause negative responses.
Obsessive jealousy is a very common behavior experienced by people who suffer from the same thoughts and actions. Their jealousy is unemotional, but is systematic, permeated with facts and rational explanations.
Hysterical jealousy is characterized by attacks manifested by violent emotions, sensitivity and demonstrativeness. Hysterics tend to always be the center of attention, only then can they enjoy it.

Any manifestation human feelings and emotions have their reasons. Jealousy is also no exception.

Reasons for jealousy

The nature of this behavior has long been studied and described in the literature. The reasons that caused it are also well known:

Low self-esteem leads to a person experiencing fear, more often imagined than real. Possessing less brilliant talents and abilities, he acutely experiences his own inferiority, not having the opportunity to develop due to fear. Many of his plans often remain unrealized. As a result, such a person begins to feel jealous of more successful and socially significant members of society.
Too strong emotional attachment. It forces a person to deify the object of his attention and makes him dependent on him. Side effect Such attachment is the fear of loneliness or loss. Lack of self-confidence leads to the fact that a person is afraid of losing or letting go of some relationships that are significant to him.
The influence of people's traditions. In some cultures, it is widely believed that jealousy is one of the manifestations of love. Anyone who holds such views with his groundless jealousy brings a lot of inconvenience to his loved ones.
Sexual dissatisfaction. Decreased interest in sexual relations one of the partners may cause the other to think about betrayal, which will entail an outbreak of jealousy.
Selfishness to the extreme. A person who only pays attention to own person You may also experience jealousy. He perceives the other as his property, which naturally does not have the right to independent actions.

Jealousy is based on anger, resentment, envy and misunderstanding. People who idealize morality and loyalty can be very jealous. For some, such a feeling may be an expression of a desire to control someone else’s life or a peculiar need to experience negative emotions.

If outbursts of jealousy are episodic and occur infrequently, this is not so bad, but if the matter becomes threatening, you need to make every effort to get rid of it as quickly as possible.

How to get rid of jealousy

If attacks of jealousy interfere with your life, you can resort to the following methods:

Do not make hasty and rash conclusions. No matter what happens, you always need to first understand what is happening, analyze the events, and then draw conclusions based on facts, and not on wild imagination.
If the cause of jealousy is low self-esteem, you need not to indulge in negative emotions, but to begin to improve yourself - to fight your shortcomings, to destroy your complexes in order to finally feel faith in yourself. Such new person far from manifestations of jealousy. Self-improvement will also help to effectively combat shortcomings. Active and productive work over yourself is incredibly useful for adequate perception yourself and those around you.
Stop fantasizing too much. Morbid jealousy is very often formed on the basis of unreliable or invented facts, and incredible pictures that were born in the imagination of the jealous person. Only by regaining clarity of mind can you get rid of feelings of jealousy and understand how much more correct and natural normal human behavior is.
Go to dialogue. When a wave of jealousy hits, the easiest way is to start a constructive conversation with the subject of your jealousy, and not pester him with your nagging. It is easier to solve any problems in a relationship constructively, rather than aggravate the situation with undignified and humiliating behavior.
Visit a specialist. If it is customary to discuss your problems, then as a rule, it is among friends and acquaintances, but it is better to talk frankly about the problem at hand with an experienced psychologist who will suggest the most suitable and effective methods work on yourself and get rid of jealousy. The main thing is to have the desire to fight it and a little patience.

Jealousy is not the most beautiful and worthy feeling for a person. When waging a war with her, you just need to remember that there are no worse or better people, there are those who deserve your love and those who do not deserve it. You shouldn’t get hung up on one person, you can try to shift your focus a little and focus on what you love (study, work, hobby). It is worth analyzing what is happening, tracking down mistakes and learning from them. The most complete change in lifestyle, attracting new friends, new interests, and making your deepest long-time dream come true can also help you fight jealousy.

What is jealousy?
This is a painful feeling that prevents you from enjoying life. Very often you hear the expression: “He is jealous, which means he loves.” But actually, driving force Jealousy is not love at all! Jealousy is a fear of loss that arises from self-doubt. You can be unsure of your appearance, your mind, your financial viability - there are many reasons.

What does jealousy lead to?

Jealousy can also have a positive aspect - it can stimulate a person to change better side, motivate to change. And by changing, a person becomes more confident in himself and his abilities, and thus gets rid of the heavy feeling of jealousy. But very often jealousy is destructive:

Relationships between partners are deteriorating. Suspicion leads to quarrels, showdowns, reproaches, scandals, conflicts, and all this cannot but affect relationships.
The jealousy of one partner can push him to real betrayal, which he commits as if in revenge.
IN family life Children suffer from the deterioration of relations between parents.
Jealousy can become pathological and obsessive. At the same time, even things unrelated to the alleged betrayal acquire significance. Whatever happens, everything is interpreted as confirmation of infidelity. A new dress, an unanswered call on the phone, a joyful mood - all this, with pathological jealousy, becomes confirmation of betrayal.

Why does jealousy arise?

Various complexes. The inferiority complex experienced by one of the partners leads to self-doubt. This may be insecurity about one’s external attractiveness, sexual strength, or insufficient education.
Negative experience. If one of the partners has previously experienced the betrayal of a loved one, then he begins to transfer his old experience to a new relationship, fearing to experience it again.
Behavior of one of the partners. This may be a tendency to flirt, consciously or unconsciously creating provocative situations that cause jealousy in the other partner.
Gossip and slander. Jealousy can arise when the environment begins to present sometimes even harmless behavior as frivolous, or even deliberately slander one of the partners. Most often, such slander arises from a feeling of envy.
Own infidelity. Very often, jealousy arises as a consequence of one’s own dishonest behavior, which begins to be assumed in the other partner too.

What kind of jealousy is there?

Jealousy is a manifestation of possessiveness.

Very often this type of jealousy occurs in people who once experienced their partner’s infidelity. One of the partners begins to consider the other as their property. Such jealousy can occur even if there is no feeling of love. In this case, one of the partners demands that all the attention and time of the other belong only to him alone. In this case, the partner at whom the jealousy is directed suffers more from manifestations of jealousy than the jealous person himself.

Jealousy from self-doubt.

It is typical for people with increased anxiety. Such jealousy is often exaggerated, and at the same time, the one who is jealous suffers more from jealousy, and his other half is often unaware of the true extent of his partner’s suffering.

Reflected jealousy.

It occurs when a jealous person projects his own infidelities onto his partner. In this case, the least we're talking about about love, because the one who is jealous admits the possibility of betrayal.

Is it possible to get rid of jealousy?

Never push away or laugh at the feelings of a jealous person. This is an exhausting and negative feeling that you need to be able to cope with.

Be honest with your partner. There is no need to deny the accusations, you need to figure it out and show him their groundlessness and absurdity. Together, analyze each situation that caused jealousy, and explain to your partner the motives and reasons for your behavior.

You can only get rid of jealousy together. You must strive to achieve a trusting relationship and be as open as possible. At the same time, you need to remember how difficult jealousy is to bear, so you need to try to be delicate and tactful towards your partner.

With a trusting relationship, jealousy will go away by itself, there will simply be no reason left for it. But, if jealousy acquires pathological features, then it is better to seek help from a psychologist.

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Modern Russia is at the stage of formation not only of a legal state and civil society, but also at the stage of formation of a developed social state. The institution of power (translated from English as institution of power) is a system of institutions in which authorized persons perform certain socially significant functions to satisfy group and individual needs or to regulate the behavior of group members. People are initially equal, but individual citizens have partially limited their natural rights and freedom by civil laws in favor of the state, which requires complete submission to authority. In turn, the state must ensure peace and security to its subordinates. At all these levels, power is exercised through institutions, formalized in specialized institutions (apparatuses of power) and positions, in the hierarchies of ruling forces and individuals (political leaders, employees of the administrative apparatus, government bodies).

So V.Yu. Kolmakov writes that “... the institution of power itself has acquired an extremely complex form, and in turn, the structure of power has become more complex...”. I.A. Khaliy in his work “Power and Society in the Regions of Russia: Practices of Interaction” writes that in the classical approach, power is considered as an operator of managing society in order to achieve the common good, and conditionally liberal, in which power and society are opposed, and power is seen as a subject a certain function.

The specificity of the attitude of citizens of the Russian Federation to the institution of power in Russia has very deep roots and this is largely explained by the history of the country and the national political culture. The mood and patriotism of its citizens, motivation for best values, installations. With regard to power, the majority of the population has the following attitudes: First of all, this is avoidance of contact with power with strong dependence on the state, while there is a widespread feeling of uncontrollability of power and associated feelings of insecurity from arbitrary power.

Present big number factors influencing big influence on the formation and attitude of the population towards the authorities, the main role is played by historically determined cultural, religious, national-ethnic foundations that characterize the features national mentality. Professor S.V. Biryukov believes that under the influence certain conditions in the sociocultural mechanism, contradictions appear between the predicted and real image of power, its basic and opportunistic aspects, classical and modern models, the implementation of which determines the nature of the relationship to power. According to T.V. Strelnikova, O.E. Farberova, the very sacred nature of political power is also due to the fact that historically, power has always, in all societies and states, been far from the broad masses, accepted closed, and therefore seemingly mysterious shapes. The subject of power in the person of a personified ruler was endowed with divine traits in any form of government, greater or less to a lesser extent. An atmosphere of worship of power and its bearers - institutions and individuals - was created in society. But we should not forget the fact that institutions of power are a coercive apparatus and have their own specific functions.

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yu.A. Ryzhov speaks frankly: “...The level of government functionaries at all social levels so low professionally, morally, intellectually that not only the policy of the top contributed to the complete loss of controllability of the country, but also to their personnel shortage...”

In turn, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences S.M. Rogov believes that “...We are going to another crisis on the same scale as it was on the territory of the country, say, in 1917, then in August 1991. I don’t see any prospects yet. The people are slaves in their mass. And this slavery did not develop yesterday or the day before; it took centuries to develop. And there was no long period in Russia when it could have emerged from this slavery. To squeeze out of yourself, as the classic said, a slave. There was no such thing historical period. We just started in February 17th year - it ended, we just started in the late 80s - early 90s of the twentieth century - it ended...", - says S.M. Rogov, who has reached the age of wisdom. And he states the reason for such a tragedy in Russia: small and random people are in power. Thus, numerous studies convincingly indicate the ambiguity of Russian national character, combining the most diverse, and often contradictory features. These include patience and intolerance, submission and rebellion, passivity and surges of extreme activity, often going beyond rational boundaries. The ambivalence of mentality is clearly manifested in the attitude towards institutions of power.

It is worth adding the fact that among the main difficulties in the formation of civil society in Russia we can name: firstly, the split of Russian society according to different lines- poor and rich; center and regions; capital and province; elites and masses; power and people; officials and everyone else.

Next it is worth quoting Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences D.S. Likhachev, who said that “the basis of all good manners is one concern - the concern that a person does not interfere with another, so that everyone feels good together...”. With these very words, the RAS academician wanted to convey the following idea: the same people work in the institute of power. As latest events It is worth noting the intensification of indignation among the citizens of our country regarding the current Prime Minister D.A. Medvedev and the government. Moreover, the initiators of the all-Russian vote were the A Just Russia party and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which in turn delivered an ultimatum to D.A. Medvedev: “Do it or leave!”

So in (Figure.1.) the respondents’ answers are presented. The background for such assessments is the interdependence of a significant part of the country’s residents on the authorities: 46% say that “it is difficult for people like them to live without the support of the state.” And also a rather disdainful attitude towards the authorities in general, officials and the state. The judgment that “officials have become detached from ordinary people", 61% are ready to support, only 35% are ready to agree that "the authorities in Russia treat people with respect." At the same time, only 19% of the population categorically disagree with the opinion that “the state is not obliged to do anything.” A significant proportion explains the uncontrollability of power by the fact that officials, in principle, do not allow people to make decisions.

In (Figure 4.) we can observe that the absolute majority of Russians (87%) consider the following proverb to be true: “There are many bosses, but there is little sense.” No less popular proverbs among the respondents are the same. “The law is what the drawbar is: where you turn and get out” (82%) respondents think so. This is what follows. “If you want to live in peace, keep your head down” (70%) share this opinion.

Conclusion:

1). Drawing conclusions, we can say that, firstly, there is a growing refusal of residents to use tools that allow them to keep the government accountable to society. This can be associated with consistent efforts by the authorities to discredit protests (as posing a danger to public order) and non-profit monitoring organizations (as foreign agents). With regard to elections, the dominant belief is that they are dishonest and useless, and that they are incapable of changing the reality of citizens for much the better. The attitude of the population towards power and its bearers is greatly influenced by the discrepancy between the perception of the value of democracy and its implementation in real political practice. On the one hand, the value of democracy has become quite popular, and on the other, the processes of democratization in public perception are nominal in nature, i.e. are not fit for purpose.

2). Secondly, there is a growing feeling of insecurity from arbitrary power; the current situation is perceived as acceptable, but unfair. The presence of such attitudes and assessments of current conditions makes it impossible for the public to talk about the democracy of the Russian socio-political system (despite the fact that half of the respondents believe that they live in a democracy).

3). Thirdly, the main strategy of residents in relations with the authorities can be characterized by evasion and avoidance of unnecessary contacts, in addition to the fact that about half of the population feels a strong interdependence on state support, and, consequently, on the authorities.

4). The analysis presented above does not pretend to be an exhaustive description of the entire set of complex and contradictory processes occurring in the consciousness, moods and political behavior of our contemporaries - citizens will compare.

Kozin Sergey Vladimirovich

Respect for human rights is the main factor in the relationship between the people and the authorities.

The spiritual health of the people as a sociocultural factor in the relationship between the people and the authorities.

To understand the relationship between power and the people, it is necessary first of all to clarify what is meant by power, what means of influence on the people it has, why in some cases the people support power, not stopping at the threat of dying in the name of its interests, and in other cases the same the people are striving to free themselves from the dictates of power, to replace the current one with a new government. The concept of “power” has several meanings: 1) the ability, right and ability to control something, to have a decisive influence on the destinies, behavior and activities, morals and traditions of people with the help of law, law, authority, court, coercion; 2) domination over people, their communities, organizations, over countries and their groups; 3) system government agencies; 4) persons, bodies vested with appropriate powers or having various kinds of influence by custom or who have appropriated them to themselves.

Political power is associated, as a rule, with the activities of the state and various political organizations - parties, associations, unions, etc. The main means that power usually uses to achieve its goals are persuasion and coercion. The state uses both means with equal activity: reports, speeches, speeches, broadcasts of Government meetings on television, etc. - these are methods of persuasion. But very often the authorities resort to means of violence. Arrest, interrogation, torture, disinformation, slander, lies are aimed at intimidating a person and subordinating him to your will.

In this case, the authorities rely on the mental and volitional properties of individuals and social groups. The initiators of “perestroika” took advantage of the dissatisfaction of large masses of people with the rule of the Communist Party that had accumulated over many years Soviet Union and managed to win over most of the people to their side, organized them and achieved their goal. The people initially greeted the collapse of the power of the CPSU with jubilation. But a few years later, when the “winners” revealed their true goals and led the country to the return of “wild capitalism,” he came to his senses, but it was too late: all the leverage was in the hands of the “reformers.” Now there is growing indignation among the people, which in some cases results in mass protests of many thousands. Thus, we can conclude that the relationship between the people and the government depends on how and whose interests the government satisfies.

At the same time, the government is not indifferent to how the people treat it; it strives in every possible way for the people to be on its side and support its policies. This can be traced throughout human history. From ancient times to the present day, power has been fighting everywhere for the favor of the people towards its policies and its specific actions. The methods are the same everywhere. The ancient Chinese politician and scientist Han Fei (one of the largest theorists of “legism,” a doctrine that advocated that the people should be controlled with the help of strict and even cruel laws) said that the people should be influenced through rewards and punishment.

Why do political authorities of all times fight so zealously for the opinion and mood of the people? Because the people are the land that feeds the entire society. The people are the main producer of material and spiritual wealth. His trust is the strength of the state, distrust is a sign of an approaching collapse. The ancient Greeks folded beautiful myth about the importance of the people in the life of the state. Famous hero Hercules fought with another hero Antaeus. Hercules won, tearing him away from the earth, which gave him invincible strength. The central idea of this myth is that the power of any state lies in the people. One of the deep and observant thinkers, N. Machiavelli, in his political writings, tirelessly explained to the rulers of states that no matter how they came to power (honestly or dishonestly), their first concern was to win over the sympathy of the people: “... if the sovereign came to power with the help of the people, he must try to maintain their friendship, which is not at all difficult, for the people only demand that they not be oppressed. But if the sovereign was brought to power by the nobility in defiance of the people, then his first duty is to secure the friendship of the people, which again is not difficult to do if you take the people under your protection... the sovereign must be in friendship with the people, otherwise hard time he will be overthrown... Therefore, a wise sovereign must take measures to ensure that citizens always and under any circumstances have a need for the sovereign and the state - only then can he rely on their loyalty.”

Machiavelli defends the interests of the people and, above all, property ones: it is necessary that the people are not oppressed, i.e. so that they would not encroach on his property, would not force him to work for the feudal lords, the church, the king, leaving insignificant time to work for himself.

The truths seem to be simple, not requiring a great mind to assimilate them, but throughout the history of mankind, those in power have always sought to enslave the people, humiliate their dignity, put themselves above them, make them their subjects, slaves, serfs, not allow them to live satisfyingly and freely, rob him, bring him to a situation worse than bestial. This is what it's all about main reason social aggravations, conflicts, often ending in the overthrow of the power of the oppressors.

Property relations are closely intertwined with natural and social human rights. If a person is driven from a piece of land that fed him and his family to graze sheep, then this is a gross violation of natural human rights. If, at the whim of a seductive dancer, John the Baptist’s head is cut off and presented on an expensive platter, then this is a mockery of man’s natural right to life. If the court, on the basis of a slanderous denunciation, without understanding the essence of the case, guided only by emotions, sentences the great philosopher to death, then this is a clear manifestation of the imperfection of the most important institution of power.

Since ancient times, philosophers have defended the natural rights of man - to life, to obtain food, to build housing, to bear and raise children, to provide assistance to the injured, etc. These rights were consecrated in the sacred books of various religions, in the first legislative acts (“Laws of Manu”, the laws of the ancient Greek kings Solon, Cleisthenes, the Hebrew king David, in the ancient Egyptian book “The Teachings of Ptahhotep” (XXVIII century BC), in the ancient Sumerian laws of God Shamash (in the so-called “path of Shamash”), the laws of the ancient Babylonian king Hammurabi (XVIII century BC). The laws of Moses, communicated to him by God himself in the commandments: “Honor your father and your mother...”, “ Thou shalt not kill,” “Thou shalt not commit adultery,” “Thou shalt not steal,” “Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor,” “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s house; thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife,” etc. – and reflected the natural human rights that were recognized humanity first, as direct human rights.

Subsequently, social human rights associated with social functions people: the right to freedom, to work, to property, the right to own property, to tools of labor, the right to participate in the political life of the state, the right and duty to defend the fatherland, the right to defend one’s interests in court, to participate in ceremonies of worship of the gods, etc. P. Subsequently, social rights expanded significantly. It is characteristic that natural and social rights were closely intertwined with each other from the very beginning. For example, the right to obtain food was directly related to the right to work; the prohibition against adultery was caused by the right of property. These rights initially had the character of customs and traditions; later they acquired the status of official law, and in ancient Rome have already been codified and become written laws.

Respect for natural and social rights enshrined in laws have acquired the quality of characteristics of the state in the opinion of the people. Their observance began to be associated with the idea of social justice. Justice itself also acquired the status of a moral and legal norm. The attitude of the people to the state was formed mainly on the basis of its justice. If a state strictly observed natural and social human rights, such a state would popular opinion, naturally, received a fair assessment. And vice versa – violation of these rights caused a negative attitude towards the state. Thus, the attitude of the state to natural and social rights is the first basis for the relationship between the people and the state. The foundation of these relationships is formed by property relations, which have always been the subject of litigation, domestic and civil wars. Wars over territories, women, trade routes, attacks on trade caravans were constant reasons for establishing international relations, concluding alliances of some states against others, defending their territories, attacks on others, etc. Property has always been the subject of disputes, clashes and bloody battles.

In addition to these rights, there are also spiritual and cultural rights, the source of which is respect (or disrespect) for historical, spiritual, national-ethnic, cultural traditions people. The outstanding Russian philosopher of the first half of the 19th century A.S. Khomyakov assessed the importance of legends and beliefs of the people for understanding their spiritual life: “More important than any material characteristics, every political system, every relationship between citizens, the traditions and beliefs of the people themselves.” It is in them that the spiritual makeup of the people, their cultural and moral ideals are first revealed. The spirituality of the people, according to N.A. Berdyaev, includes not only today’s, but also past and future life people, as they imagine their historical calling or divine destiny: “A nation includes not only human generations, but also the stones of churches, palaces and estates, gravestones, old manuscripts and books. And in order to grasp the will of the nation, you need to hear these stones, read the decayed pages.”

The object of spiritual life in pure form is almost impossible to isolate from social existence (one can never say that this area human life spiritual, and all the rest are not spiritual), nevertheless, there are components that determine the level of spirituality, by which one can judge with a sufficient degree of confidence the spiritual sphere of societies, its spiritual health.. These are morality and culture, primarily in the relationships of people with each other friend. And the main criterion in them is the degree of humanity, humanity. Thus, the object of spiritual life is the entire sphere of society in which those types of needs and interests, those types of activities that are aimed at achieving the spiritual goals of man and society, their spiritual health, are produced, developed, improved, and transformed. The object, as you can see, is extremely complex, fluid, changeable, containing many facets, shades, tones and halftones. Strengthening or weakening of the humane principle in relationships between people is a sign of the strength (weakness) of the spiritual health of the people. In modern Russian life There is a decline in spirituality and morality, because humanistic values, the value of a person, have sharply decreased. They want to remake Russia in a Western manner, to instill in its inhabitants the spiritual and moral values of the West, regardless of the opinion of the Russian people.

Russia has been brought up for centuries on the principles of collectivism. Collectivism gives rise to a different, higher morality, which includes responsibility to the Motherland - patriotism, the elevation of the public over the personal. The origins of such patriotism go back to hoary antiquity. Already Nestor, the first Russian chronicler, recorded the words of the famous Prince Svyatoslav before the unequal battle with the Pechenegs: “There is no shame in being dead.” This phrase became popular and forever entered into the spiritual covenants of the Russian people, serving as the pure source of their spiritual health. She in different options repeated by Russian soldiers before a decisive or unequal battle or battle. It is worth remembering only the words of the political instructors from the times of the Great Patriotic War: “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat - Moscow is behind us,” “There is no land for us beyond the Volga.” They took on an unequal battle and saved their homeland. They withstood the onslaught of incredible force on the edge of a cliff, and then drove the enemy to his stinking lair. Soviet people of those times he had indestructible spiritual health.

Patriotism in the Russian consciousness is associated not only with military valor, but also with self-respect, with pride for one’s land, for one’s people, and with an unwillingness to humiliate oneself before foreigners. This idea also runs through the entire history of Russia. Yuri Krizhanich passionately warned: “Nothing can be more disastrous for the country and people than neglect of one’s own good orders, customs, laws and language, and the appropriation of other people’s orders and foreign language and the desire to become another people.” “Foreign madness” is a mad love for foreign things and peoples and excessive trust in foreigners.” L.A. Tikhomirov contemptuously called admiration for the West “monkeying”

With the same passion, the Slavophiles rebelled against blind imitation of everything foreign, especially Western European: K.S. Aksakov, A.S. Khomyakov, I.V. Kireyevsky and others. They critically perceived the “juridism”, “logical rationality” of the West, and the individualism of Protestantism. Like Yu. Krizhanich, they believed that there is a lot to learn from the West (especially science), but at the same time there is no need to humiliate oneself, one must respect one’s history, culture, customs and traditions.

“Westerners” V.G. Belinsky, P.Ya. Chaadaev, A.I. Herzen, F.I. Tyutchev, later N.G. Chernyshevsky will also come to the conclusion that there is no point in opposing Russia to the West, and the West to Russia. A.S. Pushkin and P.Ya Chaadaev were the first to express the essence of this thought: Russia is no worse and no better than the West, it is different. F.I. Tyutchev will formulate a thought that will become both an artistic and philosophical characteristic of Russia:

“You can’t understand Russia with your mind,

A common arshin cannot be measured: She has become special -

You can only believe in Russia.”

It should be noted that in Russia, patriotism was understood by many scientists, politicians, and the people themselves as the subordination of one’s personality to the interests of the people, the state, as self-sacrifice in the name of the common good. Outstanding Russian philosopher S.L. Frank, one of the “passengers” of the famous “philosophical ship,” spoke about the patriotism of the Russian people: “This public life- super-personal, super-temporal and super-spatial - embraces all generations, past and future, which occupy equal places in the flow of life. So the social self-awareness inherent in us by nature, overcoming national memory the gap between generations in time creates national culture and binds individuals into a people - by the unity of fate, remembering the past, our ancestors, and looking to the future, to our descendants. That is, it matters more than the sum of the individuals that make it up: it is a spiritual, superpersonal organism... Along with the fact that a person himself wants and can... a person is influenced by the ideal force of what should be - the voice of our conscience - a call that he perceives as emanating from a higher, superior empirical nature and its transforming authority; ... a person, experiencing a sense of ought, conscious of the absolute ideal of his life, rises above his empirical nature; and this exaltation is the most authentic essence of man.”

The power of conscience and responsibility to the Motherland for its fate is stronger than death. The famous Russian poetess, front-line soldier, Yulia Drunina, in protest against the destruction of Russia, committed suicide, explaining her act in her dying poem “The Hour of Judgment”:

“I’m leaving, I have no strength.

Only from afar

(Still baptized!)

I'll pray

For people like you -

For the chosen ones

Hold Rus' over the cliff.

But I'm afraid that you are powerless too.

That's why I choose death.

How Russia is going downhill,

I can’t, I don’t want to watch!”

This sense of responsibility for the Motherland, the ability to put the interests of the Motherland above personal ones, to die for the Motherland - this sublime moral trait distinguishes the Russian person from the soulless prudence of the Western man in the street.

Other characteristic Russian self-awareness is the desire for freedom. This spiritual quality also runs through the work of most outstanding Russian thinkers, poets, folk singers and storytellers throughout the history of Russia.

In the West, ideas about will were quite often interpreted as a manifestation of either complete individualism or absolute state control over the individual. Russian philosophers saw the falsity of the so-called Western democracy. I.S. Aksakov astutely noted that “democracy in the West has a legitimate historical meaning as an expression of hostility and struggle between the oppressed conquered people and the conquering aristocrats.” I.S. Aksakov was one of the first to use a term that would later be widely used in political discussions - “barracks equality.” This term was used equally by Slavophiles and Westerners. Let us remember that the socialism of Babeuf Gracchus A.I. Herzen called it “barracks socialism.”

One of the fundamental ideas that form the core of the spiritual and moral state of the people is the idea of living through their own labor. It is difficult to name a philosopher or religious figure who would speak with the opposite opinion. The Apostle Paul stated: “Do not do and do not eat.” This expression will later turn into a proverb and one of the principles of communism: “He who does not work, does not eat.” Labor has been glorified in folk tales and songs since ancient times. The ancient Egyptians worshiped the god Ra because, according to people, he brought warmth, which infused life into all the fruits that people ate and fed livestock with. It made it possible to grow trees from which ships were made. It gave heat to the smelting furnaces where copper, bronze, and iron were boiled. People worshiped and worship gods, seeing in them benefit, protection and consolation. If the gods were not capable of all this, it is unlikely that they would have appeared. Religion is, first of all, respect, veneration of the gods for their work, for the benefits people receive from them. Religion, therefore, is also associated with work. To paraphrase famous saying F. Engels, it is safe to say that labor created religion and gods.

In Soviet times, the idea of labor was one of the central ones in all types of theoretical and artistic creativity. The main character Soviet literature, drama, opera, cinema, sculpture, painting, he was a man of labor. From both a theoretical and a practical point of view, this is completely justified, because It is labor that is the source of wealth and prosperity of the people, the power of the state. Unfortunately, today's Russian art People of the opposite sort were put forward as heroes: prostitutes, “cool” businessmen who profit from the unbridled exploitation of working people. This direction is supported by the majority of political and government figures. It has been enshrined in the current legislation, where a working person, in the words of A.N. Radishcheva, dead.

Religion and the church have always played an important role in strengthening the spiritual health of society. Religion is one of the age-old forms of morality.

But neither the church itself, nor believers, nor people indifferent to the faith should exaggerate the role of the church in moral education. Morality is nurtured and strengthened (or destroyed) throughout life. There is hardly a person who did not listen to fairy tales as a child. But a fairy tale is different from a fairy tale. Wide famous fairy tale Italian writer Long about Daphnis and Chloe, two lovers who could not “learn” love: and the old man advised them to take off their clothes and hug each other tightly - then love will appear. And Chloe was forcibly taken away by the sailors and, it must be understood, they “taught” her the art of love. And Daphnis is experienced in love affairs the woman “taught” love. Complete naturalism.

And in the Russian fairy tale about the Swan Princess? A young man is in love with a bird, sees how it flies to the lake, turns into a beautiful girl, and then dresses in her swan clothes and flies away. How to master a swan maiden? How to make it yours? Finally, he guesses: he steals her clothes and does not give them back, and the swan princess becomes the young man’s beloved. There is so much poetry, beauty, feeling, understatement, hints, but the chastity of the lovers is never violated. Russian girls and boys listen to these fairy tales from the age of two or three, and from that time on they absorb a chaste attitude towards love, beauty, and a careful attitude towards this brightest and most beautiful feeling. The church should not be deprived of its role in moral education, let her do her thing. But we must not forget about Russian fairy tales, Russian poetry, in which the most sublime feelings and ideas are glorified. A person’s moral health matures under the beneficial influence of family, school, art, science, and many other factors, unfortunately, not only positive ones. As a result of the destructive “perestroika” processes, the spiritual and moral life of Russia over the past decade has descended into some kind of fetid swamp, formed from the sewage of its overthrowers. That which is of scientific, artistic, and moral value, with rare exceptions, has shrunk like shagreen leather. Absolutely everything has been reduced. Both the material basis of spirituality and spirituality itself. For of today's Russia The title of the book “Russia in the Darkness” by the English science fiction writer H. Wells, written by him in 1918, is quite legitimate.

The attitude of the people to the authorities is manifested in how they relate to the economic, political, legal, cultural situation of the state-forming people, in Russia - to the Russian people. During the 15 years of “perestroika,” Russia lost about 10 million Russians, who died natural and (to a large extent) unnatural deaths. Over 25 million Russians are in a powerless situation in neighboring countries, where they are deprived of their language, faith, called occupiers, first of all deprived of work and last of all given it. But Russian rulers “don’t notice” this. They want the Russian people to respect their rulers. There is an apt Russian proverb: “Whatever comes around, it will come back.”

The other side of the people’s attitude towards the state is their attitude towards small peoples. Soviet Russia not only preserved peoples numbering literally tens - hundreds of thousands of people, but also gave them a language, preserved their customs, traditions, way of life, and raised culture to a new level. This was done mainly thanks to the efforts of the Great Russian people. Truly fraternal friendship reigned between the peoples, and in many respects, family relations. What is happening now? Russians are being forced out everywhere. There are hostile relations between peoples, turning into bloody wars. Peoples are fleeing to Russia, seeking protection under its cover. Russia denies them this. Will these peoples respect ruling circles Russia? As the famous satirist says: “You won’t wait.” Russia deliberately surrounds itself with a ring of mistrust, suspicion, and alienation. Is this how she wants to gain international authority and power? It's a strange way to say the least.

The attitude of the people towards the authorities largely depends on which style of leadership prevails, democratic or authoritarian-bureaucratic. Soviet power rightly criticized for bureaucracy and authoritarianism, for the omnipotence of the bureaucracy. But what now? There are more officials in Russia today than during the Soviet Union. Accordingly, there is more bureaucracy. The bureaucracy is stricken with the leprosy of bribery and corruption. The well-known “democrat” G.Kh. Popov in one of his television programs proposed calling these unseemly actions “payment for services.” The people respond to this: “Horseradish is not sweeter than radish.” The current President has already stated many times that it is time to put an end to these shameful phenomena. Bribe-takers and corrupt officials just rub their hands contentedly: “Well, since the President undertakes to eradicate us, we have nothing to fear.” The President knows all the corrupt officials and many bribe takers by sight. He has a special security service at his disposal. What prevents you from shortening your raking arms? Unwillingness and lack of will of the highest official in the state.

Aristotle said: “When the people are allowed to power, they are calm.” In Russia, the people were torn away from power throughout “perestroika”. Is this why one strike or another breaks out? Tens of thousands of already frail pensioners come out to demonstrate in protest against the stupid (there is no other word for pension reform) state policy. The people were actually deprived of the right to speak. IN Soviet times circulation of regional newspapers reached several tens of thousands of copies. Now the circulation of federal publications is estimated at one or two, at most 3-5 thousand copies. Speeches by workers, peasants, and the main producers of material and moral values. But they have something to say and offer to the rulers. But the truth hurts the rulers' eyes and ears. The people are actually deprived of all their sovereign rights proclaimed in the Constitution. He freezes in the cold, dies from hunger and disease, from the inability to earn an honest living. Many steal on purpose in order to go to prison, because it is warm, they feed, clothe, have a mandatory bathhouse once a week, get their hair cut regularly, and are given some kind of work. In prison you feel like a human being.

The current government treats the people with contempt and arrogance. But I would like to remind those in power of M.E.’s fairy tale. Saltykov-Shchedrin about “How one man fed two generals.” Without a man, the generals went wild, and the man made them human again. The current government, having driven the working man beyond all the thresholds of power, is already degrading: it steals, takes bribes, cheats, deceives, lies, does anything during working hours, but not its state functions, having apartments in its cities, receives them even in Moscow, and no force can drive them out of there, organizes sales of cheap and high-quality goods in its institutions; culinary shops provide officials with pies, cakes, pastries, meat products, smoked fish, fresh vegetables and fruits, selected wines and other dishes. And at this time thousands of “homeless people” are rummaging through garbage dumps to find at least some stinking and half-rotten piece of bread, or an unfinished carton of milk.

Is this democracy? No, this is a plutocracy.

Control questions

What is the main source of respectful (disrespectful) attitude of the people towards the authorities?

Can the state count on the trust and support of the people if it neglects the natural and social rights of the people?

Does it help to strengthen the ties between the people and the authorities if they cause harm to their spiritual, national-ethnic, historical traditions?

The attitude of the authorities towards the state-forming people.

Do democratic or violent methods of government contribute to the strength of relations between the authorities and the people?

What contributes to the peace of the people: participation in power or, conversely, rejection from it?

What forms of people's sovereignty in resolving political issues strengthen the people's relationship with the authorities, and which weaken them?

Literature

Aron R. Democracy and totalitarianism (translated from French). M., 1993.

Golenkova Z.T. Classes//Political encyclopedia in 2 volumes. T. 1. M., 1999.

Djilas M. The face of totalitarianism. M., 1992.

Ivanov V.N. Russia: finding the future. M., 1997.

Lenin V.I. Two tactics of social democracy in the democratic revolution // Complete. collection op. T. 11.

Lenin V.I. Great initiative//Complete. collection op. T. 39.

Plekhanov G.V. On the monistic view of history//Fav. philosopher. prod. in 5 volumes. T. 1. M., 1956.

Sorokin P.A. Human. Civilization. Society. M., 1992.

Sukhanov I.V. Customs, traditions and continuity of generations. M., 1976.

Transformation social structure and stratification Russian society. M., 1986.

Khalipov V.F. Introduction to the science of power. M., 1996.

Chetvernin V.A. Modern concepts of natural law. M., 1988.

Shafarevich I.R. The Russian people are at the turn of the millennium. Race with death. M., 2000.

Engels F. Origin of the family, private property and the state//Marx K., Engels F. Works. T. 21.

Abstract topics

The material stratification of society is the main source of tension in relations between the people and the authorities.

Natural and social rights of the people: the degree of their satisfaction in modern Russia.

The spirit of the people is the source of strength or weakness of power.

State-forming people in a multi-ethnic state: its strength and weakness.

The power of power: in democracy or violence?

Democracy: forms, levels, methods.

Ways to truly assert the sovereignty of the people.

The core of my essay “Lefty – a People’s Hero” (as well as the idea of N.S. Leskov’s tale itself) is an unquenchable faith in the Russian people, his decency, loyalty to the fatherland and incomparable skill. The personification of the collective image of the folk hero in the story of Nikolai Semenovich is the simple Tula master Lefty.

The similarity of the image of Lefty with folk heroes

The image of Lefty in Leskov’s work echoes the heroes of the Russian folk art, where the generalized image personified characteristics, identity and aspirations of the Russian people. About Lefty's proximity to folk heroes His namelessness also speaks. After all, we do not know his name or any biographical information. The namelessness of the hero emphasizes the fact that in Rus' there were many people just as devoted to the state - unsurpassed masters and the real sons of their land.

Individual traits in the image of the Tula master

The hero has only two features. Main feature is the extraordinary talent of the master. Together with Tula craftsmen, Lefty managed to create a truly wonderful invention by shoeing a miniature English flea. In addition, in this very difficult work, Lefty got the most difficult part - forging microscopic nails for horseshoes.

Second individual trait hero is his natural feature- he is left-handed, which is what happened common noun character. This fact, which simply shocked the British, only emphasizes his uniqueness - being able to create such a complex invention without having any special devices, and even being left-handed.

The problem of power and people in the story

The people and power in the tale “Lefty” is one of the problems that the author raises. N.S. Leskov contrasts the two kings - Alexander and Nicholas, during whose reign the events of the work take place, in their attitude towards the Russian people. Emperor Alexander Pavlovich loved everything foreign and spent little time in home country, because he believed that Russian people were not capable of anything great. His brother Nicholas, who followed him to the throne, had a completely opposite point of view; he believed in the true skill and dedication of his people.

Nikolai Pavlovich’s attitude towards ordinary Russian people is perfectly illustrated by the case of Lefty. When Platov could not understand what the invention of the Tula craftsmen was, deciding that they had deceived him, he sadly reported this to the tsar. However, the emperor did not believe it and ordered to send for Lefty, expecting something incredible: “I know that my people cannot deceive me. Something has been done here beyond the pale.” And the Russian people, in the form of Lefty, did not disappoint the sovereign.

Simplicity and modesty, indifference to wealth and fame, the namelessness of the character and great love for the fatherland allow us to consider Lefty as a collective image of the Russian people in the work. People's hero Lefty is the personification true soul a simple Russian man, for whom the work of serving his homeland cost his life, but he managed to justify the trust placed in him and prove the power of his skill.

Work test