Come up with a noun. Proper nouns: examples

Nouns are divided into own And common nouns .

Own nouns are called one-of-a-kind objects - first and last names of people, names of settlements, rivers, mountains, etc. ( Mendeleev, Moscow, Volga, Kazbek).

Common nouns nouns are generalized names of homogeneous objects ( scientist, city, river, mountain).

Gender of nouns

Most nouns fall into one of three genders:

1. to masculine, for example: house, father, tram, key(you can substitute the word this);
2. to the feminine for example: wall, arrow ground, gallery(you can substitute the word this);
3. to the average for example: village, field, uprising, banner(you can substitute the word This).

Notes

1. Words that are used only in the plural form have no gender ( e.g. holidays, ink).
2. Some nouns ending -and I) can refer to both male and female persons, for example: orphan, smart girl, sissy, dirty. Such words are called nouns general kind .

Number of nouns

Most nouns have forms the only one And plural numbers, for example: pillar - pillars, lake - lakes, village - villages etc. However, some nouns have either only a singular form (for example, students, asphalt, blue, mowing, burning), or only the plural form (for example, tongs, railings, pasta, everyday life, Alps).

Noun case

When connected with other words in a phrase or sentence, nouns change by case, i.e. bow down . There are six cases in the Russian language.

1. Nominative - Who? What?
2. Genitive - whom? what?
3. Dative - to whom? what?
4. Accusative - whom? What?
5. Creative - by whom? how?
6. Prepositional - about whom? about what?

Case questions Who? whom? to whom? animate , for example: student, female student, crane.

Case questions What? what? what? etc. are classified as nouns inanimate , for example: pine, tree, field.

In nouns animate of all three genders, the accusative plural is similar to the genitive, and for nouns inanimate - with a nominative, for example: I see students, moose, cranes (but: I see pine trees, trees, fields).

Declension of nouns

Changing nouns by case is called declination . There are three main types of noun declension.

First declension

The first declension includes nouns:

• feminine ending -and I (For example, country, earth, car);
• male face with ending -and I (For example, young man, uncle, son).

Second declension

The second declension includes nouns:

• masculine with zero ending (for example, pillar, crane, watchman, museum, sanatorium);
• neuter with ending -o - -e (For example, glass, field, knowledge).

Third declension

The third declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending (for example, steppe, horse, thing).

Indeclinable nouns

A small group of nouns are classified as nouns divergent . These are neuter nouns -me (time, burden, name, banner, flame, seed, stirrup, crown, udder) and a masculine noun path.

Indeclinable nouns in the genitive, dative and prepositional singular cases have an ending -And , i.e. the end of the III declension (for example, at the banner, about the banner, on the way); and in the instrumental case - the ending -eat , i.e. the end of the II declension (for example, bow before the banner, go your own way).

Indeclinable nouns

Among the nouns there are unyielding . These include some common and proper nouns, for example: jury, taxi, coat, subway; Heine, Garibaldi, Tbilisi.

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MORPHOLOGY is a section of grammar that studies different aspects of a word: its belonging to a certain part of speech, structure, forms of change, ways of expressing grammatical meanings.

PARTS OF SPEECH are lexical and grammatical categories into which words of a language are divided due to the presence of

1. semantic feature (some general meaning accompanying the specific lexical meaning of a given word),
2. morphological feature (system of grammatical categories specific to a given category of words),
3. syntactic feature (features of syntactic functioning).

In the Russian language, there is a distinction between independent and function words.

INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH

Independent (notional) parts of speech are categories of words that name an object, action, quality, state, etc. or indicate them and which have independent lexical and grammatical meaning and are members of the sentence (main or secondary).

Independent parts of speech include:

1. noun,
2. adjective,
3. numeral,
4. pronoun,
5. verb,
6. adverb.

24. NOUN- this is an independent part of speech that combines words denoting objects and animate beings (the meaning of objectivity) and answering the questions who? What? This meaning is expressed using the independent categories of gender, number, case, animateness and inanimateness. In a sentence, nouns mainly act as subjects and objects, but they can also be other parts of the sentence.

24.1. Classes of nouns: common nouns, concrete nouns, collective nouns.

Depending on their lexico-grammatical features, nouns are divided into:

• common nouns (names of homogeneous objects, actions or states): house, bed
• proper (names of individual objects, isolated from a number of homogeneous ones - first names, surnames, geographical names, etc.): Vanya Petrov, Pluto, Moscow;
• concrete (name specific objects and phenomena from real reality): boy, station and abstract (name an object or sign abstractly from the actor or bearer of the sign): hatred, love, care;
• collective (denote a collection of identical or similar individual objects as one whole): students, sheet.

24.2. Lexical-grammatical categories of nouns:

24.1. The category of animate-inanimate: animate nouns denote living beings (people and animals), and inanimate nouns denote an object in the proper sense of the word, as opposed to living beings. This category is manifested in the declension of nouns, namely in the accusative plural: the accusative plural form of animate nouns coincides with the form of the genitive case, and of inanimate ones with the form of the nominative case. For masculine nouns (except for -a, -я), the same thing happens in the singular.

The masculine gender is a type of category of gender, characterized by a certain form change, and in animate nouns, by the belonging of masculine creatures to it (father, cat, table, house).

The feminine gender is a type of category of gender, characterized by a certain form change, and in animate nouns - by the belonging of feminine creatures to it (mother, cat, bench, terrace).

There are common nouns that can be associated with both masculine and feminine persons: slob, orphan, incognito, protégé.

The neuter gender is a type of category of gender, characterized by a certain form change (partially coincides with the form change of the masculine gender) and the meaning of inanimateness (window, sky, sun);

24.2.3. Category of number: in Russian there is a singular form (denotes one item in a series of homogeneous objects): chair, sock, boy, and a plural form (denotes an indefinite set of homogeneous objects): chairs, socks, boys.

The singular and plural numbers differ in different endings and different compatibility with other parts of speech.

There are nouns that have only a singular form: some abstract nouns (love, care), collective nouns (foliage, students), proper names (Moscow, Siberia), some nouns denoting substance (milk, gold).

There are nouns that, on the contrary, have only a plural form: some abstract nouns (vacations, twilight), some nouns denoting a substance (cabbage soup, cream), the names of some games (chess, hide and seek), some concrete nouns that consist of several components (scissors, trousers);

24.2.4. Case category: this category is based on the opposition of case forms and denotes the relationship of the object designated by the noun to other objects, actions or characteristics. There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional.

24.3. Declension of nouns is the change of nouns by case.

There are three declensions in the Russian language.

Notes: in masculine and neuter nouns, in which a vowel is written before the case ending and, in an unstressed position in P.p. the ending is written -i; For feminine nouns, this rule applies to D.p. and P.p.

I. p. police, genius, blade
R.p. police, genius, blades
D.p. police, genius, blade
V.p. police, genius, blade
etc. police, genius, blade
P.p. about the police, about the genius, about the blade

For more information about difficult cases of writing the endings of nouns, see the “Spelling” section.

There are differently inflected nouns in the Russian language: these are 10 neuter nouns ending in -mya (flame, burden, time, udder, banner, seed, stirrup, shchemia, tribe, name) - inflected with the increasing suffix -en- in the singular in all cases , except for the instrumental, according to the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental case of the singular - according to the 2nd declension, in the plural they are declined according to the 2nd declension; the words mother, daughter (declined according to the 3rd declension with the increase -er-), path (declined in all cases according to the 3rd declension and only in the instrumental - according to the 2nd), child (this word is now not used in indirect cases singular).

There are also indeclinable nouns (that is, they do not change in case or number). These mainly include words of foreign origin that denote both inanimate objects (cafe, radio) and masculine and feminine persons (attaché, lady); they can also represent animals (kangaroos, chimpanzees), first and last names (Helen Frankenstein), place names (Baku, Helsinki), etc.

24.4. Syntactic functions of nouns

In a sentence, a noun can be; any member:

• subject: Mom goes to the store,
• addition: I asked him to give me the book.
• definition: Mom bought me a notebook with squared paper.
• application: The Volga River is very beautiful.
• circumstance: He achieved his goal despite difficulties.
• predicate: My father is an engineer.

This is an independent part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What?
The meaning of an object expressed nouns, combines the names of a wide variety of objects and phenomena, namely: 1) the names of specific cabbage soup and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp); 2) names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, youth, deer, mosquito); 3) names of various substances (oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt); 4) names of various natural and social phenomena (storm, frost, rain, holiday, war); 5) names of abstract properties and signs, actions and states (freshness, whiteness, blueness, illness, expectation, murder).
Initial form noun- nominative singular.
Nouns There are: proper (Moscow, Rus', Sputnik) and common nouns (country, dream, night), animate (horse, elk, brother) and inanimate (table, field, dacha).
Nouns belong to the masculine (friend, youth, deer), feminine (girlfriend, grass, land) and neuter (window, sea, field) gender. Names nouns change according to cases and numbers, that is, they decline. Nouns have three declension (aunt, uncle, Maria - I declension; horse, gorge, genius - II declension; mother, night, quiet - III declension).
In a sentence nouns usually act as a subject or object, but can also be any other part of a sentence. For example: When the soul in chains, screams in my heart yearning, and the heart longs for boundless freedom (K. Balmont). I lay in the scent of azaleas (V. Bryusov)

Proper and common nouns

Proper nouns- these are the names of individuals, individual objects. Proper nouns include: 1) first names, surnames, nicknames, nicknames (Peter, Ivanov, Sharik); 2) geographical names (Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia); 3) astronomical names (Jupiter, Venus, Saturn); 4) names of holidays (New Year, Teacher's Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day); 5) names of newspapers, magazines, works of art, enterprises (the newspaper “Trud”, the novel “Resurrection”, the publishing house “Prosveshchenie”), etc.
Common nouns They call homogeneous objects that have something in common, the same, some kind of similarity (person, bird, furniture).
All names own are written with a capital letter (Moscow, Arctic), some are also placed in quotation marks (the Cosmos cinema, the Evening Moscow newspaper).
In addition to differences in meaning and spelling proper nouns have a number of grammatical features: 1) are not used in the plural (except in cases of designating different objects and persons with the same name: We have two Ira and three Olya in our class); 2) cannot be combined with numerals.
Proper nouns can turn into common nouns, and common nouns- V own, for example: Narcissus (the name of a handsome young man in ancient Greek mythology) - narcissus (flower); Boston (city in the USA) - boston (woolen fabric), boston (slow waltz), boston (card game); labor - newspaper "Trud".

Animate and inanimate nouns

Animate nouns serve as names of living beings (people, animals, birds); answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as names for inanimate objects, as well as objects of the plant world; answer the question what? Initially, in the Russian language, the category of animate-inanimate was formed as a semantic one. Gradually, with the development of language, this category became grammatical, therefore the division of nouns into animate And inanimate does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and nonliving.
An indicator of the animation or inanimateness of a noun is the coincidence of a number of grammatical forms. Animated and inanimate nouns differ from each other in the accusative plural form. U animate nouns this form coincides with the genitive case form, and inanimate nouns- with the nominative case form, for example: no friends - I see friends (but: no tables - I see tables), no brothers - I see brothers (but: no lights - I see lights), no horses - I see horses (but: no shadows - I see shadows), no children - I see children (but: no seas - I see seas).
For masculine nouns (except for nouns ending in -a, -я), this difference is preserved in the singular, for example: no friend - I see a friend (but: no house - I see a house).
TO animate noun may include nouns that, according to their meaning, should be considered inanimate, for example: “our nets brought in a dead man”; discard the trump ace, sacrifice the queen, buy dolls, paint nesting dolls.
TO inanimate noun may include nouns that, according to the meaning they express, should be classified as animated, for example: study pathogenic microbes; neutralize typhus bacilli; observe the embryo in its development; collect silkworm larvae, believe in your people; gather huge crowds, arm armies.

Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns

According to the characteristics of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) concrete nouns(chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract, or abstract, nouns(struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns(animal, fool, foliage, linen, furniture); 4) real nouns(cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); 5) singular nouns(pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).
Specific are nouns that denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form plural forms. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, second table.
Abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote any abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with the words many, few, how many, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!
Collective are called nouns that denote a collection of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have only the singular form and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old man, foliage, birch forest, aspen forest. Wed: Old people gossiped for a long time about the lives of young people and the interests of youth. - Whose are you, old man? Peasants, in essence, have always remained owners. - In no country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and waited for the adults to arrive. All students successfully passed state exams. - Students take an active part in the work of charitable foundations. The nouns old people, peasantry, children, students are collective, the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.
Real are nouns that denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words can name chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, medicines, various materials, types of food products and agricultural crops, etc. Real nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with words naming units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.
Singular nouns are a type real nouns. These nouns name one instance of those objects that make up the set. Wed: pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.

Gender of nouns

Genus- this is the ability of nouns to be combined with forms of compatible words specific for each generic variety: my house, my hat, my window.
Based on gender nouns are divided into three groups: 1) masculine nouns(house, horse, sparrow, uncle), 2) feminine nouns(water, earth, dust, rye), 3) neuter nouns(face, sea, tribe, gorge).
In addition, there is a small group common nouns, which can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons (crybaby, touchy-feely, youngster, upstart, grabber).
The grammatical meaning of gender is created by the system of case endings of a given noun in the singular (thus gender of nouns distinguished only in the singular).

Masculine, feminine and neuter gender of nouns

TO masculine include: 1) nouns with a base on a hard or soft consonant and a zero ending in the nominative case (table, horse, reed, knife, cry); 2) some nouns with the ending -а (я) such as grandfather, uncle; 3) some nouns with endings -о, -е such as saraishko, bread, little house; 4) noun journeyman.
TO feminine refers to: 1) most nouns with the ending -a (ya) (grass, aunt, earth) in the nominative case; 2) part of the nouns with a base on a soft consonant, as well as on zh and sh and a zero ending in the nominative case (laziness, rye, quiet).
TO neuter include: 1) nouns ending in -о, -е in the nominative case (window, field); 2) ten nouns starting with -mya (burden, time, tribe, flame, stirrup, etc.); 3) noun “child”.
The nouns doctor, professor, architect, deputy, guide, author, etc., naming a person by profession, type of activity, are classified as masculine. However, they can also refer to females. Coordination of definitions in this case is subject to the following rules: 1) a non-separate definition must be put in the masculine form, for example: A young doctor Sergeeva appeared at our site. A new version of the article of the law was proposed by the young deputy Petrova; 2) a separate definition after the proper name should be placed in the feminine form, for example: Professor Petrova, already known to the trainees, successfully operated on the patient. The predicate must be put in the feminine form if: 1) the sentence contains a proper noun standing before the predicate, for example: Director Sidorova received a prize. Tour guide Petrova took the students through the oldest streets of Moscow; 2) the form of the predicate is the only indicator that we are talking about a woman, and it is important for the writer to emphasize this, for example: The school director turned out to be a good mother. Note. Such constructions should be used with great caution, since not all of them correspond to the norms of book and written speech. Common nouns Some nouns with endings -а (я) can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons. These are nouns of a general gender, for example: crybaby, touchy, sneak, slob, quiet. Depending on the gender of the person they denote, these nouns can be classified as either feminine or masculine: a little crybaby is a little crybaby, such a mischief is such a mischief, a terrible slob is a terrible slob. In addition to similar words, common nouns may include: 1) unchangeable surnames: Makarenko, Malykh, Defieux, Michon, Hugo, etc.; 2) colloquial forms of some proper names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya. The words doctor, professor, architect, deputy, tour guide, author, which name a person by profession or type of activity, do not belong to the general nouns. They are masculine nouns. General nouns are emotionally charged words, have a pronounced evaluative meaning, are used mainly in colloquial speech, and therefore are not characteristic of scientific and official business styles of speech. By using them in a work of art, the author seeks to emphasize the conversational nature of the statement. For example: - You see how it is, on someone else’s side. Everything turns out hateful for her. No matter what you see, it’s not the same, it’s not like mom’s. Right? - Oh, I don’t know! She's a crybaby, that's all! Aunt Enya laughed a little. Such a kind laugh, light sounds and leisurely, like her gait. - Well, yes! You are our man, a knight. You won't shed tears. And she's a girl. Tender. Mom and Dad (T. Polikarpova). Gender of indeclinable nouns Foreign language common nouns are distributed by gender as follows: The masculine gender includes: 1) names of male persons (dandy, maestro, porter); 2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzees, cockatoos, hummingbirds, kangaroos, ponies, flamingos); 3) the words coffee, penalty, etc. The feminine gender includes the names of female persons (Miss, Frau, Lady). The neuter gender includes the names of inanimate objects (coat, muffler, neckline, depot, subway). Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin denoting animals and birds are usually masculine (flamingos, kangaroos, cockatoos, chimpanzees, ponies). If, according to the conditions of the context, it is necessary to indicate a female animal, the agreement is carried out using the feminine gender. The nouns kangaroo, chimpanzee, pony are combined with a past tense verb in the feminine form. For example: The kangaroo was carrying a baby kangaroo in her bag. The chimpanzee, apparently a female, fed the baby a banana. The mother pony was standing in a stall with a small foal. The noun tsetse is an exception. Its gender is determined by the gender of the word mukha (feminine). For example: Tsetse bit a tourist. If determining the gender of an indeclinable noun is difficult, it is advisable to consult a spelling dictionary. For example: haiku (Japanese tercet) - s.r., takku (Japanese quintet) - s.r., su (coin) - s.r., flamenco (dance) - s.r., taboo (prohibition) - s.r. .R. Some indeclinable nouns are recorded only in dictionaries of new words. For example: sushi (Japanese dish) - sr., tarot (cards) - plural. (genus is not determined). The gender of indeclinable foreign-language geographical names, as well as names of newspapers and magazines, is determined by the generic common noun, for example: Pau (river), Bordeaux (city), Mississippi (river), Erie (lake), Congo (river), Ontario (lake), "Humanité" (newspaper). The gender of indeclinable compound words is in most cases determined by the gender of the core word of the phrase, for example: MSU (university - m.r.) MFA (academy - zh.r.). The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen is usually determined: 1) by the first part, if both parts change: my chair-bed - my chair-bed (cf. ), new amphibious aircraft - new amphibious aircraft (m.r.); 2) according to the second part, if the first does not change: sparkling firebird - sparkling firebird (g.r.), huge swordfish - huge swordfish (g.r.). In some cases, the gender is not determined, since the compound word is used only in the plural: fairy-tale boots-runners - fairy-tale boots-runners (plural). Number of nouns Nouns are used in the singular when talking about one object (horse, stream, crevice, field). Nouns are used in the plural when talking about two or more objects (horses, streams, cracks, fields). According to the characteristics of the forms and meanings of the singular and plural, the following are distinguished: 1) nouns that have both singular and plural forms; 2) nouns that have only a singular form; 3) nouns that have only a plural form. The first group includes nouns with a concrete object meaning, denoting countable objects and phenomena, for example: house - houses; street - streets; person people; city ​​dweller - city dwellers. The nouns of the second group include: 1) names of many identical objects (children, teachers, raw materials, spruce forest, foliage); 2) names of objects with real meaning (peas, milk, raspberries, porcelain, kerosene, chalk); 3) names of quality or attribute (freshness, whiteness, dexterity, melancholy, courage); 4) names of actions or states (mowing, chopping, delivery, running, surprise, reading); 5) proper names as names of individual objects (Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi); 6) words burden, udder, flame, crown. The nouns of the third group include: 1) names of composite and paired objects (scissors, glasses, watches, abacus, jeans, trousers); 2) names of materials or waste, residues (bran, cream, perfume, wallpaper, sawdust, ink, 3) names of periods of time (vacations, days, weekdays); 4) names of actions and states of nature (troubles, negotiations, frosts, sunrises, twilight); 5) some geographical names (Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Sochi, Carpathians, Sokolniki); 6) the names of some games (blind man's buff, hide and seek, chess, backgammon, grandma). The formation of plural forms of nouns is mainly done with the help of endings. In some cases, some changes in the base of the word may also be observed, namely: 1) softening of the final consonant of the base (neighbor - neighbors, devil - devils, knee - knees); 2) alternation of the final consonants of the stem (ear - ears, eye - eyes); 3) adding a suffix to the plural stem (husband - husband\j\a], chair - chair\j\a], sky - heaven, miracle - miracle-es-a, son - son-ov\j\a]) ; 4) loss or replacement of formative suffixes of the singular (mister - gentlemen, chicken - hens, calf - tel-yat-a, bear cub - bear cubs). For some nouns, plural forms are formed by changing the stem, for example: person (singular) - people (plural), child (singular) - children (plural). In indeclinable nouns, number is determined syntactically: young chimpanzee (singular) - many chimpanzees (plural). Case of nouns Case is an expression of the relationship of an object called by a noun to other objects. Russian grammar distinguishes six cases of nouns, the meanings of which are generally expressed using case questions: The nominative case is considered direct, and all others are indirect. To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need to: 1) find the word to which the noun refers; 2) put a question from this word to the noun: see (who? what?) brother, be proud of (what?) successes. Among the case endings of nouns, homonym endings are often found. For example, in the forms of the genitive case from the door, the dative case to the door, and the prepositional case about the door, there is not the same ending -i, but three different homonym endings. The same homonyms are the endings of the dative and prepositional cases in the forms by country and about country-e. Types of declension of nouns Declension is the change of a noun by case and number. This change is expressed using a system of case endings and shows the grammatical relationship of the given noun to other words in the phrase and sentence, for example: School\a\ is open. Construction of schools has been completed. Graduates send greetings to schools\e\ According to the peculiarities of case endings in the singular, a noun has three declensions. The type of declination can only be determined in the singular. Nouns of the first declension The first declension includes: 1) feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land, army); 2) masculine nouns denote people with the ending -a (ya) in the nominative singular case (uncle, young man, Petya). 3) nouns of the general gender with endings -а (я) in the nominative case (crybaby, sleepyhead, bully). Nouns of the first declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns in -ya and -iya: Marya - Maria, Natalya - Natalia, Daria - Daria, Sophia - Sofia. Nouns of the first declension in -iya (army, guard, biology, line, series, Maria) in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i. In writing, mistakes are often caused by mixing the endings of nouns of the first declension into -ee and -iya. Words ending in -eya (alley, battery, gallery, idea) have the same endings as feminine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as earth, will, bathhouse, etc. Nouns of the second declension The second declension includes: 1) nouns masculine with a zero ending in the nominative singular (house, horse, museum); 2) masculine nouns with the ending -о (-е) in the nominative singular (domishko, saraishko); 3) neuter nouns with the ending -о, -е in the nominative singular case (window, sea, gorge); 4) noun journeyman. Masculine nouns of the second declension have the following endings in the oblique singular cases: In the prepositional singular case, the ending -e predominates for masculine nouns. The ending -у (у) is accepted only by inanimate masculine nouns if: a) they are used with the prepositions in and on; b) have (in most cases) the nature of stable combinations denoting a place, state, time of action. For example: eyesore; remain in debt; on the verge of death; grazing; to follow the lead; stew in one's own juices; be in good standing. But: work by the sweat of your brow, in the sunshine; grammatical structure; at a right angle; in some cases, etc. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns: -ie and -ie: teaching - teaching, treatment - treatment, silence - silence, torment - torment, radiance - radiance. Nouns of the second declension ending in -i, -i in the prepositional case -i. Words ending in -ey (sparrow, museum, mausoleum, frost, lyceum) have the same endings as masculine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as horse, elk, deer, fight, etc. Nouns of the third declension The third declension includes names feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular (door, night, mother, daughter). Nouns of the third declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: The words mother and daughter belonging to the third declension, when changed in all cases except the nominative and accusative, have the suffix -er- at the base: Declension of nouns in the plural In case endings plural differences between individual types of noun declension are insignificant. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, nouns of all three declensions have the same endings. In the nominative case, the endings -и, -ы и|-а(-я) predominate. The ending -e is less common. You should remember the formation of the genitive plural forms of some nouns, where the ending can be zero or -ov. This includes words naming: 1) paired and composite objects: (not) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses); 2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of the words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Yakuts); 3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz; 4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes). In some cases, plural endings perform a semantic distinguishing function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance move”) - trumpet knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe"). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns include: 1) ten nouns ending in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown); 2) noun path; 3) noun child. Diversified nouns have the following features: 1) ending - both in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular - as in the III declension; 2) the ending -еm in the instrumental case of the singular as in the 2nd declension; 3) the suffix -en- in all forms, except for the nominative and accusative cases of the singular (only for nouns ending in -mya). The word path has case forms of the third declension, with the exception of the instrumental case of the singular, which is characterized by the form of the second declension. Wed: night - nights, path - paths (in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases); steering wheel - steering wheel, path - path (in the instrumental case). The noun child in the singular retains the archaic declension, which is currently not actually used, but in the plural it has the usual forms, except for the instrumental case, which is characterized by the ending -mi (the same ending is characteristic of the form by people). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms, these words do not have endings. The grammatical meanings of individual cases in relation to such nouns are expressed syntactically, for example: drink coffee, buy cashews, novels by Dumas. Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -о, -е, -и, -у, -у, -а (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting female persons ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o, -ih, -yh (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of alphabetic and mixed nature (Moscow State University, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of department). The syntactic function of indeclinable nouns is determined only in context. For example: The Walrus asked the Kangaroo (RP): How can you stand the heat? I'm shaking from the cold! - Kangaroo (I.p.) said to Walrus. (B. Zakhoder) Kangaroo is an indeclinable noun, denotes an animal, masculine gender, and is the object and subject of a sentence. Morphological analysis of a noun Morphological analysis of a noun includes the identification of four constant characteristics (proper-common noun, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two inconsistent ones (case and number). The number of constant features of a noun can be increased by including features such as concrete and abstract, as well as real and collective nouns. Scheme of morphological analysis of a noun.

This is the part of speech that names an object and answers questions "who what?". Nouns have a number of features that can be used to classify all nouns by type.

Basic features of a noun.

• Grammatical meaning of a noun- the general meaning of the subject, everything that can be said about this subject: this What ? Or Who ? This part of speech can mean the following:

1) Name of objects and things ( table, ceiling, pillow, spoon);

2) Names of substances ( gold, water, air, sugar);

3) Names of living beings ( dog, person, child, teacher);

4) Names of actions and states ( murder, laughter, sadness, sleep);

5) The name of natural and life phenomena ( rain, wind, war, holiday);

6) Names of signs and abstract properties ( whiteness, freshness, blue).

• Syntactic feature of a noun is the role it occupies in a sentence. Most often, a noun acts as a subject or object. But in some cases, nouns can also act as other members of a sentence.

Mother prepares very tasty borscht (subject).

Borscht is prepared from beets, cabbage, potatoes and others vegetables (addition).

Beetroot is vegetable red, sometimes purple (nominal predicate).

Beet from the garden- the most useful (definition).

Mother- cook knows how to surprise her household at the table, mom- Friend knows how to listen and console (application).

Also, a noun in a sentence can act as appeals:

Mother, I need your help!

• By lexical basis nouns can be of two types:

1. Common nouns- these are words that mean general concepts or name a class of objects: chair, knife, dog, earth.

2. Proper names- these are words meaning single objects, which include names, surnames, names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains (and other geographical names), names of animals, names of books, films, songs, ships, organizations, historical events, and the like: Barsik, Weaver, Titanic, Europe, Sahara and etc.

Features of proper names in Russian:

1. Proper names are always written with a capital letter.
2. Proper names have only one number form.
3. Proper names can consist of one or more words: Alla, Viktor Ivanovich Popov, “Loneliness on the Internet”, Kamensk-Uralsky.
4. Titles of books, magazines, ships, films, paintings, etc. written in quotation marks and with a capital letter: “Girl with Peaches”, “Mtsyri”, “Aurora”, “Science and Technology”.
5. Proper names can become common nouns, and common nouns can become proper names: Boston - boston (type of dance), truth - newspaper "Pravda".

• By type of designated objects nouns are divided into two categories:

1. Animate nouns- those nouns that denote the names of living nature (animals, birds, insects, people, fish). This category of nouns answers the question "Who?": father, puppy, whale, dragonfly.

2. Inanimate nouns- those nouns that relate to real things and answer the question "What?": wall, board, machine gun, ship and etc.

• By value nouns can be divided into four types:

Real- type of noun naming substances: air, dirt, ink, sawdust etc. This type of noun has only one number form - the one we know. If a noun has a singular form, then it cannot have a plural form and vice versa. The number, size, volume of these nouns can be adjusted using cardinal numerals: little, a lot, a little, two tons, cubic meter and etc.

Specific- nouns that name specific units of objects of living or inanimate nature: man, pillar, worm, door. These nouns change in number and combine with numerals.

Collective- these are nouns that generalize many identical objects into one name: many warriors - army, many leaves - foliage etc. This category of nouns can only exist in the singular and cannot be combined with cardinal numerals.

Abstract (abstract)- these are nouns that name abstract concepts that do not exist in the material world: suffering, joy, love, grief, fun.

Nouns have a constant morphological gender marker and belong to masculine, feminine or neuter.

Masculine, feminine and neuter gender include words with the following compatibility:
male new student has arrived-(a,and)
female new student has arrived
medium large window open
Some nouns with the ending -a, denoting characteristics, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double gender characterization depending on the gender of the designated person:

your ignoramus has come,

your ignoramus came.

Such nouns are classified as general gender u.

Nouns only plural(cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural the formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf.: desks - tables).

Nouns change by numbers and cases. Most nouns have singular and plural forms (city - cities, village - villages).

However, some nouns have or only singular form(eg peasantry, asphalt, combustion),

or just plural form(for example, scissors, railings, everyday life, Luzhniki).

They only have the plural form:
-some real nouns: ink, sawdust, cleaning;
some abstract nouns: name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings;
-some collective nouns: money, finance, wilds;
some proper names: Karakum, Carpathians, novel “Demons”;
-words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts: glasses, trousers, sleds, gates, scissors, pliers;
-some names of time periods: twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.
Note. For nouns that have only a plural form, gender and declension are not determined.

Features of the formation of plural forms in some nouns.
-Words man and child form the plural forms people and children.
-Words son and godfather -s: sons, godfathers.
-Words mother and daughter in all forms of the singular (except for the nominative and accusative cases) and plural they have a suffix -er: mothers, daughters.
-Words miracle, sky and tree in the plural they take on the suffix -es: miracles, heaven, trees.

Words body and word have obsolete plural forms with this suffix: bodies, words along with regular bodies, words.
-Word eye very : eyes, eyes, eyes.
-Word ear plural has a stem ush-: ears, ears, ears.
-Word vessel(meaning “ship”) in the plural loses the last phoneme of the root -n: ships, ships, ships.
-Word church when declension in the plural it has a variant with a solid base: churches and churches, about churches and about churches.

In the Russian language, along with the singular and plural, there are the following phenomena of a numerical nature:
-collective number of nouns, agreeing with plural adjectives ( teeth, sons, stakes, knees, leaves, roots against plural. teeth, sons, colas, knees, leaves, roots);
-collective number of nouns, agreeing with adjectives in the singular ( fool, beast against plural fools, animals);
-a plural expressing a set of volumes or types of an uncountable noun ( sands, waters, running)

Case as a morphological feature of nouns

Nouns change by case, that is, they have an inconsistent morphological sign of number.

There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.), prepositional (P. P.). These case forms are diagnosed in the following contexts:

I.P. Who is this? What?

R.p. no one? what?

D. p. glad to whom? what?

V.p. I see who? What?

Etc. proud of whom? how?

P.P. I'm thinking about whom? how?

The endings of different cases are different depending on which declension the noun belongs to.

Declension of nouns

Changing nouns by case is called declination.

To the 1st declension include nouns husband. and wives kind with ending I. p. unit. numbers -a(-i), including words ending in -i: mom-a, dad-a, earth-ya, lecture-ya (lecture-a). Words with a stem ending in a hard consonant (hard version), a soft consonant (soft version) and with a stem ending in -иj have some differences in endings, for example:

To II declension include nouns husband. genders with zero ending I. p., including words starting with -iy, and nouns m. and cf. gender ending -o(-e), including words starting with -e: table-, genius-, town-o, window-o, pol-e, peni-e (penij-e).

To III declension include nouns female. kind with a zero ending in I. p.: dust-, night-.

Divergent nouns are declined in a special way, and therefore do not belong to any type of declination. These are 10 nouns in -MYA:

Burden time banner tribe stirrup flame name crown udder seed

And also nouns PATH and child. For nouns ending in -MYA in the singular, the suffix -EN- is added in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, and for the noun child - the suffix -YAT-.

CHILD child child child child about child

In Russian there are so-called indeclinable nouns.

Indeclinable nouns include:

1) borrowed, ending in vowels;

For example:avenue, aloe, role, depot, cockatoo, muffler

2) many foreign-language proper names;

For example:Zambezi, Tokyo, Merimee, Zola

3) abbreviations and compound words ending in vowels;

For example:MGIMO, TSO, general store

4) foreign surnames denoting female persons: Smith, Raulf(foreign surnames denoting male persons are declined as second declension nouns);

5) Russian and Ukrainian surnames ending in -О and -ИХ(-ИХ).

For example:Koreiko, Sedykh

They are usually described as words without endings.

Formation of forms should be remembered genitive case plural of some nouns, where the ending may be null or -s.

This includes words calling:

1) paired and composite items: (no) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses);

2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of the words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Yakuts);

3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz;

4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes).

In some cases, plural endings perform a semantic distinguishing function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance move”) - trumpet knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe").

Morphological analysis of a noun

I. Part of speech. General meaning. Initial form (nominative singular).

II. Morphological characteristics:

1. Constant features: a) proper or common noun, b) animate or inanimate, c) gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, common), d) declension.
2. Non-constant signs: a) case, b) number.

III. Syntactic role.

Sample morphological analysis of a noun

Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up; he began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm (according to V. Nabokov).

I. Ladies- noun;

the initial form is queen.

II. Constant signs: nat., soul., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: plural. number, I. p.

III. The ladies (part of the subject) ran up (who?).

I. (to) Luzhin- noun;

initial form - Luzhin;

II. Constant signs: own, soulful, male. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, D. p.;

III. They ran up (to whom?) .underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to Luzhin (addition).

I. Palm- noun;

initial shape - palm;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, T. p.;

III. He began to knock down (with what?) his palm (addition).

I. Dust- noun;

the initial form is dust;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, III class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, V. p.;

III. He began to knock down (what?) dust (addition).

I. Coat- noun;

the initial form is a coat;

II. Constant signs: vernacular, inanimate, cf. gen., undeclined;

inconsistent signs: the number is not determined by the context, R. p.;

III. He began to knock (why?) off his coat (addition).

And answering the question "who what". One of the main lexical categories; in sentences, the noun usually acts as the subject or object.

A noun names objects in the broad sense of the word; these are the names of things (table, wall, window, scissors, sleigh), persons (child, girl, youth, woman, man), substances (cereals, flour, sugar, cream), living beings and organisms (cat, dog, crow , woodpecker, snake, perch, pike; bacteria, virus, microbe), facts, events, phenomena (fire, performance, conversation, vacation, sadness, fear), as well as qualities, properties, actions, states (kindness, stupidity, blue , running, decision, hustle).

Common noun

Common nouns serve as a general name for a class of single items: article, house, computer etc.

Transition N. and. into proper names is accompanied by the loss of a linguistic concept by the name (for example, “Desna” from “desna” - “right”). N. and. There are concrete (table), abstract or abstract (love), real or material (sugar), and collective (students).

Proper name

Proper nouns serve as the name of a specific object, distinguished from a class of homogeneous ones: Ivan, America, Everest.

Grammar

A noun has a number of attributes (nominal classes), the number of which varies in different languages. Such attributes may be:

• Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, there are also common nouns)
• Case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional)
• Number (singular, plural)
• Animation

The set of these characteristics defines the paradigm of inflection called declension.

All nouns have one of 3 declension: Nouns of the 1st declension - masculine and feminine nouns with a singular nominative case ending -a, -ya, for example, dad, mom, family. Nouns of the 2nd declension - masculine and neuter nouns with endings in the nominative singular: zero ending for the masculine gender and zero or -о, -е for the neuter gender, for example, window, dove, table. Nouns of the 3rd declension are feminine nouns that have a zero ending in the nominative singular form, for example, mouse, shawl, lie.

There are also nouns that are differently indeclinable, for example, nouns ending in -ia, such as army, nation, police; they do not obey the general rules of any of the declensions.

Coordination

with a transitive verb with the particle -not-

In the phrase “particle -not- + transitive verb + noun” the noun is always in the Genitive case.

see also

Literature

• A. Potebnya, “From notes on Russian grammar” (I)
• K. Brugmann, “Grundriss der vergl. Gram." (II, 429-462)
• Paul, “Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte” ( , pp. 331-333).

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See what “Nouns” are in other dictionaries:

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REAL, oh, oh; vein, vein. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

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DISTRACTED, oh, oh; yong Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

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