Experiences and mistakes in a work about love. Thematic area: experience and mistakes

8. ABOUT THE POWER OF JUDGMENT

While a person lives, he makes judgments and is guided by them. He judges consciously and unconsciously; speaking out and doing silent acts; doing logical conclusions and showing merchant resourcefulness; asking, and answering, and avoiding answering; everywhere - in politics, in art and in everyday life. Behind everyone life decision and the action hides a whole knot of judgments - sometimes unspoken, sometimes barely thought, often abbreviated, quick, so-called “immediate conclusions.” Here, for the most part, there are no those mentally constructed, logically formed, clear and mature judgments that logic takes into account; much more often these are instinctively flashing “judgments of staring,” concern, fear, envy, self-interest, humor, evaluation, disgust, a decisive refusal of an almost completed purchase, or a sudden defensive body movement. And yet - that's all judgments.

While a person lives, he must cultivate and strengthen his power of judgment. He needs organize your inner world and the environment around it external environment. He needs order and order. To put in order means to powerfully intervene in the chaotic-random flow of life’s contents, to divide, isolate, choose what belongs and establish new, vital connections, new belonging of things. To organize means to distinguish essential from unimportant and give significant weight and meaning; this means establishing dominance, subordination and articulation, distributing functions, responsibilities and powers - and thereby creating an integral and viable organism (peasant household, ruling department, factory, army, school, mental organism of a book, artistic organism of a painting, symphony, drama, etc.). d.). And at the heart of it all is judgment process as a necessary and creative expression of life.

Judgment is not at all the “privilege” of abstract thinkers. Judges everyone - educated and uneducated, smart and stupid, theorist and practitioner: everyone divides and connects, evaluates and chooses, highlights the essential and shapes, arranges and organizes - both on the desk, and in the kitchen, and in the garage, and in the store, and in parliament . And this is art in everything grasp the essential connecting everything with essential belonging and “building life” according to this is art of judgment, so necessary for all vitality, for creativity and for human happiness. Everyone needs to think this through to the end, once and for all; and draw conclusions from this.

That is why each of us is called to cultivate in ourselves, in our children, students and subordinates power of judgment; but not only in them, but also in all the people with whom life brings him together - imperceptibly correcting the formulation of questions, tactfully suggesting their correct solution, clarifying the thought and persistently putting forward the main, essential, best in everything. For the power of right judgment underlies all human culture.

This self-education, this struggle for one’s own and others’ power of judgment is carried out through asceticism. Asceticism means not only “exercise,” but also “abstinence,” both of which lead to best skill. This word speaks of permanent job on improvement; this work is called sense of responsibility. There is asceticism school, leading to the best; disciplined and concentrated strength; climbing to domineering art. And where this is done - this exercise and abstinence, this school and discipline - there lives the true academy, there the power of national thought, the “brain” of the country, the creative energy of knowledge, what could be called, together with the French sage, “la moèlle du lion” is protected and strengthened... For the asceticism of the power of judgment is the right path leading to the flourishing of a genuine national culture.

So, the first thing to do is to awaken in people sense of responsibility. He who lives judges; whoever judges must be responsible for his judgments. For every act of life is a judgment; and, conversely, every judgment is act, there is an act of life that is irresistibly transmitted in all directions, sometimes serving the good, sometimes causing harm and causing life’s wounds. Therefore, we must fight against all irresponsible, frivolous, arbitrary, arrogant and shameless judgment and reasoning! Down with irresponsibility, down with frivolous arbitrariness! A real, serious life is available only to those who take their judgments seriously and understand the importance of mental concentration and spiritual competence...

Creates a sense of responsibility in people the will to objective and correct judgment and accordingly the decision to exercise one's power of judgment carefully and reasonably. This is where readiness arises - withhold judgment wherever there is insufficient competence, honestly and bravely say “I don’t know”, “I don’t see”, “I haven’t researched”, “I haven’t thought through”, “I don’t understand”, “I can’t”. I must accustom myself to the fact that my power of judgment has its limits, that I am not able to judge where I do not see and do not understand; what's better appear someone "ignorant" or "stupid" than turn out to be real a cheeky or even impudent talker. We must learn humility. It is more important and more precious to be a humble ascetic in judgment than to be a self-confident know-it-all. We must wean ourselves off any inappropriate aplomb, this first sign of narrow-mindedness or even stupidity.

This is how the development of the power of judgment begins. It starts with a question: What does correct judgment require of us? And further: What do I need to do within myself in order to make independent and correct judgments? The answer is: in every judgment a person must concentrate intentionally. The word “intention” comes from the Latin verb “intendo” and immediately means: certain direction and concentrated stress. In obtaining judgment, one must temporarily live with one single life content and emerge from the rest: one needs the ability to concentrate, to immerse oneself in the one, to go into the well; need to choose one content and put yourself under its power, “get drawn” into it completely. This accustoms a person to lively and intense perception of the subject.

But this perception must certainly correspond to the nature of the subject. And objects are different, unique and multi-faceted. Knowing this, we must prepare to open wide the “doors” of our soul to everyone. this subject. You must put at his disposal all your external and internal forces, and, moreover, exactly those that he requires: your sensory “organs”, if they are needed (vision, hearing, touch, smell, muscular sense, the ability to feel heat and cold, etc.). d.); your power of imagination and creative imagination; motives of love; tension of emotions and affects; sensually chained, insensibly liberated and supersensibly inspired thinking; the strength of one’s will, and perhaps (for example, in ethics and politics), and the energy of action. A person who wants to judge an object must be ready to address it with precisely the powers and abilities of his being that he requires. What would a blind person say about painting? What can a deaf person say about music? A person with a sensory-connected imagination will not solve a single geometric problem. A person with a dead or meager feeling will not be able to judge in matters of morality, religion, art and patriotism; It is better for a weak-willed and short-sighted person not to participate in politics, either in judgment or in action...

The perception of an object will be imaginary or meager for someone who has only sensory sensations and abstract thought: the most precious thing in life will remain inaccessible to him. A person must be able to adapt to way of being, which is inherent to this subject; he must place at his disposal the entire “keyboard” of his human abilities. Only in this way will he build the right “bridge” to the subject. Only under this condition will he “receive” the object of his judgment, namely his, and not his deceptive similar-named “double”. For in judgment it is not a question of words or names, but of realities. And only the one who “receives” the subject of his judgment can hope that it is not he (the subject) who will say something about the subject, but the item itself“speaks” through him about himself and pronounces a precious judgment about himself.

Only if this requirement is met is there hope for success: a person will be able to try express what you perceive in words. It is not easy. This may succeed, but not entirely; this may partially fail. You need to live with the subject and speak from it. And often a person will feel difficult, slow, helpless, searching and not finding, “in the languor of extreme effort” (Fet). Anyone who has tried to follow this path knows that the “whole” is not easy and that sometimes it is almost not given: it must be internally, as it were, “divided into parts,” focusing the “magnifying glass” of your contemplation, your thought, your word on individual "parts" or sides, in turn. And each “part” will require the same concentration and caution with which the first perception began. Those who practice gradually develop a special “art of division” - selecting the essential and pushing aside the unimportant, requiring tireless certification and recertification, requiring a readiness not to overestimate what has been achieved, but to recognize it as only a preliminary result, in order to start all over again with fresh strength.

At the same time, it is produced ability to ask, to pose questions, that necessary thoughtfulness and caution of the mind's eye, without which no research is possible. One must have a feeling as if each question arose from the depths of the subject itself and was prompted by it. For the real question is not born arbitrarily, it is, as it were, imposed or prescribed; he is not arbitrary, not sluggish, not lazy and not cold; it is rich, intense, demanding; he fights, he calls, he seems to be knocking imperiously on the door. And it is precisely his substantive seriousness that creates confidence that the answer will not be delayed.

In this process, there arises art of doubt. I do not mean the cold and indifferent doubt of an indifferent person: such doubt is fruitless; it destroys, decomposes and destroys, especially if it is non-objective, ironic and all-encompassing: “I doubt everything, even my own doubt”... No, I mean seeking and achieving doubt, intentionally focused, content-determined and objectively rooted : such doubt immediately raises the need for a new, correct perception of the subject, which is carried out. Such doubt is precious, fruitful and validating. It is known to all serious researchers and all religious believers. It is the engine of the power of judgment, the source of all serious knowledge, the instrument of all artistic art.

Then a creative and productive “answer” can be born, the basis of which always lies original, genuine honesty. This “answer” must be imagined as a kind of long, eternal process that lasts from the very birth of the first man and his knowledge, is taking shape now, and will continue forever. Not because every human knowledge is “relative” and “unreliable”; no, everyone substantive answer reliable and complete; but he does not exhaust subject, he does not reveal it holistically, to the very bottom. The object is like a “double” flower that has no "the last petals": it opens further and deeper, endlessly, blooming again and again. Hence the endless “answer”: it gives a person truth, but this truth has the image of an “infinitely double flower.” This “flower” is not an illusion or a fantasy; it truly exists; he reveals himself; and this blossoming occurs further and further in all its splendor. The power of judgment requires reverence for the subject and great patience.

That is why all major, called thinkers are characterized by a kind of ever-blooming thinking, for with them every concept, every judgment, every word reveals new connections, develops new passages, as if opens new doors leading to objective sources and wells, into objective mines . Such thinkers are always of high quality authentic; by volume and material – always new; by the fire of your thoughts - always "sincerely". Their thought never falls into relativism; but it is never finished. For this is how it was created and this is how it is God's peace; This is how the Lord conceived it and in this form He gave it to us for research and knowledge, so that we could feel His power and greatness, His emanations, His presence everywhere and contemplate the world as a living symbol, as a living “hieroglyph” of God...

And therefore we can be sure that where abstract, schematic thinking begins to dominate, simplifying and repeating, having once and for all found an imaginary “answer” to all its incorrect “questions” and smugly imposing its “stamp” or “stencil” on everyone, there is power judgment has dried up and become dead, dead lies and vulgarity reign there (for example, “mechanism” in natural science, “formalism” in jurisprudence, “constructivism” in philosophy, “cubism” in painting, “modernism” in music, “dialectical materialism” in history , politics and economics, etc.).

And therefore to all of us and everywhere, and especially We, Russians, who have yet to cultivate a national spiritual character, - we need to exercise and strengthen our power of judgment, we need to judge freely and responsibly and value ascetic beginning in thought. We need to remember that pointless judgments and counter-objective reasoning constitute disastrous chatter, for which many people will pay with long and cruel suffering.

The asceticism of the power of judgment requires us to honestly know Where our knowledge ends, where our power of judgment is choked, exhausted and exhausted. He teaches us to regard our knowledge as “not yet knowing”; it accustoms us to rich and at the same time unpretentious thinking. He leads us through all the obstacles of questioning and doubt, through the purifying fires of self-criticism and self-disagreement, so that we can emerge from all this temptation tempered and renewed.

However, the asceticism of the power of judgment is not at all a manifestation mental lack of will; for a cautious man is not at all devoid of will; and caution does not at all lead to disintegrating relativism or agnosticism. This asceticism is by no means a covert “escape” from the subject; on the contrary, it means a sustained struggle for an object, a courageous movement towards it. It turns a person into the instrument of the object itself, in his obedient sign, maybe into his lively trumpet. He gives us art of ignorance, the courage of open misunderstanding, the humility to learn and learn. There is great spiritual beauty in the prayerful study that we see in all the great philosophers and natural scientists - Socrates, Aristotle, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, Leibniz, Haller, Lomonosov, Liebig, Newton, Fechner and others. There is a wonderful spiritual aroma in their honest, precise, keen-sighted and modest questioning...

So, asceticism of the power of judgment requires subject concentration and precise, responsible expression of those contents that are received from the subject; final stage finding it correct form judgments, affirmative or negative, with a precise volume (general, particular or individual). It goes without saying that all this requires spiritual will, mental tension with “long breathing” and concentrated attention - exactly what the French sculptor Rodin tried so unsuccessfully to express in the tense muscles and sucking lips of a powerful athlete (“The Thinker”); the failure here is that concentration and tension of thought do not at all have a “somatic” (i.e., bodily) and “infantile” (i.e., childish) nature, but, on the contrary, require “unharnessed” muscles and oblivion about one’s own body . Asceticism of the power of judgment is a matter spirit. He brings up to objectivity in life, and besides in all areas of culture. He must tell the person flexibility of internal act, vigilance in perception and accuracy in description and thinking. It strengthens a person's sense of responsibility and strict honesty; he fights against all frivolity, against know-it-all, against vanity, against boastfulness, idle talk and irresponsible chatter. In a word - it is school of truth, beauty and culture. And where people work on it and learn it, it lives and blooms. authentic national academy- in science, in religion, in art, in politics and in all activities.

And above all, the education of the judging power is the main task mental education. “Educated” should be considered not a much-knowing “encyclopedist” and not an all-knowing “snob”: encumbrance or over-encumbrance human memory does not give maturity to the human spirit. The wise Greek Heraclitus was absolutely right: “much knowledge does not teach a person to master the mind”... Truly educated is an unoverloaded intellect, reminiscent of “ Encyclopedia Britannica"or "Book catalog of the Vatican Library." True education exists power of contemplation and maturity of judgment. She rejects all “authoritarian” thinking and lives independent creative communication with the subject itself. And therefore education is, first of all, education to amateur contemplation and thinking, - to research.

Research is not at all a monopoly of the scientist and his “laboratory”. Research is carried out by everyone who directly deals with the subject: a sailor leading his ship; a peasant establishing his farm; officer and soldier on the battlefield; a worker at his machine; a merchant in his shop; school teacher; priest in his parish. Wherever a person turns a question to God, to nature and to his human environment, he acts as an independent thinker and turns out to be a researcher. And by this he proves (in the words of Aristotle) that he is a man “free by nature,” for “a slave by nature is one who has enough intelligence only to understand other people’s thoughts,” but not to develop his own...

Like this religious the maturity of the human spirit consists in judging religious matters and matters responsibly, cautiously and reverently. Cicero had this in mind when he derived the word “religion” from the Latin verb “relegere”, which means to conscientiously and reverently perceive and discuss divine contents. He who solves questions of religion too easily and quickly discovers childish a state of mind that should not be confused with the purity and integrity of a child’s soul, commanded in the Gospel. A childish person is ready to believe every word, rumor and nonsense; he can neither verify nor certify; he does not know responsibility and does not understand sacred doubts: and does not have the slightest suspicion of what the mysterious depth of religious situations is. True religiosity begins precisely with “spiritual poverty,” that is, with humble and sincere “ignorance,” with a genuine “hunger and thirst for truth”... A person confesses his spiritual poverty, and from here fruitful contemplation and questioning, doubt and confirmation arise in him , responsibility and inner honesty, which will never rest on superstition, on baseless fantasy, on “temptation” and “charm”. Sick and unclean “mysticism” is swept aside, and every religious view, with all its irrationality, is constituted as a kind of mature and reverent judgment, as the mature fruit of religious asceticism.

We see something similar to this in art. What the artist is called upon to “express” in his work as the “main predicate” is maturely meditated judgment about eternal objects. Every image he conceives and chooses to express his main idea arises through a process of careful contemplation and responsible judgment. Every “no” and every “yes” that he silently utters within himself, rejecting one and preferring the other, has precisely this meaning. Every line and every color in his painting; every chord and every modulation in his sonata; every phrase of his novel, every word in his poem; each window casing in its façade; every gesture of his dance is the concentrated result of many contemplating, questioning, checking and choosing judgments, which he probably never experienced in a conscious-logical form. Real art arises in the ascetic process of artistic judgment: the artist is obliged to reject everything that he experiences as “only possible” until it appears subject necessity, imperatively demanding its recognition. Leonardo da Vinci knew about this, creating his works slowly, searching, changing, in the great asceticism of his artistic judgment, and leaving some of them unfinished. The great artists of the word knew this - poets who corrected their verse several “floors” (Pushkin), and prose writers who rewrote and reworked their text up to 8 and 9 times (Gogol). Therefore, every creative artist is called to wait and achieve substantive obviousness and must create, indulging in asceticism in his artistic judgment. Otherwise, he will not create anything necessary and eternal, for his works will remain a “game of possibility”, one-day whims, pampering, intended to entertain the unpretentious and bored people, – “a stage for snobs”...

The same laws prevail in ethics. Every act of life is an expression of many judgments - about desires and duty, about good and evil, about useful and harmful, about decent and indecent, about people in general and about this person, about love and hatred, about God and about the soul... The instinct of self-preservation, and information about goals and means, and conscience, and honor, and love, and compassion, and empathy participate in this. Thus, each conscientious act is an independent judgment, coming from the depths of the heart and deciding the question of what is best in life; and the fact that this conscientious judgment does not have a mature-conscious, logical form makes its “judgment” even more responsible in all its lightning-like spontaneity: and it is not at all accidental that the language African blacks conveys the conscientious act as follows: "heart speaks word"…

This is why the asceticism of judgment in ethics is so important; This is why humility turns out to be one of the most important “virtues of knowledge.” This also reveals to us deep meaning the gospel word “do not judge...”: for the one who judges and condemns people too often remains inaccessible to the last heart depth of a poor sinner; and a professional judge entrusted with duty to judge turns out to be at his best only if he constantly tries to empathize with the living and unstable legal consciousness of the criminal.

This is the case and in politics. Every vote, every law, every reform is a final judgment, behind which entire chains of preliminary judgments are hidden. These initial judgments, these “preconditions” speak about the most diverse contents of human life, starting with religious faith, good and evil, homeland, freedom and law, and ending with prosaic considerations about benefit and harm. Strictly speaking, an active citizen with the right to vote must know everything weigh everything, decide everything and take responsibility for your every judgment. And he can only think about how he will cope with this without a preliminary and long school of judgment. Therefore, Socrates was absolutely right when he turned to his fellow citizens with doubting and inquisitive questions in order to somehow disappoint them in their political know-it-all and encourage them to real, responsible asceticism in the matter of judgment. And the one who understands this will forever renounce the blind belief that “the voice of the people is the voice of God”...

So, the asceticism of the power of judgment constitutes the real and necessary foundation of all human culture; and public education must take care and tirelessly fight for maturity of personal judgment. This is a necessary path to education, spiritual maturity and wisdom. What a vast, what a fertile spiritual field will open up before us in the future liberated Russia, where Russian national talent will learn the burden of responsibility and the energy of discipline!..

author Ilyin Ivan Alexandrovich

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Exercise

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist F.I. Buslaeva: “All the power of judgment is contained in the predicate. Without a predicate there can be no judgment.” When justifying your answer, give 2 (two) examples from the text you read.

Option 1

According to linguist F.I. Buslaev, “all the power of judgment is contained in the predicate. Without a predicate there can be no judgment.”

It’s hard to disagree with this: narration is almost impossible without a predicate; in its absence, the text would simply turn into a listing of facts, events or objects.

Let us turn to the text by L. Kuklin for examples. With the help of predicates, the narrator talks about what is happening in his life (“my old passion for stamps was passed on to my son,” “my quiet life is over”), describes his actions (“I bartered, begged, bought, was nervous”). One has only to remove the predicates from these examples - the thought immediately disappears, the result is nonsense.

Indeed, all the power of judgment is contained in the predicate.

Option 2

The predicate is one of the main members of a sentence, which in the text denotes the action or state of objects and persons. Is storytelling possible without action and creating a picture of events? Of course not. “All the power of judgment is contained in the predicate. Without a predicate there can be no judgment,” as F.I. wrote about it. Buslaev.

For example, in the text by L. Kuklin, with the help of predicates, not only the sequence of events that occur (sentence 3) is described, connected with the passion of father and son for brands. Using Composite verbal predicate, the author explains, clarifies, and specifies the action: “I managed to scratch out... stamps,” and the reader understands how much effort the narrator had to put in to replenish the collection with new rare items.

The actions of the boy's father are revealed precisely through the predicates, and without them, there would be no story itself.

The given examples confirm the idea of the enormous role of the predicate in the text and the impossibility of constructing a judgment without it.

Option 3

Famous linguist F.I. Buslaev wrote: “All the power of judgment is contained in the predicate. Without a predicate there can be no judgment.”

Let me try to explain this idea. A judgment is an affirmation or denial of something, a description of actions, states or relationships between events or people. Of course there are one-part sentences only with the subject, however, all the properties of the judgment are fully revealed only thanks to the predicate.

In L. Kuklin’s text we find sentences that communicate certain facts (“It was my son, and he became an adult”), describing the state of the characters (“I resigned myself”), and the sequence of actions (sentence 49). However, if you remove the predicates, then the judgments lose their meaning.

This means that linguist F.I. Buslaev absolutely accurately defined the role of the predicate in a sentence.

Text for work

(1) From the very day my long-standing passion for stamps was passed on to my son, my quiet life ended. (2) I again began to lead the existence of a wild stamp hunter...

I bartered, begged, bought, was nervous...

So why are you worried? (5) In a boy, it is an age-related disease like measles. (b) A turning point in the psyche. (7) This will pass! - my wife convinced me.

(8) It will pass... (9) Holy maternal delusion! (10) If she had known that from the stash, which now significantly exceeded my former pre-philatelic needs, it would be possible to buy her a long-promised fur coat, she would not have spoken so frivolously...

(11 philatelic storms continued to shake the hull of our family ship and caused an ever-increasing financial leak. (12) And the stamps were to blame for everything!

(13) In the end, I came to terms with it: they forced my son and me to dive into different dictionaries and reference books, each time making us feel like pioneers. (14) I was already imagining the world fame of my outstanding collector...

(15) “Well, brother,” I once turned to my son after evening tea, rubbing my hands in blissful anticipation. (16) - I managed to scratch out two very interesting stamps from British Guiana. (17) Get out your album...

(18) - You see, dad... - the son looked at me with his eyes wide open. (19) - I’ve been wanting to tell you for a long time... (20) I don’t have an album...

Lost?! - I sobbed and, in a pre-infarction state, sank onto the sofa.

What are you doing, daddy! - the son shrugged condescendingly, apparently somewhat shocked by such blatant stupidity of his parent. (23) - I just don’t have an album right now.

(24) - Yeah... - a joyful guess dawned on me. (25) - Did you let your friend watch it for a while? (26) Well done! (27) How far does he live, this friend of yours?!

(28) - Dad... (29) This is a boy whose both legs are paralyzed, our school is patronizing him. (ZO) He can’t walk, you know, he can’t walk at all! (ZI) He can’t go anywhere... (32) Can you go far in his stroller? (33) I gave him my album... (34) You won’t be very angry with me, eh, dad? (35) I can go to the museum, and to the stadium, and to the cinema, and then, later, go to other countries...

From 2014-2015 school year The program for the state final certification of schoolchildren includes a final graduation essay. This format differs significantly from the classic exam. The work is of a non-subject nature, relying on the graduate’s knowledge in the field of literature. The essay aims to reveal the examinee’s ability to reason on a given topic and argue his point of view. Mainly, the final essay allows you to assess the level of speech culture of the graduate. For exam paper Five topics from a closed list are proposed.

Introduction
Main part - thesis and arguments
Conclusion - conclusion

The final essay 2016 requires a volume of 350 words or more.

The time allotted for the examination work is 3 hours 55 minutes.

Topics for the final essay

The issues proposed for consideration are usually addressed to inner world person, personal relationships, psychological characteristics and the concepts of universal morality. Thus, the topics of the final essay for the 2016-2017 academic year include the following areas:

"Experience and mistakes"

Here are concepts that the examinee will have to reveal in the process of reasoning, referring to examples from the world of literature. In the final essay 2016, the graduate must identify the relationships between these categories based on analysis, building logical relationships and applying knowledge of literary works.

One of these topics is “Experience and Mistakes.”

As a rule, works from the course school curriculum in literature - this is a large gallery different images and characters that can be used to write a final essay on the topic “Experience and Errors.”

Novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
Novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
Novel by M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
Roman I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Novel by F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
The story of A.I. Kuprin “Garnet Bracelet”

Arguments for the final essay 2016 “Experience and mistakes”

“Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin

The novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" clearly demonstrates the problem irreparable mistakes in a person's life, which can lead to serious consequences. So, main character- Evgeny Onegin, by his behavior with Olgoy in the Larins’ house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. The friends came together in a mortal battle, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not as agile a shooter as Evgeniy. Misbehavior and a sudden duel between friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the hero’s life. It is also worth turning here to the love story of Eugene and Tatiana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later does he realize what a fatal mistake he made.

“Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky

The central question for the hero of the work F . M. Dostoevsky begins to desire to understand his ability to act, to decide the destinies of people, neglecting the norms of universal morality - “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have the right?” Rodion Raskolnikov commits a crime by killing an old pawnbroker, and later realizes the full gravity of the committed act. The manifestation of cruelty and inhumanity, a huge mistake that led to Rodion’s suffering, became a lesson for him. Subsequently, the hero takes the right path, thanks to spiritual purity and the compassion of Sonechka Marmeladova. The crime committed remains a bitter experience for him for the rest of his life.

“Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev

Essay example

On his life's path, a person has to make a large number of vital decisions, choose what to do in a given situation. In the process of experiencing various events, a person acquires life experience, which becomes his spiritual luggage, helping in future life and interaction with people and society. However, we often find ourselves in difficult, contradictory conditions when we cannot guarantee the correctness of our decision and be sure that what we consider correct now will not become a big mistake for us.

An example of the influence of the actions he has committed on a person’s life can be seen in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin.” The work demonstrates the problem of irreparable mistakes in a person’s life, which can lead to serious consequences. Thus, the main character, Eugene Onegin, by his behavior with Olga in the Larins’ house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. The friends came together in a mortal battle, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not as agile a shooter as Evgeniy. Misbehavior and a sudden duel between friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the hero’s life. It is also worth turning here to the love story of Eugene and Tatiana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later does he realize what a fatal mistake he made.

It is also worth turning to I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” which reveals the problem of errors in the unshakability of views and beliefs, which can lead to disastrous consequences.

In the work of I.S. Turgenev Evgeny Bazarov - a progressive-minded young man, a nihilist who denies the value of experience previous generations. He says that he does not believe in feelings at all: “Love is rubbish, unforgivable nonsense.” The hero meets Anna Odintsova, with whom he falls in love and is afraid to admit it even to himself, because this would mean a contradiction to his own beliefs of universal denial. However, later he becomes fatally ill, without admitting it to his family and friends. Being seriously ill, he finally realizes that he loves Anna. Only at the end of his life does Eugene realize how greatly he was mistaken in his attitude towards love and nihilistic worldview.

Thus, it is worth talking about how important it is to correctly evaluate your thoughts and actions, analyzing actions that can lead to a big mistake. A person is constantly developing, improving his way of thinking and behavior, and therefore he must act thoughtfully, relying on life experience.

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Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Final essay. Thematic direction Experience and mistakes. Prepared by: Shevchuk A.P., teacher of Russian language and literature, MBOU “Secondary School No. 1”, Bratsk

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List of recommended literature: Jack London “Martin Eden”, A.P. Chekhov “Ionych”, M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don", Henry Marsh "Do No Harm" M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” A. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”; “Eugene Onegin”. M. Lermontov “Masquerade”; “Hero of Our Time” I. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”; " Spring waters"; "Noble Nest". F. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.” L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"; "Anna Karenina"; "Resurrection". A. Chekhov “Gooseberry”; "About love". I. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco”; "Dark alleys". A. Kupin “Olesya”; "Garnet bracelet". M. Bulgakov " dog's heart»; « Fatal eggs" O. Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray”. D.Keys "Flowers for Algernon." V. Kaverin “Two Captains”; "Painting"; “I’m going to the mountain.” A. Aleksin “Mad Evdokia”. B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak.” L. Ulitskaya “The Case of Kukotsky”; “Sincerely yours, Shurik.”

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Official comment: Within the framework of the direction, discussions are possible about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world, gaining life experience. Literature often makes you think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes, without which it is impossible to move forward. life path, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

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Guidelines: “Experience and mistakes” – the direction in which to a lesser extent a clear opposition of two polar concepts is implied, because without errors there is and cannot be experience. Literary hero, making mistakes, analyzing them and thereby gaining experience, changes, improves, takes the path of spiritual and moral development. By assessing the actions of the characters, the reader gains invaluable life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook of life, helping not to make one’s own mistakes, the price of which can be very high. Speaking about the mistakes made by the heroes, it should be noted that a wrong decision or an ambiguous act can affect not only the life of an individual, but also have the most fatal impact on the destinies of others. In literature we also encounter tragic mistakes that affect the destinies of entire nations. It is in these aspects that one can approach the analysis of this thematic area.

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Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:  You should not be timid for fear of making mistakes; the biggest mistake is to deprive yourself of experience. Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues  You can make mistakes in different ways, but you can do the right thing only in one way, which is why the first is easy, and the second is difficult; easy to miss, difficult to hit the target. Aristotle  In all matters we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and being corrected. Karl Raymund Popper  He is deeply mistaken who thinks that he will not make a mistake if others think for him. Aurelius Markov  We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us. François de La Rochefoucauld  Learn from every mistake. Ludwig Wittgenstein  Shyness may be appropriate everywhere, but not in admitting one’s mistakes. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing  It is easier to find an error than the truth. Johann Wolfgang Goethe

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As support in your reasoning, you can refer to the following works. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and confessing to what he had done, does not fully realize the tragedy of the crime he committed, does not recognize the fallacy of his theory, he only regrets that he could not commit the crime, that he will not now be able to classify himself among the chosen ones. And only in hard labor does the soul-weary hero not only repent (he repented by confessing to the murder), but becomes the hard way repentance. The writer emphasizes that a person who admits his mistakes is able to change, he is worthy of forgiveness and needs help and compassion. (In the novel, next to the hero is Sonya Marmeladova, who is an example of a compassionate person).

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M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". Heroes are so different works make a similar fatal mistake, which I will regret all my life, but, unfortunately, they will not be able to correct anything. Andrei Sokolov, leaving for the front, pushes away his wife hugging him, the hero is irritated by her tears, he gets angry, believing that she is “burying him alive,” but it turns out the other way around: he returns, and the family dies. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing and says with inexpressible pain: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I will not forgive myself for pushing her away then!”

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Story by K.G. Paustovsky is a story about lonely old age. Grandmother Katerina, abandoned by her own daughter, writes: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come at least for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands.” But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since her mother writes, it means she’s alive.” Thinking about strangers when organizing an exhibition young sculptor, daughter forgets about the only thing loved one. And only after hearing warm words of gratitude “for caring for a person”, the heroine remembers that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon." Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. It is not and will not be dearer. If only I could make it in time, if only she could see me, if only she would forgive me.” The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones “before it’s too late.”

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M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". The hero of the novel, M.Yu., also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life. Pechorin himself says about himself: “Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him.” Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find use for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction.

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Grigory Alexandrovich is a very smart and reasonable person, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but at the same time wants to teach others to admit theirs, as, for example, he kept trying to push Grushnitsky to admit his guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute peacefully. But then the other side of Pechorin also appears: after some attempts to defuse the situation in the duel and call Grushnitsky to conscience, he himself proposes to shoot in a dangerous place so that one of them will die. At the same time, the hero tries to turn everything into a joke, despite the fact that there is a threat to both the life of young Grushnitsky and his own life.

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After the murder of Grushnitsky, we see how Pechorin’s mood changed: if on the way to the duel he notices how beautiful the day is, then after the tragic event he sees the day in black colors, there is stone on his soul. The story of Pechorin's disappointed and dying soul is set out in the hero's diary entries with all the mercilessness of introspection; being both the author and the hero of the "magazine", Pechorin fearlessly speaks about both his ideal impulses and dark sides your soul, and about the contradictions of consciousness. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience does not teach him anything. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding of what he is destroying human lives(“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, which makes himself unhappy.

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L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If Lermontov's hero, realizing his mistakes, could not take the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then Tolstoy's favorite heroes, the acquired experience helps them become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, one can turn to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky stands out sharply from the high society environment with his education, breadth of interests, dreams of accomplishing a feat, and desires great personal glory. His idol is Napoleon. To achieve his goal, Bolkonsky appears in the most dangerous places of the battle. Harsh military events contributed to the fact that the prince was disappointed in his dreams and realized how bitterly he was mistaken. Seriously wounded, remaining on the battlefield, Bolkonsky experiences a mental crisis. At these moments, a new world opens up before him, where there are no selfish thoughts or lies, but only the purest, highest, and fair.

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The prince realized that there is something more significant in life than war and glory. Now the former idol seems small and insignificant to him. Having survived further events- the appearance of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to the conclusion that he can only live for himself and his loved ones. This is only the first stage in the evolution of a hero who not only admits his mistakes, but also strives to become better. Pierre also makes a considerable series of mistakes. He leads a wild life in the company of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but understands that such a life is not for him. He cannot immediately correctly evaluate people and therefore often makes mistakes in them. He is sincere, trusting, weak-willed.

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These character traits are clearly manifested in his relationship with the depraved Helen Kuragina - Pierre makes another mistake. Soon after marriage, the hero realizes that he was deceived and “processes his grief alone.” After breaking up with his wife, being in a state of deep crisis, he enters into Masonic lodge. Pierre believes that it is here that he will “find rebirth to a new life,” and again realizes that he is again mistaken in something important. The experience gained and the “thunderstorm of 1812” lead the hero to drastic changes in his worldview. He understands that one must live for the sake of people, one must strive to benefit the Motherland.

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M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Speaking about how the experience of military battles changes people, makes them evaluate their life mistakes, you can turn to the image of Grigory Melekhov. Fighting either on the side of the whites or on the side of the reds, he understands the monstrous injustice around him, and he himself makes mistakes, gains military experience and draws the most important conclusions in his life: “...my hands need to plow.” Home, family – that’s the value. And any ideology that pushes people to kill is a mistake. Already sophisticated life experience a person understands that the main thing in life is not the war, but the son who greets him at the doorstep. It is worth noting that the hero admits that he was wrong. This is precisely the reason for his repeated darting from white to red.

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M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". If we talk about experience as “a procedure for reproducing some phenomenon experimentally, creating something new in certain conditions for the purpose of research,” then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky to “clarify the question of the survival of the pituitary gland, and subsequently its influence on the rejuvenation of the body in people” can hardly be called fully successful. From a scientific point of view, it is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation. The scientific result was unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life it led to the most disastrous consequences.

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The guy who appeared in the professor’s house as a result of the operation, “ vertically challenged and unattractive appearance,” behaves defiantly, arrogantly and insolently. However, it should be noted that the emerging humanoid creature easily finds itself in the changed world, but human qualities is no different and soon becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the inhabitants of the entire house. Having analyzed his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “humane” than P.P. Sharikov.

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Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid hybrid Sharikov is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey... This, doctor, is what happens when a researcher, instead of going parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” Philip Philipovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story “Heart of a Dog,” the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is happy with his fate and with himself. But in real life, such experiments have a tragic effect on people’s destinies, warns Bulgakov. Actions must be thoughtful and not destructive. the main idea The writer is that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people and such a mistake will be irreversible.

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V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". When discussing mistakes that are irreparable and bring suffering not only to each individual person, but also to the people as a whole, one can turn to the indicated story by a twentieth-century writer. This is not just a work about the loss of one’s home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. The plot of the story is based on real story. During the construction of the hydroelectric power station on the Angara, the surrounding villages were flooded. Relocation has become a painful experience for residents of flooded areas. After all, hydroelectric power stations are built for large quantity of people.

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This is an important economic project, for the sake of which we need to rebuild, and not hold on to the old. But can this decision be called unambiguously correct? Residents of flooded Matera are moving to a village built inhumanely. The mismanagement with which huge amounts of money are spent hurts the soul of the writer. Fertile lands will be flooded, and in the village built on the northern slope of the hill, on stones and clay, nothing will grow. Gross interference in nature will certainly lead to environmental problems. But for the writer it is not so much they that are important as the spiritual life of people. For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family.

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And the reason for this tragic mistake, which is that progress is much more important than souls old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. Wise from life experience older generation does not want to leave his native island, not because he cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because for these amenities they demand to give Matera, that is, to betray his past. And the suffering of the elderly is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, abandon his roots. In discussions on this topic, one can turn to history and the disasters that human “economic” activity entailed. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people of the 21st century.

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Composition. “Experience is the teacher of everything” (Gaius Julius Caesar) As a person grows up, he learns from books, school classes, conversations and relationships with other people. In addition, the environment, traditions of the family and the people as a whole have an important influence. While studying, a child receives a lot of theoretical knowledge, but the ability to apply it in practice is necessary in order to acquire skills and gain personal experience. In other words, you can read the encyclopedia of life and know the answer to any question, but in reality, learning to live will only help personal experience, that is, practice, and without this unique experience a person will not be able to live a bright, full, rich life. The authors of many works of fiction depict characters in dynamics to show how each person develops his personality and goes through his own path.

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Let us turn to Anatoly Rybakov’s novels “Children of the Arbat”, “Fear”, “The Thirty-Fifth and Other Years”, “Dust and Ashes”. The difficult fate of the main character Sasha Pankratov passes before the reader’s gaze. At the beginning of the story, he is a sympathetic guy, an excellent student, a school graduate and a first-year student. He is confident in his rightness, in his future, in the party, his friends, this open man ready to help those in need. It is because of his sense of justice that he suffers. Sasha is sent into exile, and suddenly he finds himself an enemy of the people, completely alone, far from home, condemned political article. Throughout the trilogy, the reader observes the development of Sasha’s personality. All his friends turn away from him, except for the girl Varya, who selflessly waits for him, helping his mother overcome the tragedy.

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Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables tells the story of the girl Cosette. Her mother was forced to give her baby to the family of the innkeeper Thenardier. They treated someone else's child very badly there. Cosette saw how her owners pampered and loved own daughters, who were smartly dressed, played and played mischief all day. Like any child, Cosette also wanted to play, but she was forced to clean the tavern, go to the forest to get water from the spring, and sweep the street. She was dressed in miserable rags, and slept in a closet under the stairs. Bitter experience taught her not to cry, not to complain, but to silently carry out the orders of Aunt Thenardier. When, by the will of fate, Jean Valjean snatched the girl from the clutches of Thenardier, she did not know how to play, did not know what to do with herself. The poor child learned to laugh again, play with dolls again, spending his days carefree. However, in the future, it was this bitter experience that helped Cosette become modest, with with a pure heart and an open soul.

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Thus, our reasoning allows us to formulate the following conclusion. It is personal experience that teaches a person about life. Whatever this experience, bitter or blissful, it is our own, experienced, and the lessons of life teach us, forming character and nurturing personality.

Reflection on the topic “Experience and mistakes” is always relevant - at any age, in any state with any mental orientation. However, any such reflection will certainly be carried out at its own level.

For example, for small child at its level there is an understanding of legal or illegal things. If we consider a typical example situation, we can draw certain conclusions. For example, a mother sends her four-year-old son to the garden to pick carrots; the son returns but brings beets. She begins to say something reproachfully to him, the boy feels discomfort that “he didn’t bring what was asked for,” withdraws into himself and with some sixth sense understands that he made a mistake, but he did not make it out of his own prank or harmfulness .

Regardless of how old a person is, he will treat his mistakes equally - whether he is four years old or forty years old, that is, with the same degree of responsibility. He will equally worry about his mistakes, and the more he makes mistakes, the faster the necessary experience in one or another area of his activity will come to him.

It may well happen that a person repeatedly makes the same mistakes in his life, as if he steps on the same rake, which, by the way, hits him on the head very painfully. This gives rise to a feeling of dissatisfaction with what you are doing, as well as a complaint: “Why did this happen to me again? Why couldn’t I do it differently, since I’ve already done it a thousand times? And so on." There are many reasons for this, one of which is a special character trait when a person is in a hurry to live and does everything quickly due to some circumstances. In other words, he wants what is best, but everything turns out the other way around. This is how V. Shukshin’s hero Chudik behaved (“Why am I like this?”)

Experience, no matter how bitter and sad it may be, brings new rounds to the development of personality. Yes, there remains in the depths of your soul a residue from the fact that you did something wrong or irrationally, but the next time a similar situation happens, you can already be on the safe side and prevent a similar mistake.

Therefore, I would like to advise: do not be afraid of your own mistakes, it is better to smile and move on with your life... until another mistake.

Short essay Experience and mistakes

A person’s age does not affect his formation to such categories as experience and mistakes. No one is safe from them. However, the degree of responsibility is different for everyone. In other words, some people take it very seriously, others don’t.

It happens that people repeatedly make the same mistakes; popularly this is called “stepping on the rake again.” This leads to not just a feeling of dissatisfaction with one’s activities, but also an endless lamentation: “Why is this happening to me again? And so on." There are many reasons for this, one of which is a special character trait when a person is in a hurry to live. In other words, he wants what is best, but everything turns out the other way around. Hence the disappointment and resentment towards fate.

Therefore, I would like to advise: do not be afraid of your mistakes, but also try to think before you do something.

Final essay No. 3 Experience and mistakes for grade 11

Mistakes are a part of our life. A person learns from his own or others' mistakes. It is impossible to say that making mistakes is bad, because only the person who does nothing makes no mistakes. Our experience consists of practically many mistakes in life. But you must admit that some of our mistakes brought great pleasure, but, nevertheless, in our minds we understand that something in this world cannot be done, but something can be done. Sometimes, the biggest mistake in life leads to unusual consequences; a person can suddenly realize that this mistake is terribly small, and he was in vain killing himself because of it.

Since childhood, our parents teach us what we can do and what we cannot do, and we absorb these words like a sponge without understanding why exactly we cannot cross the line of prohibition. Having matured, you can understand the words of your mother and father, and perhaps even refute their fears. Sometimes, having crossed the taboo line, you stop being afraid of what many people fear; perhaps this was the first step on the path to happiness. Already such a transition gives a person experience; great horizons are open for him. The accumulation of experience does not depend at all on age; even an adult can be stupid and inexperienced, but a child many times younger than him can have a wealth of experience. There is experience in everything, in all human spheres of activity.

Every minute a person gains experience or improves it. The more active a person is in life, the more experience he has. It is useful to be inquisitive, because you discover for yourself those sources that are inaccessible to others and understand why a certain action follows one path of development. Experience and mistakes are closely related to each other; without one, there is no second.

By getting burned, people also gain experience. So you shouldn’t be afraid to stumble, it’s better to be afraid not to understand why you stumbled, so as not to step on the same rake again.

Essays No. 4 Experience and mistakes.

I often make mistakes in my life. But these are minor errors, since no one suffers from them. But thanks to these mistakes, I can draw the right conclusions for myself and gain experience. I began to notice that my experience accumulates precisely because I make mistakes. And the mistakes themselves arise because I don’t want to listen to my parents. I understand that mom and dad are right, but curiosity sometimes takes over.

I know that all people on earth make mistakes, and there is nothing wrong with that. A person always needs experience, even if it is sad. But it’s better, of course, to gain experience by learning, rather than by slipping.

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