Role in the historical process. Lesson-seminar in social studies on the topic “Historical process and its participants”

1) Establish a correspondence between the plant trait and the systematic group for which it is characteristic: 1-Bryophytes, 2-Ferns
A) the gametophyte predominates in the development cycle
B) adult plant – sporophyte
B) spores are formed in capsules
D) spores are formed in sporangia on the underside of leaves
D) a shoot develops from the spore
E) a precursor (protonema) develops from the spore

Answer

A1 B2 C1 D2 D2 E1

1A) Establish a correspondence between characteristic feature plants and the department to which it belongs: 1-Bryophytes, 2-Ferns
A) leafy plants with rhizoids
B) the presence of a modified shoot with adventitious roots
B) availability large quantity air cells
D) predominance of gametophyte over sporophyte
D) the presence of herbaceous and woody forms
E) the presence of a prothallus in the development cycle

Answer

A1 B2 C1 D1 D2 E2

2. Establish the sequence of stages of individual development of an annual angiosperm from a seed
A) formation of fruits and seeds
B) the appearance of vegetative organs
B) appearance of flowers, pollination
D) fertilization and embryo formation
D) seed germination

Answer

3. The process of fertilization in flowering plants is characterized
A) the formation of a flower
B) fusion of sperm with the central cell
B) the formation of pollen grains
D) fusion of sperm and egg
D) formation of a zygote in the embryo sac
E) division of the zygote by meiosis

Answer

3a. How is fertilization characterized in angiosperms?
A) fusion of the nuclei of female and male gametes occurs
B) the egg is surrounded a large number spermatozoa
B) the haploid nucleus of the gamete fuses with the diploid central cell
D) mobile male gametes are involved in the process
D) the process can occur outside the body
E) occurs in the embryo sac of an adult organism

Answer

3B. Establish the sequence of fertilization processes in flowering plants
A) formation of a zygote
B) germination of a vegetative cell into a pollen tube
B) movement of sperm to the pollen passage
D) union of sperm with egg

Answer

4. Fungi form mycorrhizae with roots
A) bryophytes
B) horsetails
B) gymnosperms
D) lycophytes
D) monocots
E) dicotyledons

Answer

5) Ferns, like mosses
A) are higher spore plants
B) have vegetative and generative organs (flowers, fruits)
B) are perennial plants
D) in the process of photosynthesis they form organic substances from inorganic substances
D) do not require water during reproduction and development
E) do not contain chloroplasts and mitochondria in cells

Answer

6. What is the function of a plant flower?
A) pollination
B) absorption of substances
B) fertilization
D) vegetative propagation
D) deposition of reserve substances
E) formation of seeds and fruits

Answer

7. Establish a correspondence between the trait of angiosperms and the class for which it is characteristic: 1-dicotyledons, 2-monocots
A) the presence of one cotyledon in the seed
B) fibrous root system
C) the presence of two cotyledons in the seed
D) reticulate venation of leaves
D) tap root system
E) parallel or arcuate veining of leaves

Answer

A2 B2 C1 D1 D1 E2

8. Establish a correspondence between the feature of fertilization and the plant division for which it is characteristic: 1-angiosperms, 2-gymnosperms
A) two sperm are involved
B) one sperm is involved
C) triploid endosperm is formed
D) eggs develop in female cones
D) the sperm fuses with the central diploid cell of the embryo sac

Answer

A1 B2 C1 D2 D1

8a. Establish a correspondence between a plant feature and the department for which it is characteristic: 1-Ferns, 2-Gymnosperms
A) a pollen grain develops from a spore
B) spores develop in sporangia on leaves
B) life form - shrub or tree
D) eggs develop in the gametophyte on the scales of cones
D) in the development cycle there is a haploid outgrowth
E) adventitious roots develop from the rhizome

Answer

A2 B1 C2 D2 D1 E1

9. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and method of plant propagation: 1-vegetative, 2-sexual
A) is carried out by modified shoots
B) is carried out with the participation of gametes
C) daughter plants remain very similar to the mother plants
D) is used by humans to preserve valuable characteristics of maternal plants in offspring
D) a new organism develops from a zygote
E) the offspring combines the characteristics of the maternal and paternal organisms

Answer

A1 B2 C1 D1 D2 E2

10. Establish the chronological sequence in which the main groups of plants appeared on Earth
A) green algae
B) horsetails
B) seed ferns
D) rhiniophytes
D) gymnosperms

Answer

10+. Establish the chronological sequence in which the main groups of plants appeared on Earth
A) Psilophytes
B) Gymnosperms
B) Seed ferns
D) Unicellular algae
D) Multicellular algae

Answer

10++. Establish the sequence in which the main groups of plants appeared on Earth during the process of evolution
A) psilophytes
B) angiosperms
B) ferns
D) unicellular algae
D) multicellular algae

Answer

10+++. Establish the sequence in which development occurred flora on the ground
A) the emergence and dominance of angiosperms
B) the appearance of algae
B) the emergence and dominance of gymnosperms
D) the emergence of plants onto land
D) the emergence and dominance of pteridophytes

Answer

11. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the group of plants: 1-green algae, 2-bryophytes
A) have no tissues
B) have no organs
B) have spore capsules
D) some representatives have water-bearing cells
D) the sporophyte develops on the gametophyte
E) contain unicellular and multicellular organisms

Answer

A1 B1 C2 D2 D2 D1

11+. Mosses, like angiosperms
A) have a cellular structure
B) contain two cotyledons in the embryo
B) form fruits and seeds
D) contain chlorophyll in cells
D) capable of photosynthesis
E) have small, inconspicuous flowers

Answer

11++. Mosses, unlike angiosperms,
A) form sex cells
B) have no tissues
B) have rhizoids
D) are phototrophs
D) reproduce by spores
E) do not have a flower

Answer

12. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of a plant and the method of its pollination: 1-insects, 2-wind
A) usually grow in groups, forming thickets or groves
B) the flowers have a brightly colored corolla
B) flowers contain nectar
D) flowers with a reduced perianth
D) form a lot of small, dry and light pollen in the stamens
E) flowers have a smell

Answer

A2 B1 C1 D2 D2 E1

12+. Establish a correspondence between the plant’s adaptation to pollination of the plant and its method: 1-insects, 2-wind
A) the presence of nectar in flowers
B) noticeable color of the corolla
B) long pendulous stamens
D) flowers with large fluffy stigmas
D) flowers have a smell
E) large single flowers

Answer

A1 B1 C2 D2 D1 E1

13. Establish the sequence of aromorphoses in the evolution of plants, which determined the appearance of more highly organized forms
A) cell differentiation and tissue appearance
B) appearance of a seed
B) formation of flower and fruit
D) the appearance of photosynthesis
D) formation of the root system and leaves

Answer

14. Establish a correspondence between the structure, value of plant tissue and its type: 1-formative, 2-storage
A) formed by large living cells with thin membranes
B) consists of more or less homogeneous cells capable of dividing
B) located at the growth points of roots and shoots
D) located in seeds, fruits, stem core and other organs
D) ensures plant growth, formation of new organs and tissues
E) serves as a site for the deposition of reserve substances: proteins, fats, carbohydrates

Answer

A2 B1 C1 D2 D1 E2

A2 B1 C1 D1 D2 E2

21. Establish a correspondence between the function and the plant organ for which it is characteristic: 1-root, 2-leaf
A) providing mineral nutrition
B) water absorption
B) synthesis organic matter from inorganic
D) transpiration
D) preservation of nutrients during wintering of plants
E) absorption of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen

Answer

A1 B1 C2 D2 D1 E2

23. What tissues does the organism of higher plants consist of?
A) epithelial
B) cover
B) connecting
D) nervous
D) storing
E) conductive

Answer

24. Establish the sequence of layers on the wood cut, starting with the cork layer
A) cambium
B) bast
B) cork
D) wood
D) core

Test No. 1

"ORGANS OF FLOWERING PLANTS"

Part 1. Single-choice tasks (1 point).

A1. The endosperm of a seed is

1) part of the embryo in monocotyledonous plants

2) part of the cotyledons in dicotyledonous plants

3) special tissue with a supply of nutrients

4) storage tissue located outside the seed

A2. The embryo of a flowering plant seed consists of

seed coat, embryonic stalk, bud and root

cotyledons, germinal root and endosperm

peel, ovule and endosperm

4) embryonic stalk, root, bud, one or two cotyledons

A3. Dicotyledonous plants include:

1) beans

2) corn

3) iris

4) onion

A4. The generative organ of a flowering plant is:

1) root

2) flower

3) leaf

4) stem

A5. Petunia seeds are sown:

1) to a depth of 4-5 cm

2) to a depth of 2-3 cm

3) along the soil surface

4) to a depth of 1.5-2 mm and sprinkle lightly with earth

A6. A root developing from a germinal root is called

1) side

2) main

3) main

4) subordinate clause

A7. Plants develop lateral roots

only on the main root

only on adventitious roots

3) both on the main and adventitious roots

4) on roots of all types

A8. Root growth in length is ensured by cells

1) root cap and growth zone

2) division zones and growth zones

3) root cap and division zone

4) absorption zones and conduction zones

A9. The angle between the leaf and the stem is called

leaf axil

internode

node

bud

A10. Sieve tubes are related to tissue

basic

cover

conductive

excretory

A11. Evaporation of water from leaves provides the plant with

cooling and breathing

removal of excess water and photosynthesis

breathing and movement of water

cooling and maintaining continuous water flow

A12. The growth of the stem in thickness is ensured by cell division

wood

cores

bast

cambium

A13. A modified shoot is

root vegetable

mycorrhiza

scales

bulb

A14. The structure of a flower, the parts of which are the corolla and calyx

receptacle

pericarp

perianth

stamen

A15. The process of transferring pollen from the anthers to the stigma is called

moving

nutrition

pollination

fertilization

A16. The leaves are composed of

leaf blade and stipules

leaf blade and petiole

3) base and petiole

4) leaf blade, petiole, base

A17. The fruit consists of

perianth and pericarp

seeds and ovary

extracarp and seeds

pericarp and seeds

A18. According to the contents of the pericarp, fruits can be divided into

dehiscent and non-dehiscent

single-seeded and multi-seeded

dry and juicy

big and small

IN 1. Establish a correspondence between the plant’s adaptations to pollination and the method for which it is characteristic. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

ADAPTATION TO POLLINATION

POLLINATION METHOD

A) the presence of nectar in flowers

B) bright color of the corolla

B) long pendulous stamens

D) flowers with large fluffy stigmas

D) flowers have a smell

E) large single flowers

1) insects

2) by the wind

A

B

IN

G

D

E

AT 2. Distribute the leaves shown in the figure into two groups. Write the data in a table (A – simple leaves, B – complex leaves)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Goal of the work: assess the level of subject achievements on the topic “Organs of flowering plants”

Work structure: the work consists of two parts.

Part 1 includes 18 tasks basic level(A1-A18) with the choice of one correct answer out of four proposed. Each correct answer is worth 1 point.

Part 2 includes 2 advanced level tasks (B1-B2): task B1 - task to establish compliance (for each the right pair 0.5 points, 3 points in total), B2 – task for distribution into groups (for each correct pair 0.5 points, 4.5 points in total).

Answers

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

A9

A10

A11

A12

A13

A14

A15

A16

A17

A18

Exercise

Answer

IN 1

112211

AT 2

AAAAWWWWW

Assessment

Grade

"2"

"3"

"4"

"5"

Number of points

8 and below

9-14

15-19

20-25,5

1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of organisms and the kingdom for which this characteristic is characteristic
SIGN OF THE KINGDOM
A) according to the method of nutrition, they are mainly autotrophs 1) Plants
B) have vacuoles with cell sap 2) Animals
B) there is no cell wall
D) cells contain plastids
D) most are able to move
E) according to the method of nutrition, they are predominantly heterotrophs

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of an organism and the kingdom to which it belongs
SIGN OF ORGANISM KINGDOM
A) the cell membrane contains chitin 1) Fungi
B) cells contain chloroplasts 2) Plants
B) glycogen accumulates in cells
D) reproduce using mycelium
D) have an autotrophic type of nutrition
E) act as decomposers in the ecosystem

3. Establish a correspondence between a single-celled organism and the kingdom to which it belongs
SINGLE CELL ORGANISM KINGDOM
A) chlorella 1) Bacteria
B) tuberculosis bacillus 2) Mushrooms
B) common amoeba 3) Plants
D) ciliates-slipper 4) Animals
D) yeast
E) streptococci
G) chlamydomonas

4. Establish a correspondence between the feature of an object and the form of life for which it is characteristic
SIGN OF OBJECT FORM OF LIFE
A) presence of ribosomes 1) non-cellular (viruses)
B) absence of a plasma membrane 2) cellular (bacteria)
B) do not have their own metabolism
D) most are heterotrophs
D) reproduction only in host cells
E) reproduction by cell division

5. Establish a correspondence between a group of bacteria and its significance in nature and human life
BACTERIA GROUP MEANING
A) tuberculosis 1) participate in increasing soil fertility
B) lactic acids 2) cause human diseases
B) nitrifying 3) used in production
D) nitrogen-fixing
D) acetic acid

7. Establish a correspondence between the plant trait and the group for which it is characteristic
SIGN GROUP
A) the body is a thallus (thallus) 1) lower
B) have vegetative and generative organs 2) higher
B) some have a light-sensitive eye
D) have a variety of tissues
D) live mainly in aquatic environments
E) include single-celled organisms

8. Establish a correspondence between the plant trait and the group for which it is characteristic
SIGNS OF PLANT GROUPS
A) the first, most ancient plants 1) algae
B) the dominant group of plants on Earth 2) angiosperms
C) do not have organs or tissues
D) have vegetative and generative organs
D) have adaptations for pollination, distribution of fruits and seeds
E) the body consists of one or many similar cells

9. Establish a correspondence between a plant trait and the department for which it is characteristic
SIGN DEPARTMENT
A) leafy plants without roots 1) Bryophytes
B) have a well-developed conducting system 2) Fern-like
C) some plants contain aquifer cells that store water
D) the conducting system is underdeveloped, so plant growth is limited
D) the sexual generation (gametophyte) predominates over the asexual generation (sporophyte)
E) sporophyte predominates over gametophyte

10. Establish a correspondence between a plant trait and the department for which this trait is characteristic
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT DEPARTMENT
A) presence of rhizoids 1) Bryophytes
B) the presence of aquifer cells 2) Fern-like
C) the formation of sporangia on leaves called fronds
D) predominance of the sexual generation (gametophyte) over the asexual generation (sporophyte)
D) development of the prothallus

11. Establish a correspondence between a plant trait and the department for which this trait is characteristic
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT DEPARTMENT
A) mostly herbaceous plants 1) Ferns
B) trees and shrubs predominate 2) Gymnosperms
B) reproduce by spores
D) reproduce by seeds
D) the fertilization process is not associated with the aquatic environment

12. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of plants and the department to which they belong
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT DEPARTMENT
A) do not tolerate dry conditions 1) Ferns
B) mainly trees and shrubs 2) Gymnosperms
B) have an ovule
D) form pollen
D) water is necessary for fertilization

13. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of a plant and the department to which it belongs
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT DEPARTMENT
A) form cones 1) Fern-like
B) ovules are openly located on the scales 2) Gymnosperms
C) reproduction is associated with water
D) most are herbaceous plants
D) prothalluses - thin green plates

14. Establish a correspondence between the plant trait and the plant department for which it is characteristic
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT DEPARTMENT
A) formation of fruits 1) Fern-like
B) formation of pollen in stamens 2) Angiosperms
B) double fertilization
D) the sexual generation is represented by a prothallus
D) reproduction by spores

15. Establish a correspondence between the plant trait and the department for which it is characteristic
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT DEPARTMENT
A) the presence of generative organs - flowers 1) Fern-like
B) absence of fruits 2) Angiosperms
B) reproduction by spores
D) pollen formation
D) fertilization occurs on the germ
E) the fertilization process does not depend on the presence of water

16. Establish a correspondence between the feature of plant reproduction and the department for which it is characteristic
FEATURES OF REPRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
A) reproduce by spores 1) Fern-like
B) double fertilization occurs 2) Flowering
B) spores are formed in stamens and pistils
D) male and female genital organs are formed on the prothallus
D) seeds are formed inside the fruit
E) spores are formed on leaves in sporangia

17. Establish a correspondence between a plant trait and the department for which it is characteristic
SIGN DEPARTMENT
A) double fertilization 1) Gymnosperms
B) there are fruits with seeds 2) Angiosperms
C) life forms: trees, shrubs and grasses
D) herbaceous forms of plants are practically not found
D) most have needle-shaped leaves (needles)

18. Establish a correspondence between the trait of an angiosperm and the class for which it is characteristic
PLANT CHARACTER CLASS
A) seeds with two cotyledons 1) Monocots
B) fibrous root system 2) Dicotyledons
B) reticulate venation of leaves
D) three-membered type of flower structure
D) life forms: trees, shrubs, grasses
E) early death of the main root, development of adventitious roots
G) tap root system
3) parallel or arcuate veining of leaves
I) leaves are only simple
J) five-membered flowers

19. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the plant and the family to which it belongs
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANT FAMILY
A) the number of flower parts is a multiple of five 1) Cruciferous
B) fruits - pods or pods 2) Solanaceae
C) fruit - berry or capsule
D) sepals and petals are located mutually perpendicular
D) the organs of most plants contain toxic substances

20. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the life process of the plant to which it belongs
SIGN PROCESS
A) carried out in cells with chloroplasts 1) photosynthesis
B) occurs in all living cells 2) respiration
B) oxygen is absorbed
D) carbon dioxide is absorbed
D) organic substances are formed from inorganic substances in the light
E) organic substances are oxidized

21. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the process of the plant to which it is attributed
CHARACTERISTICS PROCESS
A) glucose is synthesized 1) photosynthesis
B) organic substances are oxidized 2) respiration
B) oxygen is released
D) carbon dioxide is formed
D) occurs in mitochondria
E) accompanied by energy absorption

22. Establish a correspondence between the tissue and its belonging to plant or animal organisms
TISSUE ORGANISMS
A) cover 1) plants
B) epithelial 2) animals
B) connecting
D) mechanical
D) muscular
E) educational
G) conductive
H) main

23. Establish a correspondence between the structure, meaning of plant tissue and its type
STRUCTURE, VALUE OF FABRIC TYPE
A) formed by small living cells 1) educational
with very thin shells 2) storage
B) cells with large vacuoles
B) consists of more or less homogeneous cells capable of dividing
D) located at the growth points of roots and shoots
D) located in seeds, fruits, stem core and other organs
E) fills the gaps between conductive and mechanical tissues
G) ensures plant growth, formation of new organs and tissues
H) serves as a site for the deposition of reserve substances: proteins, fats, carbohydrates

24. Establish a correspondence between the structural features and functions of plant tissue and their species
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF TISSUE TYPES
A) consist of cells tightly adjacent to each other 1) integumentary
B) have stomata, lentils 2) conductive
B) formed by elongated cells communicating with each other
D) provide protection for plant organs from adverse environmental influences
D) carry out gas exchange and evaporation of water
E) include vessels and sieve tubes

25. Establish a correspondence between a plant organ and the group to which it belongs
ORGAN GROUP
A) root 1) vegetative
B) flower 2) generative
B) stem
D) seed
D) leaf
D) fruit

26. Establish a correspondence between the plant’s adaptation to pollination and its method
ADAPTATION TO POLLINATION METHOD OF POLLINATION
A) the presence of nectar in flowers 1) insects
B) noticeable coloration of the corolla 2) by the wind
B) long pendulous stamens
D) flowers with large fluffy stigmas
D) flowers have a smell
E) large single flowers

27. Match external structure fruits and seeds of plants and the method of their distribution
STRUCTURE METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION
A) juicy pericarp 1) animals
B) presence of hooks 2) wind
B) the presence of parachutes
D) the presence of lionfish
D) brightly colored peel

28. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the groups for which they are characteristic
GROUP SIGNS
A) allocated to a special kingdom 1) mushrooms
B) the body is a thallus 2) lichens
B) have a fruiting body
D) according to the method of nutrition - autoheterotrophs

E) represent a symbiosis of fungi and algae

30. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the process that occurs in plants.
CHARACTERISTICS PROCESS
A) synthesis of organic substances 1) evaporation
from inorganic in the light 2) photosynthesis
B) providing the plant with energy
C) protecting the plant from overheating
D) ensuring the transport of water and minerals
D) release of oxygen into the atmosphere

31. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the plant department to which it belongs.
SIGN DEPARTMENT
A) reproduction is not associated with water 1) Bryophytes
B) reproduce using spores 2) Gymnosperms
B) the presence of rhizoids
D) the gametophyte dominates the sporophyte
D) representatives of the department are cuckoo flax and sphagnum
E) representatives of the department are larch, cypress and juniper

32. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the group of mushrooms to which it belongs.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSHROOMS GROUP
A) form fruiting bodies 1) cap
B) form heads with spores at the ends of hyphae 2) mold
C) develop on food products
D) are used to produce antibiotics
D) enter into symbiosis with plant roots

33. Establish a correspondence between a plant feature and the department for which it is characteristic.
FEATURE OF THE PLANT DEPARTMENT
A) Life form - shrub or tree 1) Fern-like
B) Spores develop in sporangia on leaves 2) Gymnosperms
C) In the development cycle there is a haploid outgrowth.
D) Adventitious roots develop from the rhizome.
D) Eggs develop in the gametophyte on the scales of cones.
E) A pollen grain develops from a spore.

34. Establish a correspondence between a feature of plant tissue and its type.
FEATURE TYPE OF FABRIC
A) provides intercalary growth in cereals 1) educational
B) protects against temperature fluctuations and damage 2) cover
B) forms the cambial layer in the stem
D) provides gas exchange
D) forms a waxy layer on its surface
E) has many small cells with a large nucleus

35. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of the cell structure and the organism for which it is characteristic.
CHARACTERISTICS ORGANISM
A) the cell does not contain mitochondria 1) bacteria
B) there are chloroplasts 2) a unicellular algae
B) there is a ring chromosome
D) the cell wall consists of fiber
D) hereditary material is located in the cytoplasm
E) the bulk of DNA is located in the nucleus

36. Establish a correspondence between a plant trait and the department for which this trait is characteristic.
SIGN DEPARTMENT
A) predominance in the development cycle of the sporophyte 1) Gymnosperms
B) the presence of a pre-adult (protonema) in the development cycle 2) Bryophytes
B) the presence of a tap root system
D) attached to the soil by rhizoids
D) grows in lower tier forests
E) forms the tree layer of the forest

37. Establish a correspondence between the feature and the object for which it is characteristic.
SIGN OBJECT
A) hereditary material is represented by a nucleoid 1) bacterium
B) the nucleic acid is protected by a capsid 2) virus
B) does not have its own metabolism
D) mineralizes dead organic residues
D) has a cell wall made of polysaccharides

Subject: Seed plants

It is known that common beet is a vegetable crop whose root crop is used as food. Using this information, select three statements from the list below that describe these characteristics of this plant.

1) The leaves are used in medicine. 2) Root vegetables contain nutrients.

3) Cross-pollination by insects.

4) As a result of selection, various varieties of cultivated beets have been developed.

5) The fruit is a compressed single seed, which when ripe grows together with the perianth.

6)Beets are consumed in the form of salads, vinaigrettes, and beetroot soups to improve digestion and intestinal function.

A representative of which division of the Plant kingdom is shown in the figure?

2) Bryophytes

3) Angiosperms

4) Horsetails

What develops from the vegetative bud of a flowering plant?

1) flower or inflorescence 2) stem with leaves and buds

3) juicy or dry fruits 4) seed embryo with endosperm

4. Which plant organ is classified as vegetative organ?

1) leaf 2) seed 3) flower 4) fruit

The plant shown in the figure belongs to the department

2) angiosperms

3) fern-like

4) green algae

Establish a correspondence between adaptation to pollination in plants and its method.

ADAPTATION TO POLLINATION

A) the presence of nectar in the flowers B) the bright color of the corolla

C) bloom before the leaves appear D) flowers with large fluffy stigmas

D) the flowers have a scent E) the flowers are small, collected in an inflorescence of a complex spike

POLLINATION METHOD

1) insects 2) wind

Select three characteristics of plants from the class Dicotyledons and write down the numbers under which these characteristics are indicated.

1) arcuate leaf venation 2) fibrous root system

3) reticulate leaf venation 4) parallel leaf venation

5) two cotyledons in the seed 6) tap root system

Establish the sequence of root sections, starting from its apex. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) suction zone 2) division zone 3) root cap 4) growth zone 5) conduction zone

9. Along what part of the tree stem does the movement of dissolved organic substances from the leaves to all organs occur?

1) wood 2) cambium 3) bast 4) pith

The picture shows a pharmaceutical chamomile. What number is the diagram corresponding to the arrangement of flowers in its inflorescence?

Match the plant with the type of underground shoot characteristic of this plant.

PLANT

A) male shield fern B) tiger lily

C) lily of the valley D) onion

D) creeping wheatgrass E) forest tulip

TYPE OF UNDERGROUND ESCAPE

1) rhizome 2) bulb

The development of new shoots in poplars after sawing off the top occurs thanks to the buds

1) apical 2) renewal 3) generative 4) dormant

Insert the missing terms from the proposed list into the text “Flower”, using numerical notations. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text.

The most noticeable part of the flower is the corolla, which often consists of individual (A). Usually the corolla is surrounded by (B), consisting of sepals. In the center of the flower are its main parts - (B) and the pistil. The parts of the flower located around these formations are called (G).

1) perianth 2) bract 3) petal 4) inflorescence

5) ovary 6) stamen 7) receptacle 8) calyx

Are the following statements about plant growth processes true?

A. Dicotyledonous plants grown from cuttings develop a fibrous root system.

B. Adventitious roots grow from the main root of plants.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

Wind-pollinated plants are plants that are pollinated by the wind, however, under various circumstances, they can also be pollinated by insects. Wind-pollinated plants have very small and numerous flowers. Such plants produce a lot of pollen: one plant can produce millions of pollen grains. In many wind-pollinated plants (hazel, aspen, alder, mulberry), flowers appear even before the leaves bloom.
Wind-pollinated plants. Plants whose flowers are pollinated by the wind are called wind-pollinated. Usually their inconspicuous flowers are collected in compact inflorescences, for example, in a complex spike, or in panicles. They produce a huge amount of small, light pollen. Wind-pollinated plants most often grow in large groups. Among them there are grasses (timothy grass, bluegrass, sedge), and shrubs and trees (hazel, alder, oak, poplar, birch). Moreover, these trees and shrubs bloom simultaneously with the leaves blooming (or even earlier).

In wind-pollinated plants, the stamens usually have a long filament and carry the anther outside the flower. The stigmas of the pistils are also long, “shaggy” - to catch dust particles flying in the air. These plants also have some adaptations to ensure that pollen is not wasted, but preferentially lands on the stigmas of flowers of its own species. Many of them bloom by the hour: some bloom early in the morning, others in the afternoon.

Wind-pollinated plants are characterized by following signs:

– inconspicuous small flowers, often collected in inflorescences, but small and inconspicuous;
– feathery stigmas and anthers on long hanging threads;
– very fine, light, dry pollen.

Examples of wind-pollinated plants: poplar, alder, oak, birch, hazel, rye, corn. Wind-pollinated trees typically bloom in the spring, before leaves emerge that would interfere with pollen transfer.

Wind-pollinated plants include oaks and beeches, alder and birch, poplars and plane trees, walnuts and hazels. In addition to trees, many herbs that usually live in large communities are pollinated by the wind: cereals, rushes, sedges, hemp, hops, nettles and plantains. This list contains only examples; it does not at all claim to be a complete list of names of wind-pollinated plants.

The first striking feature of wind-pollinated flowers is the lack of bright color and aroma, and the absence of nectar. On the contrary, pollen grains develop in great abundance. Moreover, they are extremely small: in wind-pollinated plants, an individual grain of dust has a mass of 0.000001 mg. For comparison, we can recall that a bee-pollinated pumpkin has a dust grain that is a thousand times heavier: its mass is 0.001 mg. One inflorescence of rye is capable of producing 4 million 200 thousand pollen grains, and the inflorescence of horse chestnut is even ten times more - 42 million. Feature The advantage of pollen grains of wind-pollinated flowers is that they are completely devoid of adhesive substances and in most cases have a smooth surface.

Despite the fact that wind-pollinated flowers lack nectar, they are often visited by insects that feed on pollen. However, these insects play almost no role as pollen carriers.

The spread of pollen that a plant “throws to the wind” is, of course, an uncontrollable process. And the likelihood that pollen grains will fall on the stigma of your own flower is very high. But, as we know, self-pollination is undesirable for a plant. Therefore, wind-pollinated flowers have widely developed adaptations that prevent it. Particularly common is the non-simultaneous maturation of anthers and stigma. For probably the same reason, many wind-pollinated plants have dioecious, and sometimes bidominous, flowers.

Most wind-pollinated woody plants bloom in early spring, even before the leaves bloom. This is especially clearly visible in birch and hazel trees. After all, it is clear that dense summer foliage would be a very difficult obstacle to overcome for pollen flying in the wind.

Some other adaptations to wind pollination can also be mentioned. In many cereals, the stamens, when the flower opens, begin to grow unusually quickly, lengthening by 1–1.5 mm every minute. In a short time, their length is 3–4 times greater than the original one, they grow beyond the flower and hang down. And only when the anthers are at the bottom, they begin to crack, and the anther here bends somewhat and forms a kind of tray or bowl into which the pollen is poured. In this way, she does not fall down onto the ground, but waits for the next gust of wind to fly on its wings.

It is interesting that the pedicels in the spikelets of some cereals seem to spread out at the beginning of flowering, forming an angle of 45–80° between themselves. This also helps the pollen to be blown away by the wind. As soon as the flowering ends, the pollinated flowers return to their place.

During flowering, the position of the entire inflorescence also changes in birch, poplar, and hornbeam. At first, the inflorescences are directed upward. But before the anthers begin to burst, the stem of the catkin extends and the inflorescence hangs down. Each flower then becomes separated from the other and accessible to the wind. Pollen falls from the anthers down onto the scales of the lower flower and is blown away by the wind from here.

Wind-pollinated plants also have an “explosive” type of flower, similar to that of insect-pollinated plants. Thus, the stamens of a flower of one of the nettle species ripening in the bud are so tense that when it opens, they sharply straighten and scatter pollen from the bursting anthers. At this moment, a thick cloud of pollen can be seen above the flower.

The pollen of wind-pollinated flowers is not scattered by them at any time of the day or night, but only in favorable weather, usually relatively dry, with a weak or medium wind. Most often, the morning hours are most suitable for pollination.

Comparison of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated plants