Experiences and mistakes in the work The Cherry Orchard. Thematic area “experience and mistakes” in

Literature lesson in 11th grade

Preparation for the final essay in the “Experience and Errors” area.

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

consolidate the ability to work on an admission essay,

teach you to independently construct your knowledge,

express thoughts orally and in writing,

systematize your knowledge,

argue your point of view.

Educational:

to raise a thoughtful and attentive reader,

educate students Creative skills, promote development logical thinking, oral monologue, dialogic speech;

cultivate moral and ethical qualities through analysis of works

Developmental:

develop students' cognitive skills,

develop critical and creative thinking,

develop students’ ability to see, formulate and solve a problem.

Task: learn to write an essay on one of the proposed topics.

During the classes:

I. Introduction to the topic

1. Lexical work

Guys, we continue preparing for the final essay, which you will have to write on December 7th. And in today’s lesson we will look at the direction “Experience and errors”

Please tell me, how do you understand the word “experience”, “mistakes”?  Let's look into S.I. Ozhegov's dictionary and read the dictionary entry:

Errors - Wrongness in actions, thoughts.

2. FIPI comment:

Within the framework of the direction, discussions are possible about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world, gaining life experience.
Literature often makes you think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

“Experience and mistakes” is the direction in which to a lesser extent a clear opposition of two polar concepts is implied, because without errors there is and cannot be experience. Literary hero By making mistakes, analyzing them and thereby gaining experience, he changes, improves, and takes the path of spiritual and moral development.By assessing the actions of the characters, the reader gains invaluable life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook of life, helping not to make his own mistakes, the price of which can be very high . Speaking about the mistakes made by heroes, it should be noted that it is incorrect decision, an ambiguous act can affect not only the life of an individual, but also have the most fatal impact on the fate of others. In literature we also encounter tragic mistakes that affect the destinies of entire nations. It is in these aspects that one can approach the analysis of this thematic area.

3. Expressions about mistakes and experience

Aphorisms and sayings famous people:

You should not be timid for fear of making mistakes; the biggest mistake is to deprive yourself of experience. Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues

You can make mistakes in different ways, but you can act correctly only in one way, which is why the first is easy, and the second is difficult; easy to miss, difficult to hit the target. Aristotle

In all matters, we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and correcting ourselves. Karl Raymund Popper

He who thinks that he will not make mistakes if others think for him is deeply mistaken. Aurelius Markov

We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us. François de La Rochefoucauld Make the most of every mistake. Ludwig Wittgenstein

Shyness may be appropriate everywhere, but not in admitting one’s mistakes. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

It is easier to find error than truth. Johann Wolfgang Goethe

In all matters, we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and correcting ourselves. Karl Raymund Popper S. Sukhorukov)

5. Topic options for the “Experience and Mistakes” direction:

1. There are three paths to reason for a person: the path of reflection is the most noble; the path of imitation is the easiest; the path of personal experience is the hardest path. (Confucius)

2. Wisdom is the daughter of experience. (Leonardo da Vinci, Italian painter, scientist)

3. Experience is a useful gift that is never used. (J. Renard)

4. Do you agree with folk proverb“Experience is the word people use to describe their mistakes”?

5. Experience increases our wisdom, but does not decrease our stupidity. (B.. Shaw) 6. Do we really need our own experience?

7. Why do you need to analyze your mistakes?

8. Do you agree with the popular wisdom “We learn from other people’s mistakes”?

9. Is it possible to avoid mistakes by relying on the experience of others?

10. Is it boring to live without making mistakes?

11. How can the experience of fathers be valuable for children?

12. What experience does war give to a person?

13. What events and impressions in life help a person grow up and gain experience?

14. Is it possible to avoid mistakes when searching for a path in life?

15. Is it important, when moving forward in life, to look back at the path you have taken?

16. What does reading experience add to life experience?

Argumentation:

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and confessing to what he had done, does not fully realize the tragedy of the crime he committed, does not recognize the fallacy of his theory, he only regrets that he could not commit the crime, that he will not now be able to classify himself among the chosen ones. And only in hard labor does the soul-weary hero not only repent (he repented by confessing to the murder), but embark on the difficult path of repentance. The writer emphasizes that a person who admits his mistakes is able to change, he is worthy of forgiveness and needs help and compassion. (In the novel, next to the hero is Sonya Marmeladova, who is an example of a compassionate person).

M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". Heroes are so different works make a similar fatal mistake, which I will regret all my life, but, unfortunately, they will not be able to correct anything. Andrei Sokolov, leaving for the front, pushes away his wife hugging him, the hero is irritated by her tears, he gets angry, believing that she is “burying him alive,” but it turns out the other way around: he returns, and the family dies. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing and says with inexpressible pain: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I will not forgive myself for pushing her away then!” Story by K.G. Paustovsky is a story about lonely old age. Abandoned own daughter Grandma Katerina writes: “My beloved, I won’t survive this winter. Come at least for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands.” But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since her mother writes, it means she’s alive.” Thinking about strangers when organizing an exhibition young sculptor, daughter forgets about the only thing loved one. And only after hearing warm words of gratitude “for caring about a person,” the heroine remembers that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon." Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. It is not and will not be dearer. If only I could make it in time, if only she could see me, if only she would forgive me.” The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones “before it’s too late.”

M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". The hero of the novel, M.Yu., also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life. Pechorin himself says about himself: “Two people live in me: one lives in in every sense of this word, another thinks and judges it." Lermontov's character is energetic, clever man, but he cannot find application for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction. Grigory Alexandrovich is a very smart and reasonable person, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but at the same time wants to teach others to admit theirs, as, for example, he kept trying to push Grushnitsky to admit his guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute peacefully. But then the other side of Pechorin also appears: after some attempts to defuse the situation in the duel and call Grushnitsky to conscience, he himself proposes to shoot in a dangerous place so that one of them will die. At the same time, the hero tries to turn everything into a joke, despite the fact that there is a threat to both the life of young Grushnitsky and his own life. After the murder of Grushnitsky, we see how Pechorin’s mood changed: if on the way to the duel he notices how beautiful the day is, then after tragic event he sees the day in black colors, there is stone in his soul. The story of the disappointed and dying soul of Pechorin is outlined in diary entries a hero with all the ruthlessness of introspection; being both the author and the hero of the "magazine", Pechorin fearlessly speaks about his perfect impulses, and about dark sides your soul, and about the contradictions of consciousness. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience 29 teaches him nothing. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, which makes himself unhappy .

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If Lermontov's hero, realizing his mistakes, could not take the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then Tolstoy's favorite heroes, the acquired experience helps them become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, one can turn to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky stands out sharply from the high society environment with his education, breadth of interests, dreams of accomplishing a feat, and desires great personal glory. His idol is Napoleon. To achieve his goal, Bolkonsky appears in the most dangerous places of the battle. Harsh military events contributed to the fact that the prince was disappointed in his dreams and realized how bitterly he was mistaken. Seriously wounded, remaining on the battlefield, Bolkonsky experiences a mental crisis. At these moments it opens before him new world, where there are no selfish thoughts, lies, but only the purest, highest, fair. The prince realized that there is something more significant in life than war and glory. Now the former idol seems small and insignificant to him. Having survived further events- the appearance of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to the conclusion that he can only live for himself and his loved ones. This is only the first stage in the evolution of a hero who not only admits his mistakes, but also strives to become better. Pierre also makes a considerable series of mistakes. He leads wild life in the company of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but understands that such a life is not for him. He cannot immediately correctly evaluate people and therefore often makes mistakes in them. He is sincere, trusting, weak-willed. These character traits are clearly manifested in his relationship with the depraved Helen Kuragina - Pierre makes another mistake. Soon after marriage, the hero realizes that he was deceived and “processes his grief alone.” After breaking up with his wife, being in a state of deep crisis, he enters into Masonic lodge. Pierre believes that it is here that he will “find rebirth to a new life,” and again realizes that he is again mistaken in something important. The experience gained and the “thunderstorm of 1812” lead the hero to drastic changes in his worldview. He understands that one must live for the sake of people, one must strive to benefit the Motherland.

“To live honestly, you have to rush, get confused, fight, make mistakes, but calmness is spiritual meanness.” (L.N. Tolstoy)

“A good player who has lost at chess is sincerely convinced that his loss was due to his mistake, and he looks for this mistake at the beginning of his game, but forgets that in every step of his, throughout the entire game, there were the same mistakes as one of his moves was not perfect. The error to which he draws attention is noticeable to him only because the enemy took advantage of it.” (L.N. Tolstoy)

M.A. Bulgakov " dog's heart». If we talk about experience as “a procedure for reproducing some phenomenon experimentally, creating something new in certain conditions for the purpose of research,” then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky to “clarify the question of the survival of the pituitary gland, and subsequently its influence on the rejuvenation of the body in people” can hardly be called fully successful. WITH scientific point he is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation. The scientific result was unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life it led to the most disastrous consequences. The guy who appeared in the professor’s house as a result of the operation, “ vertically challenged and unattractive appearance,” behaves defiantly, arrogantly and insolently. However, it should be noted that the emerging humanoid creature easily finds itself in the changed world, but human qualities is no different and soon becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the entire house. Having analyzed his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “humane” than P.P. Sharikov. Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid hybrid Sharikov is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey... This, doctor, is what happens when a researcher, instead of going parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” Philip Philipovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story “Heart of a Dog,” the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is happy with his fate and himself. But in real life, such experiments have a tragic effect on people’s destinies, warns Bulgakov. Actions must be thoughtful and not destructive. The main idea of ​​the writer is that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people and such a mistake will be irreversible.

V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". When discussing mistakes that are irreparable and bring suffering not only to each individual person, but also to the people as a whole, one can turn to the indicated story by a twentieth-century writer. This is not just a work about the loss of one’s home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. The plot of the story is based on real story. During the construction of the hydroelectric power station on the Angara, the surrounding villages were flooded. Relocation has become a painful experience for residents of flooded areas. After all, hydroelectric power plants are built for a large number of people. This is an important economic project, for the sake of which we need to rebuild, and not hold on to the old. But can this decision be called unambiguously correct? Residents of flooded Matera are moving to a village built inhumanely. The mismanagement with which huge amounts of money are spent hurts the soul of the writer. Fertile lands will be flooded, and in the village built on the northern slope of the hill, on stones and clay, nothing will grow. Gross interference with nature will certainly entail ecological problems. But for the writer it is not so much they that are important as the spiritual life of people. For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family. And the reason for this is tragic mistake, which is that progress is much more important than souls old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. Wise life experience older generation does not want to leave his native island, not because he cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because for these amenities they demand to give Matera, that is, to betray his past. And the suffering of the elderly is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, abandon his roots. In discussions on this topic, one can turn to history and the disasters that human “economic” activity entailed. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people of the 21st century

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Life views and the statements of Evgeny Bazarov, expressed at the beginning of the novel, are refuted by the end by both the hero and the author.

“It is better to break stones on the pavement than to allow a woman to take even the tip of a finger. This is all... - Bazarov almost uttered his favorite word “romanticism,” but restrained himself and said: “nonsense.” “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” “All people are similar to each other both in body and soul; each of us has the same brain, spleen, heart, and lungs; and the so-called moral qualities the same for everyone: small modifications mean nothing. One human specimen is enough to judge all others. People are like trees in the forest; not a single botanist will study each individual birch tree.” “The strength, the strength,” he said, “is still here, but we have to die!.. The old man, at least he managed to wean himself from life, and I... Yes, go ahead and try to deny death. She denies you, and that’s it!” “The old thing is death, but something new for everyone.”

Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev ( real name- Smidovich; 1867- 1945) - Russian writer, translator, literary critic, doctor.

In 1888 he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. In 1894 he graduated from the medical faculty of the University of Dorpat and began medical activities. Was called to military service as a military doctor in 1904, during Russo-Japanese War and to the First world war. All-Russian fame came to Veresaev after the publication in 1901 in the magazine “World of God” of “Notes of a Doctor” - a biographical story about experiments on people and the collision of a young doctor with a monstrous reality. The work, which condemned medical experiments on humans, also revealed the writer’s moral position. The resonance was so strong that the emperor himself ordered measures to be taken and medical experiments on people stopped. Stalin Prize the writer received it in 1943, at the height of the fight against the monstrous experiments of the Nazis. “Notes” literally gave rise to an explosion of interest in medical ethics, since it was its problems that were the focus of the author’s attention.

A.S. Pushkin "Poltava"

After the victory at Poltava, Peter during festive feast raised a toast: “To the health of teachers, to the Swedes!” The Tsar was referring to the defeat at Narva in 1700, when Russian troops were defeated by Swedish ones. After this, transformations were carried out in the Russian army, which brought Peter a final victory.

“Peter is feasting. And proud, and clear, And his gaze is full of glory. And his royal feast is wonderful. At the shouts of his army, in his tent he treats his leaders, the leaders of strangers, and caresses the glorious captives, and raises a cup of health for his teachers.”

D/s: write an essay on one of the proposed topics.

From 2014-2015 school year The program for the state final certification of schoolchildren includes a final graduation essay. This format differs significantly from the classic exam. The work is of a non-subject nature, relying on the graduate’s knowledge in the field of literature. The essay aims to reveal the examinee’s ability to reason in given topic and argue your point of view. Mainly, the final essay allows you to assess the level of speech culture of the graduate. For exam paper Five topics from a closed list are proposed.

1. Introduction
2. Main part - thesis and arguments
3. Conclusion - conclusion

The final essay 2016 requires a volume of 350 words or more.

The time allotted for the examination work is 3 hours 55 minutes.

Topics for the final essay

The questions proposed for consideration are usually addressed to the inner world of a person, personal relationships, psychological characteristics and the concepts of universal morality. Thus, the topics of the final essay for the 2016-2017 academic year include the following areas:

1. "Experience and mistakes"

Here are concepts that the examinee will have to reveal in the process of reasoning, referring to examples from the world of literature. In the final essay 2016, the graduate must identify the relationships between these categories based on analysis, building logical relationships and applying knowledge of literary works.

One of these topics is “Experience and Mistakes.”

As a rule, works from the course school curriculum in literature - this is a large gallery different images and characters that can be used to write a final essay on the topic “Experience and Errors.”

• Novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
• Novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
• Novel by M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
• Roman I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• Novel by F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
• The story of A.I. Kuprin “Garnet Bracelet”

Arguments for the final essay 2016 “Experience and mistakes”

• “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin

The novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” clearly demonstrates the problem of irreparable mistakes in a person’s life, which can lead to serious consequences. So, main character- Evgeny Onegin, by his behavior with Olgoy in the Larins’ house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. The friends came together in a mortal battle, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not as agile a shooter as Evgeniy. Misbehavior and a sudden duel between friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the hero’s life. It is also worth referring here to love story Eugene and Tatiana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later does he realize what a fatal mistake he made.

• “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky

The central question for the hero of the work F . M. Dostoevsky begins to desire to understand his ability to act, to decide the destinies of people, neglecting the norms of universal morality - “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have the right?” Rodion Raskolnikov commits a crime by killing an old pawnbroker, and later realizes the full gravity of the committed act. The manifestation of cruelty and inhumanity, a huge mistake that led to Rodion’s suffering, became a lesson for him. Subsequently, the hero takes the right path, thanks to spiritual purity and the compassion of Sonechka Marmeladova. The crime committed remains a bitter experience for him for the rest of his life.

• “Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev

Essay example

On your own life path a person has to accept a large number of vital decisions, choose what to do in a given situation. In the process of experiencing various events, a person acquires life experience, which becomes his spiritual luggage, helping in later life and interaction with people and society. However, we often find ourselves in difficult, contradictory conditions when we cannot guarantee the correctness of our decision and be sure that what we consider correct now will not become a big mistake for us.

An example of the influence of the actions he has committed on a person’s life can be seen in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin.” The work demonstrates the problem of irreparable mistakes in a person’s life, which can lead to serious consequences. Thus, the main character, Eugene Onegin, by his behavior with Olga in the Larins’ house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. The friends came together in a mortal battle, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not as agile a shooter as Evgeniy. Misbehavior and a sudden duel between friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the hero’s life. It is also worth turning here to the love story of Eugene and Tatiana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later does he realize what a fatal mistake he made.

It is also worth turning to I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” which reveals the problem of errors in the unshakability of views and beliefs, which can lead to disastrous consequences.

In the work of I.S. Turgenev Evgeny Bazarov - a progressive-minded young man, a nihilist who denies the value of experience previous generations. He says that he does not believe in feelings at all: “Love is rubbish, unforgivable nonsense.” The hero meets Anna Odintsova, with whom he falls in love and is afraid to admit it even to himself, because this would mean a contradiction to his own beliefs of universal denial. However, later he becomes fatally ill, without admitting it to his family and friends. Being seriously ill, he finally realizes that he loves Anna. Only at the end of his life does Eugene realize how greatly he was mistaken in his attitude towards love and nihilistic worldview.

Thus, it is worth talking about how important it is to correctly evaluate your thoughts and actions, analyzing actions that can lead to a big mistake. A person is constantly developing, improving his way of thinking and behavior, and therefore he must act thoughtfully, relying on life experience.

Still have questions? Ask them in our VK group:

A good topic for an essay, especially for younger generation. Young people and their parents, and older, experienced acquaintances and friends and relatives are always in an unspoken confrontation. Young people want to move forward, try, develop, experience emotions and embark on adventures. Are they ready to make mistakes in all this - big question. Do they think about the likelihood of mistakes, how they will survive or correct them? Perhaps the most responsible - yes, but for the most part young people are confident that they are right and do not think about possible mistakes.

This kind of recklessness is what alarms their parents and loved ones, who come to them with what? With experience. Most often with your own. To which the young people are sure that “it won’t happen to me.” But this is the law of life, and alas, such invaluable and important experience is the result of actions and mistakes. It's impossible otherwise. As wise people say, “He who does nothing makes no mistakes.” Pretend to be a stone and you won't be wrong. What about life? Well, life will pass past you, this is the lot of stones.

Of course, there are quite a few works on this topic in the literature. This is both “Fathers and Sons” and “Heart of a Dog.” This is not what I remembered great work and A.P. Chekhov. "Ionych." To be honest, it intrigued me at school for the simple reason that the main character in the work turned out to be my...namesake. It was somehow exciting to read my name in the book. And the attitude towards the main character was as if he were a person, as if not a stranger, as if he were a distant relative of me. Well this is already mine teenage perception it was like this.

What is the essence of the story and how the themes “Experience and mistakes” can be included here. Yes, the most direct one. If you remember the story, what is it about? A young doctor finds himself in a small town. This, of course, is not the limit of his dreams, but the doctor himself is young, he has that very youthful enthusiasm, some living and real emotions. He meets a local family whose daughter becomes dear to him. A series of events follows through the entire story: after a year, after 2, after a few more years we see our hero and the sad changes that happen to him.

Perhaps, afraid to make a mistake once, to seem funny, or not to give in to his feelings, the hero makes the main mistake of his life. Afraid of doing something wrong, thinking about what others will say, he gradually loses in himself what is so valuable in youth - the desire for movement and development. In a certain sense, we can say that Ionych is developing, but this is rather not growth upward, but growth in breadth, and sometimes in the very literally this word. Over time, the young doctor becomes not a particularly pleasant person in appearance - overweight, fat, overweight... without any special joys in life.

Well, of course, you can blame Ekaterina for not immediately recognizing in Startsev a man who turned out to be dear to her not immediately, but later. And this is already some other mistake, already hers. She chased the pie in the sky, dropping the tit from her hands. It turns out that a series of mistakes shapes the lives of both characters. And that’s what’s strange. Startsev prefers not to do anything (he draws conclusions, so to speak, from the experience of others), and he is mistaken. Catherine decides to leave and is also mistaken. Life is like a series of mistakes that form experiences that guide a person further. The problem is that if the conclusion based on the error is made incorrectly, then the formed experience will continue to lead the person down the wrong path.

And finally, I would like to remember one more line on the topic of Experience and mistakes - “If youth knew, if old age could.” One is inseparable from the other, but we must remember that it is important to separate fatal mistakes from those that we can rethink and correct.

Final essay

in the direction of "Victory and defeat"

It is impossible for a person to go through life's journey without mistakes. In the piggy bank folk wisdom There are many sayings, proverbs and sayings that reflect the problem of experience and mistakes in our lives. Everyone knows the existing phrase: “Only those who do nothing make no mistakes.” A person, trying to achieve certain successes, makes many mistakes along the way. And these mistakes are very different. Some mistakes cause a person to become depressed. Others force you to start all over again. And in the third situation, a person sets new goals for himself, taking into account the bitter previous experience, and moves on. The journey of life is an eternal search for your place in life. Any difficulties and failures are our own mistakes. Every person has the right to make mistakes.

World literature, including Russian, has always been interested in this topic. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” the author’s favorite characters go through a difficult life path. And each of them has their own path of spiritual quest. But they are all united by the desire for happiness. On the path to happiness, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova make many mistakes. Enchanted by Lisa, Prince Andrei did not marry for love. Pierre, seriously not understanding life situation, married Helen Kuragina, soulless and cold beauty. Soon after marriage, he realized that he had been deceived. And Natasha Rostova, having become the bride and future wife of Prince Andrei, in his absence became interested in the frivolous Anatoly Kuragin. Kuragin's sensual gaze overshadowed the restraint and chastity of Prince Andrei. The heroine behaves completely differently when communicating with Kuragin: Natasha’s shyness, bashfulness and timidity are gone. It seemed to her that this was love. Natasha, young and inexperienced in matters of the heart, nevertheless realized that she had betrayed her loved one. She had a very hard time with her irreparable mistake. Surrounded by the attention of her family and friends, the girl managed to get out of this mental crisis. Happiness is a great sensual and moral strength. And L.N. Tolstoy shows that Natasha became truly happy when she married Pierre.

The hero of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment,” Rodion Raskolnikov, having committed a bloody crime and confessed to what he had done, does not fully realize the tragedy of what he committed. He did not admit that his theory was wrong. Raskolnikov regrets that he could not transgress, that he would not be able to classify himself among the chosen ones. The hero suffers, suffers, is tormented. And only in Siberia, in hard labor, Raskolnikov, tormented and exhausted, not only repents of what he has done, but becomes at his best. the hard way repentance. And, reading the pages of the novel, we understand that the writer draws our attention to the fact that a person who has admitted his mistakes is able to change. Such a person needs help and compassion. Sonya Marmeladova is precisely F. M. Dostoevsky’s person who is capable of supporting Raskolnikov and helping him.

What conclusion did my reasoning on this problem lead me to? I would like to note that personal experience teaches each of us life. Sad or virtuous, this experience is one's own, lived. And the lessons life has taught us are a real school; it is what shapes character and develops personality.

Possible essay topics:

He who does nothing never makes mistakes.

To make mistakes is the property of man, to forgive is the property of God.

Experience allows us to recognize a mistake every time we repeat it.

A truly thinking person draws as much knowledge from his mistakes as from his successes.

The only real mistake is not correcting your past mistakes.

Experience is the best mentor.

Our true teachers are experience and feeling.

There is nothing better in life than your own experience.

The only criterion of truth is experience.

The best proof of all is experience.

Essay example

“The history of every human life is the history of defeat” (Jean Paul Sartre)

Our whole life is a series of ups and downs, victories and defeats, successful and unsuccessful coincidences, this fills a person’s existence with excitement, makes it brighter and more contrasting. However, all this is not endless, and under any circumstances it is worth keeping in mind that our existence on Earth is finite, because man is mortal, “sometimes suddenly mortal,” and this sad outcome is to a certain extent a defeat. And if our whole life is a road to death, sometimes bumpy and winding, and sometimes straight, can any story of human life be considered a story of defeat?

Defeat is a clear failure in any conflict, it is defeat, injustice, loss, fiasco. It seems to me that the concentration of all these concepts is the word “death” - the very outcome, the point after which all processes end, this is both an impetus for action and a fact that not everyone is ready to accept. This is an eternal conflict with life, a mystery shrouded in darkness, and probably the most expected and most tragic defeat that a person can experience.

Each of us is mortal, despite social status, age, life preferences, but many forget about this, and that’s why we know so many stories with tragic end. In the story by I.A. Bunin's "Mr. from San Francisco" we are faced with the fate of a fairly typical personality: an elderly rich American goes with his family on the ship "Atlantis" to the Old World to reward himself for his long years"labor" (but in reality the brutal exploitation of Chinese workers). The hero of the story was nothing special; the author does not even tell us his name. All his life this gentleman was engaged in hoarding, and, having reached a fairly respectable age, he nevertheless decided to get what seemed to be a well-deserved rest - a time of idleness and gluttony. However, everything turned out completely differently. Did this hero consider himself a winner? Of course, especially in comparison with those who could not afford six meals a day, who were much lower in status and sailed in the hold of the ship. The gentleman from San Francisco believed that money gave him the right to rule over life and everyone who was near him, but literally for a moment - sudden death, and he, lifeless, floats not even in a coffin, but in a wooden box from under soda water in the bowels of the ship, next to those to whom during his lifetime he expressed arrogant disdain. This death was a logical and instructive outcome, a cruel but fair defeat, towards which the gentleman from San Francisco had been going all his life. After him, nothing remained in people’s hearts, not even his name. It turns out that the story of his entire life was the story of his defeat.

A similar outcome, unfortunately, awaits those who, during their lifetime, try their best to fight the system, who destroy stereotypes, who fill life with their own meaning and, albeit on a subconscious level, want to leave their mark on history. The hero of the novel I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons", Evgeny Bazarov is presented to us as an extraordinary personality: despite his destructive theory, he was a natural scientist, a practicing doctor, he helped people, but despised authority. Having created his strict “building” of nihilism, the “pillar” of which was the denial of love, art, and, indeed, “EVERYTHING” (and first of all the state, power, religion), he did not notice how his “building” was gradually collapsing in a collision with life, with a feeling of love for Madame Odintsova, for her parents. It was love that revealed the weakness and lifelessness of his vulgar materialist theory. This wonderful feeling made Bazarov become disappointed in himself. Trying to stifle love in himself, he seems to lose the ground under his feet. Hence his bitter reflections before his death: “Does Russia need me?... No, apparently I don’t.” Death overtook Bazarov in the prime of his life, which is why it is doubly absurd. But we still have good memories of the hero: he is young, smart, educated, and his nihilism is just posturing (I really wanted to be different from everyone else, a kind of “subverter” of the foundations). Last words Bazarov, addressed to Odintsova, who came to say goodbye to him, bare his soul: “Live and enjoy while there is time!... Blow on the dying candle... Calm your mother.” Death for Bazarov was to some extent a defeat, but it is also the beginning of good, elegiac memories of him, and his life itself was not lived in vain. He, unlike the hero Bunin's story, left a memory in the souls of those who knew and loved him.

The statement of Jean Paul Sartre, who asserted that “the history of any human life is the history of defeat”, in my opinion, is not entirely fair. Defeat is a fiasco, a collapse, and this leads to chaos in the mind. You cannot live constantly with the thought of inevitable defeat. Thoughts about this should awaken passion and competition in a person; the desire to act, feel, experience difficulties, learn life and teach should be ignited - in other words, the desire to live, and not exist aimlessly.