Life experience and mistakes conclusion. Thematic area “experience and mistakes” in

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist F.I. Buslaev: “All the power of judgment is contained in the predicate. Without a predicate there can be no judgment.” To justify your answer, give 2 examples from the text you read.

When giving examples, indicate numbers necessary proposals or use citation.

You can write a paper in scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic using linguistic material. You can start your essay with the following statement.

The essay must be at least 70 words. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(1) Three children stood at the door: two girls and a boy. (2) The grandfather guessed that they were classmates of his grandson.

- (3) Does Andrey Lysov live here? - asked the plump girl.

“(4) Here,” the grandfather admitted.

“(5) We came to condemn him,” the girl continued.

(6) Grandfather and grandson stood next to each other and were one hundred percent related: chubby, blue-eyed. (7) This is probably why part of Andreika’s guilt naturally passed on to her grandfather.

“(8) We have everything written down in our diary,” said the fat woman and handed the notebook to Alexander Klavdievich.

- (9) “He pulled Alla Ivanova’s hair,” the grandfather read sadly.

“(10) And when Ivanova cried, he called her a wet heron, but did not apologize,” said the boy.

(11) When the guys left, the grandfather turned to his grandson:

- (12) So why did you pull this Alla’s braid?

“(13) It’s so simple,” the boy muttered.

- (14) But I know why, and why! (15) You like her, but she doesn’t pay attention to you, a nasty C student. (16) So, what?

(17) Broken by his grandfather’s insight, the grandson spoke:

- (18) We used to be friends with her! (19) And now she’s all: Tolik and Tolik. (20) I’ll pull her first - she’ll hit me with a book - clap! (21) And it’s funny to both of them! (22) And now you touch it a little - it’s like a crybaby crying...

(23) Grandfather listened to him attentively, narrowing his eyes.

- (24) You will have to apologize to her, and in such a way that it will be deposited in your garden head for a long time. (25) We are going to her now, you apologize and give her flowers, otherwise there will be no peace between us.

(26) The grandson valued peace with his grandfather, and therefore he realized that he could not escape either an apology or flowers.

(27) It was poorly imprinted in his head how in the store they bought asters that smelled of burnt leaves and snow, how they wandered through the autumn park straight to Alka’s house.

(28) Before leaving the park, the grandfather stopped and they sat down on a bench.

- (29) I suppose you never gave flowers to girls? (30) At least look at what you are giving.

“(31) Look, they look like lap dogs,” the grandson said in a depressed tone.

- (32) No, the lapdog is a stupid and cowardly dog, but these pure, proud, as if made of ice, and brave ones, stand in the flower beds right up to the snow.

(33) The boy looked at the flowers and thought: “Really, how pure... icy...”

(34) The entire meeting with Alka Ivanova swept through Andreika’s troubled soul like a whirlwind. (35) Just before the door he rushed to splash down like a kitten. (36) But the grandfather briefly said: “Don’t be a coward!” - and put it next to him.

(37) Alla opened the door. (38) Andreyka somehow mumbled an apology and thrust it into the hands of the shocked Alka astra:

- (39) This is for you... these icy ones...

(40) Alka didn’t answer him, carefully took the flowers, as if they really were made of ice and could break, and suddenly the asters were reflected in her girlish eyes, sweet with surprise.

(According to V.I. Odnoralov) *

* Odnoralov Vladimir Ivanovich (born in 1946) - Orenburg poet, prose writer, publicist and children's writer.

Explanation.

Let's give an example of an argumentative essay in a scientific style.

The predicate (in syntax) is the main member of a sentence, associated with the subject and answering the questions: “what does an object (or person) do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it like?”, “what is it?” ", "who is he?" etc. The predicate denotes the action or state of objects and persons that are expressed by the subject. Special role fulfills the predicate in one-part sentence(except for the nominative), because it is the only member of the sentence that represents the basis, and therefore contains main meaning. That is why the role of the predicate in a sentence can be considered the main one in a statement or judgment.

Let's try to prove this using examples from the text by V.I. Odnoralov. So, in sentences No. 21−22 (I pull her first - she hits me with a book - clap! And it’s funny for both!) are presented different types predicates. Sentence 21 is complex, non-union: the first part is a two-part sentence in which the predicate “turf” denotes the action performed by the subject “I”; the second part is a two-part sentence in which the predicate “clap” denotes the action performed by the subject “she”. Sentence 22 is impersonal, in it the basis is represented by the predicate “funny”, expressing the state of the characters. Without predicates in both the first and second cases, the statements would lose meaning, which is why the phrase actually rests on them.

Thus, we were able to prove the statement of the famous linguist F.I. Buslaeva: “All the power of judgment is contained in the predicate. Without a predicate there can be no judgment.”

Description of the presentation THEMATIC AREA “EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES” B by slides

Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, and humanity as a whole; about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world and gaining life experience; about the relationship between experience and mistakes; about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes, without which it is impossible to move along the path of life; about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

1. Why do you need to analyze your mistakes? 2. Do you agree that mistakes are a key component of life experience? 3. What does the reading experience add to the life experience? 4. How do you understand the saying “living life is not a field to cross”? 5. What kind of life can be considered not lived in vain? 6. Can an experienced person make mistakes? 7. He makes more mistakes who does not repent of his mistakes. 8. What lessons does the history of his people give a person? 9. Is experience important to us? previous generations? 10. How can the experience of fathers be valuable for children? 11. What experience does war give to humanity? 12. What events and impressions in life help a person gain experience? 13. Is it important, when moving forward in life, to look back at the path you have taken? 14. Is it possible to avoid mistakes on life path? 15. Is it possible to gain experience without making mistakes? 16. ". . . Experience is the son of difficult mistakes. . . "(A.S. Pushkin) 17. The path to truth lies through mistakes. 18. Is it possible to avoid mistakes by relying on the experience of others? 19. What mistakes cannot be corrected? 20. What is delusion? POSSIBLE TOPICS IN THE DIRECTION

QUOTES IN THE DIRECTION “EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES” 1. “Experience is the teacher of everything.” (Julius Caesar) 2. “Inexperience leads to disaster.” (A.S. Pushkin) 3. “Experience is the best mentor.” (Ovid) 4. “In life there is nothing better than your own experience.” (W. Scott) 5. “The only real mistake is not correcting your past mistakes.” (Confucius) 6. “Admitting your mistakes is the highest courage.” (A. Bestuzhev) 7. “You can only reach convictions through personal experience and suffering.” (A.P. Chekhov) 8. “Show me a person who has never made a mistake in his life, and I will show you a person who has achieved nothing.” (Joan Collins)

1. M. A. Bulgakov “Masters. Margarita”, “Heart of a Dog” 2. I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Children” 3. D. I. Fonvizin. "Minor". 4. A. S. Griboyedov. "Goreotuma". 5. A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene. Onegin". 6. M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time" . 7. A. N. Ostrovsky. "Thunderstorm", "Dowry". 8. I. A. Goncharov. "Oblomov". 9. F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment" . 10. L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace" . 11. A. P. Chekhov. “Man in a Case”, “Gooseberry”, “Love”, “Ionych”, “Cherry Orchard”. 12. I. A. Bunin. “Mr. San Francisco", "Dark Alleys". 13. A. M. Gorky. “In People”, “Nadne”. 14. B. L. Pasternak. "Doctor. Zhivago". 15. M. A. Sholokhov. "Quiet. Don". 16. V. Astafiev. “Tsar Fish” 17. K. Paustovsky. “Telegram” 18. A. Pristavkin. “The golden tutu spent the night” (oine) 19. L. Ulitskaya. “Case. Kukotsky" 20. V. Rasputin. “Farewell.” Seasoned" SELECTION OF WORKS BY DIRECTION

INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 1. People live differently on earth. Some go their own way, as if by inertia, without thinking about the final goal. Live a day - and okay. Others map out their path in advance and never deviate from it. Still others often get lost in search of the right path, sometimes losing their way. Who is more likely to gain experience and who will make mistakes? Most likely, no one can do without mistakes: every step is a grain of our experience, even if the wrong road is chosen. The path to truth is the path of self-knowledge. But not everyone admits and realizes their mistakes, trying to correct them and gain positive experience. On the pages works of art There are many similar examples... 2. How to go through your life’s journey without making a single mistake? Is it possible to gain a positive experience from this? Of course not. The child, taking his first hesitant steps, falls, but gets up and tries to walk again. He subconsciously acquires a tiny experience: he can’t stop! Growing up, a person achieves the desired result not immediately, but by trial and error. Only by overcoming obstacles, falling and getting up, can you come to truth and purpose. But you need to learn to draw conclusions from your mistakes and avoid making irreparable mistakes. Pondering over destinies literary heroes, we understand that it is impossible to live without mistakes, but trying to correct them is an eternal work on oneself. This is the search for truth and the desire for spiritual harmony.

INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 3. Is reading experience important for learning about life, for gaining one’s own experience? The answer is obvious. It is books, scientific or artistic, that give us knowledge, that is, experience. Writers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries left us a rich cultural heritage. A person whose reading experience is rich has the opportunity to make the right experience out of mistakes literary characters, will be able to learn important things that will help him in the future not to commit unnecessary actions. That’s why he turns to a book every time at a difficult moment, studies in order to understand the world, so that there are as few mistakes as possible in his idea of ​​the world, society, and himself. What works will really become our good helpers? . . 4. What is the cost of a mistake? The consequences of even one person’s mistakes are sometimes difficult to predict. And if these mistakes are made by a person endowed with power, on whose decisions the fate of an entire country depends. It is no coincidence that when assessing the activities of rulers or leaders, we pay attention to such qualities as foresight, wisdom, the presence of a practical mind... If we have a person in front of us who is indifferent, poorly educated, and even ambitious and vain, then his mistakes can turn into disaster, otherwise and a disaster. And there are many examples of this in life and in literature...

5. What experience does war give to humanity? First of all, the need to prevent irreparable mistakes in the future. Mistakes in war. Errors in choosing battle strategy and tactics. This is already a tragedy. The lives of the soldiers subordinate to him depend on the ill-considered actions of commanders, on their careerist motives, selfishness or cowardice. And the experience here is only negative, which under no circumstances should be repeated. But there is another, human, wise experience: in cultivating courage, perseverance and valor, similar to those shown by war heroes: ordinary soldiers and worthy officers. Those who blocked the enemy's path did not allow him to desecrate our native land. INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 6. “And experience, the son of difficult mistakes...” exclaimed Pushkin. Is it possible to experience without errors? Are they always interconnected? And does every mistake lead to the accumulation of experience? It is probably impossible to gain experience without making mistakes, but it is simply necessary to draw the right conclusions from failures. But why is a person so afraid to take the wrong step, to make a mistake? Afraid of being funny, avoiding condemnation and punishment? Should you be afraid of making mistakes in your life experiences? It depends on what experiences and mistakes you are talking about. A surgeon's mistake can result in the death of a patient, and a pilot's mistake can result in the death of hundreds of people. But if we're talking about Everyday life and work that does not involve such risk, you should not be afraid of mistakes. Enough to remember words of wisdom the great L. N. Tolstoy: “To live honestly, you have to rush, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and give up, and start again and give up again, because calmness is spiritual meanness.”

7. Is the experience of previous generations important to us? What lessons does the history of his people teach a person? To each to an individual It's common to make mistakes, but is it possible to talk about historical mistakes people? Most likely not, since what was done and approved at the beginning of the 20th century, for example, the revolution, was debunked in the end. But if we are talking about wars of conquest, then it is important to learn the necessary lessons and not repeat the monstrous experience of the conquering commanders. Let us remember Napoleon or Hitler and their punitive campaigns of conquest. Why not experiment with people! Who should be blamed for such atrocities? People? Leaders? Difficult question. Although they say that the people deserve the ruler they choose, in general they cannot be held responsible for the actions of the leaders. And at the same time, every person in the country bears a share of responsibility for everything that happens in it: you can blindly obey and allow yourself to be drawn into a negative, monstrous experience, or you can resist it. Many examples of the above can be found in Russian literature... INTRODUCTION OPTIONS

8. Is a thousand-year history. Is Russia something alien to us or still an important, valuable historical experience? Reflecting on this issue, it is necessary to understand that the experience of previous generations is undoubtedly significant for us, because the wisdom accumulated over the centuries shows us the further path and helps us avoid many mistakes. Is it possible to neglect the invaluable experience of workers in art or science and reject their creations and conquests? How many priceless works of painting, architecture, music, literature, philosophy can enrich modern man with the richest experience of knowing himself in life! Of course, we must not forget about historical mistakes: about bloody revolutions and wars, about acts of vandalism in relation to historical monuments culture, about the repressions of the 30s, which allow every person to realize how destructive they were, how different events in history influence a person’s life. The bitter experience of the harsh war years teaches us not to forget how much grief and suffering war can bring. We must remember this so that the tragedy does not repeat itself again and again. Historical experience is part of the culture of a people. And if you do not study your history, do not adopt the experience of your predecessors, then it will be impossible to understand what the foundations of the creation and self-knowledge of man lie. Let's turn to literary examples... (183 words without arguments) INTRODUCTION OPTIONS “Is the experience of previous generations important for us? »

8. Life experience... What does it consist of? From actions committed, from words spoken, from observations of the lives of people around and the lives of literary heroes, from decisions taken, both faithful and unfaithful. Often a person sometimes unexpectedly finds himself in difficult situation and, confused or lacking experience, may make the wrong decision or commit a rash act. Sometimes his actions lead to tragic consequences. And only later does he realize that he made a mistake and learns the lesson life taught him. How to avoid irreparable mistakes? You need to carefully think through your every step, your word, your action, and not be afraid to turn to your elders, to teachers-mentors, to books, for the much-needed experience. Let us also turn to literary examples. INTRODUCTION OPTIONS

Mistakes and experience. These two concepts are inextricably linked, because experience is built on mistakes, even the most insignificant ones. Literary examples enough to confirm this idea. For example, Pierre Bezukhov is fictional. Leo. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in search of the meaning of life made many mistakes, until he realized the truth. As a result, the hero comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this life and first falls under bad influence Kuragin and Dolokhov: balls, revelry, courage. Consequence a rash step Pierre makes another mistake - marrying Helene. Bezukhov bathes in “universal love” (as he naively believed when he became the richest and most eligible bachelor), but the happiness was short-lived. Smart Pierre quickly realized the cost of his mistakes. He finally finds his happiness by marrying her. Natasha. Rostova. After much torment, mistakes, and wanderings, Pierre Bezukhov comes to the understanding that true happiness lies in serving society, which is what he does in the epilogue of the novel. (It is no coincidence that, according to L. Tolstoy’s plan, it was Pierre Bezukhov who was supposed to become the Decembrist hero in the planned story, which later became an epic novel). ARGUMENT-

Evgeny Bazarov, the hero of the novel “Fathers and Sons” by I. S. Turgenev, a progressive-minded young man who is not afraid to take risks, is engaged in experiments, a nihilist who does not recognize any authorities, a supporter of the most “complete and merciless denial.” What is Bazarov denying? Anything that can get in the way practical activities naturalist. Undoubtedly, Bazarov is a man of a sharp and strong mind, believing that his chosen path is the most correct. However, he did not avoid mistakes: love, which the hero of the novel considered “nonsense,” overtook him completely unexpectedly, so much so that Evgeniy was completely at a loss, unable to cope with his feelings. What is this? Error in the hero's actions? Of course not. The mistake lies in his nihilist worldview. However, Evgeny was able to turn out to be taller and more humane than Odintsova, who valued her “peace of mind” more than anything else in the world! In the end, Bazarov was able to control himself, plunging into his work, but having obviously failed to fully cope with his thoughts, he commits another, already irreparable mistake: operates on a patient with typhus, forgetting about precautions, and... dies. Only before his death, Evgeniy realizes the futility of his plans: “Russia needs me. . . No, apparently it’s not needed...” Well, if a miracle happened and the hero survived, would he abandon his experiments? I think it’s unlikely: his convictions in his own rightness were too strong. And this is also a mistake, since it is necessary to critically re-evaluate your thoughts and actions. ARGUMENT-

M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”. The hero of the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life. Pechorin says to himself: “Two people live outside: one lives in in every sense of this word, another thinks and judges it.” Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find application for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V. G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction. The hero realizes his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience teaches him nothing. Despite the fact that... Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, thereby making himself unhappy. ARGUMENT-

The story by K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram” is a story about lonely old age, about indifference to elderly parents, about personal experiences and mistakes. Katerina Petrovna lived out her life in an old house, her daughter, Nastya, living in a distant big city, wrote to her very rarely and almost never came. The old woman, out of modesty, is afraid to remind herself. “It’s better not to interfere,” she decides. Abandoned own daughter Grandma Katerina will soon write: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come at least for a day...” But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since her mother writes, it means she’s alive.” Thinking about strangers when organizing an exhibition young sculptor, daughter forgets about the only thing loved one. And when she remembers that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon”, Nastya goes to her mother. Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. If only I could make it in time, if only she could see me, if only she would forgive me.” The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. She is late everywhere: at the railway station, at last date with my mother and even to a funeral. Having cried in her mother’s empty house all night, she leaves in the morning, stealthily, trying so that no one sees her or asks about anything, but pain and shame will forever remain in her heart. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones “before it’s too late.” The telegram changed Nastya’s life, made her think about a person’s responsibility for his actions, that even in the bustle of worries one must not forget that people close and dear to you are waiting for you, love you, and that there are mistakes that are no longer possible to correct ARGUMENT-

V. G. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”. Tale. Rasputin is not just a work about the loss of one’s home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family. And the reason for this tragic mistake, which is that progress is much more important than souls old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. Unfortunately, only old men and women remained loyal to Matera. Young people live in the future and calmly part with their small homeland. Wise life experience older generation does not want to leave his native island, not because he cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because they demand to pay for these amenities. Matyora, that is, betray his past. The suffering of old people is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, renounce his roots. The ending of the story is tragic: the officials who are relocating the last inhabitants of the island symbolically got lost in the fog, and among them is Daria’s son, main character. And the “old old women” of Matera at this time, in last time united with each other, they leave this world, moving away to heaven. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people. XXI century. ARGUMENT-5 - MISTAKES AND EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE (HISTORIES)

A. Pristavkin’s book “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night” is about such history lessons. This is the story of two twin brothers. Wartime orphanages, Sashka and Kolka Kuzmin, Kuzmenysh, destitute, hungry, whose dreams are no longer about seeing, smelling bread, so that faith will appear. Unexpected dispatch of orphanages to the Caucasus. No one knew why they were being taken to these lands. But the feeling of anxiety gripped adults and children for a reason. On the way, they meet a train carrying Chechens evicted from their homes. It was their empty lands that the orphanages were supposed to fill. [The train starts moving “...voices are heard. They screamed, they screamed, they cried." Then life in orphanage on a depopulated land and fear of the “invisible” local residents, hidden in the mountains. One can understand the feelings of the Chechens who were taking revenge for the destroyed graves of their ancestors: [“My zimlya! My house! My garden!" ] Revenge is dark, it knows no bounds and often falls on the innocent. There is in the story by A. Pristavkin scary scene, when the next morning Kolka, who had slept in his hole, stumbles upon the crucified brother Sanka and sits next to him for a long time, petrified, whining and howling. Terrible death innocent child. And, finally, pure friendship with the Chechen boy Alkhuzur, who, seeing Kolka’s suffering, is ready to become his brother: “I, I am now Sask.” Whose fault is it that both Russian and Chechen children are destitute? Whose fault is it that entire nations were forced to leave their native lands and subsequently incite national hatred? The answer is obvious. Not at all far-sighted politicians. It was for their mistakes that the innocent people paid. Such books are needed to know the past, to learn lessons from bitter experience. This is a book about the responsibility for the future of one generation to another. (261 WORDS) ARGUMENT-7. MISTAKES AND EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE (STORIES

The history of human development is a history of social revolutions and great discoveries. The limits of the human mind are truly limitless in attempts to comprehend the secrets of the universe. But is man right in his claim to the role of Creator? If we talk about experience as an experiment to create something new, then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky, the main character of M. Bulgakov’s story “ dog's heart", on pituitary gland transplantation and its effect on the rejuvenation of the body in people with scientific point vision is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation: he transforms homeless dog Sharik to citizen Sharikov. But in everyday life, scientific experience led to the most disastrous consequences. Attempts to instill basic cultural skills in Sharikov meet with staunch resistance on his part. And every day Sharikov becomes more impudent, more aggressive and more dangerous. As a result, Preobrazhensky understands the reason for his delusions and carries out the reverse operation: Sharikov again becomes the sweet and kind dog Sharik. Having analyzed his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “humane” than P.P. Sharikov. Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid Sharikov is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey. . . " Filippovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. After reading the work, thoughts arise about how often thoughtless experiments are carried out, which can sometimes become an irreversible disaster for both a person and society itself as a whole, especially if they occur by force. Without experiments, science will not move forward, but they must be balanced; a mistake can be costly. ARGUMENT-6 - SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS

The plot of Lyudmila Ulitskaya’s novel “The Kukotsky Case” is quite simple: it tells about the unfortunate life of a gynecological surgeon who had an extraordinary talent as a diagnostician - a special gift, “intravision” of the affected internal organs patients, a surgeon who opposed the ban on abortion. In 1942, in a small Siberian town, he saved his future wife Elena Georgievna and her child from death, adopting her as his own. The first problems in the life of the Kukotskys appeared in the period preceding the start of the campaign against genetics. Pavel Alekseevich found original way avoid unwanted events: at the right moment he honestly got drunk, creating a reputation for himself as a drunkard. And after one carelessly thrown phrase by the hero addressed to his wife, this outstanding doctor has been drinking for ten years, unable to correct his accidental mistake, essentially a slip of the tongue, and his wife has gone crazy for the same ten years, so unforgivably... But most importantly actor In the novel, it turns out that Kukotsky’s adopted daughter Tanya, a student in the evening department of the Faculty of Biology, got a job in a laboratory for the study of brain development, where she surprisingly quickly mastered the methods of preparing histological preparations. And a few years later, an event occurred that turned Tanya away from science forever: she caught herself ready to make a drug from a living human fetus. Without waiting the right words from her father, Tanya left work. Soon Tanya dies in an Odessa hospital due to medical care not provided on time during childbirth. Half-crazed Elena never knew about her daughter’s death. An old, but still unresolved question: is the ability to kill living things in the womb a positive experience for good or irreparable mistakes that give rise to evil? He rules-Paul. Alekseevich, who placed his personal happiness on the sacrificial altar of the profession? ARGUMENT 8 – DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE THROUGH MISTAKES AND ACCUMULATION OF EXPERIENCE

One of humanity’s global mistakes is “experiments” with nature, ruthless implementation of natural laws. Death Aral Sea, a real threat to Baikal, the extinction of many animal species and the complete disappearance of unique medicinal plants - all this is a consequence of crazy experiments on nature. Nature immediately “takes revenge” on man, and we simply must draw conclusions from the mistakes made by our predecessors. V. Astafiev in his work “The Fish Tsar” tries to understand this problem. Main character short story of the same name Ignatyich - a fisherman. He conquered the river. Here he is the king of nature. But how does he manage the wealth entrusted to him? Poachs, guided by greed and ambition. Then the king fish appears, sent to fight the king of nature. According to legend, if you catch the king fish, the sturgeon, you must release it and not tell anyone about it. Ignatyich, when meeting a huge sturgeon, does not fulfill this commandment: greed takes over his conscience and destroys him. The wounded king of nature and the queen of rivers meet in equal combat with the elements. Together with the fish, huddled close to each other, they await their death. I Ignatyich clever man, he understands his guilt and sincerely repents of what he has done, asks: “Lord, let this fish go!” . “I'm sorry…” Nature is not as merciless as man; it gives him a chance to improve. And the king fish, freeing himself from the hooks with incredible effort, swims away to his native element. This is clear experience, its mistakes and the lessons learned from them. By grossly interfering with the life of nature, man commits moral crime. He who is merciless to nature is merciless to all living things, and therefore, to himself. The harmony of relationships can only be preserved thanks to spiritual - historical experience previous generations. (243 words)EXAMPLE OF ESSAY “THE HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE”

CONCLUSION So, it is impossible not to make mistakes. The main thing, as you gain experience, is not to be afraid to admit your mistakes and try to correct them. And, of course, you need to weigh and think about your decisions and actions in advance in order to avoid irreparable mistakes. A person who has made mistakes and drawn the right conclusions from these mistakes is an order of magnitude wiser today than yesterday. It is not making a mistake that is a sin, but the lack of repentance for it, the unwillingness to learn from experience, albeit bitter. The wise Aristotle was right: “He who is incapable of repentance is incurable.”

Example of an essay on the topic: “Experience is the son of difficult mistakes”

Life experience... What does it consist of? From actions done, words spoken, decisions made, both right and wrong. Experience is often the conclusions we draw when we make mistakes. There is a question: how is life different from school? The answer is this: life gives you a test before the lesson. Indeed, a person sometimes unexpectedly finds himself in a difficult situation and can make the wrong decision or commit a rash act. Sometimes his actions lead to tragic consequences. And only later does he realize that he made a mistake and learns the lesson life taught him.

Let's look at literary examples. In V. Oseeva’s story “Red Cat” we see two boys who extracted life lesson from my own mistake. Having accidentally broken the window, they were sure that the owner, an elderly lonely woman, would certainly complain to their parents and then punishment would not be avoided. In revenge, they stole her pet, a red cat, from her and gave it to an unknown old woman. However, the boys soon realized that by their action they had caused unspeakable grief to Marya Pavlovna, because the cat was the only reminder of the woman’s only son who died early. Seeing her suffer, the boys felt compassion for her, realized they had made a terrible mistake, and tried to correct it. They found the cat and returned him to his owner. We see how they change throughout the story. If at the beginning of the story they are driven by selfish motives, fear, and the desire to avoid responsibility, then at the end the heroes no longer think about themselves, their actions are dictated by compassion and the desire to help. Life taught them an important lesson, and the guys learned it.

Let us recall the story by A. Mass “The Trap”. It describes the action of a girl named Valentina. The heroine dislikes her brother’s wife, Rita. This feeling is so strong that Valentina decides to set a trap for her daughter-in-law: dig a hole and disguise it so that Rita, when she steps, will fall. She carries out her plan, and Rita falls into the prepared trap. Only suddenly it turns out that she was five months pregnant and could lose the baby as a result of a fall. Valentina is horrified by what she has done. She didn't want to kill anyone, especially a child! Now she will have to live with an everlasting feeling of guilt. Having made, perhaps, an irreparable mistake, the heroine acquired, albeit bitter, but valuable life experience, which in the future, perhaps, will save her from wrong steps, change her attitude towards people and herself, and make her think about the consequences of her actions.

Summarizing what has been said, I would like to add that experience, being often a consequence of “difficult mistakes,” has big influence to our later life. With experience comes an understanding of many important truths, our worldview changes, and our decisions become more balanced. And this is its main value.

(394 words)

Example of an essay on the topic: “Is the experience of previous generations important for us?”

Is the experience of previous generations important to us? Reflecting on this question, one cannot help but come to the answer: of course, yes. The experience of our fathers and grandfathers, of our entire people, is undoubtedly significant for us, because the wisdom accumulated over the centuries shows us further path, helps to avoid many mistakes. Thus, the older generation of Russians passed the test of the Great Patriotic War. The war left an indelible mark on the hearts of those who saw with their own eyes the horrors of the war days. The current generation, although it knows about them only by hearsay, from books and films, stories of veterans, also understands that there is nothing worse and cannot be. The bitter experience of the harsh war years teaches us not to forget how much grief and suffering war can bring. We must remember this so that the tragedy does not repeat itself again and again.

The terrible trials of war days are clearly shown in the works of Russian and foreign literature. Let us recall A. Likhanov’s novel “My General”. In the chapter “Another story. About the Trumpeter" the author tells about a man who ended up in a concentration camp during the Great Patriotic War. He was a trumpeter, and the Germans forced him, along with other captured musicians, to play cheerful melodies, escorting people to the “bathhouse”. Only this was not a bathhouse at all, but ovens where prisoners were burned, and the musicians knew about it. It is impossible to read the lines that describe the atrocities of the Nazis without shuddering. Nikolai, that was the name of the hero of this story, miraculously survived the execution. The author shows what terrible trials befell his hero. He was released from the camp, he learned that his family - his wife and child - had disappeared during the bombing. He searched for his loved ones for a long time, and then realized that the war had destroyed them too. Likhanov describes the hero’s state of mind this way: “It’s as if a trumpeter had died. Alive, but not alive. He walks, eats, drinks, but it’s as if he’s not the one walking, eating, drinking. And a completely different person. Before the war I loved music most of all. After the war he can’t hear.” The reader understands that the wound inflicted on a person by war will never heal completely.

K. Simonov’s poem “The Major Brought the Boy on a Carriage” also shows the tragedy of the war. We see little boy, whom his father took from Brest Fortress. The child clutches a toy to his chest, and he himself is gray-haired. The reader understands what extraordinary trials befell him: his mother died, and in just a few days he himself saw so many terrible things that cannot be expressed in words. It is not for nothing that the writer says: “For ten years in this and this world, these ten days will be counted towards him.” We see that the war spares no one: neither adults nor children. And no more important lesson to future generations: we must preserve peace on the entire planet and not allow the tragedy to happen again.

Summing up what has been said, we can conclude: the experience of previous generations teaches us not to repeat tragic mistakes and warns us against making wrong decisions. An experiment conducted by Channel One journalists is indicative. They approached people on the street with the question: is it necessary to launch a preemptive strike on the United States? And ALL respondents unequivocally answered “no”. The experiment showed that modern generation Russians, who know about the tragic experiences of their fathers and grandfathers, understand that war brings only horror and pain, and do not want this to happen again.

(481 words)

An example of an essay on the topic: “What mistakes can be called irreparable?”

Is it possible to live life without making mistakes? I think not. A person walking along the path of life is not immune from a wrong step. Sometimes he commits actions that lead to tragic consequences; the price of wrong decisions is someone’s life. And, although a person ultimately understands that he did wrong, nothing can be changed.

The heroine of the fairy tale N.D. makes an irreparable mistake. Teleshov "White Heron". Princess Isolde wished to have an extraordinary wedding dress, including a heron crest ornament. She knew that for the sake of this crest the heron would have to be killed, but this did not stop the princess. Just think, one heron! She will die sooner or later anyway. Isolde’s selfish desire turned out to be the strongest. Later she learned that for the sake of their beautiful crests, the herons began to be killed in the thousands and were eventually completely destroyed. The princess was shocked to learn that because of her their entire family had been exterminated. She realized that she had made a terrible mistake that was now impossible to correct. At the same time, this story became a cruel lesson for Isolde, forcing her to think about her actions and their consequences. The heroine decided that she would never harm anyone again, moreover, she would do good, and would think not about herself, but about others.

Let us remember the story “Holidays on Mars” by R. Bradbury. It describes a family arriving on Mars. At first it seems that this is a pleasure trip, but later we learn that the heroes are one of the few who managed to escape from Earth. Humanity has made a terrible, irreparable mistake: “Science has rushed forward too quickly and too far, and people have gotten lost in the machinic jungle... They were doing the wrong thing; they endlessly came up with more and more new machines - instead of learning how to operate them.” We see the tragic consequences this led to. Getting carried away scientific and technological progress, people forgot about the most important things and began to destroy each other: “The wars became more and more destructive and eventually destroyed the Earth... The Earth perished.” Humanity itself destroyed its planet, its home. The author shows that the mistake made by people is irreparable. However, for the handful of survivors, it will be a bitter lesson. Perhaps humanity, continuing to live on Mars, will choose a different path of development and avoid a repetition of such a tragedy.

To summarize what has been said, I would like to add: some mistakes people make lead to tragic consequences that cannot be corrected. However, even the most bitter experience is our teacher, who helps us reconsider our attitude towards the world and warns us against repeating the wrong steps.

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Sample essay on the topic: “What does reading experience add to life experience?”

What does reading experience add to life experience? Reflecting on this question, one cannot help but come to the answer: by reading books, we draw on the wisdom of generations. Should a person comprehend important truths only from your own experience? Of course not. Books give him the opportunity to learn from the mistakes of heroes and comprehend the experience of all mankind. The lessons learned from the works read will help a person make the right decisions and warn against making mistakes.

Let's look at literary examples. Thus, in the work of V. Oseeva “Grandma” it is told about elderly woman, which was treated with disdain in the family. The main character was not respected in the family, often reproached, and did not even consider it necessary to say hello. They were rude to her, even calling her “grandma.” No one appreciated what she did for her loved ones, but she spent all day cleaning, washing, and cooking. Her care did not evoke a sense of gratitude from the family and was taken for granted. The author emphasizes the selfless, forgiving love grandmothers to children and grandchildren. A lot of time passed before Borka’s grandson began to understand how wrong he and his parents were towards her, because none of them ever told her kind words. The first impetus was a conversation with a friend, who said that in his family the grandmother is the most important, because she raised everyone. This made Borka think about her attitude towards her own grandmother. However, only after her death Borka realized how much she loved her family and how much she did for them. Awareness of mistakes, a painful feeling of guilt and belated repentance came only when nothing could be corrected. A deep sense of guilt engulfs the hero, but nothing can be changed, the grandmother cannot be returned, which means words of forgiveness and belated gratitude cannot be said. This story teaches us to appreciate loved ones while they are nearby, to show attention and love to them. Undoubtedly, a person must learn this important truth before it is too late, and the bitter experience of the literary hero will help the reader avoid a similar mistake in his own life.

A. Mass’s story “The Difficult Exam” talks about the experience of overcoming difficulties. The main character is a girl named Anya Gorchakova, who managed to withstand a difficult test. The heroine dreamed of becoming an actress, she wanted her parents to come to the play in Kid `s camp, appreciated her game. She tried very hard, but she was disappointed: her parents never arrived on the appointed day. Overwhelmed by a feeling of despair, she decided not to go on stage. The teacher’s arguments helped her cope with her feelings. Anya realized that she should not let her comrades down, she needed to learn to control herself and complete her task, no matter what. And so it happened, she played better than anyone. It was this incident that taught the heroine to control herself. The first experience of overcoming difficulties helped the girl achieve her goal - she later became famous actress. The writer wants to teach us a lesson: no matter how strong negative feelings are, we must be able to cope with them and move towards our goal, despite disappointments and failures. The experience of the heroine of the story will help the reader think about his own behavior in difficult situations and show him the right path.

Thus, we can say that the reader's experience plays important role in human life: literature gives us the opportunity to understand important truths and shapes our worldview. Books are a source of light that illuminates our life path.

(497 words)

An example of an essay on the topic: “What events and impressions in life help a person grow up and gain experience?”

What events and experiences in life help a person grow up and gain experience? Answering this question, we can say that these can be a variety of events.

A child grows up most quickly when he finds himself in a difficult situation, for example during a war. The war takes away his loved ones, people die before his eyes, the world collapses. Experiencing grief and suffering, he begins to perceive reality differently, and this is where his childhood ends.

Let us turn to K. Simonov’s poem “The Major Brought the Boy on a Carriage.” We see a little boy whom his father took from the Brest Fortress. The child clutches a toy to his chest, and he himself is gray-haired. The reader understands what extraordinary trials befell him: his mother died, and in just a few days he himself saw so many terrible things that cannot be expressed in words. It is not for nothing that the writer says: “For ten years in this and this world, these ten days will be counted towards him.” War cripples the soul, takes away childhood, forces you to grow up prematurely.

But it is not only suffering that gives impetus to growing up. What is important for a child is the experience that he gains when he makes decisions on his own, learns to be responsible not only for himself, but also for others, and begins to care about someone.

Thus, in A. Aleksin’s story “Meanwhile, somewhere...” the main character Sergei Emelyanov, having accidentally read a letter addressed to his father, learns about the existence of his father. ex-wife. A woman asks for help. It would seem that Sergei had nothing to do in her house, and his first instinct was to simply return her letter to her and leave. But sympathy for the grief of this woman, once abandoned by her husband and now by her adopted son, forces him to choose a different path. Seryozha decides to constantly visit Nina Georgievna, help her in everything, save her from the worst misfortune - loneliness. And when his father invites him to go to the sea on vacation, the hero refuses. After all, he promised Nina Georgievna to be with her and cannot become her new loss. The author emphasizes that it is precisely this life experience of the hero that makes him more mature; it is not without reason that Sergei admits: “Perhaps the need to become someone’s protector, a deliverer, came to me as the first call of male adulthood. You can’t forget that first person who began to need you.”

Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that a child grows up when there are challenges in his life. turning points, radically changing his life.

THEMATIC DIRECTION “EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES”

Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, and humanity as a whole; about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world and gaining life experience; about the relationship between experience and mistakes; about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes, without which it is impossible to move along the path of life; about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

Why do you need to analyze your mistakes? 2. Do you agree that mistakes are a key component of life experience? 3. What does the reading experience add to the life experience? 4. How do you understand the saying “living life is not a field to cross”? 5. What kind of life can be considered not lived in vain? 6. Can an experienced person make mistakes? 7. He makes more mistakes who does not repent of his mistakes. 8. What lessons does the history of his people give a person? 9. Is the experience of previous generations important to us? 10. How can the experience of fathers be valuable for children? 11. What experience does war give to humanity? 12. What events and impressions in life help a person gain experience? 13. Is it important, when moving forward in life, to look back at the path you have taken? 14. Is it possible to avoid mistakes along the path of life? 15. Is it possible to gain experience without making mistakes? 16. “... Experience, the son of difficult mistakes...” (A.S. Pushkin) 17. The path to truth lies through mistakes. 18. Is it possible to avoid mistakes by relying on the experience of others? 19. What mistakes cannot be corrected? 20. What is delusion? POSSIBLE TOPICS IN THE DIRECTION

QUOTES IN THE DIRECTION “EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES” 1. “Experience is the teacher of everything.” (Julius Caesar) 2. “Inexperience leads to disaster.” (A.S. Pushkin) 3. “Experience is the best mentor.” (Ovid) 4. “In life there is nothing better than your own experience.” (W. Scott) 5. “The only real mistake is not correcting your past mistakes.” (Confucius) 6. “Admitting your mistakes is the highest courage.” (A. Bestuzhev) 7. “You can only reach convictions through personal experience and suffering.” (A.P. Chekhov) 8. “Show me a person who has never made a mistake in his life, and I will show you a person who has achieved nothing.” (Joan Collins)

M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”, “Heart of a Dog” I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” D. I. Fonvizin. "Undergrown." A. S. Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit." A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin". M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time". A. N. Ostrovsky. "Thunderstorm", "Dowry". I. A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment". L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". A.P. Chekhov. “Man in a Case”, “Gooseberry”, “About Love”, “Ionych”, “The Cherry Orchard”. I. A. Bunin. "Mr. from San Francisco", "Dark Alleys". A. M. Gorky. “In People”, “At the Bottom”. B. L. Pasternak. "Doctor Zhivago". M. A. Sholokhov. " Quiet Don" V. Astafiev. “Tsar Fish” K. Paustovsky. “Telegram” A. Pristavkin. “The golden cloud spent the night” (about the war) L. Ulitskaya. “The Case of Kukotsky” V. Rasputin. “Farewell to Matera” SELECTION OF WORKS BY DIRECTION

ON A NOTE

INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 1. People live differently on earth. Some go their own way, as if by inertia, without thinking about the final goal. Live a day - and okay. Others map out their path in advance and never deviate from it. Still others often get lost in search of the right path, sometimes losing their way. Who is more likely to gain experience and who will make mistakes? Most likely, no one can do without mistakes: every step is a grain of our experience, even if the wrong road is chosen. The path to truth is the path of self-knowledge. But not everyone admits and realizes their mistakes, trying to correct them and gain positive experience. There are many similar examples on the pages of works of art... 2. How to go through your life’s path without making a single mistake? Is it possible to gain a positive experience from this? Of course not. The child, taking his first hesitant steps, falls, but gets up and tries to walk again. He subconsciously acquires a tiny experience: he can’t stop! Growing up, a person achieves the desired result not immediately, but by trial and error. Only by overcoming obstacles, falling and getting up, can you come to truth and purpose. But you need to learn to draw conclusions from your mistakes and avoid making irreparable mistakes. Reflecting on the fates of literary heroes, we understand that it is impossible to live without mistakes, but trying to correct them is an eternal work on oneself. This is the search for truth and the desire for spiritual harmony.

INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 3. Is reading experience important for learning about life, for gaining one’s own experience? The answer is obvious. It is books, scientific or artistic, that give us knowledge, that is, experience. Writers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries left us a rich cultural heritage. A person whose reading experience is rich, has the opportunity to make the right experience from the mistakes of literary characters, will be able to learn important things that will help him in the future not to commit unnecessary actions. That is why, every time at a difficult moment, he turns to the book, studies in order to understand the world, so that there are as few mistakes as possible in his idea of ​​the world, society, and himself. What works will really become our good helpers?.. 4. What is the price of a mistake? The consequences of even one person’s mistakes are sometimes difficult to predict. And if these mistakes are made by a person endowed with power, on whose decisions the fate of an entire country depends. It is no coincidence that when assessing the activities of rulers or leaders, we pay attention to such qualities as foresight, wisdom, the presence of a practical mind... If we have a person in front of us who is indifferent, poorly educated, and even ambitious and vain, then his mistakes can turn into disaster, otherwise and a disaster. And there are many examples of this in life and in literature...

5. What experience does war give to humanity? First of all, the need to prevent irreparable mistakes in the future. Mistakes in war. Errors in choosing battle strategy and tactics. This is already a tragedy. The lives of the soldiers subordinate to him depend on the ill-considered actions of commanders, on their careerist motives, selfishness or cowardice. And the experience here is only negative, which under no circumstances should be repeated. But there is another, human, wise experience: in cultivating courage, perseverance and valor, similar to those shown by war heroes: ordinary soldiers and worthy officers. Those who blocked the enemy’s path did not allow him to desecrate our native land. INTRODUCTION OPTIONS 6. “And experience, the son of difficult mistakes...” exclaimed Pushkin. Is it possible to experience without errors? Are they always interconnected? And does every mistake lead to the accumulation of experience? It is probably impossible to gain experience without making mistakes, but it is simply necessary to draw the right conclusions from failures. But why is a person so afraid to take the wrong step, to make a mistake? Afraid of being funny, avoiding condemnation and punishment? Should you be afraid of making mistakes in your life experiences? It depends on what experiences and mistakes you are talking about. A surgeon's mistake can result in the death of a patient, and a pilot's mistake can result in the death of hundreds of people. But if we are talking about everyday life and work that does not involve such risks, then you should not be afraid of mistakes. Suffice it to recall the wise words of the great L.N. Tolstoy: “To live honestly, you have to struggle, get confused, struggle, make mistakes, start and give up, and start again and give up again, because calm is spiritual meanness.”

7. Is the experience of previous generations important to us? What lessons does the history of his people teach a person? It is common for every individual to make mistakes, but is it possible to talk about the historical mistakes of the people? Most likely not, since what was done and approved at the beginning of the 20th century, for example, the revolution, was debunked in the end. But if we are talking about wars of conquest, then it is important to learn the necessary lessons and not repeat the monstrous experience of the conquering commanders. Let us remember Napoleon or Hitler and their punitive campaigns of conquest. Why not experiment with people! Who should be blamed for such atrocities? People? Leaders? Difficult question. Although they say that the people deserve the ruler they choose, in general they cannot be held responsible for the actions of the leaders. And at the same time, every person in the country bears a share of responsibility for everything that happens in it: you can blindly obey and allow yourself to be drawn into a negative, monstrous experience, or you can resist it. Many examples of the above can be found in Russian literature... INTRODUCTION OPTIONS

8. Is thousand-year history Is Russia something alien to us or is it still an important and valuable historical experience? Reflecting on this issue, it is necessary to understand that the experience of previous generations is undoubtedly significant for us, because the wisdom accumulated over the centuries shows us the future path and helps us avoid many mistakes. Is it possible to neglect the invaluable experience of artists or scientists and reject their creations and conquests? How many priceless works of painting, architecture, music, literature, philosophy can enrich modern man the richest experience of learning about life and yourself! Of course, we must not forget about historical mistakes: bloody revolutions and wars, acts of vandalism against historical cultural monuments, repressions of the 30s, which allow every person to realize how destructive they were, how various events in history influence human life. The bitter experience of the harsh war years teaches us not to forget how much grief and suffering war can bring. We must remember this so that the tragedy does not repeat itself again and again. Historical experience is part of the culture of a people. And if you do not study your history, do not adopt the experience of your predecessors, then it will be impossible to understand what the foundations of the universe and human self-knowledge lie. Let's turn to literary examples... (183 words without arguments) INTRODUCTION OPTIONS "Is the experience of previous generations important for us?"

8. Life experience... What does it consist of? From actions committed, from words spoken, from observations of the lives of people around and the lives of literary heroes, from decisions made, both right and wrong. Often, a person sometimes unexpectedly finds himself in a difficult situation and, confused or lacking experience, can make the wrong decision or commit a rash act. Sometimes his actions lead to tragic consequences. And only later does he realize that he made a mistake and learns the lesson life taught him. How to avoid irreparable mistakes? You need to carefully think through your every step, your word, your action, and not be afraid to turn to your elders, to teachers-mentors, to books, for the much-needed experience. Let us also turn to literary examples. INTRODUCTION OPTIONS

Mistakes and experience. These two concepts are inextricably linked, because experience is built on mistakes, even the most insignificant ones. There are enough literary examples to confirm this idea. For example, Pierre Bezukhov from Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”, in search of the meaning of life, made many mistakes until he realized the truth. As a result, the hero comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this life and at first falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov: balls, revelry, courage. The consequence of a rash step is another mistake of Pierre - marrying Helen. Bezukhov bathes in “universal love” (as he naively believed when he became the richest and most eligible bachelor), but the happiness was short-lived. Smart Pierre quickly realized the cost of his mistakes. He finally finds his happiness by marrying Natasha Rostova. After much torment, mistakes, and wanderings, Pierre Bezukhov comes to the understanding that true happiness lies in serving society, which is what he does in the epilogue of the novel. (It is no coincidence that, according to L. Tolstoy’s plan, it was Pierre Bezukhov who was supposed to become the Decembrist hero in the planned story, which later became an epic novel). ARGUMENT-1

Evgeny Bazarov, the hero of the novel “Fathers and Sons” by I. S. Turgenev, is a progressive-minded young man who is not afraid to take risks, engages in experiments, a nihilist who does not recognize any authorities, a supporter of the most “complete and merciless denial.” What is Bazarov denying? Anything that can interfere with the practical activities of a natural scientist. Undoubtedly, Bazarov is a man of a sharp and strong mind, believing that his chosen path is the most correct. However, he did not avoid mistakes: love, which the hero of the novel considered “nonsense,” overtook him completely unexpectedly, so much so that Evgeniy was completely at a loss, unable to cope with his feelings. What is this? Error in the hero's actions? Of course not. The mistake lies in his nihilist worldview. However, Evgeny was able to turn out to be taller and more humane than Odintsova, who valued her “peace of mind” more than anything else in the world! In the end, Bazarov was able to control himself, plunging into his work, but having obviously failed to fully cope with his thoughts, he makes another, already irreparable mistake: he operates on a typhus patient, forgetting about precautions, and... dies. Only before his death, Evgeniy realizes the futility of his plans: “Russia needs me... No, apparently, I’m not needed...”. Well, if a miracle happened and the hero survived, would he abandon his experiments? I think it’s unlikely: his convictions in his own rightness were too strong. And this is also a mistake, since it is necessary to critically re-evaluate your thoughts and actions. ARGUMENT-2

M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". The hero of the novel, M.Yu., also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life. Pechorin himself says about himself: “Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him.” Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find use for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience does not teach him anything. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, which makes himself unhappy . ARGUMENT - 3

Story by K.G. Paustovsky’s “Telegram” is a story about lonely old age, about indifference to elderly parents, about personal experiences and mistakes. Katerina Petrovna lived out her life in an old house; her daughter, Nastya, living in a distant big city, very rarely wrote to her and almost never came. The old woman, out of modesty, is afraid to remind herself. “It’s better not to interfere,” she decides. Grandmother Katerina, abandoned by her own daughter, will soon write: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come at least for a day...” But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since her mother writes, it means she’s alive.” Thinking about strangers, organizing an exhibition of a young sculptor, the daughter forgets about her only relative. And when she remembers that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon”, Nastya goes to her mother. Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. If only I could make it in time, if only she could see me, if only she would forgive me.” The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. She is late everywhere: at the train station, for the last date with her mother, and even for the funeral. Having cried in her mother’s empty house all night, she leaves in the morning, stealthily, trying so that no one sees her or asks about anything, but pain and shame will forever remain in her heart. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones “before it’s too late.” The telegram changed Nastya’s life, made her think about a person’s responsibility for his actions, that even in the bustle of worries one must not forget that people close and dear to you are waiting for you, love you, and that there are mistakes that are no longer possible to correct ARGUMENT- 4

V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". Rasputin's story is not just a work about the loss of his home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family. And the reason for this is the tragic mistake that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. Unfortunately, only old men and women remained loyal to Matera. Young people live in the future and calmly part with their small homeland. The older generation, wise from life experience, does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because for these amenities they demand to give Matera, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of the elderly is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, abandon his roots. The ending of the story is tragic: the officials who are relocating the last inhabitants of the island symbolically got lost in the fog, and among them is the son of Daria, the main character. And the “old old women” of Matera at this time, having united with each other for the last time, leave this world, retiring to heaven. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people of the 21st century. ARGUMENT-5 - MISTAKES AND EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE (HISTORIES)

A. Pristavkin’s book “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night” is about such history lessons. This is the story of two twin brothers. Wartime orphanages, Sashka and Kolka Kuzmin, Kuzmenysh, destitute, hungry, whose dreams are no longer about seeing, smelling bread, so that faith will appear. Unexpected dispatch of orphanages to the Caucasus. No one knew why they were being taken to these lands. But the feeling of anxiety gripped adults and children for a reason. On the way, they meet a train carrying Chechens evicted from their homes. It was their empty lands that the orphanages were supposed to fill. [The train starts moving “...voices are heard. They screamed, they screamed, they cried.” Then life in an orphanage on a depopulated land and fear of the “invisible” local residents hiding in the mountains. One can understand the feelings of the Chechens who took revenge for the destroyed graves of their ancestors: [“My dear! My house! My garden!] Revenge is dark, it knows no bounds and often falls on the innocent. There is a terrible scene in A. Pristavkin’s story when the next morning Kolka, who had slept in his hole, stumbles upon his crucified brother Sanka and sits near him for a long time, petrified, whining and howling. The terrible death of an innocent child. And, finally, pure friendship with the Chechen boy Alkhuzur, who, seeing Kolka’s suffering, is ready to become his brother: “I, I am now Sask.” Whose fault is it that both Russian and Chechen children are destitute? Whose fault is it that entire nations were forced to leave their native lands and subsequently incite national hatred? The answer is obvious. Not at all far-sighted politicians. It was for their mistakes that the innocent people paid. Such books are needed to know the past, to learn lessons from bitter experience. This is a book about the responsibility for the future of one generation to another. (261 WORDS) ARGUMENT-7. MISTAKES AND EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE (STORIES

The history of human development is a history of social revolutions and great discoveries. The limits of the human mind are truly limitless in attempts to comprehend the secrets of the universe. But is man right in his claim to the role of Creator? If we talk about experience as an experiment to create something new, then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky, the main character of M. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog,” in transplanting the pituitary gland and its effect on rejuvenating the body in people, from a scientific point of view, is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation: he turns the rootless dog Sharik into citizen Sharikov. But in everyday life, scientific experience led to the most disastrous consequences. Attempts to instill basic cultural skills in Sharikov meet with staunch resistance on his part. And every day Sharikov becomes more impudent, more aggressive and more dangerous. As a result, Preobrazhensky understands the reason for his delusions and carries out the reverse operation: Sharikov again becomes the sweet and kind dog Sharik. Having analyzed his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “humane” than P.P. Sharikov. Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid Sharikov is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey...”. Philip Philipovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. After reading the work, thoughts arise about how often thoughtless experiments are carried out, which can sometimes become an irreversible disaster for both a person and society itself as a whole, especially if they occur by force. Without experiments, science will not move forward, but they must be balanced; a mistake can be costly. ARGUMENT-6 - SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS

The plot of Lyudmila Ulitskaya’s novel “The Kukotsky Case” is quite simple: it tells the story of the unfortunate life of a gynecological surgeon who had an extraordinary talent as a diagnostician - a special gift, “intravision” of the affected internal organs of patients, a surgeon who opposed the ban on abortion. In 1942, in a small Siberian town, he saved his future wife Elena Georgievna and her child from death, adopting her as his own. The first problems in the life of the Kukotskys appeared in the period preceding the start of the campaign against genetics. Pavel Alekseevich found an original way to avoid unwanted events: at the right moment he honestly got drunk, creating a reputation for himself as a drunkard. And after one carelessly thrown phrase by the hero to his wife, this outstanding doctor drinks himself for ten years, unable to correct his accidental mistake, in fact, a slip of the tongue, and his wife for the same ten years, having never forgiven him, goes crazy... But the main character of the novel turns out to be Kukotsky’s adopted daughter, Tanya. Tanya, a student in the evening department of the Faculty of Biology, got a job in a laboratory studying brain development, where she surprisingly quickly mastered the methods of preparing histological preparations. And a few years later, an event occurred that turned Tanya away from science forever: she caught herself ready to make a drug from a living human fetus. Without waiting for the right words from her father, Tanya left work. Soon Tanya dies in an Odessa hospital due to medical care not provided on time during childbirth. Half-crazy Elena never learned about her daughter’s death. An old, but still unresolved question: is the ability to kill living things in the womb a positive experience for good or irreparable mistakes that give rise to evil? Is he right or wrong - Pavel Alekseevich - who put his personal happiness on the sacrificial altar of his profession? ARGUMENT 8 - DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE THROUGH MISTAKES AND ACCUMULATION OF EXPERIENCE

One of humanity’s global mistakes is “experiments” with nature, ruthless implementation of natural laws. The death of the Aral Sea, a real threat to Baikal, the extinction of many animal species and the complete disappearance of unique medicinal plants - all this is a consequence of crazy experiments on nature. Nature immediately “takes revenge” on man, and we simply must draw conclusions from the mistakes made by our predecessors. V. Astafiev in his work “The Fish Tsar” tries to understand this problem. The main character of the short story of the same name, Ignatyich, is a fisherman. He conquered the river. Here he is the king of nature. But how does he manage the wealth entrusted to him? Poachs, guided by greed and ambition. Then the king fish appears, sent to fight the king of nature. According to legend, if you catch the king fish, the sturgeon, you must release it and not tell anyone about it. Ignatyich, when meeting a huge sturgeon, does not fulfill this commandment: greed takes over his conscience and destroys him. The wounded king of nature and the queen of rivers meet in equal combat with the elements. Together with the fish, huddled close to each other, they await their death. And Ignatyich is an intelligent man, he understands his guilt and sincerely repents of what he has done, asking: “Lord, let this fish go!” "I'm sorry..." Nature is not as merciless as man; it gives him a chance to improve. And the king fish, freeing himself from the hooks with incredible effort, swims away to his native element. This is clear experience, its mistakes and the lessons learned from them. By grossly interfering with the life of nature, a person commits a moral crime. He who is merciless to nature is merciless to all living things, and therefore, to himself. The harmony of relationships can only be preserved thanks to the spiritual and historical experience of previous generations. (243 words) EXAMPLE ESSAY “THE HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE”

Possible essay topics:

He who does nothing never makes mistakes.

To make mistakes is the property of man, to forgive is the property of God.

Experience allows us to recognize a mistake every time we repeat it.

A truly thinking person draws as much knowledge from his mistakes as from his successes.

The only real mistake is not correcting your past mistakes.

Experience is the best mentor.

Our true teachers are experience and feeling.

There is nothing better in life than your own experience.

The only criterion of truth is experience.

The best proof of all is experience.

Essay example

“The history of every human life is the history of defeat” (Jean Paul Sartre)

Our whole life is a series of ups and downs, victories and defeats, successful and unsuccessful coincidences, this fills a person’s existence with excitement, makes it brighter and more contrasting. However, all this is not endless, and under any circumstances it is worth keeping in mind that our existence on Earth is finite, because man is mortal, “sometimes suddenly mortal,” and this sad outcome is to a certain extent a defeat. And if our whole life is a road to death, sometimes bumpy and winding, and sometimes straight, can any story of human life be considered a story of defeat?

Defeat is a clear failure in any conflict, it is defeat, injustice, loss, fiasco. It seems to me that the concentration of all these concepts is the word “death” - the very outcome, the point after which all processes end, this is both an impetus for action and a fact that not everyone is ready to accept. This is an eternal conflict with life, a mystery shrouded in darkness, and probably the most expected and most tragic defeat that a person can experience.

Each of us is mortal, despite social status, age, life preferences, but many forget about this, and that’s why we know so many stories with tragic end. In the story by I.A. Bunin's "Mr. from San Francisco" we are faced with the fate of a fairly typical personality: an elderly rich American goes with his family on the ship "Atlantis" to the Old World to reward himself for his long years"labor" (but in reality the brutal exploitation of Chinese workers). The hero of the story was nothing special; the author does not even tell us his name. All his life this gentleman was engaged in hoarding, and, having reached a fairly respectable age, he nevertheless decided to get what seemed to be a well-deserved rest - a time of idleness and gluttony. However, everything turned out completely differently. Did this hero consider himself a winner? Of course, especially in comparison with those who could not afford six meals a day, who were much lower in status and sailed in the hold of the ship. The gentleman from San Francisco believed that money gave him the right to rule over life and everyone who was near him, but literally for a moment - sudden death, and he, lifeless, floats not even in a coffin, but in a wooden box from under soda water in the bowels of the ship, next to those to whom during his lifetime he expressed arrogant disdain. This death was a logical and instructive outcome, a cruel but fair defeat, towards which the gentleman from San Francisco had been going all his life. After him, nothing remained in people’s hearts, not even his name. It turns out that the story of his entire life was the story of his defeat.

A similar outcome, unfortunately, awaits those who, during their lifetime, try their best to fight the system, who destroy stereotypes, who fill life with their own meaning and, albeit on a subconscious level, want to leave their mark on history. The hero of the novel I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons", Evgeny Bazarov is presented to us as an extraordinary personality: despite his destructive theory, he was a natural scientist, a practicing doctor, he helped people, but despised authority. Having created his strict “building” of nihilism, the “pillar” of which was the denial of love, art, and, indeed, “EVERYTHING” (and first of all the state, power, religion), he did not notice how his “building” was gradually collapsing in a collision with life, with a feeling of love for Madame Odintsova, for her parents. It was love that revealed the weakness and lifelessness of his vulgar materialist theory. This wonderful feeling made Bazarov become disappointed in himself. Trying to stifle love in himself, he seems to lose the ground under his feet. Hence his bitter reflections before his death: “Does Russia need me?... No, apparently I don’t.” Death overtook Bazarov in the prime of his life, which is why it is doubly absurd. But we still have good memories of the hero: he is young, smart, educated, and his nihilism is just posturing (I really wanted to be different from everyone else, a kind of “subverter” of the foundations). Last words Bazarov, addressed to Odintsova, who came to say goodbye to him, bare his soul: “Live and enjoy while there is time!... Blow on the dying candle... Calm your mother.” Death for Bazarov was to some extent a defeat, but it is also the beginning of good, elegiac memories of him, and his life itself was not lived in vain. He, unlike the hero Bunin's story, left a memory in the souls of those who knew and loved him.

The statement of Jean Paul Sartre, who asserted that “the history of any human life is the history of defeat”, in my opinion, is not entirely fair. Defeat is a fiasco, a collapse, and this leads to chaos in the mind. You cannot live constantly with the thought of inevitable defeat. Thoughts about this should awaken passion and competition in a person; the desire to act, feel, experience difficulties, learn life and teach should be ignited - in other words, the desire to live, and not exist aimlessly.