What types of creativity are there? Decorative and applied arts: type specifics, features of artistic language, main issues, terminology

Types of arts and crafts

• Sewing- creating stitches and seams on the material using a needle and thread, fishing line, etc. Sewing is one of the oldest production technologies, dating back to the Stone Age.
  • Flower making - making women's jewelry from fabric in the form of flowers
  • Patchwork (sewing from scraps), patchwork quilt - patchwork technique, patchwork mosaic, textile mosaic - a type of needlework in which, according to the mosaic principle, a whole product is sewn together from pieces of fabric.
  • Application - a method of obtaining an image; decorative technique applied arts.
  • Quilting, quilting - two pieces of fabric sewn through and a layer of batting or cotton wool placed between them.
• Embroidery- the art of decorating all kinds of fabrics and materials with a variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as: cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest matters- cambric, muslin, gauze, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads, hoops, scissors.
• Knitting- the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools, manually or using a special machine.
• Artistic processing of leather - leather production various items for both household and decorative and artistic purposes.
• Weaving- production of fabric on looms, one of the oldest human crafts.
• Carpet weaving- production of carpets.
• Burnout- a pattern is applied to the surface of any organic material using a hot needle.
  • Woodburning
  • Fabric burning (guilloche) is a handicraft technique that involves finishing products with openwork lace and making appliqués by burning using a special apparatus.
  • Based on other materials
  • Hot stamping is a technology for artistic marking of products using the hot stamping method.
  • Treatment of wood with acids
• Artistic thread- one of the oldest and most widespread types of material processing.
  • Stone carving - the formation process the desired shape, which is carried out by drilling, polishing, grinding, sawing, engraving, etc.
  • Bone carving is a type of decorative and applied art.
  • Wood carving
• Drawing for porcelain, glass
• Mosaic- image formation by arranging, setting and fixing multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.
• Stained glass- a work of decorative art of a fine or ornamental nature made of colored glass, designed for through lighting and intended to fill an opening, most often a window, in any architectural structure.
• Decoupage - decorative technique on fabric, dishes, furniture, etc., which consists of meticulously cutting out images from paper, which are then glued or otherwise attached to various surfaces for decoration.
• Modeling, sculpture, ceramic floristry - giving shape to plastic material using hands and auxiliary tools.
• Weaving- a method of manufacturing more rigid structures and materials from less durable materials: threads, plant stems, fibers, bark, twigs, roots and other similar soft raw materials.
  • Bamboo - weaving from bamboo.
  • Birch bark - weaving from the upper bark of a birch tree.
  • Beads, beadwork - the creation of jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used, beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one.
  • Basket
  • Lace - decorative elements made of fabric and thread.
  • Macrame is a knot weaving technique.
  • Vine is the craft of making wicker products from wicker: household utensils and containers for various purposes.
  • Mat - weaving of flooring, flooring made of any rough material, mat, matting.
• Painting:
  • Gorodets painting - Russian folk artistic craft. Bright, laconic painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
  • Polkhov-Maidan painting - production of painted turning products - nesting dolls, easter eggs, mushrooms, salt shakers, cups, supplies - generously decorated with rich ornamental and subject painting. Among the pictorial motifs, the most common are flowers, birds, animals, rural and urban landscapes.
  • Mezen wood painting is a type of painting of household utensils - spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, bratins.
  • Zhostovo painting is a folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays.
  • Semenovskaya painting - making a wooden toy with painting.
  • Khokhloma is an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod
  • Stained glass painting - hand painting on glass, imitation of stained glass.
  • Batik is hand-painted on fabric using reserve compounds.
    • Cold batik is a fabric painting technique that uses a special cold reserve compound.
    • Hot batik - a pattern is created using melted wax or other similar substances.
• Scrapbooking - design of photo albums
• Clay modeling - creating shapes and objects from clay. You can sculpt using a potter's wheel or by hand.

INTRODUCTION

Decorative art is a vast area of ​​human creative activity. Products made of ceramics, wood, glass, and textiles are the oldest products of human labor and creativity; they mark the progressive development of civilization and culture at all stages of history. Having emerged at the very early time development human society, decorative and applied arts have been the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of ​​artistic creativity for many centuries. However, the role and significance of decorative art in the general cultural process is still underestimated. In the world history of art it is usually not isolated as a special area aesthetic activity, but is considered only in its utilitarian function: as the design of object products and the living environment, as a product of handicraft or industrial production. In principle, this is true: decorative art is closely related to material production and architecture. It's hard to agree that cultural level eras are determined only pictorial views arts and architecture, and artistic objects - furniture, dishes, textiles, decorations - only serve the everyday needs of people and shine with the reflected light of the “high arts”.

This work aims to comprehensive research modern domestic decorative art, establishes the problems of the development of mass production in the context of the socio-cultural situation in Russia in the 20th century.

The work poses the following tasks:

Principles of modern shaping of object and decorative products;

Their influence on addition artistic style objective world and living environment

The specific place of decorative art in the visual culture of the modern era is noted.

RESEARCH SECTION

History of Decorative and Applied Arts

Folk arts and crafts are the result of the creativity of many generations of masters. It is one in its artistic structure and unusually diverse in its national characteristics, which manifest themselves in everything from the choice (use) of material to the interpretation of visual forms.

Born among farmers, cattle breeders, and hunters, folk art throughout the history of its development is associated with nature, the laws of its renewal, and the manifestation of its life-giving forces.

The very existence of man is inseparable from nature, which provides material for housing and clothing, food, and determines the rhythm human life the change of day and night, the alternation of seasons. Therefore, all this is reflected in works of folk art, which constitute an integral phenomenon of the culture of each nation.

The well-known statement that folk art is firmly connected with everyday life applies not only to arts and crafts. Songs and dances, epics and fairy tales are also inseparable from the everyday life of the people, because they embodied dreams of beauty, ideas about better life, about good and evil, about the harmony of the world. In harvest festivals, farewell to winter, welcoming spring, in various rites and rituals creativity manifested itself in a complex and multifunctional way. In this regard, folk art is called syncretic, i.e. combining different functions of objects and connecting them with everyday life (Appendix, Fig. 1).

And today, artistic products made by folk craftsmen from various materials serve as an indispensable part of human daily life. They entered everyday life as necessary items that perform certain utilitarian functions. These are floor carpets and ceramic dishes, woven bedspreads and embroidered tablecloths, wooden toys and jewelry for women's clothing. Their thoughtful shape and proportions, the pattern of the ornament and the color of the material itself characterize the aesthetics of these things, their artistic content, transform a utilitarian object into a work of art. All such products belong to the field of decorative and applied arts, in the sphere of which the spiritual and material principles of creativity find organic unity. The world of this area is vast.

Many artistic objects are produced by enterprises equipped with advanced technology, which allows them to produce items in large quantities. But they exhibit a mechanical repetition of the original sample. This type of production is called the art industry. Adjacent to it, but noticeably different in the nature of the product, are folk art crafts, in which the appearance of an object and the formation of its artistic features depend on manual creative work master artist, which determines the final result. That is why the importance of the master in folk art is so great. The artistic level of the thing he creates depends on how he masters his craft, how he uses his knowledge and practical skills.

As a result of this development of folk art, the shape of the products was polished, beautiful and meaningful ornamental motifs were preserved, and a artistic tradition as a worldview system of folk craftsmen and as a craft basis for creativity.

All these features characterizing folk arts and crafts manifested themselves during its historical development. The creative development of material coming from time immemorial, the improvement of the function of each object led to the endowment of things with additional significance. For example, a lock in the shape of a lion was supposed to enhance, in the opinion of the master, the protective function of this household item. The ornament in the form of a hoop surrounding the body of the turning tool visually strengthened the shape.

Folk arts and crafts did not move to function in the form of crafts everywhere and not simultaneously. They arose only where there were appropriate economic conditions (stable demand, sufficient quantities of local raw materials, etc.). Most active development

Even before the revolution, the artisanal form of farming was tested by masters from the Moscow region and a number of other folk art centers. Thus, after the ruin of the owners of the Fedoskino miniature craft, the craftsmen organized an artel in 1903, thanks to which the core of creatively working painters was preserved, and the art of the craft did not fade away (Appendix, Fig. 3).

In the 1920-1930s. The process of creating cooperative fishing artels continued. New industries arose, but the main attention was paid to strengthening traditional crafts in areas where ancient centers of folk art united several settlements. The production of products with Khokhloma painting woodworking in the Nizhny Novgorod region, making handmade lace in the Vologda region. New types of products were also born. Thus, masters of the former icon-painting crafts switched to work in the field of lacquer miniatures. Papier-mâché painting by craftsmen from the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region, was already highly appreciated in their first works by major scholars and researchers of folk art.

By the beginning of the 1960s, supplies of artistic products for export were restored. Subsequently, a number of decrees were issued to promote the development of fisheries. In particular, an important decision is made to attract home-based workers to work. It not only made it possible to expand the workforce, but also made it possible to create entire associations of craftsmen working at home in many union republics. Masters of artistic crafts are provided with a number of economic benefits. In accordance with the tasks set in the directive documents, expeditions, competitions, gatherings of craftsmen, and craft festivals began to be held regularly. Such an integrated approach to enhancing the creativity of masters and promoting their achievements allowed each nation to see the values ​​of their national culture and attract young people to a craft that gives them the opportunity to demonstrate their abilities. That is why the number of young people wishing to enter special educational institutions increases every year.

The elegance and artistic content of folk crafts create an atmosphere of festivity and cause a person to be in high spirits. Products of folk craftsmen are indispensable attributes of our everyday life, enliven people’s daily lives, and become the main “characters” on special occasions. Suits in folk traditions- obligatory attributes of folklore ensembles, fairs, special exhibitions. Finally, almost every item created by masters of artistic crafts serves as an excellent gift for any important event in the life of an individual, family or team. And small, easy-to-carry things - souvenirs - signs of memory of national culture people and even an entire country.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Arts and crafts(from lat. deco- decorate) - a wide section of fine art, which covers various branches of creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. A collective term that conventionally unites two broad types of art: decorative And applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and related to pure art, numerous manifestations of arts and crafts can have practical use in everyday life.

Works of decorative and applied art meet several characteristics: they have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; used for home and interior decoration. Such products are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and other artistic products.
In academic literature, from the second half of the 19th century, a classification of branches of decorative and applied art was established according to material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), by technique (carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) and according to functional characteristics use of an object (furniture, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principle in the decorative and applied arts and its direct connection with production.

Types of arts and crafts

• Sewing is the creation of stitches and seams on a material using a needle and thread, fishing line, etc. Sewing is one of the oldest production technologies, dating back to the Stone Age.
  • Flower making - making women's jewelry from fabric in the form of flowers
  • Patchwork (sewing from scraps), patchwork quilt - patchwork technique, patchwork mosaic, textile mosaic - a type of needlework in which a whole product is sewn together from pieces of fabric using the mosaic principle.
    • Application - a method of obtaining an image; arts and crafts technique.
  • Quilting, quilting - two pieces of fabric sewn through and a layer of batting or cotton wool placed between them.
• Embroidery is the art of decorating all kinds of fabrics and materials with a variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest materials - cambric, muslin, gauze, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads, hoops, scissors.
• Knitting is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools, either manually or using a special machine.
• Artistic processing of leather is the production of various items from leather for both household and decorative and artistic purposes.
• Weaving is the production of fabric on looms, one of the oldest human crafts.
• Carpet weaving - production of carpets.
• Burning - a pattern is applied to the surface of any organic material using a hot needle.
  • Woodburning
  • Fabric burning (guilloche) is a handicraft technique that involves finishing products with openwork lace and making appliqués by burning using a special apparatus.
  • Based on other materials
  • Hot stamping is a technology for artistic marking of products using the hot stamping method.
• Artistic carving is one of the oldest and most widespread types of materials processing.
  • Stone carving is the process of forming the desired shape, which is carried out through drilling, polishing, grinding, sawing, engraving, etc.
  • Bone carving is a type of decorative and applied art.
• Drawing on porcelain, glass
• Mosaic is the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.
• Stained glass is a work of decorative art of a fine or ornamental nature made of colored glass, designed for through lighting and intended to fill an opening, most often a window, in any architectural structure.
• Decoupage is a decorative technique for fabric, dishes, furniture, etc., which consists of meticulously cutting out images from paper, which are then glued or otherwise attached to various surfaces for decoration.
• Modeling, sculpture, ceramic floristry - giving shape to plastic material using hands and auxiliary tools.
• Weaving is a method of making more rigid structures and materials from less durable materials: threads, plant stems, fibers, bark, twigs, roots and other similar soft raw materials.
  • Bamboo - weaving from bamboo.
  • Birch bark - weaving from the upper bark of a birch tree.
  • Beads, beadwork - the creation of jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used, beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one.
  • Lace - decorative elements made of fabric and threads.
  • Macrame is a knot weaving technique.
  • Vine is the craft of making wicker products from wicker: household utensils and containers for various purposes.
  • Mat - weaving of flooring, flooring made of any rough material, mat, matting.
• Painting:
  • Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. Bright, laconic painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
  • Polkhov-Maidan painting - production of painted turning products - nesting dolls, Easter eggs, mushrooms, salt shakers, cups, supplies - generously decorated with lush ornamental and subject painting. Among the pictorial motifs, the most common are flowers, birds, animals, rural and urban landscapes.
  • Mezen wood painting is a type of painting of household utensils - spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, bratins.
  • Zhostovo painting is a folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays.
  • Semenovskaya painting - making a wooden toy with painting.
  • Khokhloma is an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod
  • Stained glass painting - hand painting on glass, imitation of stained glass.
  • Batik is hand-painted on fabric using reserve compounds.
    • Cold batik is a fabric painting technique that uses a special cold reserve compound.
    • Hot batik - a pattern is created using melted wax or other similar substances.
• Scrapbooking - design of photo albums
• Clay modeling - creating shapes and objects from clay. You can sculpt using a potter's wheel or by hand.

see also

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Notes

Literature

• Vlasov V. G. New encyclopedic dictionary of fine arts: In 10 volumes - St. Petersburg: ABC-Classics. - T. 3., 2005. - P. 379-383, 384-391.
• Vlasov V. G.. - St. Petersburg State University, 2012.- 156 p.
• Yulia Karpova.// "Emergency ration". 2011, No. 4(78).
• Moran A. History of decorative and applied arts. - M.: Art, 1982.
• Sadokhin A. World art culture. - M.: Unity, 2000.

Links

• V Open Encyclopedia Project
• (Round table at the festival “Unforgotten traditions 2012, ethnofuturism”)
• Decorative art of the USSR - magazine in the USSR

An excerpt characterizing Decorative and Applied Arts

November 8th is the last day of the Krasnensky battles; It was already dark when the troops arrived at their overnight camp. The whole day was quiet, frosty, with light, sparse snow falling; By evening it began to become clear. A black purple starry sky could be seen through the snowflakes, and the frost began to intensify.
The musketeer regiment, which left Tarutino in the number of three thousand, now, in the number of nine hundred people, was one of the first to arrive at the appointed place for the night, in a village on the high road. The quartermasters who met the regiment announced that all the huts were occupied by sick and dead Frenchmen, cavalrymen and staff. There was only one hut for the regimental commander.
The regimental commander drove up to his hut. The regiment passed through the village and placed the guns on the goats at the outer huts on the road.
Like a huge, multi-membered animal, the regiment set to work organizing its lair and food. One part of the soldiers scattered, knee-deep in the snow, into the birch forest that was to the right of the village, and immediately the sound of axes, cutlasses, the crackling of breaking branches and cheerful voices were heard in the forest; the other part was busy around the center of the regimental carts and horses, placed in a pile, taking out cauldrons, crackers and giving food to the horses; the third part scattered in the village, setting up headquarters rooms, selecting the dead bodies of the French lying in the huts, and taking away boards, dry firewood and straw from the roofs for fires and wattle fences for protection.
About fifteen soldiers behind the huts, from the edge of the village, with a cheerful cry, were swinging the high fence of the barn, from which the roof had already been removed.
- Well, well, together, lie down! - voices shouted, and in the darkness of the night a huge fence covered with snow swayed with a frosty crack. The lower stakes cracked more and more often, and finally the fence collapsed along with the soldiers pressing on it. There was a loud, crudely joyful cry and laughter.
- Take two at a time! bring the horn here! that's it. Where are you going?
- Well, at once... Stop, guys!.. With a shout!
Everyone fell silent, and a quiet, velvety pleasant voice began to sing a song. At the end of the third stanza, at the same time as the end of the last sound, twenty voices cried out in unison: “Uuuu!” It's coming! Together! Pile on, kids!..” But, despite the united efforts, the fence moved little, and in the established silence one could hear heavy panting.
- Hey you, sixth company! Devils, devils! Help us... we will also come in handy.
Of the sixth company, about twenty people who were going to the village joined those dragging them; and the fence, five fathoms long and a fathom wide, bending, pressing and cutting the shoulders of the puffing soldiers, moved forward along the village street.
- Go, or what... Fall, Eka... What happened? This and that... The funny, ugly curses did not stop.
- What's wrong? – suddenly the commanding voice of a soldier was heard, running towards the carriers.
- Gentlemen are here; in the hut he himself was anal, and you, devils, devils, swearers. I'll! – the sergeant major shouted and hit the first soldier who turned up in the back with a flourish. – Can’t you be quiet?
The soldiers fell silent. The soldier who had been hit by the sergeant-major began, grunting, to wipe his face, which he had torn into blood when he stumbled upon a fence.
- Look, damn, how he fights! “My whole face was bleeding,” he said in a timid whisper when the sergeant-major left.
- Don’t you love Ali? - said a laughing voice; and, moderating the sounds of voices, the soldiers moved on. Having got out of the village, they spoke again just as loudly, peppering the conversation with the same aimless curses.
In the hut, past which the soldiers were passing, the highest authorities had gathered, and they were going for tea. lively conversation about the past day and the expected maneuvers of the future. It was supposed to make a flank march to the left, cut off the viceroy and capture him.
When the soldiers brought the fence, kitchen fires were already flaring up from different sides. Firewood crackled, snow melted, and the black shadows of soldiers scurried back and forth throughout the occupied space trampled in the snow.
Axes and cutlasses worked from all sides. Everything was done without any orders. They hauled firewood for the night's reserves, erected huts for the authorities, boiled pots, and stored guns and ammunition.
The fence dragged by the eighth company was placed in a semicircle on the north side, supported by bipods, and a fire was laid out in front of it. We broke the dawn, made calculations, had dinner and settled down for the night by the fires - some mending shoes, some smoking a pipe, some stripped naked, steaming out lice.

It would seem that in those, almost unimaginable harsh conditions existence in which Russian soldiers were at that time - without warm boots, without sheepskin coats, without a roof over their heads, in the snow at 18° below zero, without even the full amount of provisions, which did not always keep up with the army - it seemed that the soldiers should present the saddest and most depressing sight.

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Arts and crafts(from lat. deco- decorate) is a wide section of fine art, which covers various branches of creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. A collective term that conventionally unites two broad types of art: decorative And applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and related to pure art, numerous manifestations of arts and crafts can have practical use in everyday life.

Works of decorative and applied art meet several characteristics: they have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; used for home and interior decoration. Such products are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and other artistic products.
In academic literature, from the second half of the 19th century, a classification of branches of decorative and applied art was established according to material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), by technique (carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) and according to functional characteristics use of an object (furniture, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principle in the decorative and applied arts and its direct connection with production.

Species specificity of DPI

• Sewing- creating stitches and seams on the material using a needle and thread, fishing line, etc. Sewing is one of the oldest production technologies, dating back to the Stone Age.
  • Flower making - making women's jewelry from fabric in the form of flowers
  • Patchwork (sewing from scraps), patchwork quilt - patchwork technique, patchwork mosaic, textile mosaic - a type of needlework in which a whole product is sewn together from pieces of fabric using the mosaic principle.
    • Application - a method of obtaining an image; arts and crafts technique.
  • Quilting, quilting - two pieces of fabric sewn through and a layer of batting or cotton wool placed between them.
• Embroidery- the art of decorating all kinds of fabrics and materials with a variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest fabrics - cambric, muslin, gauze, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads , hoop, scissors.
• Knitting- the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools, manually or using a special machine.
• Artistic processing of leather- production of various items from leather for both household and decorative and artistic purposes.
• Weaving- production of fabric on looms, one of the oldest human crafts.
• Carpet weaving- production of carpets.
• Burnout- a pattern is applied to the surface of any organic material using a hot needle.
  • Woodburning
  • Fabric burning (guilloche) is a handicraft technique that involves finishing products with openwork lace and making appliqués by burning using a special apparatus.
  • Based on other materials
  • Hot stamping is a technology for artistic marking of products using the hot stamping method.
  • Treatment of wood with acids
• Artistic carving- one of the oldest and most widespread types of material processing.
  • Stone carving is the process of forming the desired shape, which is carried out through drilling, polishing, grinding, sawing, engraving, etc.
  • Bone carving is a type of decorative and applied art.
  • Wood carving
• Drawing on porcelain, glass
• Mosaic- image formation by arranging, setting and fixing multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.
• Stained glass- a work of decorative art of a fine or ornamental nature made of colored glass, designed for through lighting and intended to fill an opening, most often a window, in any architectural structure.
• Decoupage- a decorative technique for fabric, dishes, furniture, etc., consisting of meticulously cutting out images from paper, which are then glued or otherwise attached to various surfaces for decoration.
• Modeling, sculpture, ceramic floristry- giving shape to plastic material using hands and auxiliary tools.
• Weaving- a method of manufacturing more rigid structures and materials from less durable materials: threads, plant stems, fibers, bark, twigs, roots and other similar soft raw materials.
  • Bamboo - weaving from bamboo.
  • Birch bark - weaving from the upper bark of a birch tree.
  • Beads, beadwork - the creation of jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used, beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one.
  • Basket
  • Lace - decorative elements made of fabric and threads.
  • Macrame is a knot weaving technique.
  • Vine is the craft of making wicker products from wicker: household utensils and containers for various purposes.
  • Mat - weaving of flooring, flooring made of any rough material, mat, matting.
• Painting:
  • Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. Bright, laconic painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
  • Polkhov-Maidan painting - production of painted turning products - nesting dolls, Easter eggs, mushrooms, salt shakers, cups, supplies - generously decorated with lush ornamental and subject painting. Among the pictorial motifs, the most common are flowers, birds, animals, rural and urban landscapes.
  • Mezen wood painting is a type of painting of household utensils - spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, bratins.
  • Zhostovo painting is a folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays.
  • Semenovskaya painting - making a wooden toy with painting.
  • Khokhloma is an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod
  • Stained glass painting - hand painting on glass, imitation of stained glass.
  • Batik is hand-painted on fabric using reserve compounds.
    • Cold batik is a fabric painting technique that uses a special cold reserve compound.
    • Hot batik - a pattern is created using melted wax or other similar substances.
• Scrapbooking- design of photo albums
• Clay crafting- creating shapes and objects from clay. You can sculpt using a potter's wheel or by hand.

For myself (about the trellis):

Tapestry(fr. gobelin), or trellis, - one of the types of decorative and applied art, a one-sided lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, hand-woven cross weave threads The weaver passes the weft thread through the warp, creating both the image and the fabric itself. In the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, a tapestry is defined as “a hand-woven carpet on which a painting and specially prepared cardboard of a more or less famous artist are reproduced using multi-colored wool and partly silk.”

Tapestries were made of wool, silk, sometimes gold or silver threads. Currently, a wide variety of materials are used to make carpets by hand: preference is given to threads made from synthetic and artificial fibers; natural materials. The hand-weaving technique is labor-intensive; one craftsman can produce about 1-1.5 m² (depending on the density) of trellises per year, so these products are only available to wealthy customers. And at present, a handmade tapestry (trellis) continues to be an expensive work.

From the Middle Ages until the 19th century, the practice was to produce tapestries in cycles (ensembles), which united products related to one theme. This set of trellises was intended to decorate a room in uniform style. The number of trellises in the ensemble depended on the size of the rooms in which they were supposed to be placed. In the same style as the tapestries for the walls, the canopies, curtains, and pillowcases, which also made up the set, were made.

It is correct to call tapestries not any lint-free ornamented carpets, but only those on which the images are created using the weaving technique itself, i.e. interlacing of weft and warp threads, and therefore they are an organic part of the fabric itself, in contrast to embroidery, the patterns of which are additionally applied to the fabric with a needle. Medieval tapestries were produced in monastic workshops in Germany and the Netherlands, in the cities of Tournai in western Flanders and Arras in northern France. The most famous are millefleurs (French millefleurs, from mille - “thousand” and fleurs - “flowers”). The name arose from the fact that the figures on such tapestries are depicted on dark background, dotted with many small flowers. This feature is associated with the long-standing custom of celebrating the Catholic holiday of Corpus Christi (celebrated on the Thursday after Trinity Day). The streets along which the festive procession moved were decorated with banners woven with many fresh flowers. They were hung out of windows. It is believed that weavers transferred this decor to carpets. The earliest known millefleur was made in Arras in 1402. Carpets from this city were so popular, particularly in Italy, that they received Italian name"arazzi".

Cardboard in painting- a drawing with charcoal or pencil (or two pencils - white and black), made on paper or on a primed canvas, from which the picture is already painted with paints.

Initially, such drawings were made exclusively for frescoes; thick paper (Italian: cartone), on which the drawing was made, pierced along its contour, was applied to the ground prepared for fresco painting, and sprinkled with coal powder along the puncture, and thus a faint black color was obtained on the ground circuit. Fresco painting It was written straight away without corrections, so applying a ready-made, completely thought-out outline was necessary. Finished boards often have the value of paintings, minus the paints; such are the cardboards of Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael (cardboards for "School of Athens" stored in Milan), Andrea Mantegna, Giulio Romano and others. Often famous artists made cardboards for woven carpets-pictures (trellises); seven cardboards by Raphael are known from "Acts of the Apostles", executed by him for Flemish weavers (kept in the Kensington Museum in London), four cardboards of Mantegna. From cardboards of the 19th century. we can mention the works of Friedrich Overbeck, Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, P. J. Cornelius ( "Destruction of Troy", « Last Judgment» etc.), Wilhelm von Kaulbach ( "Destruction of Jerusalem", "Battles of the Huns" etc.), Ingres - for painting on glass in the tomb of the House of Orleans. In Russia, paintings were made on cardboards in St. Isaac's Cathedral(not preserved). Sometimes cardboards are created by one artist, and paintings based on them are created by others. Thus, Peter Joseph Cornelius gave some cardboards almost completely at the disposal of his students.

Materials, technology

Until the 18th century, wool was used as the basis for trellises - the most accessible and easy-to-process material, most often sheep's wool. The main requirement for the base material is strength. In the 19th century, the base for trellises was sometimes made of silk. The cotton base significantly lightens the weight of the product, it is durable, to a greater extent resistant to adverse environmental influences.

In trellis weaving, the density of the carpet is determined by the number of warp threads per 1 cm. The higher the density, the more opportunities the weaver has to complete small details, and the slower the work progresses. In a medieval European tapestry, there are about 5 warp threads per 1 cm. Products from Brussels manufactories of the 16th century had the same low density (5-6 threads), but local weavers were able to convey the complex nuances of the image. Over time, the trellis gets closer to painting, its density increases. At the Gobelin manufactory, the density of tapestries was 6-7 threads per 1 cm in the 17th century, and in the 18th century it was already 7-8. In the 19th century, the density of products from the Beauvais manufactory reached 10-16 threads. Such a trellis has essentially become just an imitation easel painting. Jean Lursa considered reducing its density as one of the means of returning the tapestry to its decorative quality. In the 20th century, French manufactories returned to the tapestry density of 5 threads. In modern hand weaving The density is assumed to be 1-2 threads per cm; a density of more than 3 threads is considered high.

The tapestries are woven by hand. The warp threads are tensioned on a machine or frame. The warp threads are intertwined with colored wool or silk threads, and the warp is completely covered, so that its color does not play any role.

The earliest and simplest device for a weaver's work was a frame with tensioned warp threads. The base can be fastened by pulling it onto nails driven into the frame, or by using a frame with cuts evenly spaced along the top and bottom edges, or by simply winding a thread onto the frame. However last method not very convenient, since the warp threads can move during the weaving process.

Later, high and low looms appeared. The difference in working on the machines lies mainly in the arrangement of the warp threads, horizontal - on a low machine - and vertical - on a high one. This is due to their specific structure and requires characteristic movements during operation. In both cases, the method of creating volume in the drawing and color transitions is the same. Threads of different colors intertwine and create the effect of a gradual change in tone or a sense of volume.

The image was copied from cardboard - a preparatory drawing in color of a life-size trellis, made on the basis of the artist’s sketch. Using one cardboard you can create several trellises, each time slightly different from each other.

Mechanically, the technique of making a tapestry is very simple, but it requires a lot of patience, experience and artistic knowledge from the master: only an educated artist, a painter in his own way, can be a good weaver, differing from the real one only in that he creates the image not with paints, but with colored thread . He must understand drawing, color and light and shade as an artist, and in addition, also have full knowledge techniques of trellis weaving and properties of materials. Quite often it is impossible to select threads of different shades of the same color, so the weaver has to tint the threads while working.

When working on a vertical machine, the base is unwound from its upper shaft, as the product is ready, and the finished trellis is wound onto the lower one. Carpets made on a vertical loom are called haute-lisse(gotlis, from fr. haute"high" and lisse"the basis"). The Gottliss technique allows you to perform more complex drawing, but it is also more labor-intensive. The weaver's workplace is located on the underside of the carpet, where the ends of the threads are secured. The image from the cardboard is transferred to tracing paper, and from it to the carpet. There was cardboard behind the weaver's back, and a mirror on the front side of the work. By spreading the warp threads apart, the craftsman can check the accuracy of the work on the cardboard.

Other carpets, in the manufacture of which the warp is located horizontally between two shafts, due to which the weaver's work is greatly facilitated, are called basse-lisse(baslis, from fr. basse"low" and lisse"the basis"). The warp threads are stretched between two shafts in a horizontal plane. The trellis faces the weaver with its reverse surface, the design from the cardboard is transferred to tracing paper placed under the warp threads, thus the front side of the product repeats the cardboard in a mirror image. The master works with small bobbins on which threads of different colors are wound. Passing a bobbin with a thread of any color through the warp and entangling the latter with it, he repeats this operation the required number of times, and then leaves it and takes up another with a thread of a different color, so as to return to the first bobbin when needed again.

Once the trellis is removed from the machine, it is impossible to distinguish which of the two techniques it was made in. To do this, you need to see the cardboard - the Baslis trellis repeats it in a mirror image, the Gotlis - in direct reflection.

Features of the artistic language of DPI

The subject of the artist's activity in decorative and applied arts determines the characteristics of the creative method. Most often, three main terms are used to refer to these features: abstraction, geometrization, stylization.

Abstraction(Latin abstraction - “distraction”) involves the abstraction of a decorative image from a specific object-spatial natural environment, since the role of such an environment, unlike easel art, is assumed by the surface being decorated. Hence the fundamental convention of decorative representation, in which different moments of time and space can easily be combined. An expert on Russian ceramics, A. B. Saltykov, convincingly wrote about this, noting it as a fundamental principle decorative composition“lack of unity of place, time and action.” In particular, the decor located on the volumetric shape of the vessel, interacting with the curvilinear space of its surface, is located depending on the “geography” of the object, and not according to everyday ideas. The curvature, color and texture of the decorated surface, for example, the white background in porcelain or earthenware painting, can equally easily indicate water, sky, earth or air, but, above all, the aesthetic value of the surface as such. V.D. Blavatsky wrote that the painting of the ancient Greek kylix (bowl) should be viewed by turning the vessel in the hands. Now we can circle around the museum display case.

The transitional stages of the process of abstraction and geometrization of a decorative image are called “visual ornament”, and according to genre varieties they are divided into plant, animal, mixed... One of the most interesting genre varieties of mixed figurative ornament in the history of art is the grotesque.

Stylization in the very general meaning The term refers to the intentional, conscious use by the artist of forms, methods and techniques of shaping, previously known in the history of art. At the same time, the artist is mentally transported to another century, as if immersed “into the depths of time.” Therefore, such stylization can be called temporary. Stylization can have a private, fragmentary character, then as a subject art game individual themes, forms, motifs, and techniques are selected. Sometimes this method of shaping is called stylization of the motif. A significant part of the works of art “Art Nouveau” (“new art”) of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. built on the stylization of one motif: waves, plant shoots, strands of hair, bend swan neck. These lines were in vogue in the turn of the century culture. In particular, the famous French decorative artist and clothing designer Paul Poiret (1879–1944) came up with a smooth curved line women's dress, which was called the Poiret line.

Stylization of the motif can be considered as a special case decorative stylization, since the artist’s efforts are aimed at including a separate work, its fragment or stylized motif into a broader compositional whole (which corresponds to the general meaning of the concept of decorativeness). Using the method of holistic stylization, the artist is mentally transported to another decorative era - he strives to think organically in the object-spatial environment that has already developed around him. We called the first method the method of temporal stylization, and the second can be called spatial.

It is clear that the method of decorative stylization is most fully manifested in the decorative arts and, in particular, in the art of spectacular posters and book illustrations, although there are exceptions. Thus, the wonderful painter and draftsman A. Modigliani built the gentle expressiveness of his images on the frank stylization of line and hyperbolization of form, and his “masks” stylize African samples.

The work of many artists organically combines the methods of abstraction, geometrization and stylization.

The density, saturation of the image, the predominance of figures over the background also contribute to decorativeness. In some cases this leads to the so-called ornamentalization of the decor, in others to the “carpet style”. The processes of transformation of visual elements are united by the concept of geometrization. Ultimately, this tendency leads to extremely abstract or geometric ornament.

In addition to the fundamental methods - abstraction, geometrization and stylization - the artist of decorative and applied arts uses private methods of shaping, or artistic paths (Greek tropos - “turn, turn”).

In the visual arts, comparison is made on the basis geometrization. Wonderful examples of such comparisons are works of the “animal style”. This style dominated in products of “small forms” in the vast expanses of Eurasia from the Lower Danube, the Northern Black Sea region and the Caspian steppes to the Southern Urals, Siberia and the northwestern part of China in the 7th–4th centuries. BC e.

Classic examples of assimilation of form to format are compositions in a circle, in particular the compositions of the bottoms of ancient Greek kylixes - round wide bowls on a leg with two horizontal handles on the sides. From such bowls they drank wine diluted with water. In ancient houses, during breaks between symposia (feasts), kylixes were usually hung by one of the handles from the wall. Therefore, the paintings were placed on the outside of the bowl, around the circumference, so that they were clearly visible.

The main problems of DPI

All works of antiquity organically combined the material and spiritual, utilitarian, aesthetic and artistic value. It is interesting that in early antiquity there was no separate understanding of the qualities of a vessel as a container, its symbolic meaning, aesthetic value, contents and decor.

Later visual space things began to be divided into internal container and external surface, shape and ornament, object and surrounding space. As a result of such a differentiation process, the problem of an organic connection between the functions and form of the product, its harmony with the environment, arose.

At the same time, the statement that a truly decorative image should be planar is not true. Abstraction of decor is not about adaptation, but about interaction figurative form and environment. Therefore, illusory images that visually “break through” the surface can be just as decorative as those that “creep along the plane.” It all depends on the artist’s intention, compliance compositional solution idea.

The same applies to the problem of identifying the natural properties of the material of the surface being decorated. An entirely gilded porcelain vase or a metal-look cup can be no less beautiful than the finest polychrome painting, shading off the sparkling whiteness. Is it possible to say that the natural texture of wood is more decorative than its surface covered with bright paint and gilding, and that matte bisque (unglazed porcelain) looks better than shiny glaze?

In 1910, the outstanding Belgian architect, artist and Art Nouveau art theorist Henri Van de Velde (1863–1957) wrote a polemical article entitled “Animation of material as a principle of beauty.”

In this article, Van de Velde outlined his views on one of the main problems of the “new style” - the artist’s attitude to the material. He argues with the traditional opinion that the applied artist should bring out the natural beauty of the material. “No material,” wrote Van de Velde, “can be beautiful in itself. He owes his beauty spirituality which the artist brings into nature.” The spiritualization of “dead material” occurs through its transformation into a composite material. At the same time, the artist uses different means, and then, based on the same materials, he gets the opposite result. The meaning of the artistic transformation of natural materials and forms, in contrast to the aesthetic properties objectively present in nature, according to Van de Velde, is dematerialization, imparting properties that the material did not have before the artist’s hand touched it. This is how heavy and rough stone turns into the finest “weightless” lace of Gothic cathedrals, the material properties of dyes are transformed into the radiance of the color rays of medieval stained glass, and gilding becomes capable of expressing heavenly light.

In the decorative and applied arts, where the artist is obliged to solve the problem of connections between the part and the whole, including his own composition in a wide spatio-temporal context, paths acquire fundamental importance. Transfers of meaning can be carried out different ways And compositional techniques. The simplest technique well known in art history Ancient world. This is the likening of form to format. Such a pictorial trope can be correlated with a literary comparison on the principle of “whole to whole,” for example: “A horse flies like a bird.”

Terminology in DPI

Liters

Vlasov V. G. Fundamentals of the theory and history of decorative and applied arts. Educational and methodological manual. - St. Petersburg State University, 2012.- 156 p.

Moran A. History of decorative and applied arts. - M

Creativity is a process of human activity, the result of which is the creation of new quality material and spiritual values, distinguished by uniqueness, originality and originality. It originated in ancient times. Since then, between him and the development of society there has been unbreakable bond. IN creative process imagination and skill are involved, which a person acquires by acquiring knowledge and putting it into practice.

Creativity is an active state and a manifestation of human freedom, the result of creative activity, it is a gift, given to a person over. You don’t have to be great and talented to create, create beauty and give people love and kindness to everything around them. Today, creative activities are available to everyone, since there are different types of arts, and everyone can choose an activity to their liking.

Who is considered a creative person?

These are not only artists, sculptors, actors, singers and musicians. Creative is any person who uses in his work non-standard approaches. Even a housewife can be like that. The main thing is to love your work and put your soul into it. Rest assured: the result will exceed all your expectations!

Decorative creativity

This is a type of plastic art, which includes decorative design of the interior (decorating a room using easel painting) and exterior (using stained glass and mosaics), design art (using industrial graphics and posters), and applied art.

These types of creativity provide a unique opportunity to get acquainted with cultural traditions their people, cultivate a sense of patriotism and great respect for human work. Creating a creative product instills a love of beauty and shapes technical ability and skills.

Applied creativity

It is a folk decorative art designed to decorate people's lives and everyday life depending on their requirements. Making things a certain shape and purpose, a person always finds a use for them and tries to preserve the attractiveness and beauty seen in them. Objects of art are inherited, from ancestors to descendants. They reveal folk wisdom, way of life, and character. In the process of creativity, a person puts his soul, feelings, and his ideas about life into works of art. This is probably why their educational value is so great.

Conducting archaeological excavations, scientists find various things, household items. They determine the historical era, relations in the society of that distant time, conditions in the social and natural environments, the capabilities of technology, financial situation, traditions and beliefs of the people. Types of creativity can tell us about the kind of life people led, what they did and were interested in, how they related to everything around them. Artistic Features works of applied art instill in a person respect for the culture and heritage of the nation.

Decorative and applied arts. Types of techniques

What types of applied creativity are there? There are a great many of them! Depending on the method of manufacturing a particular item and the material used, the following handicraft techniques are distinguished:

• Related to the use of paper: iris folding, or rainbow folding of paper, paper plastic, corrugated tubes, quilling, origami, papier-mâché, scrapbooking, embossing, trimming.
• Weaving techniques: ganutel, beading, macrame, bobbin weaving, tatting or knot weaving.
• Painting: Zhostovo, Khokhloma, Gorodets, etc.
• Types of painting: batik - painting on fabric; stained glass - glass painting; stamp and sponge printing; drawing with palms and leaf prints; ornament - repetition and alternation of pattern elements.
• Creating drawings and images: blowing paint through a tube; guilloche - burning a pattern onto fabric; mosaic - creating an image from small elements; thread graphics - making an image with threads on a hard surface.
• Fabric embroidery techniques: simple and Bulgarian cross stitch, straight and oblique satin stitch, tapestry, carpet and ribbon embroidery, gold embroidery, cutwork, hemstitching and many others.
• Sewing on fabric: patchwork, quilting, quilting or patchwork; artichoke, kanzashi and others.
• Knitting techniques: fork; on knitting needles (simple European); Tunisian crochet; jacquard, fillet, guipure.
• Types of creativity associated with wood processing: burning, sawing, carving.

As you can see for yourself, there is great amount various types of arts and crafts techniques. Just a few of them are listed here.

Folk art

In works of art created by the people, the main thing is selected and carefully preserved; there is no place for unnecessary things. Objects of folk art are endowed with the most expressive properties. This art embodies simplicity and taste. Therefore, it became understandable, loved and accessible to people.

Since ancient times, people have sought to decorate their homes with objects of folk fine art. After all, they retain the warmth of the hands of a craftsman who understands nature and skillfully selects only the most beautiful things for his objects. Failed creations are eliminated, only valuable and great ones remain alive.

Each era has its own fashion for the interior of a person’s home, which is constantly changing. Over time, strict lines and rectangular shapes become more and more preferred. But even today people draw ideas from a priceless storehouse - people's talents.

Folklore

This is folklore, which is reflected in artistic collective creative activity common man. His works reflect the life, ideals and worldviews created by the people. They then exist among the masses.

Types of folk art:

• Proverbs are poetic mini-works in the form of short rhythmic sayings. The basis is conclusion, teaching and generalized morality.
• Sayings are figures of speech or phrases that reflect life phenomena. There are often humorous notes.
• Folk songs - they do not have an author or he is unknown. The words and the music chosen for them were formed during the historical development of the culture of a particular ethnic group.
• Chatushki are Russian folk songs in miniature, usually in the form of quatrains, with humorous content.
• Riddles - they are found at any stage of development of society among all peoples. In ancient times they were considered a test of wisdom.
• Pestushki - short melodies of mothers and nannies in poetic form.
• Nursery rhymes are songs and sayings that accompany games with a child’s hands and feet.
• Jokes are funny short stories in poetic form.
• It is impossible to imagine types of folk art without chants, with the help of which people during the spread of paganism turned to various natural phenomena, asking them for protection, or to animals and birds.
• Counting rhymes are small rhythmic rhymes. With their help, the leader of the game is determined.
• Tongue twisters are phrases built on a combination of sounds that make them difficult to pronounce quickly.

Creativity related to literature

Literary creativity is represented by three types: epic, lyrical and dramatic. They were created in ancient times, but still exist today, as they determine ways to solve the problems posed to literature by human society.

The basis of the epic is the artistic reproduction of the external world, when the speaker (the author or narrator himself) reports events and their details as something past and remembered, simultaneously resorting to descriptions of the setting of the action and the appearance of the characters, and sometimes to reasoning. Lyrics are the direct expression of the writer's feelings and thoughts. The dramatic method combines the first two, when the characters with the most different characters presented in one play with direct lyrical self-revelation.

Literary creativity, represented by epic, lyricism and drama, fully opens up limitless possibilities for a deep reflection of people's lives and their consciousness. Each literary genre has its own forms:

• Epic - fable, poem, ballad, story, story, novel, essay, artistic memoir.
• Lyrical - ode, elegy, satire, epigram.
• Dramatic - tragedy, comedy, drama, vaudeville, joke, stage.

In addition, individual forms of any kind of poetry are divided into groups or types. For example, gender literary work- epic. The form is a novel. Types: socio-psychological, philosophical, family, adventure, satirical, historical, science fiction.

Folk art

This is a capacious concept that includes various genres and types of artistic creativity. They are based on original traditions and unique ways and forms of creative activity, which is associated with human labor and develops collectively, based on the continuity of traditions.

Folk art reflects the inner world of a person, his spiritual appearance, living memory people. There are several periods in its development:

• Pagan (until the 10th century).
• Christian (X-XVII centuries).
• Domestic history (XVII-XIX centuries).
• XX century.

Folk art has undergone a long development process, as a result of which the following types of artistic creativity have emerged:

• Folklore is the worldview and moral beliefs of the people, their views on man, nature and society, which are expressed in verbal, poetic, musical, choreographic, and dramatic forms.
• Decorative and applied art is designed to satisfy the aesthetic needs and everyday needs of a person.
• Everyday amateur creativity is artistic phenomena in the festive and everyday life of a person.
• Amateur visual arts- This is organized creativity. It is focused on teaching people artistic skills.

Creativity associated with technology

Human labor activity is constantly improving, acquiring creative nature. Many people manage to rise to the highest level in their creations and inventions. So, what is technical creativity? This is an activity whose main task is to create technical solutions that will be novel and have social significance not only in their own country, but also beyond its borders, that is, worldwide. Otherwise, this is called invention, which is equivalent to the concept of technical creativity. And it is interconnected with scientific, artistic and other types.

Great opportunities are open for our contemporaries and all conditions have been created for doing what they love. There is a huge number of specialized clubs, palaces, circles, scientific societies. In these institutions, adults and children are engaged in aircraft and ship modeling, motorcycle sports, karting, auto design, programming, computer science, and computer technology. Such types of creativity as the development of sports structures are very popular. Vehicle: mini-cars, autocars, equipment for fishermen, tourists and climbers.