Interesting facts from the history of literature. Interesting facts about Russian literature

Illustration: Elizaveta Clover

The creators of the heritage of Russian literature evoke a lot of conflicting feelings, both with their works and personal successes. Sometimes authors inspire, sometimes disappoint, often make you laugh, sometimes sadden you, or make you sympathize with their plight. Disputes around the biographies of writers, as well as around their works, have not subsided for decades. No matter how complicated the lives of writers or the motives of their creations may be, only one thing is certain: Russian literature is famous a huge amount interesting facts framing immortal works.

Griboyedov and his grief from his sharp mind

The comedy in verse by Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov “Woe from Wit” made the writer a classic of Russian literature. It is interesting to know that the interjection “Oh!” appears on the pages of the work 6 times, and the exclamation “Ah!” Griboedov used it 54 times.

The first to see the comedy was the fabulist Krylov. The writer was afraid of Ivan Andreevich and highly valued his point of view, so he considered it necessary to appear with literary masterpiece in front of Krylov. The man grumpily accepted the work from Griboedov’s hands, and at the end of the reading, he said that the censors would not be able to appreciate this work, moreover, Alexander Sergeevich faces a “ticket” to Siberia for what he wrote.

The many faces of Pushkin

Interest is aroused not only by life, but also by creative fruits. Few people know that the reader might never have seen the famous Mermaid in Chains, Koshchei and the Scientist's Cat. After all, the writer supplemented the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila” with the poem “At the Lukomorye Green Oak” only 8 years after the first publication.

Eugene Onegin is no less interesting for researchers. The work contains the expression “...I looked out the window and crushed flies.”

“He settled in that peace,
Where is the village old-timer?
For about forty years he was quarreling with the housekeeper,
I looked out the window and squashed flies.”

This phrase should not be taken literally. Here we were not talking about annoying insects at all.

Squashing a fly has at least two meanings:

• drink wine, get drunk...
• an image of the stagnant life of a noble pastime and dull entertainment.

Most likely, the ironic metaphor that Pushkin used illustrated here typical characteristic a person who likes to drink. In modern language there is a definition of “being under the influence,” in other words, “being not sober.” And this version is more appropriate. But we will never determine with absolute certainty what Pushkin meant...

In another Pushkin work, “The Queen of Spades,” an attentive reader must have noticed that the main character does not have a name, only his surname Hermann is known. An important nuance here is the double “n” at the end. When the story was presented in opera of the same name, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky changed the surname to the main name of the character, calling him Herman, with one “n” at the end.

Surprisingly, it is " Queen of Spades"- is considered one of the first works in Russian to have success in Europe.

By the way, the plot of “The Queen of Spades” was suggested to Pushkin by the young Prince Golitsyn, who, having lost, regained what he had lost by betting, on the advice of his grandmother, on three cards that had once been suggested to her by Saint Germain. This grandmother is the “mustachioed princess” N.P. Golitsyn, known in Moscow society, nee Chernysheva, the mother of Moscow governor D.V. Golitsyn.

Immediately after publication in 1834 mystical story gains remarkable success among the reading public. From diary entry Pushkin:

“My “Queen of Spades” is in great fashion. Players punt on three, seven, ace.”

Pushkin wrote more than 70 epigraphs to his works. For comparison: the number of epigraphs of Gogol and Turgenev is 20 each.

It is noteworthy that Pushkin’s eldest daughter, M. A. Hartung, became one of the most important prototypes of Anna Karenina for novel of the same name Lev Tolstoy. The writer met Maria Alexandrovna in 1868 in the house of General A. A. Tulubiev and, under the impression, described some of her features appearance: dark hair, white lace and a small purple garland of pansies.

The mystery of the prose writer Nikolai Gogol

Remembering the mystical, but at the same time very topical writer Nikolai Gogol, it is worth noting that this man was passionate about needlework. He enjoyed knitting, cutting, and sewing. The man skillfully made neckerchiefs, scarves, and dresses for his sisters. Surely so contradictory nature Nikolai Vasilyevich was also drawn by the creative endeavors of the master of the pen.

Fans of Russian literature will be interested to know that the play “The Inspector General” was written in real events. Alexander Pushkin told Gogol about what happened in the Novgorod province. It was this writer who insisted on completing The Inspector General, despite the fact that Gogol was going to stop the story. However, the play was destined to live. The result still pleases readers to this day.

Nikolai Vasilyevich’s whole life is a tangled mystery. Mysticism followed the author, and even after his death, heirs and researchers were left with more mysteries than answers. Nikolai Vasilyevich’s grave was covered with a stone, which was popularly called Golgotha ​​for its resemblance to Mount Jerusalem. When the time came to “relocate” the cemetery, the stone was moved to the grave of another mystic - Mikhail Bulgakov. Surprising in this story is Bulgakov’s phrase, which he repeated more than once to Gogol: “Teacher, cover me with your overcoat.”

Dragonfly Krylova

In the fable “The Dragonfly and the Ant,” the fabulist Krylov describes the dragonfly as a singing creature, but everyone knows that this insect does not sing. It turned out that dragonfly was previously a common name for several types of insects, and Krylov actually wrote about the grasshopper.

Chukovsky is banned

The name of the master of Russian children's literature was actually different. The writer's real name is Nikolai Ivanovich Korneychukov. It is noteworthy that the real names in this connection are the first and last names. There is no middle name on the poet's birth certificate. He was illegitimate. Being already quite old, Chukovsky asked to be called simply Kolya.

It is known that the writer’s work was subject to very strict censorship. Chukovsky’s diary displayed extremely honestly full picture horror of that time. They are literally full of references to the desperate struggle against censorship, which from time to time banned almost everything that was written by the poet. Fairy tales were banned, entire pages from articles and books were thrown out. Today it is very difficult to believe the arguments of officials who are stunned by autocracy:

So, in “Moidodyr” for the words “God, God,” Chukovsky went to explain himself to the censor. In "Cockroach" they saw an anti-Stalinist subtext.

"Stash" by Raskolnikov

A huge contribution to the treasury Russian literature did

There are many interesting facts associated with Russian poets and writers that shed light on this or that event. It seems to us that we know everything, or almost everything, about the lives of great writers, but there are pages unexplored!

So, for example, we learned that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was the initiator of the fatal duel and did everything possible to make it happen - it was a matter of honor for the poet... And Leo Tolstoy, due to his passion for gambling lost his house. And we also know how the great Anton Pavlovich loved to call his wife in correspondence - “the crocodile of my soul”... Read about these and other facts of Russian geniuses in our selection of “the most interesting facts from the life of Russian poets and writers.”

Russian writers came up with many new words: substance, thermometer ( Lomonosov), industry ( Karamzin), bungling ( Saltykov-Shchedrin), fade away ( Dostoevsky), mediocrity ( Northerner), exhausted ( Khlebnikov).

Pushkin was not handsome, unlike his wife Natalya Goncharova, who, in addition to everything, was 10 cm taller than her husband. For this reason, when attending balls, Pushkin tried to stay away from his wife, so as not to once again draw the attention of others to this contrast.

During the period of courtship with his future wife Natalya, Pushkin told his friends a lot about her and at the same time usually said: “I am delighted, I am fascinated, In short, I am enchanted!”

Korney Chukovsky- it is a nickname. Real name (according to available documents) of the most published in Russia children's writer- Nikolai Vasilievich Korneychukov. He was born in 1882 in Odessa out of wedlock, was recorded under his mother’s surname, and published his first article in 1901 under the pseudonym Korney Chukovsky.

Lev Tolstoy. In his youth, the future genius of Russian literature was quite passionate. Once upon a time in card game with his neighbor, the landowner Gorokhov, Leo Tolstoy lost the main building of the inherited estate - the estate Yasnaya Polyana. The neighbor dismantled the house and took it 35 miles away as a trophy. It is worth noting that this was not just a building - it was here that the writer was born and spent his childhood years, it was this house that he remembered warmly all his life and even wanted to buy it back, but for one reason or another he did not.

Famous Soviet writer And public figure burr, that is, did not pronounce the letters “r” and “l”. This happened in childhood when, while playing, he accidentally cut his tongue with a razor, and it became difficult for him to pronounce his name: Kirill. In 1934 he took the pseudonym Konstantin.

Ilya Ilf and Evgeny Petrov were natives of Odessa, but met only in Moscow immediately before starting work on their first novel. Subsequently, the duo worked together so well that even Ilf’s daughter Alexandra, who is involved in popularizing the writers’ heritage, called herself the daughter of “Ilf and Petrov.”

Alexander Solzhenitsyn communicated more than once with Russian President Boris Yeltsin. So, for example, Yeltsin asked his opinion about Kuril Islands(Solzhenitsyn advised giving them to Japan). And in the mid-1990s, after Alexander Isaevich returned from emigration and restored his Russian citizenship, by order of Yeltsin, he was given the Sosnovka-2 state dacha in the Moscow region.

Chekhov sat down to write, dressed in full dress. Kuprin, on the contrary, he loved working completely naked.

When a Russian satirist-writer Arkady Averchenko during the First World War, he brought a story to one of the editors military theme, the censor deleted the phrase from it: “The sky was blue.” It turns out that from these words, enemy spies could guess that the matter was happening in the south.

The real name of the satirical writer Grigory Gorin There was Ofstein. When asked about the reason for choosing the pseudonym, Gorin replied that it was an abbreviation: “Grisha Ofshtein decided to change his nationality.”

Initially at the grave Gogol in the monastery cemetery lay a stone nicknamed Golgotha ​​because of its resemblance to Mount Jerusalem. When they decided to destroy the cemetery, during reburial in another place they decided to install a bust of Gogol on the grave. And that same stone was subsequently placed on Bulgakov’s grave by his wife. In this regard, the phrase is noteworthy Bulgakov, which he repeatedly addressed to Gogol during his lifetime: “Teacher, cover me with your overcoat.”

After the outbreak of World War II Marina Tsvetaeva They were sent for evacuation to the city of Elabuga, in Tatarstan. Boris Pasternak helped her pack her things. He brought a rope to tie up the suitcase, and, assuring of its strength, joked: “The rope will withstand everything, even if you hang yourself.” Subsequently, he was told that it was on her that Tsvetaeva hanged herself in Yelabuga.

The famous phrase “We all came out of Gogol’s overcoat,” which is used to express humanistic traditions Russian literature. The authorship of this expression is often attributed to Dostoevsky, but in fact the first person to say it was the French critic Eugene Vogüet, who discussed the origins of Dostoevsky’s work. Fyodor Mikhailovich himself cited this quote in a conversation with another French writer, who understood it as own words writer and published them in this light in his work.

As a remedy for a “big belly” A.P. Chekhov prescribed a milk diet to his obese patients. For a week, the unfortunate people had to eat nothing and extinguish attacks of hunger with hundred-gram doses of regular milk. Indeed, due to the fact that milk is quickly and well absorbed, a glass of the drink taken in the morning reduces appetite. So, without feeling hungry, you can hold out until lunch. This property of milk was used by Anton Pavlovich in his medical practice...

Dostoevsky made extensive use of the real topography of St. Petersburg in describing the places in his novel Crime and Punishment. As the writer admitted, he compiled a description of the yard in which Raskolnikov hides the things he stole from the pawnbroker’s apartment from personal experience- when one day, while walking around the city, Dostoevsky turned into a deserted courtyard to relieve himself.

Do you know what Pushkin received as a dowry for N.N. Goncharova bronze statue? Not the most convenient dowry! But still in mid-18th century century Afanasy Abramovich Goncharov was one of richest people Russia. The sailing fabric produced at his Linen Factory was purchased for the British Navy, and the paper was considered the best in Russia. People came to the Linen Plant for feasts, hunts, and performances. better society, and in 1775 Catherine herself visited here.

In memory of this event, the Goncharovs bought bronze statue Empress, cast in Berlin. The order was delivered already under Paul, when it was dangerous to honor Catherine. And then there was no longer enough money to install the monument - Afanasy Nikolaevich Goncharov, Natalia Nikolaevna’s grandfather, who inherited a huge fortune, left his grandchildren debts and a disorganized household. He came up with the idea of ​​giving the statue to his granddaughter as a dowry.

The poet's ordeal with this statue is reflected in his letters. Pushkin calls her “copper grandmother” and tries to sell her to the State mint for remelting (scrap non-ferrous metals!). In the end, the statue was sold to the foundry of Franz Bard, apparently after the poet's death.

The bard sold the long-suffering statue to the Ekaterinoslav nobility, who erected a monument to the founder of their city on the Cathedral Square of Ekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk). But when she finally got to the city named after her, the “copper grandmother” continued to travel, changing 3 pedestals, and after the fascist occupation she disappeared completely. Has “grandmother” found peace, or continues her movements around the world?

Main plot immortal work N.V. Gogol’s “The Inspector General” was suggested to the author by A.S. Pushkin. These great classics were good friends. Once Alexander Sergeevich told Nikolai Vasilyevich an interesting fact from the life of the city of Ustyuzhna, Novgorod province. It was this incident that formed the basis of the work of Nikolai Gogol.

Throughout the time he was writing The Inspector General, Gogol often wrote to Pushkin about his work, told him what stage it was in, and also repeatedly announced that he wanted to quit it. However, Pushkin forbade him to do this, so “The Inspector General” was still completed.

By the way, Pushkin, who was present at the first reading of the play, was completely delighted with it.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov in correspondence with his wife Olga Leonardovna, Knipper used standard compliments and kind words very unusual: “actress”, “dog”, “snake” and - feel the lyricism of the moment - “the crocodile of my soul”.

Alexander Griboyedov was not only a poet, but also a diplomat. In 1829, he died in Persia along with the entire diplomatic mission at the hands of religious fanatics. To atone for their guilt, the Persian delegation arrived in St. Petersburg with rich gifts, among which was the famous Shah diamond weighing 88.7 carats. Another purpose of the embassy's visit was to mitigate the indemnity imposed on Persia under the terms of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty. Emperor Nicholas I went to meet the Persians halfway and said: “I consign the ill-fated Tehran incident to eternal oblivion!”

Lev Tolstoy was skeptical about his novels, including War and Peace. In 1871, he sent Fet a letter: “How happy I am... that I will never write verbose rubbish like “War” again.” An entry in his diary in 1908 reads: “People love me for those trifles - “War and Peace”, etc., which seem very important to them.”

The duel, in which Pushkin was mortally wounded, was not initiated by the poet. Pushkin sent a challenge to Dantes in November 1836, the impetus for which was the spread of anonymous lampoons exposing him as a cuckold. However, that duel was canceled thanks to the efforts of the poet’s friends and the proposal made by Dantes to Natalya Goncharova’s sister. But the conflict was not settled, the spread of jokes about Pushkin and his family continued, and then the poet sent Dantes’ adoptive father Heckern an extremely offensive letter in February 1837, knowing that this would entail a challenge from Dantes. And so it happened, and this duel became Pushkin’s last. By the way, Dantes was a relative of Pushkin. At the time of the duel, he was married to the sister of Pushkin’s wife, Ekaterina Goncharova.

Having fallen ill, Chekhov sent a messenger to the pharmacy for castor oil capsules. The pharmacist sent him two large capsules, which Chekhov returned with the inscription “I am not a horse!” Having received the writer’s autograph, the pharmacist happily replaced them with normal capsules.

Passion Ivan Krylov there was food. Before dinner at a party, Krylov read two or three fables. After the praise, he waited for lunch. With the ease of a young man, despite all his obesity, he went to the dining room as soon as it was announced: “Dinner is served.” The Kyrgyz footman Emelyan tied a napkin under Krylov’s chin, spread the second one on his knees and stood behind the chair.

Krylov ate a huge plate of pies, three plates of fish soup, huge veal chops - a couple of plates, a fried turkey, which he called “Firebird”, and also a pickle: Nezhin cucumbers, lingonberries, cloudberries, plums, eating Antonov apples, like plums, finally began to eat Strasbourg pate, freshly prepared from the freshest butter, truffles and goose livers. After eating several plates, Krylov drank kvass, after which he washed down his food with two glasses of coffee with cream, into which you stick a spoon - it stands.

Writer V.V. Veresaev recalled that all the pleasure, all the bliss of life for Krylov lay in food. At one time he received invitations to small dinners with the Empress, about which he later spoke very unflatteringly because of the meager portions of the dishes served to the table. At one of these dinners, Krylov sat down at the table and, without greeting the hostess, began to eat. The poet who was present Zhukovsky exclaimed in surprise: “Stop it, let the queen at least treat you.” “What if he doesn’t serve you?” answered Krylov, without looking up from his plate. At dinner parties he usually ate a dish of pies, three or four plates of fish soup, several chops, roast turkey and a few "trifles." Arriving home, I ate it all with a bowl of sauerkraut and black bread.

By the way, everyone believed that the fabulist Krylov died of volvulus due to overeating. In fact, he died from double pneumonia.

Gogol had a passion for handicrafts. I knitted scarves, cut out dresses for my sisters, wove belts, and sewed scarves for myself for the summer.

Did you know that the typical Russian name Svetlana is only 200 years old? Before it was invented in 1802 by A.Kh. Vostokov, such a name did not exist. It first appeared in his romance “Svetlana and Mstislav.” Then it was fashionable to call literary heroes pseudo-Russian names. This is how Dobrada, Priyata, Miloslava appeared - purely literary, not listed in the calendar. That’s why they didn’t call children that.

Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky took the name for the heroine of his ballad from Vostokov’s romance. "Svetlana" has become very popular work. In the 60s and 70s of the 19th century, “Svetlana” stepped into the people from the pages of books. But in church books there was no such name! Therefore, girls were baptized as Photinia, Faina, or Lukerya, from the Greek and Latin words, meaning light. Interestingly, this name is very common in other languages: Italian Chiara, German and French Clara and Claire, Italian Lucia, Celtic Fiona, Tajik Ravshana, ancient Greek Faina - all mean: light, bright. Poets simply filled a linguistic niche!

After the October Revolution, a wave of new names swept over Russia. Svetlana was perceived as a patriotic, modern and understandable name. Even Stalin named his daughter that. And in 1943, this name finally made it into the calendar.

Another interesting fact: this name also had men's uniform-Svetlana and Svet. Demyan Poor Light named his son.

How many monuments to the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin are there in the world? The answer to this question is contained in the book of the Voronezh postcard collector Valery Kononov. All over the world there are them - 270 . No literary figure has ever been awarded so many monuments. The book contains illustrations of one hundred best monuments to the poet. Among them are monuments of the era Tsarist Russia and Soviet times, monuments erected abroad. Pushkin himself was never abroad, but there are monuments to him in Cuba, India, Finland, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Spain, China, Chile and Norway. There are two monuments each in Hungary and Germany (in Weimar and Dusseldorf). In the USA, one was staged in 1941 in Jackson, New Jersey, the other in 1970 in Monroe, New York. V. Kononov drew one pattern: monuments to Pushkin are usually erected not in large squares, but in parks and squares.

I.A. Krylov in everyday life he was very unkempt. His disheveled, unkempt hair, stained, wrinkled shirts and other signs of sloppiness caused ridicule from his acquaintances. One day the fabulist was invited to a masquerade. - How should I dress to remain unrecognized? - he asked a lady he knew. “Wash yourself, comb your hair, and no one will recognize you,” she answered.

Seven years before death Gogol in his will he warned: “I bequeath my body not to be buried until obvious signs of decomposition appear.” They did not listen to the writer, and when the remains were reburied in 1931, a skeleton with a skull turned to one side was found in the coffin. According to other data, the skull was completely absent.

The duels were quite diverse both in weapons and in form. For example, few people know that there was such a interesting shape like a "quadruple duel". In this type of duel, their seconds fired after the opponents.

By the way, the most famous quadruple duel was over the ballerina Avdotya Istomina: the opponents Zavadovsky and Sheremetev had to shoot first, and the seconds Griboyedov and Yakubovich - second. That time, Yakubovich shot Griboyedov in the palm of his left hand. It was from this wound that it was later possible to identify the corpse of Griboyedov, who was killed by religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran.

An example of the wit of a fabulist Krylova serves as a famous case in Summer Garden where he liked to walk. Once he met a group of young people there. One of this company decided to make fun of the writer’s physique: “Look what a cloud is coming!” Krylov heard, but was not embarrassed. He looked at the sky and added sarcastically: “It’s really going to rain. That’s why the frogs started croaking.”

Nikolay Karamzin belongs to a brief description of public life in Russia. When, during his trip to Europe, Russian emigrants asked Karamzin what was happening in his homeland, the writer answered with one word: “they are stealing.”

Leo Tolstoy the handwriting was terrible. Only his wife could understand everything that was written, who, according to literary researchers, rewrote his “War and Peace” several times. Perhaps Lev Nikolaevich simply wrote so quickly? The hypothesis is quite realistic, given the volume of his works.

Manuscripts Alexandra Pushkina always looked very beautiful. So beautiful that it is almost impossible to read the text. Vladimir Nabokov also had the most terrible handwriting, whose sketches and famous cards could only be read by his wife.

Sergei Yesenin had the most legible handwriting, for which his publishers thanked him more than once.

The source of the expression “No brainer” is a poem Mayakovsky(“It’s clear even to a no brainer - / This Petya was a bourgeois”). It became widespread first in the Strugatskys’ story “The Country of Crimson Clouds”, and then in Soviet boarding schools for gifted children. They recruited teenagers who had two years left to study (classes A, B, C, D, D) or one year (classes E, F, I). Students of the one-year stream were called “hedgehogs”. When they came to the boarding school, the two-year students were already ahead of them in the non-standard program, so at the beginning school year The expression “no brainer” was very relevant.

Determination of Agnia Barto. She was always determined: she saw the goal - and forward, without swaying or retreating. This trait of hers appeared everywhere, in every little detail. Once in Spain, torn by the Civil War, where Barto went in 1937 to the International Congress for the Defense of Culture, where she saw firsthand what fascism was (congress meetings were held in the besieged, burning Madrid), and just before the bombing she went to buy castanets. The sky howls, the walls of the store bounce, and the writer makes a purchase! But the castanets are real, Spanish - for Agnia, who danced beautifully, this was an important souvenir. Alexey Tolstoy later asked Barto sarcastically: had she bought a fan in that store to fan herself during the next raids?..

One day Fyodor Chaliapin introduced his friend to the guests - Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin.“Meet, friends, Alexander Kuprin - the most sensitive nose in Russia.” Contemporaries even joked that Kuprin had something “of a big beast.” For example, many ladies were very offended by the writer when he actually sniffed them like a dog.

And once, a certain French perfumer, having heard from Kuprin a clear layout of the components of his new fragrance, exclaimed: “Such a rare gift and you are just a writer!” Kuprin often admired his colleagues incredibly precise definitions. For example, in an argument with Bunin and Chekhov, he won with one phrase: “Young girls smell like watermelon and fresh milk. And the old women, here in the south, use wormwood, chamomile, dry cornflowers and incense.”

Anna Akhmatova I composed my first poem at the age of 11. After re-reading it “with a fresh mind,” the girl realized that she needed to improve her art of versification. Which is what I began to actively do.

However, Anna's father did not appreciate her efforts and considered it a waste of time. That is why he forbade using his real last name - Gorenko. Anna decided to choose her great-grandmother’s maiden name, Akhmatova, as her pseudonym.

Literature is the most interesting topic, which connects almost all people and nations. Each country has its favorite writers, fashion magazines, and news newspapers. But there are also books and writers who have become legends. They belong to the world, they are read all over the world, they are translated.

And interesting facts about literature

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Gone with the Wind is Margaret Mitchell's only book. After working as a journalist and remarrying, she became a housewife and really missed her old job, then she began to write this book. Work on the book took about 10 years.

IN Western Europe And in America, book spines are signed from top to bottom. This tradition goes back to the times when there were few books: if the book is lying on the table (or in a small stack), the reader should be able to easily read the title. And in Eastern Europe and Russia has adopted the tradition of signing the spines from bottom to top, because it is more convenient to read when the books are on the shelf.

Bulgakov wrote “The Master and Margarita” for a total of more than 10 years. Hidden dating is also contained in the indication of the age of the Master - the most autobiographical of all the characters in the novel. The master is “a man about thirty-eight years old.” Bulgakov himself turned the same age on May 15, 1929. 1929 is also the year when Bulgakov began working on “The Master and Margarita.”

In 2000, Frederic Beigbeder’s novel “99 Francs” was published, recommended for sale in France at exactly that price. The same principle was the reason why publications in other countries were published under a different name, corresponding to the exchange rate: “39.90 marks” in Germany, “9.99 pounds” in the UK, “999 yen” in Japan.

The first newspaper, very similar to modern ones, is considered to be the French “La Gazette”, which was published since May 1631. The significance of “Le Gazette” was very great, King Louis XIII himself, Cardinal Richelieu wrote in it, and it was in it that paid advertising began to be placed.

Alexandre Dumas, when writing his works, used the services of many assistants - the so-called “literary blacks”. Among them, the most famous is Auguste Macquet, who invented the plot of “The Count of Monte Cristo” and made a significant contribution to “ Three Musketeers».

Audiobooks are voiced piece of art, lecture, excursion, recorded on any storage medium, read professional actor or by a group of them for the purpose of further distribution and listening. About when exactly the first audiobook appeared, there are different opinions. Many believe that the prototype for the first audiobook dates back to 1933, when anthropologist J.P. Harrington recorded stories and legends told by Native American tribes. Discussions about creating audio books for the blind began in the early 1930s in the USA. The first such attempts were made in 1931 by the US Congress. The first audiobooks were produced by the American Foundation for the Blind in 1932, and in 1934 Congress approved free distribution of audiobooks. Commercial audiobooks were pioneered by Dylan Thomas, who recorded his audiobook A Child's Christmas in Wales on cassette in 1952. This book did not receive too much distribution, but a start had already been made.

Boris Pasternak and Marina Tsvetaeva. When the poetess emigrated to Berlin, they began to correspond. This correspondence was like a novel in letters. They saw each other in Moscow, many years later. Pasternak constantly helped Tsvetaeva financially. While packing her for evacuation, he joked about the packing rope, that you could hang yourself on it, it would hold up. Then it turned out that it was on this rope that Tsvetaeva committed suicide in Yelabuga.

Virginia Woolf wrote all her books standing up.

Founded in 1892, Vogue is probably one of the oldest fashion magazines in the world. This American super cult fashion magazine is published once a month in 23 different national and local regions. The American version of Vogue magazine was founded by Arthur Turnure as a weekly newspaper. From 1988 to the present, the editor-in-chief of American Vogue has been the legendary lady Anna Wintour.

Three of Franz Kafka's novels - "America", "The Trial" and "The Castle" - remained unfinished. But if the understatement, by and large, only benefits “The Trial” and “The Castle,” then the open ending of “America” seems like a cruel joke.

From 1912 to 1948 medals Olympic Games were awarded not only to athletes, but also to artists. Back at the end of the 19th century, Pierre de Coubertin, proposing to revive the Olympics, expressed the idea that competition should be both in sports disciplines and in various fields of art, and the works should be related to sports. There were five main medal categories: architecture, literature, music, painting and sculpture. However, after the 1948 Olympics, it became clear that almost all participants in such competitions were professionals earning money through art, and it was decided to replace such competitions simply with cultural exhibitions.

Larousse Gastronomique (1938) is the world's premier gastronomic encyclopedia, the absolute first item on any list of food-related books. The editor-in-chief of Larousse Gastronomique was Prosper Montagne, the great French chef educator. At the time of the first edition of the book, the king of French cuisine, Auguste Escoffier, was still alive, who wrote the preface to the encyclopedia (and did not hesitate to point out that Montagne borrowed a lot from his own “Culinary Guide”). However, this was the first attempt to create a book of this kind, and it turned out to be unusually successful - the encyclopedia actually became a living monument to haute French cuisine.

Library of Congress - National Library USA, the largest library in the world. It was founded on April 24, 1800, when US President John Adams signed a law moving the state capital from Philadelphia to Washington. Among other things, this law contained a provision for the allocation of $5,000 (then a very significant amount) “for the purchase of books that may be needed by Congress, and the creation of appropriate premises for their storage.” It houses over 5,500 incunabula (including the Gutenberg Bible), book collections of T. Jefferson and a number of other US presidents, collections of works of Chinese (330 thousand volumes) and Japanese (450 thousand volumes) literature, a collection of rare American publications (60 thousand . vol.), 14.5 million books and brochures, 132 thousand volumes of bound newspapers, 3.3 million units of sheet music, etc.

One of Marquez's last literary works, Remembering My Sad Whores, was published in 2004 by Random House Mondadori. Shortly before the presentation, book “pirates” managed to get hold of the manuscript and illegally put the book on sale. In response to this unfortunate event, Marquez changed the ending of the story, and the millionth edition was sold out in record time. The counterfeit products were soon confiscated by the police, and these items are now coveted by many collectors.

The Cuban poet Julian del Casal, whose poems were distinguished by deep pessimism, died of laughter. He was having dinner with friends, one of whom told a joke. The poet began to have an attack of uncontrollable laughter, which caused aortic dissection, bleeding and sudden death.

Albert Camus smoked throughout his life. It is difficult to find photographs of him without a cigarette. He even named his cat “Cigarette.”

The Alchemist - Paulo Coelho has been published in more than 117 countries and translated into 67 languages. In 2002, the Portuguese Journal di Letras, an authority on local literature and the literary market, announced that The Alchemist had sold more copies than any other book written in Portuguese in the history of the language.

Franz Kafka published only a few short stories during his lifetime. Being seriously ill, he asked his friend Max Brod to burn all his works after his death, including several unfinished novels. Brod did not fulfill this request, but, on the contrary, ensured the publication of the works that brought Kafka worldwide fame.

George Byron created a completely new direction - “gloomy selfishness.”

Byron and Lermontov are distant relatives. His ancestor Gordon, who lived in the sixteenth century, was married to Margaret Learmonth. She had the roots of a famous Scottish family, which gave rise to the origin of Mikhail Yuryevich himself.

In the novel by Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina threw herself under a train at the Obiralovka station near Moscow. IN Soviet time this village became a city and was renamed Zheleznodorozhny.

Most readers consider the suppression of individuality through government censorship to be the main theme of the novel Fahrenheit 451, but Ray Bradbury himself states that this perception is incorrect. The author's main message is the danger of television, which destroys interest in reading literature, replacing it with entertainment, and deep knowledge with superficial “factoids.”

In 2002, a “new” Harry Potter book was published in China by anonymous author entitled "Harry Potter and Bao Zulong". It was an accurate translation of Tolkien's The Hobbit, in which all the characters were replaced with heroes from the works of JK Rowling. Rowling's lawyers were only able to get the Chinese publisher to issue an apology in the press and a fine of $3,400, and the book sold millions of copies.

The writer Ian Fleming, who created James Bond, was also an amateur ornithologist. Therefore, it is not strange that it was the ornithological guide by the American James Bond, Birds of the West Indies, that gave the name to the most famous spy in the world.

The most widely read is Komsomolskaya Pravda. Founded back in 1925, it has not lost popularity for many years. After Komsomolskaya Pravda in the ranking is the newspaper Argumenty i Fakty. It is read in more than sixty countries. In 1990, this tabloid was included in the Guinness Book of Records for the fact that its circulation exceeded thirty-three million copies, and the number of readers exceeded one hundred million. In America, several newspapers can be called the most popular - the New York Post, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Daily News, etc.

According to Andrei Bitov, he first learned about Zen Buddhism at the age of thirty, having read the dissertation of an English literary critic entitled “Zen Buddhism in the early works of Andrei Bitov.”

"The Little Prince" is considered the most read and translated book in the world. French, it has been translated into 250 languages ​​and dialects, including Braille for the blind. More than 140 million copies of the tale have been sold worldwide since 1943.

Reader's Digest magazine covers many topics from the most different areas life, being a companion to any person.

Mark Twain crossed the Atlantic Ocean 29 times, visited Palestine and Odessa, wrote 30 books and more than 50 thousand letters. During his black and white era, he wore only white suits and had more than two dozen in his wardrobe. Plus the obligatory white hat and red socks.

The literary heritage of Sherlock Holmes is not limited to the stories and tales of Arthur Conan Doyle. Only officially published works about the brilliant detective from writers different levels fames number in the hundreds. Among these authors are Conan Doyle's son Adrian, Isaac Asimov and Neil Gaiman, Mark Twain and Stephen King, Boris Akunin and Sergei Lukyanenko.

"The Little Prince" was an atypical work for Exupery; before that, he had not written children's books. The tale was written in 1942 in New York shortly before the writer's death. In 1943, he achieved a return to the front, and in the summer of 1944 he went on a reconnaissance flight in his Lightning P-38 aircraft and did not return.

Baron Munchausen was a very real historical figure. In his youth, he left the German town of Bodenwerder for Russia to serve as a page. He then began a career in the army and rose to the rank of captain, after which he went back to Germany. There he became famous for telling extraordinary stories about his service in Russia: for example, entering St. Petersburg on a wolf.

In the last ten years of his work, writer Sergei Dovlatov deliberately avoided sentences with words starting with the same letter. According to him, this rule helped him discipline himself, protecting him from verbosity and emptiness. Dovlatov’s works with this principle include “Suitcase”, “Reserve”, “Branch” and others.

Cosmopolitan - This world-famous magazine was founded back in 1886 as a literary magazine, and was published for the first time as a magazine for women in 1965.

In 1925 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Bernard Shaw, who called the event "a token of gratitude for the relief he has given the world by not publishing anything this year."

One day, Chuck Palahniuk was relaxing in nature and got into an argument with a neighboring camp, after which he was soundly beaten. Returning to work with a bruised face, Palahniuk saw that none of his colleagues were asking what happened. That’s when he came up with the idea for the novel “Fight Club.”

When asked what 5 books you would take with you to a desert island, Bernard Shaw replied that he would take 5 books with blank pages. This concept was embodied in 1974 by the American publishing house Harmony Books, releasing a book called “The Book of Nothing,” which consisted exclusively of 192 blank pages. She found her buyer, and subsequently the publishing house republished this book more than once.

Worldwide famous series The Harry Potter books were first published in 1995, although they were written in 1992? JK Rowling, having written the first part of the series, for a very long time could not get her work published by a publishing house. All publishers refused to publish this book, not believing that it could be successful.

James Barrie created the image of Peter Pan - the boy who will never grow up - for a reason. This hero became a dedication to the author’s older brother, who died the day before he turned 14 years old, and forever remained young in the memory of his mother.

The novel “The Three Musketeers” was originally published chapter by chapter in the magazine Le Siècle from March to July 1844. This is a traditional novel with a continuation, a novel-feuilleton: the chapter ended at the very interesting place so that the reader looks forward to the continuation. Main character d'Artagnan was a real person and his name was Charles de Batz de Castelmore.

Ken Kesey in his novel “Over the Cuckoo’s Nest” did not just choose people with mental disorders. In 1959, at Stanford University, to earn money, Kesey went to work as a psychiatrist assistant at the Menlo Park Veterans Hospital. There he voluntarily participated in experiments to study the effects of LSD, mescaline and other psychedelics on the body.

Mark Twain's wife. Even in her youth, Laivi became disabled after she fell on the ice. Twain carefully looked after his wife and always helped her in everything. He was madly in love with Livey until her death in 1904. Twain suffered this loss with difficulty and never fully came to his senses until the end of his life. He simply did not want to live in the world without Livey.

on UNESCO statistics, Jules Verne is the most “translated” author in the world. His books have been published in 148 languages. In the 60s of the 19th century Russian Empire the publication of Jules Verne’s novel “Journey to the Center of the Earth” was banned, in which spiritual censors found anti-religious ideas, as well as the danger of destroying trust in Holy Scripture and the clergy.

Friedrich Nietzsche never married and had no children. There were, of course, women in his life, and he proposed more than once, but was refused. Nietzsche wrote: “There have been only four women in my life. The two of them who made me even a little happier were prostitutes. Elizabeth (sister) was quite smart (and even too smart sometimes), but she refused to marry me.”

In the 19th century, actresses refused to play Sophia in “Woe from Wit” with the words: “I am a decent woman and I don’t play in pornographic scenes!” They considered such a scene to be a night conversation with Molchalin, who was not yet the heroine’s husband.

In the 1950s in the United States, best-selling book lists were compiled not only by actual sales, but also by customer requests in bookstores. Radio host Gene Shepard decided to make fun of this system and asked listeners of his show to ask in stores for the book “I, Libertine” by his fictional writer Frederick Ewing. This draw allowed the book to enter the official New York Times bestseller chart. After some time, a book with this title and pseudonym was actually published, although only after the hoax was exposed.

The English artist and poet Dante Rossetti buried his wife in 1862, placing his unpublished poems in the coffin. A few years later he was offered to publish a book, but the poet could not restore the poems from memory. Then his friends persuaded him to exhume his wife’s body, and the poems were published.

14 years before the sinking of the Titanic, Morgan Robertson published a story that became her prediction. In the story, the ship Titan, much like the Titanic in size, also collided with an iceberg on an April night, killing most of the passengers.

Koltsov’s 1924 feuilleton talked about a major scam uncovered during the transfer of an oil concession in California. The most senior US officials were involved in the scam. It was here that the expression “things smell like kerosene” was used for the first time.

Among newspapers, perhaps the most authoritative, popular and influential is the American publication The New York Times. Almost everyone knows this name. The number of copies published on weekdays is more than one million one hundred thousand, and on holidays and weekends - more than one million six hundred thousand.

The world-famous book “Kama Sutra” includes not only a description of sexual positions, but also reflections on the topic of relationships between men and women and life in general? In fact, only a fifth of this Indian book (15 chapters out of 64) is devoted to sexual positions. Most the books are reflections on love in general, on girls, on men, on relationships between the sexes, on courtship and charm

Robert Louis Stevenson. The first film adaptation of the book Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was filmed in 1908; since then it has been filmed more than 60 times. And our audience is better known for the film adaptations of the novels “Treasure Island” (the 1988 cartoon of the same name is especially popular)

The dramatic searches of the founder of Cubism, Pablo Picasso, were inspired by his work on sets and costumes for surrealistic performances. Having decided to try himself not only as an artist and decorator, Picasso in the 1940s wrote two absurdist plays - “Desire Caught by the Tail” and “Four Little Girls”.

Scientists from Yale University decided to test whether there is a connection between reading books and life expectancy. They relied on data from a large national study (it involved more than 3 thousand people over 50, whose health was monitored for several years). All participants were divided into three groups: those who do not read at all, those who read up to 3.5 hours a week, and those who read more than 3.5 hours a week. On average, a love of reading extended life by two years, regardless of gender, income level, education or health.

The title of Ray Bradbury's novel "Fahrenheit 451" was chosen because, supposedly, at this temperature paper spontaneously ignites (and in the plot of the novel, the government is trying to confiscate and burn all the books from the population). In fact, paper spontaneously combusts at temperatures just above 450 degrees Celsius. According to Bradbury, the mistake was caused by the fact that when choosing the name, he consulted with a specialist from the fire service, who confused the temperature scales.

The merry fellow and drunkard Hasek would have become a symbol of Czech literature even without Švejk. He has about 1,500 short stories, pamphlets and other essays. The book “The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schweik” was supposed to consist of six parts, but Hasek managed to finish only three and begin the fourth. Death interrupted the author’s work on “Adventures,” and when the 39-year-old rebel was buried, the publisher asked Karel Vanek, Hasek’s friend, to finish the book.

Arthur Conan Doyle, in his stories about Sherlock Holmes, described many forensic methods that were still unknown to the police. These include collecting cigarette butts and cigarette ashes, identifying typewriters, and examining traces at the crime scene with a magnifying glass. Subsequently, the police began to widely use these and other Holmes methods.

William Shakespeare is recognized as the most “filmed” classic. “Hamlet” alone has been filmed 21 times! During the first years of the twentieth century, films based on Shakespeare's works were made in England and France, Germany and Italy, Denmark and America.

2. "Fahrenheit 451" - Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury once “invented” the most popular headphone format today - the so-called “droplets”. In the acclaimed book “Fahrenheit 451,” he wrote: “In her ears, miniature “Shells” are tightly inserted, tiny, thimble-sized, bushing radios, and an electronic ocean of sounds - music and voices, music and voices - washes the shores of her in waves. waking brain." He wrote the novel in 1950, you yourself understand what kind of headphones there were at that time!

3. "The Inspector General" - N.V. Gogol
The source of the plot for Gogol’s play “The Inspector General” was a real incident in the city of Ustyuzhna, Novgorod province, and Pushkin told the author about this incident. These great classics were good friends. It was Pushkin who advised Gogol to continue writing the work when he more than once wanted to give up this work. Throughout the time he was writing The Inspector General, Gogol often wrote to Pushkin about his work, telling him what stage it was at. By the way, Pushkin, who was present at the first reading of the play, was completely delighted with it.
In the translation of the play into Persian, the mayor's wife was replaced with a second daughter, since courtship married woman in Iran is punishable by death.

4. "The Master and Margarita" - Mikhail Bulgakov
The first edition of the novel contained (now almost completely lost) a detailed description of Woland’s signs, 15 handwritten pages long, as well as a detailed description of the meeting of the Sanhedrin, which opened the first “Yershalaim” chapter, at which Yeshua was condemned.
In one of the editions the novel was called “Satan”.
Woland's name in the early editions of the novel was Astaroth. However, this name was later replaced, apparently due to the fact that the name "Astaroth" is associated with a specific demon of the same name, different from Satan.
The Variety Theater does not exist in Moscow and never has existed. But now several theaters sometimes compete for the title.
According to the writer’s widow, Elena Sergeevna, last words Bulgakov about the novel “The Master and Margarita” before his death were: “So that they know... So that they know.”

5. "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" - Arthur Conan Doyle
At the time the Sherlock Holmes stories were written, the house with the address 221b Baker Street did not exist. When the house appeared, a flood of letters fell to this address. One of the rooms in this building is considered the room of the great detective. Subsequently, the address 221b Baker Street was officially assigned to the house in which the Sherlock Holmes Museum is located. Moreover, to do this, they even had to break the numbering order of the houses on the street.
In the first version of the novel there was no Holmes at all; instead, Ormond Sacker investigated the crime. Then Doyle nevertheless removed Sacker and inserted Sherlock Holmes into the book, but in the second version the detective’s name was not Sherlock, but Sheringford. The writer borrowed the surname from his beloved American writer and doctor Oliver Holmes. At first, Doyle planned to give the deductive method, for which Holmes became famous, to the doctor Watson - and this is how the surname Watson sounds in English - but then he changed his mind and endowed Sherlock Holmes with the amazing ability to solve crimes.

6. "1984" - George Orwell
The famous formula “Twice two equals five,” which George Orwell repeatedly emphasized in his dystopian novel “1984,” came to his mind when he heard the Soviet slogan “Five-Year Plan in Four Years!”
Most of the features of Orwell's totalitarian society are from his prototypes - Soviet Union during the dictatorship of Stalin and Hitler's Germany. The personality cult of Big Brother, a black-haired, black-mustachioed middle-aged man, is identified by most commentators with the cult of Stalin in the USSR.
Orwell depicted a dark future for humanity in his novel. A society in which there is no right to free thought, the search for truth or privacy is doomed to decay. Attempts to describe the evil that comes with the power of totalitarianism and censorship ended with a ban on the book.

7. "The Three Musketeers" - Alexandre Dumas
When Alexandre Dumas wrote “The Three Musketeers” in serial format in one of the newspapers, the contract with the publisher stipulated line-by-line payment for the manuscript. To increase the fee, Dumas invented a servant of Athos named Grimaud, who spoke and answered all questions exclusively in monosyllables, in most cases “yes” or “no.” The continuation of the book, entitled “Twenty Years Later,” was paid by the word, and Grimaud became a little more talkative.
Dumas, who constantly used the work of literary blacks, worked on The Three Musketeers together with Auguste Macquet (1813-1886). The same author helped him when creating “The Count of Monte Cristo”, “Black Tulip”, “The Queen’s Necklace”. Macke later filed a lawsuit and demanded recognition of 18 novels he co-wrote with Dumas as his own works. But the court recognized that his work was nothing more than preparatory.

8. “Woe from Wit” - Alexander Griboedov
In the 19th century, actresses refused to play Sophia in “Woe from Wit” with the words: “I am a decent woman and I don’t play in pornographic scenes!” They considered such a scene to be a night conversation with Molchalin, who was not yet the heroine’s husband.

9. "Kolobok"
The fairy tale “Kolobok” is known not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. The plot of “Kolobok” has analogues in the fairy tales of many other peoples: from eastern Uzbek and Tatar, to Western - English, German and Scandinavian. According to the Aarne-Thompson plot classifier , the fairy tale belongs to the type 2025 - “the runaway pancake". Since the 19th century, in world culture, the most common “colleague” of Kolobok can be called the Gingerbread Man from the USA (in the picture below). He first appeared in print in 1875 and Since then, it has been one of the most famous Anglo-Saxon fairy tales. By the way, although according to the fairy tale, he was running away from other animals and beasts, the American was also eaten by a fox. Our Kolobok appeared in print a little earlier than the American one - in 1873, but some researchers claim that the tale of the kolobok was part of Slavic folklore from the 2nd-3rd centuries AD

10. "Notre Dame Cathedral" - Victor Hugo
Before the novel was published, the Cathedral in France was not so famous, they even wanted to demolish it. The novel was written by Hugo with the goal of using the Gothic cathedral of Paris as the main character, which at that time was going to be demolished or modernized. He wrote in the preface: “One of my main goals is to inspire the nation with a love for our architecture.”
Following the publication of the novel, a movement for the preservation and restoration of Gothic monuments developed in France and then throughout Europe.

Some literary prophecies can truly stun. Arkady and Boris Strugatsky in their story “Noon, 22nd Century” talk about the Kasparo-Karpov system - a technology that allows you to “copy” the brain in order to obtain its mathematical module. The work was published in 1962, when Karpov was an unknown 11-year-old boy. And Kasparov was actually born a year later.

We habitually call the main character of “The Queen of Spades” Herman, meaning his name. In fact, Pushkin's character does not have a name at all, there is only the surname Hermann - of German origin, with two -n at the end. Confusion arose after the release of the opera "The Queen of Spades", where the hero light hand Tchaikovsky is indeed named Herman.

The stories about Sherlock Holmes were not only interesting to readers, but also suggested a lot useful ideas criminologists. Before their release, detectives did not collect cigarette butts and cigarette ashes for analysis. Studying traces of a crime with a magnifying glass had also not been practiced until then. Following the example of the legendary detective, criminologists adopted these methods.

Baron Munchausen - no literary hoax, A a real man, German by birth, dedicated himself military career. Early years he spent in Russia, where he served with the rank of page. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the real Munchausen was a great inventor and talked a lot about the Russian period of his biography. incredible stories. For example, about how he harnessed a wolf and rode it to St. Petersburg. Or about unexpected “fur” rabies. Or about a tree that grew from a cherry pit on the head of a living deer. Raspe collected all these fables, some of them he invented himself, and published a wonderful book of fairy tales.

What the authors did not do to increase their fees! Alexandre Dumas can be called one of the most cunning writers in the history of literature. Realizing that publishers were paying him not for words, but for the lines of a manuscript, he came up with a servant, Grimaud, for Athos. Loyal, but unusually laconic. And the answer to all the questions was either “yes” or “no.” After the abolition of line-by-line payment, the silent Grimaud learned to pronounce other words. But if no one dared to accuse Dumas of cheating, many of the poet Mayakovsky’s colleagues openly spoke of him as a literary swindler. And all because of writing poems in a “ladder” manner, which brought in much more substantial fees than poems with a traditional arrangement of lines.

In the translation of Kipling's book about Mowgli and in the Soviet cartoon of the same name, Bagheera is a graceful predatory panther. And female. IN original text This is not a female, but a male. And the cat, walking by itself in another work of the writer, is actually a cat.

The book “Jaws” and the film based on it by Spielberg caused a wave of “shark phobia” and the subsequent extermination of predators. The author of the book, Peter Benchley, who did not expect such an effect, towards the end of his life became a big supporter of sharks. He called on humanity to take care of any sea ​​creatures and not disturb the balance of the world ecosystem.

In one of Edgar Poe's stories, four sailors who survived a storm, drifting on a raft in the open ocean and suffering from hunger, cast lots to see who should be eaten. A cruel fate befalls Richard Parker. Almost half a century later, a real ship sank at sea, only four of the crew survived, including a cabin boy named Richard Parker. It was he who became lunch for the rest. At the same time, with a high percentage of probability it can be argued that the “cannibals involuntarily” did not read the stories of Edgar Allan Poe.

The expression “no brainer” mentioned by Mayakovsky in a poem about the boys Sima and Pete has its own history. And hedgehogs, very intelligent animals, have absolutely nothing to do with it. “Hedgehogs” were students of Soviet boarding schools for gifted children who studied for only one year and went to classes under the letters E, Zh and I. Unlike children classes A-D, who studied for two years and in a more complex program.

The most popular name today, Svetlana, was practically unknown in the 18th century. And it came into use thanks to literature - Vostokov’s romance and Zhukovsky’s ballad.

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How to make a bookmark for a book out of paper?