How does the state treat cultural values? What are cultural values

Certainly, modern life differs from the life of grandmothers and great-grandmothers, but, nevertheless, traditions, foundations and habits are passed on from generation to generation. At the same time, in addition to carriers national mentality, people are recipients of a colossal number and variety of cultural values. This is the heritage of the nation, which has absorbed the history of the country, and it is expressed in the full range of spiritual and material values created as separate the brightest personalities, and the people in general.

So, for example, the cultural values of Russia are, without a doubt, temples and churches, royal palaces; Tretyakov Gallery and the Hermitage, famous throughout the world for the wealth of their exhibits, created by the hands of brilliant compatriots and other world-famous famous artists, sculptors and other craftsmen.

Every monument in the city, every exhibit of the local museum, all of this is cultural values Russia and its people. However, in addition to material culture - things that can be seen and touched, there is also a spiritual culture that is stunning in its beauty and power.

Spiritual values of the people

The diversity and greatness of the spiritual component truly cannot be overestimated. For example, whose artists from season to season make the most luxurious theaters in the world applaud while standing. And how many songs, fairy tales, epics, beliefs and superstitions the people have accumulated over hundreds of years! How many wars have been experienced and victories won! The spirit of the Russian people is woven from all this, and these people gave the world Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Rachmaninov, Tchaikovsky, Mendeleev, Gagarin and an infinitely long one, whose works and achievements remained forever not only in the history of Russia, but of the whole world. Creative and scientific heritage These and many other people are a shining example of the greatest cultural values of world significance.

But culture is not limited to the great; this most unique phenomenon lies precisely in the fact that spiritual heritage as part of cultural values, it consists of little things: traditions of tea drinking, nepotism, household rituals, and even the attitudes towards each other that are accepted among the people. Somewhere they honor elders, and somewhere they put children at the forefront, somewhere there is patriarchy in families, and somewhere women dominate - and all this is also part of the culture.

Certainly, cultural heritage Russia amazes with its scale and grandeur, but every country in the world also has its own cultural values, which are sometimes so different that one can only wonder how different peoples live on earth, and how much different cultures they carry.

Today it has become fashionable to talk about culture. Some argue that society is losing it year by year, some, on the contrary, argue that culture is degenerating and becoming more multifaceted. Is it so? Let's figure out what these are cultural values and try to answer the question of what happens to them.

What is culture

In Latin, the word "cultura" originally meant "cultivation." How did it happen that over time the term changed its meaning? In fact, the meaning of the word “culture” remains the same. Upbringing, development and education are the cultivation of the human soul.

It was culture that helped man move from a primitive communal tribe, first to an agrarian revolution, and subsequently to a cultural revolution. Today the concept includes various areas of human activity, being a set of skills, abilities and products of self-expression. Cultural values are an integral part of the life of society. Let's take a closer look at them.

Cultural values - what are they?

Oddly enough, this concept can be interpreted in different ways. First option: cultural values are the moral principles of a person. It is according to established patterns of behavior that a person lives and thinks. But when these boundaries of moral norms are violated, a person is automatically recognized as uncultured. Moreover, this does not interfere with his life, but sometimes it can shock those around him.

The second interpretation is the most popular. Cultural assets are buildings, paintings, objects, technologies and objects. Everything that can be seen or understood. All this knowledge and the material product of human activity helped our society make a rapid leap in its development.

The third option for the meaning of cultural values is a product of human activity that is hidden from our view in people’s heads. This includes knowledge, science, skills and scientific values.

Well latest interpretation cultural values of society are languages, traditions, crafts, folklore. All that is why we consider ourselves a civilized society with a rich history.

Do different countries have the same or different cultural values?

If you look at the interpretation of the term itself, everything becomes clear. Each country has its own history, set of laws and, as a result, unique culture. Accordingly, values will be different everywhere. Why did it happen? Countries developed under different conditions, and their religions were also different.

But it is human beliefs that make up a huge layer of culture. Our country for a long time was pagan, and this could not but affect modern society. Russians have been considered barbarians for many centuries, and now foreigners who have never been to our country and only know about it from news reports have the same opinion.

But this does not mean that our ancestors did not have culture. The pagan faith demanded not only strict submission to the gods, but also the creation of temples, totems and monuments. And when polytheism was replaced by monotheism, people did not abandon their heritage. They simply remade the Byzantine faith, adapting it to our country. Thus, it turned out that in the process of various evolutions and revolutions, people and their consciousness changed.

What are cultural norms?

Usually this concept refers to standards of behavior. Moreover, like the cultural values of peoples, the norms are different in all countries. They are expressed in the form of rewards and punishments and are regulated by the state. In our country, cultural norms are not just lip service. They are written in the Constitution, which limits human rights within reasonable limits. But at the same time, it gives him maximum freedom of action within reason. In case of non-compliance with cultural norms, a person will face regulated punishment.

Human cultural values

There are many peoples and nationalities on earth. Each individual person has a set of cultural values and norms. What are they like? It is clear that each country has its own concept of culture, but most of the values are still similar:

The desire to know our history and understand the essence of what is happening to us and our homeland. This value called “love for the Fatherland” is embedded in every person. After all, only a person who knows his history can create future countries.
Knowledge of features national creativity. Folklore, crafts, traditions and customs are rarely studied in school. This knowledge is given to a person in the family. And only thanks to them can a person better know who he is and what he does in this world.
Religion is one of the basic cultural values of a person. It is she who sets the unwritten rules, not regulated by the constitution, by which all people should live.

Cultural values of the state

Citizens of one country represent a single group united by general history and general future. The values of the entire society as a whole include the cultural norms of each individual person. What's the difference then? In global thinking. The rulers of countries can change cultural values if they want. But people have a very bad attitude towards such changes, so they happen infrequently.

The main task of any state is to preserve and enhance cultural values. That is, it should help talented people to realize themselves, for scientists to make discoveries, and for architects to build buildings. Today, intangible cultural values fade into the background, and the product of human activity that brings some benefit to society and the state comes to the fore.

How cultural values are protected

Today, many states are concerned about the increasing growth of vandalism. That is why many of them united and set themselves the goal of protecting cultural values. Thus, it was decided to protect buildings, paintings, and sculptures. Yes it most of heritage of any country. It is from these monuments that have survived to our time that we can judge how our ancestors lived.

But culture is not only material values. This term refers to both our mentality and language. And few people monitor the purity of their speech. Today there is so much slang in the Russian language that it is difficult to talk about the culture of the language. This also applies to religion. If churches, mosques and other religious buildings are protected and, as a result, preserved, then the faith itself changes from year to year.

Perspective for the development of cultural values

As mentioned above, the world does not stand still. Culture and cultural values change and transform. But you shouldn't regret it. This is a natural stage of development. You need to believe that everything that happens is always for the better. Of course, this does not mean that you need to kill cultural monuments of past centuries with your own hands.

Although sometimes you can be very surprised to see how quickly street art began to be considered art. It’s not bad when artists paint gray, boring houses, but when they start creating on churches or monuments, it makes you shiver. To prevent this from happening, every person must understand the line of what is permitted and not cross it.

The cultural assets of the 21st century generation are largely located online. Therefore, it is difficult to imagine how the collection, systematization and preservation of this type of creativity will occur in the future. Perhaps, separate servers will be created where paintings by artists, songs and films will be stored; they will be the rebirth of modern museums.

International legal protection of historical and cultural values

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...…3

The concept of cultural values…………………..……………………….5

Sources of legal regulation on the movement of cultural property………………………………...………………13

Determination of the law to be applied to cultural property ………………………….……………………………………...19

Movement of cultural property across the national borders of the Republic of Belarus………………………………………………………….……25

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….29

List of sources used………………………………………………………...31

Introduction

By now, the entire world community has a unique opportunity to touch history and its origins. Speech in in this case It is about those objects of the material and intangible world that history has left behind, about heritage in the form of cultural values, which needs constant protection by states and each person in particular. However, the reality is that the priorities of people and states are changing. History knows many examples of the destruction of such objects. In addition, cultural values have always become the object of redistribution.

Military conflicts affecting cultural values and which have destroyed them since ancient times served as a prerequisite for the development legal protection cultural values. In this regard, in the 20th century, international legal acts were developed regulating the protection of cultural property.

Also, cultural values have always attracted many people who want to own a unique piece of art. The art market is one of the oldest investment markets in the world. In this regard, in the scientific and legal doctrine, as well as in practice, the need arose to develop the issue of legal regulation of the circulation of cultural property as an object of property rights.

Current questions include how to protect cultural property from illegal export abroad, how to find and return those that have been lost, how to ensure their protection and legal movement across borders.

Thus, the relevance of this research topic is very high. Issues of conflict between different legal orders and different jurisdictions are always complex. The movement of cultural property across borders and its return to the state must be carried out in accordance with the relevant standards.

Many scientists have been and continue to study this problem. They offer the most universal ways to resolve conflict issues, and there are enough of them in the field of legal relations with cultural values. It is worth mentioning such authors as M.M. Boguslavsky, E.B. Leanovich, L. Anufrieva, T. Ushakova, V. Chernik, E.L. King.

Object of this course work are cultural values.

Subject are international and national documents regulating the legal protection of cultural property.

Target - identification of theoretical and practical problems in the field of international legal protection of historical and cultural values.

This goal stipulates the following tasks :

Definition of the concept of historical and cultural values;

Consideration of the sources of legal regulation of the protection of historical and cultural values;

Consideration of issues of applicable law to cultural values as objects of property rights;

Consideration of issues regarding the movement of historical and cultural values across the national borders of the Republic of Belarus.

This work consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion, as well as a list of sources used.

1. The concept of cultural values

In international agreements, in national legislation and in scientific literature the concept of “cultural value” is used along with the concepts of “cultural heritage” and “cultural property”. For example, the concept of “cultural heritage” often appears in certain UNESCO documents. Just like cultural values, it can be applied to immovable and movable objects.

Cultural property and cultural heritage may consist of items of both a tangible and intangible nature. Thus, the 1989 UNESCO Recommendation on the Conservation of Folklore recognizes that folklore constitutes an integral part of “cultural heritage and living culture.”

The concept of cultural value has the broadest character. However, each individual international convention develops its own definition, which is directly applied for the purposes of this document.

The concept of cultural values is multifaceted. Each state independently determines a special range of objects that have special significance for its culture. Indeed, most authors note the diversity of definitions of the concept of “cultural values” in each specific state. It should be added that in the same country in different branches of law different definitions may be applied.

If we talk about international experience, the definition of “cultural property” was first formulated in the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (hereinafter referred to as the 1954 Hague Convention). It was thanks to this convention that this concept was introduced into international terminology. In Art. 1 of the 1954 Hague Convention states: “According to this Convention, cultural property is considered regardless of its origin and owner:

a) values, movable or immovable, which are of great importance for the cultural heritage of each people, such as monuments of architecture, art or history, religious or secular, archaeological sites, architectural ensembles, which as such are of historical or artistic interest, works of art , manuscripts, books, other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological significance, as well as scientific collections or important collections of books, archival materials or reproductions of the values mentioned above;

b) buildings whose main and actual purpose is the preservation or display of movable cultural property referred to in paragraph “a”, such as museums, large libraries, archive storage facilities, as well as shelters intended for the preservation of movable cultural property in the event of an armed conflict, specified in paragraph “a”;

c) centers in which there is a significant amount of cultural property specified in points “a” and “b”, the so-called “centers of concentration of cultural property”.

We can also turn to another, no less significant international document, namely the 1964 UNESCO Recommendation on measures aimed at prohibiting and preventing the illegal export, import and transfer of ownership of cultural property (hereinafter referred to as the 1964 UNESCO Recommendation) , where a broad definition of “cultural value” was also enshrined. From the point of view of this Recommendation, “cultural property is considered to be movable and immovable property of great importance for the cultural heritage of each country, such as works of art and architecture, manuscripts, books and other objects of interest from the point of view of art, history or archeology , ethnological documents, typical specimens of flora and fauna, scientific collections and important collections of books and archival documents, including music archives.”

As can be seen from the definition, the list of components of “cultural values” is really wide, however, it cannot be called exhaustive, since it is the state that in each specific case makes a conclusion about whether any object is important for the cultural heritage of a given country or not.

Another merit of this document is that it divided cultural property into two categories: movable and immovable.

Let us turn to the 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (hereinafter referred to as the 1970 UNESCO Convention). This convention came into force for the Republic of Belarus on July 28, 1988. The subject of regulation of this document is exclusively movable cultural property.

According to Art. 1 of this convention: “... cultural property is property of a religious or secular nature which is considered by each State to be of archaeological, prehistoric, historical, literary, artistic and scientific significance and which falls into the following categories:

Rare collections and specimens of flora and fauna, mineralogy, anatomy and objects of paleontological interest;

Values relating to history, including the history of science and technology, the history of wars and societies, and those associated with the lives of national figures, thinkers, scientists and artists and with major national events;

Archaeological finds (including ordinary and secret) archaeological discoveries;

Components of dismembered artistic and historical monuments and archaeological sites;

Antiquities over 100 years old, such as inscriptions, minted coins and seals;

Ethnological materials;

Artistic values such as:

1) entire canvases, paintings and drawings self made on any basis and from any materials (except for drawings and industrial products decorated by hand);

2) original works of sculptural art from any materials;

3) original engravings, prints and lithographs;

4) original artistic selections and montages from any materials;

Rare manuscripts and incunabula, ancient books, documents and publications of special interest (historical, artistic, scientific, literary, etc.), individually or in collections;

Postage stamps, tax stamps and similar stamps, alone or in collections;

Archives, including sound, photo and film archives;

Furniture from over 100 years ago and antique musical instruments.”

It can be noted that at the very beginning of this definition, such a criterion as the nature of the object, and not its age, was taken as the basis for constructing the list.

IN this document It also contains a provision that the assignment and determination of the list of categories of cultural property is within the competence of each state party to the 1970 UNESCO Convention. Belarus has been participating in it since July 28, 1988.

A significant role in the formation of categories of movable cultural property is played by the UNESCO Recommendation for the Protection of Movable Cultural Property, adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO at its twentieth session on November 28, 1978 (hereinafter referred to as the 1978 UNESCO Recommendation).

The Recommendation proceeds from the fact that movable cultural property, characteristic of different cultures, is part of the common heritage of mankind, and as such, each State has a moral responsibility for their protection and preservation to the entire international community.

The Recommendation provides the broadest definition of the concept of “movable cultural property”. This definition is combined with a list, which, unlike the list of the 1970 UNESCO Convention, is not exhaustive or closed.

This Recommendation, as well as the 1970 UNESCO Convention, places within the competence of each UNESCO Member State the development of criteria for determining the values located on its territory that should be protected on the basis of archaeological, artistic, scientific or technical value.

To a certain extent, the 1970 UNESCO Convention is supplemented by the UNIDROIT Convention of June 24, 1995 concerning stolen or illegally exported cultural property (hereinafter referred to as the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention). It contains a similar definition, but there are no provisions that would allow states to determine the significance and importance of a particular object for archaeology, art, literature, etc.

As M.M. notes. Boguslavsky: “The concept of “cultural heritage” is used in other UNESCO legal documents. The main criterion for classifying cultural property into protected categories is the criterion of “outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art and science.” It should be noted that this criterion is contained in the Convention of 16 November 1972 for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

If we take a comparative look at the laws of many states, we can conclude that the list of categories of cultural property largely coincides. But there are also differences due to historical features, traditions national cultures, with the role that the protection of cultural property plays in a particular country.

However, despite all these differences, “...one should still come to general conclusion that cultural value is a special object legal regulation, to which general provisions on the legal status of movable things are not automatically applicable."

At the regional level, the most complete regulation, including with regard to the classification of cultural property, is carried out in the European Union. In the EU, cultural property is treated as goods. At this level, there is an important document, this is EU Regulation No. 3911/92 of December 9, 1992 “On the export of cultural property.” This document identifies 14 categories of cultural property depending on cost and time criteria.

If we turn to the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, the fundamental legal act in this area is the Law of the Republic of Belarus dated January 9, 2006 No. 98-3 “On the protection of the historical and cultural heritage of the Republic of Belarus” (effective as amended on July 18, 2007 ) (hereinafter referred to as the Law on the Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage).

This legal act singles out the category “historical and cultural values”, i.e. these are material objects (material historical and cultural values, the material manifestation of which constitutes their content) and intangible manifestations of human creativity (intangible historical and cultural values, the material manifestation of which does not have a significant impact on their content), which have distinctive spiritual, artistic and ( or) documentary merits and which have been assigned the status of historical and cultural value (Article 1). In Art. 13 of this law lists the types of material cultural assets:

Documentary monuments (acts of state bodies, written and graphic documents, film and photographic documents, sound recordings, ancient and other manuscripts and archives, rare printed publications);

Monuments of archeology and architecture (stone crosses and cult stones, statues, treasures, mausoleums, religious buildings, objects of folk architecture);

Historical monuments (objects associated with historical events and personalities);

Monuments of art (works of fine, decorative and applied art and other types of art).

Based on the decisions of the Belarusian Republican Scientific and Methodological Council on Historical and Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus, historical and cultural values are assigned certain categories. There are 4 categories for material historical and cultural values. This rule was established by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated May 14, 2007 No. 578 “On the status of historical cultural Kashtouna people.”

According to our legislation, namely in accordance with Art. 52 of the Law on the Protection of Historical and Cultural Property, the owner of a cultural property cannot freely use his rights to it in international civil circulation. In particular, it is prohibited:

Alienation or other transfer of ownership without approval of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus;

Change of location and conditions of detention without agreement with the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus;

Export abroad on a permanent basis.

In order to ensure the safety of cultural values and prevent violations of their legal regime, information about them is systematized, and they themselves are subject to centralized registration. By decision of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus, cultural values are included in the State List, maintained by the Ministry of Culture. An registration card and a passport are compiled for each historical and cultural value. The State Border Troops Committee, within its competence, exercises control over the export of historical and cultural values abroad.

Thus, having considered international experience in resolving issues relating to the determination of the status and concept of historical and cultural values, experience at the regional level, as well as those turning to our national legislation, we can say that the definition of historical and cultural values is very similar in different states. However, in any case, the states themselves will determine the list of categories that can be included in the concept of “historical and cultural values”, since only they have such a right.

Value orientations. Culture is a set of values and value orientations, ways of their creation and consumption. Therefore, none of the researchers doubt the invaluable role of values in culture. In cultural studies it is difficult to do without the concept of “value”. Moreover, most often culture as social phenomenon determined precisely through value orientations. Authors sociological research“Youth of Germany and Russia” believe: “Value orientations are a relatively stable socially conditioned selective attitude of a person to the totality of material and spiritual public goods, cultural phenomena, which are considered as an object, goals and means that serve to satisfy the needs of an individual’s life.” Each person is a bearer of certain values; they form a certain system, on which a person’s behavior in a given situation largely depends.

A person’s speech and behavior are always based on values that are mastered by her and become value orientations that guide her consciousness and behavior. Those orientations that determine human behavior are called value orientations. They form the core of personal beliefs. For example, a Tajik, declaring his love, will say to his beloved: “You are my incomparable parrot,” because for him this bird is a symbol of exoticism, different feathers, a kind of value. Will a Russian person call his beloved a parrot? Of course not. For him, a parrot is a symbol of talkativeness and stupidity. Here we see the dependence of culture on the vision of the world, on individual or group attitudes, on that objective scale that is dependent on subjective assessments. Therefore, there are so-called national values - these are values that are significant for a particular people, occupying the most important place in their life (for Russians these are Pushkin, Tolstoy, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, the Hermitage, the Tretyakov Gallery, etc., for the Greek - this is Homer, the acropolis, democracy, etc.).

There are also class-class, local-group, utilitarian, ethical, legal, political, religious values, etc. depending on the criterion underlying their classification.

Value for a person is everything that has a certain significance for him, personal or public character. “Value is the positive or negative significance of objects in the surrounding world for a person, class, group, society as a whole, determined not by their properties in themselves, but by their involvement in the sphere human life, interests and needs, social relations; criterion and method for assessing this significance, expression in moral principles and norms, ideals, guidelines, goals.”

Cultural values are objects of material and spiritual human activity that have social - beneficial properties and characteristics through which the diverse needs of people can be satisfied. Value is understood as a generally accepted norm, formed in a certain culture, which sets patterns and standards and influences the choice between possible behavioral alternatives, allows for the polarity of decisions, which indicates the ambivalent, dual nature of value. Values help a person and society to define good and bad, beautiful and ugly, essential and unimportant. The priority of certain values reflects the degree of spirituality of a person.

In the world of man one can find different kinds values: object values, values - properties of things, values as specific type norms, imperatives, traditions, values - ideals, values - knowledge, etc., or they can be classified as follows: moral values- goodness, love, honor, benefit; religious values - God, faith, grace, salvation. Although both those and other values are in essential unity. At the base of the complex structure of values are the fundamental highest values, which are determined by social universality and necessity. Sometimes there is an illusion that value orientations are eternal, ahistorical in nature. However, it is not. In every culture, its own value orientations are born and flourish. In every culture its value nature is revealed, i.e. the presence of strong value orientations in it.

Human values presuppose, first of all, an understanding of the unity of the human race. There are absolutes that are significant for the entire human race, without them the unity of humanity would not be so total. Christianity made a colossal revolution in the understanding of universal connections, proclaiming the commandment: “Love your neighbor as yourself.” From now on, each person is involved in another, universal intimacy is strengthened between people, based on a single belonging to the human race.

Universal human values presuppose the preservation of the total spiritual experience. The shrines of the human race include, for example, the Socratic trinity of Truth, Goodness and Beauty. This triad is historically established highest value. These absolutes reflect the heritage of the entire human race.

There is no culture where murder, lying, and theft are not negatively assessed, although there are differences in ideas about the limits of tolerance. Modern culture, uniting humanity, is based on universal human values: the movement for the protection of individual rights, its respect, recognition of its merits, freedom, conscience, humanity, mutual enrichment of national cultures, scientific knowledge And advanced technologies And environmentally to life and the environment. Universal human culture is also best forms creative activity of people.

Material values are material goods intended to satisfy vital needs. Material needs, of course, are decisive, but they, especially in the age scientific and technological progress can be satisfied quite quickly, if we talk about reasonable needs. But, as it says folk wisdom“Man does not live by bread alone.” Spiritual values play an important role in human life, society, and culture. They are thoughts, ideas, theories, norms, ideals, images that can take the form of scientific and works of art, works of architecture, painting, music, films, television programs that carry high ideas, images, feelings and perceptions. Museums, libraries, schools, radio, etc. are guardians and distributors of spiritual values. Concern for the increase of material and spiritual values of society, about cultural growth of a person, the awareness of the necessary conditions for introducing him to these values is one of the laws of the development of society.

The values and meanings embodied in the monuments of the past undoubtedly become an important factor new culture. At the same time, they must not only be preserved, but also reproduced, again and again revealing their meaning for new generations. Enduring values are captured in Egyptian pyramids. Mihail Eminescu wrote: “And in the silent distance the pyramids of the pharaohs froze, the sarcophagi were ancient, majestic as eternity, silent as death.” Everything in the world is afraid of time, and time is afraid of the pyramids. They rise among the hot sands of the Libyan Desert and stretch for tens of kilometers from modern Cairo to the Fayum Canal. The pyramids served the pharaohs, according to their religion, as a ladder along which they ascended to heaven. Therefore, the most ancient pyramids were stepped, shaped like stairs, and only the later ones had smooth walls. Why? - still not clear. Archaeologists have counted 80 pyramids. Not all of them have survived to this day.

Researchers who were trying to figure out how the ancient builders were able to erect such a grandiose structure, and not just erect it, but give it a geometrically correct pyramid shape, were baffled by all this. Sometimes the opinion was even expressed that the pyramids could not have been built by people living in Bronze Age, and that a transcendental force took part in the creation of these colossal structures. But gradually the mystery of the construction of the pyramids was revealed. It turned out that from an engineering point of view these are primitive buildings, mountains built by people. And yet the pyramids are the most famous architectural structures in the world. The goal of the ancients was achieved - the pyramids became eternal monuments, surviving thousands of years.

So, when classifying values into material and spiritual, it should be noted that the distinction between them is conditional. Material objects, as a rule, have spiritual and cultural value and, conversely, spiritual values are inextricably linked with material objects or have a material shell. Values are the basis and foundation of culture, they are deeply rooted in it and serve as its most important regulator both at the level of culture as a whole and at the level of the individual. As Sorokin noted, “people with a deeply rooted system of values will courageously endure any disaster.” value need culture life

The concept of cultural norm. Associated with the concept of values is the concept of norms. To deal with other people, a person must adhere to some rules of relationships, have an idea of right and wrong behavior, how to express and restrain oneself. In the absence of such ideas, concerted action cannot be achieved. Such general ideas, regulating people's behavior, are developed in a particular culture and are called cultural norms.

Norms (from the Latin norma - rule, sample) are a systemic order recognized as mandatory, an established measure, a system of expected behaviors that members of society follow more or less accurately.

There are social norms accepted in any culture, in any society, i.e. general cultural moral norms: “don’t steal”, “don’t kill”... They help to morally improve the public and personal life of citizens. Live humanely. Living in society, a person should strive not to infringe on the rights of others, which means building his behavior so that it corresponds to the behavior of the social group in which he is located, lives, and works. When norms are violated, a person’s behavior becomes antisocial, anticultural. Living in a particular environment, a person must master its spiritual values, recognize them, master and use them, otherwise he will find himself cut off from this culture or come into conflict with it.

Thus, cultural norms are certain rules of behavior that regulate human actions in the most important aspects social life, providing guarantees of the integrity and sustainability of society. Therefore, in them to a greater extent than in values, there is an orderly moment, a requirement to act in a certain way. Compliance with norms is ensured in two ways: through their internalization (transformation of external requirements into an internal need of the individual) and through institutionalization (incorporation of norms into the structure of society and social control). Only in this way can stability and order be maintained in society. Otherwise, anomie is inevitable.

The term “anomie,” denoting a violation of the unity of culture due to the lack of clearly formulated social norms, was first introduced by Emile Durkheim back in the 90s of the 19th century. At that time, anomie was caused by the weakening influence of religion and politics and the increasing role of commercial and industrial circles. This led to the depreciation of old values and the failure to develop new ones, thereby disrupting the unity of culture. Exacerbation of many social problems, generated both by economic reform and the collapse of an integral cultural system, devaluation of spiritual and cultural values, lead to anomie. In a culture in which unconditional and fundamental values have been abandoned and the great universities of spiritual, moral, aesthetic, religious quest mean nothing, anomie also occurs.

IN modern world Negative phenomena are growing, which creates the danger of an anthropological crisis. Society is threatened without spirituality. To achieve his utilitarian goals, a person often neglects honor and conscience. In this regard, the development of a holistic regulatory system, which contributes to the education of a cultural, harmoniously developed personality. Exactly this system acts as an invisible frame that holds the social organism together into a single whole.

Traditions are one of the important categories of cultural theory. The universality and universality of this category is determined by the fact that traditions are present in all spheres - in material, political, artistic, moral, everyday, physical culture.

Cultural traditions – social and cultural heritage transmitted from generation to generation and reproduced in certain societies and social groups for a long time.

Traditions are present in all social and cultural systems and are a necessary condition their existence. Traditions are inherent in the most different areas culture, although their importance in each of these areas is different, they occupy the most important place in religion.

Distinguish strict traditions that do not allow innovations and deviations in behavior. They are characterized by a very long existence, passed on from generation to generation without change.

Another type is plastic, moving traditions. They have a fairly wide range of variability, changeability, although the basis of traditions also remains unchanged. In this case, traditions can “overgrow” with new norms, rules, techniques; they change depending on one or another situation, allowing for behavior options in different circumstances.

Traditions form the “collective memory” of society and social groups, ensuring their continuity in development. Besides, separate groups, classes, layers have their own traditions. Each generation, receiving at its disposal a certain set of samples, not only perceives and assimilates them in ready-made form, but always carries out their own interpretation and choice. In this sense, each generation chooses not only its future, but also its past.

Societies and social groups, accepting some elements of the sociocultural heritage, at the same time reject others, so traditions can be both positive (what and how is traditionally accepted) and negative (what and how is traditionally rejected).

Traditions are defined as certain cultural patterns, institutions, customs, rituals, values, norms, ideas, styles, etc.

Custom- a traditionally established order of behavior. It is based on habit and refers to collective forms actions. Customs are socially approved mass patterns of action that are recommended to be followed. Informal sanctions are applied to violators - disapproval, isolation, censure.

If habits and customs are passed on from one generation to another, they become traditions. Some traditions are performed in everyday life, while others are performed in a festive atmosphere.

A type of tradition is ritual- a set of actions established by custom or ritual. They express some religious ideas or household traditions. Rituals are not limited to one social group, but apply to all segments of the population. Rituals accompany important points human life associated with birth (baptism, naming), wedding (matchmaking, bride price, engagement), entry into a new field of activity (military oath, initiation into pioneers, students, workers) or transition to another age (initiation), death (burial, funeral service, commemoration).

Culture, like society, is based on a value system. Values are of great importance in any culture, since they determine a person’s relationship with nature, society, the immediate environment and with environment. Mastering the values of the surrounding world, a person relies on the traditions, norms, and customs established in his culture and gradually forms a system of basic and generally accepted values that govern his life. On this basis, each culture develops its own value system, which shows its specific state in the world.

Cultural values- these are material objects or spiritual principles that have a certain meaning for a given social subject from the standpoint of satisfying his needs and interests.

Values arise as a result of a person’s understanding of the significance for him of certain objects (material or spiritual). Each sphere cultural activities person acquires its characteristic value dimension. There are values of material life, economics, social order, politics, morality, art, science, religion. Each type of culture has its own hierarchy of values and value dimensions.

The entire variety of values can be conditionally ordered and classified based on the areas of life in which they are realized. Any classification of values by type and level is conditional due to the fact that it contains social and cultural meanings. For example, B. S. Erasov identifies the following types of values:

Vital (life, health, safety, quality of life, level of consumption, environmental safety);

Economic (equal conditions for commodity producers and favorable conditions for the development of production of goods and services, the goals and meaning of economic activity);

Social ( social status, hard work, family, prosperity, gender equality, personal independence, tolerance);

Political (patriotism, civic engagement, civil liberties, civil peace);

Moral (goodness, goodness, love, friendship, duty, honor, selflessness, honesty, fidelity, love for children, justice, decency, mutual assistance, respect for elders);

Religious (God, faith, salvation, grace, Holy Bible and legend);

Aesthetic (beauty, harmony, style, etc.).

Values are relative, changeable and mobile. They are in constant flux and are often revalued within a particular culture. The development of culture and its stability are associated with the reproduction, dissemination, preservation and change of values.

The concept of “values” is related to the concept of “value orientation”. Value orientation acts as an indicator of a person’s spiritual activity at the personal and group level, as well as the corresponding socio-psychological formations that have a positive assessment. Indicators value orientation there may be ideas, knowledge, interests, motives, needs, ideals, as well as attitudes, stereotypes, etc.

Cultural norms– certain patterns, rules of behavior, actions, knowledge. Traditional and subconscious aspects play a large role in the emergence of cultural norms. In a revised form, cultural norms are embodied in ideology, ethical teachings, and religious concepts.

Thus, moral norms arise in the very practice of mass mutual communication between people. Moral standards are cultivated daily by force of habit, public opinion, evaluations of loved ones. A huge role in the formation of cultural norms characteristic of a given society is played by the approval and condemnation expressed by others.

Norms perform very important functions in society. On the one hand, norms are the duties of one person towards another or other persons.

On the other hand, norms are expectations: others expect completely unambiguous behavior from a person who follows a given norm.

Cultural norms:

Regulate the general course of socialization;

Unite individuals into groups, and groups into society;

Control deviant behavior;

They serve as models and standards of behavior.

Thus, norms perform their functions depending on the quality in which they manifest themselves: as standards of behavior (responsibilities, rules) or as expectations of behavior (the reaction of other people).

Exist various ways classification of standards, for example, by scope (small or large social group), depending on the strictness of their compliance, etc.

The most famous classification of cultural norms belongs to American sociologist William Graham Sumner (1840-1910). He identified the following types of norms: customs (folk-ways); morals (mores); laws. They form the basis of the normative system of culture. At the same time, it should be noted that the list of cultural norms is constantly expanding and updating. For example, T. Parsons identifies the following four groups of norms: social, economic, political and cultural.

Today, the typology of cultural norms takes into account traditions, customs, habits, mores, taboos, laws, fashion, taste and hobbies, beliefs and knowledge, etc.

Norms are historically variable, they depend on characteristic features those areas public life, in which they develop.

Stable norms are preserved for many generations, receive moral justification, and often norms are preserved long after they have lost their effectiveness.

The effect of any norm is not absolute; the norm goes through a period of inception and approval, then loses stability and begins to collapse. The process of destruction of cultural norms (anomie) is always accompanied by the creation of new ones (norm-making).

Anomie is the ancient Greek “anomos”, meaning “lawless”, “normless”, “ungovernable”. Anomie can be defined as the destruction of an individual’s sense of belonging to society: a person is not restrained by his own moral principles, for him there are no longer any moral standards, but only incoherent impulses, he has lost the sense of continuity, duty, the sense of the existence of other people. Anomie causes an increase in deviant forms of human behavior, i.e., an increase in crime, an increase in the number of divorces, promiscuity in sexual relations, an increase in drug addiction and suicide, and mental disorders occur as a result of a violation of the unity of culture. Anomie is a tendency towards social death; in its extreme forms it means the death of society.

Thus, traditions, values and cultural norms act as motivation cultural behavior person, incentives to achieve goals and protect certain value acquisitions. With their help, standards are formed in society cultural assessments, the priorities of life goals and the choice of methods for achieving them are determined.