Monuments of history and culture and their significance. Social conditionality of legal protection of historical and cultural monuments The role of historical and cultural monuments
We think little about the significance of cultural monuments: paintings by artists, architectural structures, ancient monuments, churches, estates, temples... As a rule, we see in them cultural value, a reminder of long-gone eras, nothing more. But there is one more facet that few people know about: cultural monuments are reservoirs of high (subtle) energies, which for centuries have been layered on the walls of architectural buildings, on the canvases of great masters, on objects of art... Sometimes they talk about prayed icons, about places of power, about temples with high energy, but for some reason they do not continue the analogy with cultural monuments. They are the ones who accumulate the high feelings and energies of admiration that arise in people when encountering beauty. These emanations, accumulating for centuries in the space of cultural creations, spiritualize the planet, saturate it with the invaluable oxygen of the higher spheres, invisibly ennoble our lives, transform gray everyday life into existence, imperceptibly introducing a person to higher spheres, introducing him into the life of the heavenly world.
The power of inspiration of the creator himself plays a vital role in this process. Being a kind of magnet, it collects related energies, which, according to the principle of consonance, are concentrated in the space of the work, live and interact with the surrounding space. It is not for nothing that they say that canvases that are kept in storage for a long time lose their attractiveness and beauty, as if energetically they fade and fade. As living beings, they need communication with the viewer, that constant energy exchange that invisibly, but quite clearly, fills them with vital fluids, without which the work energetically dies.
Not understanding the true meaning of cultural monuments, we treat them as beautiful, but, in general, unnecessary attributes, although the true role of these works can hardly be overestimated. Let's imagine our cities without monuments, museums, churches, great paintings by artists... What will our world be like? Desert. Dead space. Like in creepy science fiction films about the future.
That is why in our real future cultural monuments will be the energy (and geographical) centers of cities. They, like a musical tuning fork, will set the architectural vibration to which all the buildings of the city, residential and business parts will sound. Of course, the main element of originality will be the ability to combine the uniqueness of the monument itself, as evidence of a bygone era, with modern style and form.
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Russia has always had many monuments. But only a few became the most famous, the most iconic works of art. So, our 10 most famous monuments in Russia:
1. Monument to Peter I - Moscow
The official name is the Monument “In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of the Russian Fleet.” The author of the monument was Zurab Tsereteli. The grandiose sculptural composition was installed on an artificial island on the spit, at the confluence of the Moscow River and the Obvodny Canal, not far from the famous Red October confectionery factory. The opening of the monument was timed to coincide with the celebration of the 850th anniversary of Moscow. The total height of the monument is 98 meters, it is the tallest monument in Russia, and one of the tallest in the whole world.
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2. Monument “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” - Moscow
“Worker and Collective Farm Woman” is an outstanding monument of monumental art, “an ideal and symbol of the Soviet era,” representing a dynamic sculptural group of two figures with a hammer and sickle raised above their heads. Author - Vera Mukhina; concept and compositional plan of the architect Boris Iofan. The monument is made of stainless chromium-nickel steel. The height is about 25 m. It is located on Prospekt Mira, near the Northern entrance of VDNKh.
Initially, the monument to a worker and a collective farmer was developed for an exhibition in Paris, but the resulting result stunned everyone. After all, not only fundamentally new materials were used for the monument (stainless steel had not been used before), but also new principles of construction. After all, before this, it was also not necessary to enlarge it 15 times from life; it was a grand experiment.
Remarkable facts of the monument to the worker and the collective farmer:
· The monument to a worker and a collective farmer was delivered to Paris in 28 railway cars, but even this separation was not enough, because some parts did not fit into the tunnels and had to be cut further.
· Before the opening of the monument in Paris, sabotage was noticed in time, someone sawed off the cables of the crane that was assembling the monument at the exhibition, after which round-the-clock security was posted from volunteers and employees who came to assemble the monument.
· Initially, the monument to a worker and a collective farmer was assembled within 1 month; people worked in three shifts, sleeping only for three hours in a nearby barn, where a large fire was always burning in the center.
· In Paris, the monument was assembled in 11 days, although 25 days were planned.
· It is a symbol of the Mosfilm film studio.
· Dismantling, storage and restoration of the legendary sculptural composition cost the budget 2.9 billion rubles
3. Monument Motherland Calls - Volgograd
The sculpture “The Motherland Calls” in Volgograd is the compositional center of the monument-ensemble “To the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad”, located on. This statue is one of the tallest in the world, occupying 11th place in the Guinness Book of Records. At night, the monument is illuminated by spotlights. The total height of the monument is 85-87 meters.
Its military name is “Height 102”. During the Battle of Stalingrad, the most fierce battles took place here. And here they later buried the dead defenders of the city. Their feat is immortalized in the unique monument-ensemble “To the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad,” erected in 1967 according to the design of the famous Soviet sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich.
4. Monument-obelisk “To the Conquerors of Space” - Moscow
The monument to the “Conquerors of Space” was erected in Moscow in 1964 to commemorate the achievements of the Soviet people in space exploration. This is a 107 m high obelisk lined with titanium panels, depicting the trail left behind by a rocket located at the top of the obelisk. The poetic lines of Nikolai Gribachev are laid out in metal letters on the façade:
And our efforts are rewarded,
What, having overcome lawlessness and darkness,
We forged fiery wings
To your country and your age!
Initially, the option of placing the monument on the Lenin Hills (today Vorobyov Hills) between the building of Moscow State University was considered. M.V. Lomonosov and an observation deck overlooking Luzhniki. It was supposed to be made of smoky translucent glass with night lighting from the inside. The height of the monument was supposed to be 50 m. At the personal suggestion of S.P. Korolev, it was decided to cover the monument with a coating of “space” metal - titanium. The height of the grandiose monument doubled and amounted to 100 m, and the total weight of the entire structure was 250 tons. The final site for the construction of the monument was a vacant lot near the entrance to VDNKh and the metro station of the same name.
The monument became a symbol of a qualitative technological leap of its time: on October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first Artificial Earth Satellite, on April 12, 1961, the cosmos spoke the language of man - and this language was Russian.
Along with the obelisk, a new type of building structure was born - the inclined tower. History preserves in its tablets only one such structure - the famous “Leaning Tower”.
5. Monument “Millennium of Russia” - Veliky Novgorod
The Monument “Millennium of Russia” is a monument erected in Veliky Novgorod in 1862 in honor of the thousandth anniversary of the founding of the Russian state. The monument resembles a bell. Its upper part is a ball symbolizing power - the emblem of royal power. The total height of the monument is 15 meters. This is one of the most iconic monuments in Russia, more about it.
6. Monument to Sunken Ships - Sevastopol
The Monument to the Sunken Ships is the most famous military monument of Sevastopol, was depicted on the Soviet coat of arms of the city and is considered one of the main city symbols. The monument is located in Sevastopol Bay, near the embankment of Primorsky Boulevard. The majestic and proud monument to sunken ships is one of the most beloved by residents and guests of the city. It is a symbol and calling card of Sevastopol. Height - 16.7 meters.
There is another monument that is significant for Sevastopol - the brig "Mercury" and Captain Kazarsky. This was the first monument in the then young city. About it .
7. Monument to St. George the Victorious - Moscow
The statue of St. George the Victorious is located on the territory of Moscow’s Victory Park and is part of the memorial complex on Poklonnaya Hill. Located at the foot of the obelisk dedicated to the 1418 days and nights of the Great Patriotic War. Saint George the Victorious strikes a snake, which is a symbol of evil, with a spear. The statue of St. George the Victorious is one of the central compositions of the memorial complex.
8. Monument “Bronze Horseman” - St. Petersburg
The Bronze Horseman is a monument to Peter I on Senate Square in St. Petersburg. The opening of the monument took place in August 1782. It is the very first monument in St. Petersburg. Later it got its name thanks to the famous poem of the same name by A. S. Pushkin, although in fact it was made of bronze.
9. Monument to mammoths in Khanty-Mansiysk
The sculptural composition “Mammoths” appeared in Khanty-Mansiysk in 2007. The creation of this monument was timed to coincide with the 425th anniversary of the capital of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The sculpture is located on the territory of the famous Archeopark. The sculptural composition consists of 11 bronze monuments. The total weight of these monuments exceeds 70 tons. All monuments are set in life size. The height of the tallest mammoth exceeds 8 meters, and the smallest mammoth is only 3 meters in height.
10. Monument “Alyosha”
Memorial “To the Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War” (“Alyosha”) is a memorial complex in the Leninsky district of the city of Murmansk. The main figure in the memorial is the figure of a soldier in a raincoat, with a machine gun over his shoulder. The height of the monument's pedestal is 7 meters. The height of the monument itself is 35.5 meters, the weight of the hollow sculpture inside is more than 5 thousand tons. “In its height” “Alyosha” is second only to the Volgograd statue “Motherland”. Nevertheless, it is among the highest monuments in Russia.
Each city has its own various unique attractions, from memorial plaques on brick buildings to entire museums housing many artifacts. All of them fill the world with the memory of the past and remain forever in our hearts. And how hard it is for a person to watch how a piece of memory inside his soul is destroyed as something unnecessary, without thinking how much some people need them. What role do historical and cultural monuments play in human life?
Reflecting on this problem, the Russian and Soviet writer and poet Valentin Petrovich Kataev cites as an example the story of his life, how painfully he endured the absence of the monument to Pushkin, to which he was so accustomed.
He says that he now feels empty and cannot come to terms with the loss.
The writer claims that even the “ghosts” of those places, those monuments are much more real for him than “those with which they were replaced.” After all, the material creations of man themselves are not as important as the memories of them.
In the work “Black Boards” Soloukhin is amazed at the terrible events taking place before his eyes. Temples are destroyed, churches are turned into houses of entertainment or workshops, and books containing invaluable information are subject to disposal.
The author says that these riots are disrespect for the country, for the people, for oneself. He says that ordinary houses or entertainment establishments should not be built on sacred sites, as, for example, a house was built on the site of a cemetery. This memory is necessary not for the dead, but for us, the living.
Modern society is serious about the problem of preserving cultural and historical monuments. In various countries and even cities, movements are being created to protect monuments, and at the international level, the UNESCO organization was created, which evaluates the value of certain attractions and is engaged in their protection and restoration. This fact shows how much the attitude towards cultural heritage has changed in such a short period of time.
Monuments of history and culture play a huge role in the life of both an individual and an entire nation. Sights should be preserved and protected, since with the destruction of each monument a person loses a piece of himself, and the city loses its unique appearance.
Updated: 2018-03-01
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“Social functions of cultural monuments”
Saint Petersburg
Introduction
Concept and classification of cultural monuments
Social functions of cultural monuments.
Conclusion
Introduction
The history of mankind is known to us from the surviving remains of the material and spiritual culture of various eras and peoples: archaeological finds, ancient, ancient and old buildings and structures, works of art, oral folk art, chronicles, documents, books, samples of old equipment, household items. These traces of human activity form a complex of historical and cultural monuments. But at the same time, a monument of history and culture is not every trace of human life and activity, but only a socially significant one that carries a great semantic load, which embodies the characteristic features of an entire era, an important historical event or period, and reflects a certain level of development of culture, science, and technology.
The relevance of the topic of the work lies in the fact that it is historical and cultural monuments that contain valuable information about the past experience of mankind and universally transmit it to the present. This not only contributes to the enrichment of humanity with exclusively scientific information about the past, but is also used by it to influence the worldviews of contemporaries. Thus, historical and cultural monuments, in addition to preserving information about the past, certainly also perform certain social functions in the present that are important for the development of modern society. Consideration of the diversity of these functions became the main goal of this work.
In this regard, the following tasks have been set:
1.define the concept of “historical and cultural monument”;
2.consider the classification of monuments, their properties and characteristic features;
.characterize the social functions of monuments and their role in modern society.
1. Concept and classification of cultural monuments
Monuments of history and culture are objects of a peculiar and unique experiment of interaction between man and the surrounding nature. The selection of monuments from the objective world of culture is based on a person’s ability to identify and give a public assessment of their properties, reveal their significance in the development of culture, and turn an object into an object of value perception. Only in this case do objects begin to fulfill the function of a monument. According to researcher A.N. Dyachkova, this makes it possible to take a new approach to defining the phenomenon of a monument: “a historical and cultural monument is one of the functions of the objective world of culture, allocated by people to carry out the transfer of socially significant cultural and technological traditions from the past to the future.”
The main results of modern ideas about historical and cultural monuments were further developed in the monograph by P.V. Boyarsky "Introduction to Monument Studies". According to the formulation given by this researcher: “historical and cultural monuments are a set of material objects and memorable places that make up a conditionally continuous series, reflecting all aspects of the historical development of human society in the biosphere system.”
The emergence of an independent science of monuments, monumentology, is a qualitatively new level of understanding of the place and role of monuments in society, a deeper penetration into the understanding of their properties and functions. Monuments are considered within the framework of this discipline as an independent subject of scientific knowledge, regardless of the time of their operation, type, or relationship to any field of scientific activity.
The term “historical and cultural monument” did not appear simultaneously with the emergence of monument conservation activities in Russia. Each historical era corresponded to its own level of attitude towards the historical and cultural heritage, its own understanding of the term by which monuments were designated.
The term “historical and cultural monuments” was first used in a legislative document in 1965 in connection with the adoption of a government decree on the creation of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments and was finally enshrined in the 1978 RSFSR Law “On the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments "
Professor A.M. Kulemzin, in his work “Protection of monuments in Russia as a historical and cultural phenomenon,” offers the following definition: “historical and cultural monuments are objects that arose as a result of historical events and phenomena or bear traces of their influence, which are sources of historical and aesthetic information, direct authentic knowledge."
In general, historical and cultural monuments are divided into movable and immovable. The first include archaeological finds, documents, books, works of art, household items, etc. They are stored in museums, archives, libraries, and private collections. Immovable monuments (various structures, buildings, large engineering structures, monuments, works of landscape art, etc.) are located in the open air.
Depending on the characteristic features and specifics of their study, all monuments are divided into groups: archaeological, historical, architectural, monumental-fine art (art monuments), memorable historical places and historical landscapes.
In practice, this division often turns out to be conditional, since many monuments act as complex ones, i.e. combine various typological features. The works of monumental art themselves become historical monuments after a long time (for example, the monument to Minin and Pozharsky in Moscow) or if they are in any way connected with an important historical event (the first monuments to V.I. Lenin in the 1920s).
Historical monuments are divided by type into monuments of state and social structure, industrial and scientific activity, military history, political struggle and revolutionary movement.
Historical monuments also include memorable places of outstanding events that have preserved their historical appearance (a square in the city, a place of battles with craters and pits of dugouts and dugouts in the forest). Often such memorable places are marked with a memorial sign (obelisk, stele, memorial plaque). At the same time, the memorial sign itself is not a historical monument, because it only indicates the place of the event, but does not have a direct connection with it. In addition, a memorial sign, unlike a historical monument, can be replaced at any time with another, made of any material and any configuration.
Among all historical and cultural monuments, monuments of architecture and art are in the most advantageous position: a beautiful building or monument is attractive in itself, which to a certain extent simplifies the issues of their protection. Archaeological monuments find themselves in a more difficult situation - they are often plundered by self-proclaimed “black archaeologists,” and scientific excavations sometimes almost completely destroy an archaeological monument, because the order and arrangement of objects and their individual fragments are disrupted; moreover, such a monument often simply crumbles in the hands and dies from exposure to an unfavorable environment. And yet, the need to protect archaeological monuments, as well as architectural and art monuments, is traditionally beyond doubt among most people.
In the mid-1980s the main features, properties, qualities and functions of historical and cultural monuments were identified. The main advantage of the monument was finally recognized - its authenticity, i.e. the fact of its physical existence as the main evidence of the reality of a historical action that took place in the past.
Important features of the monuments were identified and substantiated by A.N. Dyachkov. Recognizing the property of a monument to be a source of historical and cultural information, he highlights the recognition of a historical and cultural object as a monument by society: “shouldn’t we look for an explanation of the phenomenon of a monument precisely in a person’s ability to turn this or that object into a monument, assigning it this dignity due to the knowledge and historical and cultural value recognized by society? Only when historical and cultural objects become recognized by society do they acquire the status of a monument and “begin to play the role of monuments or perform the function of monuments.” The quality of an object is determined through its signs and properties.
When considering the qualities of historical and cultural monuments, it should be clarified that signs are distinctive features of an external nature by which one can recognize or distinguish an object (monument) from a number of other objects that are similar in appearance.
Signs of monuments:
Materiality of historical and cultural monuments. Monuments of history and culture are material objects (houses, temples, ancient mounds, military vehicles, sculptures) that have material characteristics - they have size, weight, hardness, material, color, etc.
Anthropogenicity of monuments. Monuments of history and culture are the result of human activity, i.e. they are anthropogenic in nature. Human society transforms or influences changes in its natural environment not only in the process of production, but also in any other activity: military, political, spiritual, cultural. As a result, objects appear that subsequently become for society monuments of military or political history, architecture or art, science or technology.
Monument property. Real estate is understood as its unity with the environment. This is the main feature of historical and cultural monuments, which distinguishes them from objects in the museum collection. The immovability of historical and cultural monuments is an expedient condition for the preservation of monuments, justified by the practice of their use, which recommends not to separate them from their natural environment, the place of their origin, where they were “participants” or “witnesses” of events.
The properties of objects are their qualities, manifested in interaction with other objects. In the case we are considering, these are society, people who interact with monuments.
Properties of monuments:
Property of sensory influence. Monuments of history and culture are material objects and, as such, have the ability to influence the senses and evoke sensations in humans. Through sensory knowledge of monuments, a person is convinced of the fact of a historical event.
The property of being a source of information. Monuments of history and culture have the ability to store and transmit information. Being the result of human activity, they bear traces of his transformative influence, i.e. store information about what they themselves are the result of.
The information contained in monuments is of the following types: historical, aesthetic, technological.
By historical information, its broad meaning is understood as any information contained in monuments, because all monuments reflect some aspect of human history. Aesthetic information is understood as evidence recorded in works of artistic culture, characterizing aesthetic views and the level of mastery of art of a certain era, transmitted in an artistic image. Among the immovable monuments of history and culture, the first include monuments of monumental fine art, the second - some of the architectural monuments. Technological information is understood as natural scientific information indicating the interaction of man and nature, man’s mastery of its laws, the development of various technological processes, techniques, means of labor and materials used in work. Ancient tools serve as a source of information about labor activity, the development of thinking, the lifestyle of ancient people and their impact on environmental changes.
Thus, one of the main properties of historical and cultural monuments is the ability to preserve and transmit authentic (genuine) historical and cultural information about past events and phenomena, as a result of which the monuments arose.
cultural monument history
2. Social functions of cultural monuments
Monuments of history and culture are one of the most important components of the historical and cultural heritage. Monuments not only have purely scientific value, they carry and perform a number of social functions, since monuments themselves are a social phenomenon.
On this occasion, Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: “they instill in a person a love for the homeland and for humanity, cultivate respect for ancestors and descendants (caring for the past is at the same time a concern for the future preservation of the values of the past for future generations), introduces the history and culture of other peoples through tourism and various means modern information (cinema, television, etc.), strengthens, stabilizes a person in time, in the historical process and thereby develops his sense of responsibility to his own, past and future generations. The sense of history and everyone’s responsibility before history fosters in people the highest form of sociality.”
It is worth noting, however, that the ideological and axiological (value) factors of society are constantly changing. The social functions of monuments are changing along with them. Thus, the social function refers to the role and significance of historical and cultural monuments in society with and without their purposeful use.
Among the main social functions of cultural monuments are:
The function of translation or historical continuity of social experience.
It is also often called the information function. Monuments are rightfully a concentration of the social memory of humanity about different eras, events and people. It is expressed in this case in sign systems, for example, monuments of art, etc. Thanks to monuments, social experience is transmitted from generation to generation, from era to era, from one country to another. In this case, monuments act as a mechanism for transmitting the rich experience accumulated by humanity.
However, this is not just a “warehouse” of stocks of social experience, but a means of strict selection and active transmission of its best samples. Hence, any violation of this function is fraught with serious, sometimes catastrophic consequences for society. The break in cultural continuity leads to the loss of social memory, the loss of a whole layer of information, a connecting link between the past, present and future.
This phenomenon of mankurtism is described by Ch. Aitmatov in the novel “And the day lasts longer than a century.” It shows how, as a result of plastic surgery on the skull of a kidnapped young man, memory is removed from his mind. And he forgets about his roots, his past and turns into a mankurt - an obedient slave of his masters. Cultural monuments do not let you forget about your roots and your past. We can say that monuments as part of culture are the historical memory of humanity. This is a huge treasury of knowledge and values created and accumulated by humanity. The principle should apply to them: preserve everything and pass it on to subsequent generations. But it is to preserve, and not to lose or destroy. And each generation will select from this treasury what it needs, what is in tune with the needs of the modern era.
Ideological function. Historical and cultural heritage has always been one of the most important means of forming public consciousness and improving the spiritual life of people, since in the process of its existence it is subject to social interpretation and evaluation, and more than once. The first interpretation occurs during the creation of the monument and is aimed at contemporaries and sometimes descendants. The following interpretation occurs as necessary, taking into account the specific sociocultural situation. For example, after the revolutionary events of 1917, the state’s attitude towards historical and cultural monuments changed dramatically. The leaders of revolutionary radicalism identified spiritual values with the social system, which, in their opinion, was subject to abolition. This circumstance led to the fact that for several decades in the Soviet country the importance of only those monuments that reflected revolutionary ideology was intensively promoted; monuments that did not correspond to new views on the country’s past remained in oblivion or were completely destroyed. A large number of monuments began to be used by the authorities as an ideological weapon to fight “class enemies” and to tell the story of how terrible the situation of workers was under the previous regime.
Objects of historical and cultural heritage influence people’s worldview by the fact of their presence in the historical and cultural environment. And this happens more effectively with the targeted use of monuments.
The role of monuments and their ability to influence public life was perceived as a fact in the process of their use. In our country, already during the first events aimed at preserving and studying monuments, concern for them as material useful for the development of scientific knowledge and a means of shaping people’s worldview can be seen.
Many creations of people, having outlived their time and the culture that created them, continue to live “in their second life,” being filled with new meaning in new conditions, embodying new ideas, phenomena, and thereby connecting generations in time and expressing the views of contemporaries on the past.
These symbols can mean a territory, an era, an idea, a moral category. Egyptian pyramids are perceived not only as the tomb of the pharaohs, but also as a symbol of eternity and gigantic human labor. The Acropolis of Athens for us is a symbol of antiquity and its high art. The Great Wall of China has lost its defensive significance and is perceived by contemporaries as a symbol of the policy of isolationism. Buchenwald is a symbol of Nazism and genocide. The Eiffel Tower is a symbol of France. Moscow Kremlin - Russia. Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd is a symbol of military courage and perseverance.
In a society consisting of different nations and religious denominations, historical knowledge acquires an ideological and political character. Therefore, the question of the advisability of preserving monuments and their use is the main one that determines the attitude of the state and society to all monument conservation activities, because they are associated with the possibilities of various political forces realizing their interests.
Educational function. Since the late 1960s, when monuments began to be actively used in the USSR for the purpose of educating a comprehensively developed personality, they began to attract the attention of researchers not only as an ideological tool, but also as a special category of historical and cultural heritage, comprehensively reflecting the past. Historical and cultural monuments are therefore widely used for the purposes of moral, aesthetic, cultural and environmental education.
The educational function is understood as the use by society of the ability of historical and cultural monuments to influence the formation of a person’s views and worldview, which ultimately determine his social behavior.
The monuments themselves are capable of fulfilling an educational role in society as a result of the fact that they are a source of information and have an epistemological (cognitive) function. As a result of this, in the process of sensory perception of the monument and knowledge of its connection with historical events, an impact is made on the social consciousness of people, their connection with the historical past.
The educational function is the most significant social function of historical and cultural monuments, as a result of which society receives the main result from the monuments - the worldview of society. We can say that people create monuments to the same extent that monuments, in turn, create people.
At the same time, in the depths of other sciences, fundamental theories have matured that influenced the revision of previous concepts about the role of monuments in public life, the preservation of the cultural and ecological environment to ensure the sustainable development of the entire human community. These include, first of all, the teaching of V.N. Vernadsky about the noosphere (a new form of interaction between nature and society - the sphere of reason) and the teaching of D.S. Likhachev - about the decisive importance of cultural and environmental education for the formation of a highly moral society.
Despite this, in modern Russia the importance of historical monuments as a means of instilling morality in the younger generation and a sense of respect for the memory and deeds of their ancestors, without which no civilized society can exist, has been largely forgotten. Their role as one of the forms of sociogenesis, which has a significant impact on morality, social condition and the economy of society, is decreasing.
Cognitive (epistemological) function. It is associated with the use of historical and cultural monuments in order to obtain new information about past historical and cultural events and phenomena. The study of monuments is not an end in itself, but contributes to a deeper insight into the essence of historical and cultural phenomena.
Monuments are capable of performing an epistemological function as a result of the fact that they have the ability to store and transmit information. After all, the possibility of knowing the distant past through knowledge of a material source was known back in ancient times. In Russia, Peter I was one of the first to realize the scientific importance of ancient monuments, who issued a number of decrees on their preservation and study. Researchers who used monuments as a source of knowledge of the historical past were D.G. Messerschmidt, G.F. Miller, V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov, N.M. Karamzin, P.S. Pallas. And up to the present day, monuments are used as a source of information by many sciences, especially social ones.
Thus, the cognitive function of historical and cultural monuments is associated with their ability to concentrate the social experience of many generations of people. Thus, they immanently acquire the ability to accumulate a wealth of knowledge about the world, thereby creating favorable opportunities for its knowledge and development. It can be argued that a society is intellectual to the extent that it uses the richest knowledge contained in the cultural gene pool of humanity, including in historical and cultural monuments.
The study of cultural monuments allows scientists to recreate the structure of society and its features at the time of the creation of these monuments. Social inequality and the division of society into groups and classes can be judged by the inequality of property status, which is discovered by scientists during excavations of ancient burials; Based on the monuments of ancient legislation that have reached us, we can conclude that there are social contradictions on class, religious, and ethnic grounds.
All this material allows not only to study the past, but will also help in the study of modern society, since all social relations and contradictions are reflected in culture. Therefore, the better we study the culture of mankind, both ancient and modern, the better we will understand the essence of the problems and contradictions that do not allow humanity to develop without conflicts and upheavals in all spheres of activity
Communication function. Since monuments have that outwardly expressed form that society identifies with certain events, phenomena, concepts, ideas, they also perform a communicative function. The greatest potential in this regard is provided by symbolic monuments that were created as signs of some events. But they often lose their original meaning and acquire the meaning of a monument - an original. For example, St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow, erected as a sign of victory over the Kazan Khanate, is perceived by contemporaries as a masterpiece of architecture.
In addition, certain connections in society are carried out through monuments. They are carried out not through the transmission of information content, but through the perception of the external form of the monument as a sign symbolizing certain concepts and ideas.
Utilitarian function. It is associated with the use of monuments for economic purposes, if this does not damage their safety.
The problem of using monuments for utilitarian purposes consists of two aspects. Firstly, the task of preserving objects of historical and cultural heritage presupposes their physical preservation, and secondly, they must be preserved in order to be used by society as objects of historical and cultural significance, thereby satisfying social needs.
Compensatory function of the monument. This function allows a person to be distracted from production activities, take a break from life’s problems, and receive emotional release. Another name for this function - recreational - reflects the coincidence of this function with the period of leisure and rest, i.e. time formally free from production activities. A person can receive spiritual compensation from tourism, communication with nature, etc.
Educational function. It is associated with the use of historical and cultural monuments for educational purposes. Direct, sensory perception of monuments in the process of teaching history gives a great effect. Communicating with a monument during the learning process easily removes the age-old problem of the lack of objectivity and clarity in the study of humanities.
Socialization mechanisms ensure the self-renewal of society, the spiritual replacement of one generation by another. At birth, a person finds a certain world, not created by him, but which is the basis of his life. With the help of cultural monuments, a person learns how to live, build relationships with others and, most importantly, carry out his own practical activities.
Regulatory function. The regulatory function is associated with the determination of various aspects, types of social and personal activities of people. In the sphere of work, everyday life, and interpersonal relationships, cultural monuments in one way or another influence people’s behavior and regulate their actions, actions, and even the choice of certain material and spiritual values. The regulatory function of culture is based on such normative systems as morality and law.
Conclusion
Summarizing all of the above, we can draw several main conclusions:
1.Monuments of history and culture are unique information channels that transmit knowledge about the past to the present and future.
2.Monuments are classified into archaeological, historical, architectural, monumental-fine art (art monuments), memorial historical sites and historical landscapes. The characteristics of cultural monuments are: materiality, anthropogenicity, real estate. Their properties include the possibility of using monuments as information carriers and sensory influences.
3.The social functions of cultural monuments include: the function of translation and historical continuity, ideological, educational, cognitive, utilitarian, communicative, compensatory, educational and regulatory.
Thus, the social functions of monuments are quite diverse and are associated, first of all, with their ability to influence the worldview of members of society, people’s perception of the present in the context of the past. In social terms, monuments contribute to the upbringing, education and ideologization of society, and can be used as attributes of the political sphere and used by it.
List of used literature
1.Boyarsky P.V. Introduction to monumentology. M., 1990. 218 S.
2.Gavrilov B. “You must take care of...” how monuments were protected in Russia in the 18th and early 20th centuries. // Story. 2003. No. 38. P. 4-10.
.Galkova O.V. The concept of “Cultural Monument”: modern approaches to interpretation. // Bulletin of MGUKI. 2009. No. 2. P. 182-187.
.Dyachkov A.N. Monuments in the context of the historical and cultural sphere. M., 1990. P. 19-40.
.Ionin L.G. Sociology of culture. M., 2000. 431 S.
.Kulemzin A.M. Protection of monuments in Russia as a historical and cultural phenomenon. Kemerovo, 2001. 403 S.
.Likhachev D.S. Restoration of cultural monuments (problems of restoration). M., 1981. 232 S.
.Monuments of history and culture as a cultural and historical phenomenon. Ulan-Ude, 2005. P. 23.
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Monuments of history and culture- a social phenomenon, reflecting the process of social development. They preserve traces of historical events for the memory of the people, “tell” about the life of past generations, the centuries-old history of our Motherland.
In the post-war years in our country, the scope of construction work acquired unprecedented proportions. This increased the threat of destruction of both known and yet unidentified historical and cultural monuments. It has become very difficult to organize their effective protection by state inspection and scientific institutions. There was a need to involve the broad masses of local historians in the protection of historical and cultural monuments. This protection was declared a national matter and included in the Constitution as a duty and obligation of all citizens of the USSR (Article 68). The Law on the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments was also adopted. It says: “Monuments of the history and culture of the peoples of the USSR form an integral part of the world cultural heritage, testifying to the enormous contribution of the peoples of our country to the development of world civilization. In the USSR, monuments serve the purposes of development of science, public education and culture, the formation of a high sense of patriotism, ideological, moral, international and aesthetic education. The protection of monuments is an important task of government agencies and public organizations. Caring for historical and cultural monuments is the patriotic duty of every citizen.”
In order to attract broad sections of the population to the protection of historical and cultural monuments and coordinate the work of local historians, Societies for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments were created in each republic. In the RSFSR, the Society was organized in 1966. School local history groups and societies began to provide great assistance in the protection of monuments.
An important task of historical local history is the recording and protection of ethnographic and art monuments, which is also almost impossible without the involvement of the broad masses of local historians.
New functions have promoted historical local history to one of the leading places in the general system of local history sciences. One of its main tasks was to identify and protect historical and cultural monuments and assist specialists in their study.
In accordance with the Law on the Protection and Use of Monuments... “historical and cultural monuments are buildings, memorial places and objects associated with historical events in the life of the people, the development of society and the state, works of material and spiritual creativity, representing historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value."
4. The following main types of historical and cultural monuments are distinguished:
Historical monuments;
Archaeological monuments;
Monuments of urban planning and architecture;
Monuments of art;
Documentary monuments;
Monuments of ethnography.
Historical monuments are diverse. Their classification is based on the following features: subject essence (the content of historical information in the monument); age, origin, external characteristics. According to the substantive essence of the reflected events They distinguish between pre-revolutionary and revolutionary historical monuments, military-historical and Soviet period, archaeological and ethnogeographical. By origin monuments can be divided into two groups:
Monuments - contemporaries and “participants in events” (photos, places of military operations, various structures)
Monuments created for the purpose of perpetuation, memorial complexes, busts, architectural structures, Hills of Glory, etc.
According to external characteristics Historical monuments are usually classified as follows:
Archeological monuments(settlements, burials, mine workings, temples, sanctuaries, rock paintings)
Monuments of ethnography. They reflect the ethnic cultural and everyday characteristics of peoples (tools and results of labor, items of folk craft and artistic folk art)
Architectural monuments. They are eyewitnesses and participants in historical events of the past region, they are objects of artistic creativity and were created by the labor of our ancestors
Basic organizational forms of local history work classified as follows: state, public (voluntary), school
The main centers of concentration of local history work are:
Local history museums with thematic exhibitions;
Voluntary regional local history scientific societies;
Amateur tourist associations;
Regional, regional, district libraries;
