A message on the topic of Shakespeare's cultural heritage. The life and creative path of William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) - famous English poet and playwright. He is considered the greatest writer in the English language, national treasure. Shakespeare's creative heritage consists of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 4 poems and 3 more epitaphs. The playwright's works have been translated into all major languages ​​of the world and are most often staged in the theater.

The most interesting thing is that not much is known about Shakespeare’s life. Historians most often consider colorful stories about him to be fiction. Once in London, William first guarded horses at the theater, then became an assistant there, replacing the prompter and rewriting roles. Over time, Shakespeare began to be trusted to perform on stage. I must say that famous actor William never did, but he started writing plays. In 1595, Shakespeare became a co-owner of the Lord Chamberlain's Troupe, and four years later became a co-owner of the Globe Theatre.

But the official biography of the playwright is completely inconsistent with his work. Shakespeare was rich vocabulary, which was twice the level of the philosopher Francis Bacon. The playwright knew several languages, the history of the ancient world, and quoted ancient authors. He understood music, medicine, military affairs, and law. Today we are still captivated by numerous myths about this amazing person, wondering who he really was.

Shakespeare was an educated man. Considering the playwright's deep creative heritage, it is logical to assume that he was a well-educated person. In those days, universities were accessible only to the very elite, Shakespeare was not one of them. There are opinions that the playwright studied at Stratford Grammar School, where he studied Latin, that he went to the school of King Edward VI, studying the work of ancient poets there. But no documents about Shakespeare’s stay in these institutions have been preserved. There were no memories of those who studied with him.

Shakespeare would be uneducated. In 1920, John Looney published an article in which he attributed the authorship of Shakespeare's works to the Earl of Oxford. This educated aristocrat had a better chance of creating plays than the son of a craftsman. In fact, in those days, public education, although it did not cover science, was high standard. A feature of the society was the opportunities of the middle class, which could even engage in international trade. Stratford was not London, but Shakespeare's father was one of the most respected men in his city. His family had enough opportunities to provide William with an education. In those times middle class and the nobility received a basic education, which included the study of Latin and Greek language. Scientists have found references to more than a hundred books in Shakespeare's works, which speaks to the playwright's powerful, inquisitive mind. He was an active learner throughout his life.

Shakespeare was a writer. Shakespeare is presented as a writer working hard on his works. But this was not his only profession. In fact, he was an actor. Shakespeare performed in theater companies such as the Lord Chamberlain's Theater for Men. It is believed that it was William who played the ghost in Hamlet, as well as King Duncan in Macbeth. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Shakespeare began to make a name for himself in London through his works, but in Stratford he was known as a successful businessman. He made a considerable fortune by buying and selling grain and issuing loans. Shakespeare was even charged with tax evasion, and in 1598 he was also fined for speculating in grain during a famine.

Shakespeare died on the same day he was born. It is usually believed that the playwright was born on April 23, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, and died on April 23, 1616. But the exact date of birth is still unknown. Historians only know that Shakespeare was baptized on April 26. In England, April 23 is considered the day of St. George, the patron saint of England. Perhaps biographers could later date William's birth to coincide with this important holiday. In 1582, the Julian calendar was replaced by the Gregorian calendar, and the date shifted. So we can reasonably assume that Shakespeare was actually born on May 1st.

All of Shakespeare's plays have been released. The playwright's work is considered well studied, all of his works have been published. But there is at least one play unknown to the general public. The History of Cardeno was long considered lost, but in 2010 a surviving copy was found.

Shakespeare's Globe Theater has survived to this day. The first theater created by actors for actors was the Globe in Southwark. It is believed that the building has been preserved in its original form. However, the original structure burned down in 1613 during a speech by King Henry VIII. The spark ignited the thatched roof. And although the theater building was rebuilt in next year, in 1640 it was demolished again under pressure from the Puritans. Only in 1997, the Globus underwent reconstruction, still accepting tourists today. The new building complies with all safety rules and can accommodate up to 1,500 spectators. But the modern “Globe” is located 200 meters from the original place.

Shakespeare is an Elizabethan playwright. Shakespeare's work is associated with the name of Queen Elizabeth. But the heyday of his work occurred during the reign of King James I. During these years, the playwright gradually began to move away from romantic comedies towards dramatic satire. Under Jacob the light was seen 14 important works Shakespeare: Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Winter's Tale", "Storm" and others.

Shakespeare worked alone. The names of co-authors are not perceived next to Shakespeare's name. Meanwhile, he collaborated with many other playwrights, this was the norm for that time. George Wilkins, for example, is credited with the first half of the play Pericles. The Two Noble Kinsmen from the First Folio is also considered a joint work. In the 1634 edition of title page the names of Shakespeare and John Fletcher are printed. Literary scholars find in the works of Shakespeare many traces of other authors of the same period. This applies to Macbeth, All's Well That Ends Well, Titus Andronicus and others.

Shakespeare was an exemplary family man. One of the few things we know for sure about Shakespeare is his family. He had a wife, Ann, and three children. After the death of his son Khemnet at the age of 11, the playwright became estranged from his family. He moved to London and there were no letters left from him to his wife. In his will, Shakespeare briefly mentions his wife, although she received a third of the will. Most of the property went to eldest daughter Susan. And the will to his wife “the second best bed” still causes different interpretations.

Shakespeare's descendants survive. William's heir, son Hamnet, died in childhood. Shakespeare's inheritance was to go to the children of Susan's eldest daughter. But her daughter, Elizabeth, William's granddaughter, died childless in 1670. Her two marriages never produced children. Shakespeare's other daughter, Judith, married winemaker Thomas Quiney after her father's death. This marriage produced three children, but they died without marrying. Thus the playwright’s hereditary line was interrupted.

Shakespeare was heterosexual. And although the writer had a wife and two children, it is likely that he was homosexual. Many sonnets praise love for a man, not a woman. In one of his works, the author lovingly calls the hero “a wonderful young man.” Many researchers believe that the Earl of Southampton was hiding under this image. Shakespeare collaborated with him a lot, although he became famous for his sexual relations with men. The playwright dedicated his sonnets to a certain W.H. Such handsome men as Henry Risley, Earl of Southampton, or William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, could be hiding under this pseudonym. In Sonnet 20, Shakespeare openly calls the object of his passion, a man, “the king and queen of my heart.” The author encourages the man to keep his emotional feelings to himself. It is also surprising that in the canonical works of Shakespeare there are many scenes of cross-dressing people.

Shakespeare's works were published during his lifetime. In Shakespeare's time, playwrights sold their work to acting companies. Having purchased the play, the actors did not make any copies of it. Otherwise, competitors could make the same production. Making copies was considered madness. The complete works of Shakespeare might not have survived to this day if not for the actors John Heminges and Henry Condell. After the playwright’s death, they collected a collection of his 36 plays, “Mr. Shakespeare’s Comedies, Chronicles and Tragedies.” Only 40 copies of the first edition of 1623 have reached us; such a book costs from 8 million dollars. The first edition was later supplemented with only two new plays.

Shakespeare's personality is well known. Numerous art historians write about Shakespeare; his life and work have been studied far and wide. They know more about him than about modern writers. In fact, Shakespeare's personality is extremely mysterious. There's no it personal diaries, notes, memories of friends about him. Scientists have found many references to Shakespeare in surviving documents. These are mainly legal documents. The writer conducted legal disputes, signed lease agreements, bought real estate, and left a will. But this says nothing about the personality of Shakespeare himself. This side of his life remains mysterious.

Shakespeare was not the author of his plays. This myth is perhaps the most popular about the author’s personality. Among the likely authors are usually Francis Bacon, the Earl of Oxford, Christopher Marlowe, William Stanley, Roger Manners and even Queen Elizabeth herself. But for some reason no one disputes the authorship of Chaucer and his “Canterbury Tales” or Edgar Wallace and his hundreds of thrillers. Making drama was a real business in Elizabethan times. The author had to rewrite his work, constantly change it, adapt it, collaborate with actors, take into account competing analogues, try to make the product viable. As a result, the names of the authors of works of that era are practically not preserved, with the exception of Shakespeare and Jonson. Their works were published as a separate collection, which was unusual for that time. During Shakespeare's time, both Bacon and Oxford were working. But their plays were different. Shakespeare took the story from one source, added material from another, and took into account the capabilities of his actors. The material was honed during rehearsals and performances. The plays were censored by the government, which often demanded the removal of controversial material. The published versions were what the actors were able to remember. Shakespeare was appreciated by many of his contemporaries, not just his patron, the Earl of Southampton. Theater connoisseurs paid tribute to the talented playwright in their memoirs. Shakespeare was one of the most revered writers of his time. That is why his colleagues decided to collect all his works and publish a book with them. The project could even lead to financial troubles, because competitors could copy the plays. For those who knew Shakespeare personally, his death was the end of an era. If the works were really created by Oxford or Bacon, then why was Shakespeare so respected? In 2010, the works of the playwright and the most likely candidates for authorship were subjected to computer analysis. It turned out that all the texts were created by one person, different from the alleged candidates. So the question of Shakespeare's authorship can be considered closed.

Shakespeare is the greatest English playwright. Today this point of view is considered generally accepted, but this was not always the case. During his lifetime, Shakespeare had a reputation as just a good playwright and poet, one of many Elizabethan era. He managed to find influential friends and win success with the public. In the first century and a half after his death, the playwright was not considered a great writer. In the theaters of the Restoration era, the plays of Fletcher and Beaumont were more popular; Ben Jonson and Shakespeare were considered the authors of more low level. Really national glory came to the playwright in 1769 after celebrating the Stratford Jubilee. And in those days, no one had any questions about who was the real author of Shakespeare's works. And only when they began to call him national pride and genius, such myths appeared. Like any other writer, Shakespeare's work was not of the same quality. There are boring, mechanical or meaningless passages in his plays. True, it is not clear whether this is the author’s fault - the text was often restored. We do not always understand the slang of that era, references to events. And the humor of Shakespeare's time is different from ours. The text cannot be taken as a sacred relic, it must be interpreted, like Chaucer. Theater is the art of the ephemeral. The Shakespeare that his contemporaries valued is gone forever.

Shakespeare's plots are original. As has already been said, in Shakespeare's time playwrights often borrowed plots from each other. In the case of Shakespeare, the case of Hamlet is indicative. This play is considered one of the best. Meanwhile, the plot was taken from an old Scandinavian story. In the third book of the Acts of the Danes, the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus told the legend of the Danish ruler Amletus. Main character trying to avenge his father's death. Other researchers believe that the plot was borrowed from Thomas Kyd's "The Spanish Tragedy." And although original version history remained little known, its presentation by Shakespeare turned out to be the best.

Essay By academic discipline"Culturology"

on the topic: "William Shakespeare. Legacy."

Plan

1. Introduction.

2. Biography of W. Shakespeare.

3. Literary directions Shakespeare.

6. Conclusion.

7. List of references.

1. Introduction.

William Shakespeare is one of those legendary personalities, which for several millennia continues to excite the minds and imagination of people, be they literary scholars, historians, writers or simply adventurers. His influence on world literature and culture is undeniable. At the same time, his figure is extremely contradictory. In the twentieth century, a fierce dispute broke out between Shakespeare scholars and the so-called “anti-Shakespeareans.” The subject of their debate went beyond everything previously written about the playwright: did Shakespeare even exist? Various versions of authorship have been put forward: from Francis Bacon (1561 - 1625) to Christopher Marlowe (1564 - 1593), and even the whole group playwrights and poets. Delia Bacon (1811 - 1859) especially distinguished herself in denouncing Shakespeare. In her tireless search, she even made an attempt to excavate the writer’s grave. But later, according to some, retribution befell her: she went crazy.

Today, the question regarding the reality of Shakespeare is still open. However, no one has yet succeeded in knocking William Shakespeare off the pedestal of the leader of world literature. On collections of works, on theater posters still stands the same name familiar to millions: William Shakespeare.

Shakespeare managed to transcend the Renaissance in which he lived. This happened because his heroes are living people, whose characters are easily recognizable in our time. The problems that the author raised in his plays have not disappeared either. Therefore, the repertoires of theaters in all countries necessarily include productions based on the plays of the English playwright, and their potential is, in all likelihood, inexhaustible.

According to the apt remark of F. M. Dostoevsky, Shakespeare became a “Russian heritage” and became part of the “flesh and blood” of Russian culture. Perhaps many Western or Eastern European cultures would confidently subscribe to these words. Today, William Shakespeare is truly a world treasure. In his work, representatives of any country can find something close to them. This means that the stories and problems described by Shakespeare have a universal resonance.

2. Biography of W. Shakespeare.

William Shakespeare was born in the city of Stratford-upon-Avon, located in the center of England. As soon as he was born, William faced the risk of death - in 1564, a plague raged in England, including in Shakespeare’s hometown. But the baby, who was destined to become great, remained to live. In total, there were six children in the Shakespeare family, and William was the eldest of them. The union of William's parents can be called an example of an unequal marriage: the mother is a representative of a noble family, the father is a simple tanner and part-time farmer. However, it was a strong marriage in which everyone fulfilled their responsibilities.

William studied at local school, in which classes were taught by teachers from Oxford. History, languages ​​(Greek and Latin), and religion were studied at school. However, young Shakespeare’s favorite pastime was not study, but theater. Theater troupes often came to the city and performed fascinating plays on spontaneous platforms. The more William watched such performances, the more he wanted to become an actor himself. The thought also flashed through his mind about writing plays for the theater himself.

William longed to leave Stratford, but at the age of eighteen - at the time of youth when you can safely make your desires come true - he unexpectedly married the farmer's daughter Anne Hathaway (1556 - 1632). What was strange about this marriage was not only the suddenness, but also the age difference between the spouses: Ann was already twenty-six years old. However, according to biographers, it was love. Only three years passed after the wedding, and they already had three children: Suzanne, Hamnet and Judith.

Such a large family had to be well provided for, and the young husband and father took on any job. And no matter how attached he was to his wife and children, the dream of the theater did not leave him. Moreover, every troupe that wandered into the city reminded him of this every time. An unfulfilled desire prevented him from finding harmony in life. Shakespeare was lucky that Anne understood him well. Perhaps she saw his potential or guessed about it. She wanted to see her husband happy. Therefore, she agreed to the separation - of course, temporary. William pledged to send money and visit his family as often as he could. Therefore, when another acting troupe came to Stratford, William soon found himself in their ranks. With them he left his hometown and eventually ended up in London.

Shakespeare showed himself to be talented actor, so he managed not to get lost in the vastness of London, where the prospects were incomparably greater than in Stratford. Moreover, already in 1592 he was very well known in London theatrical circles, and not only as an actor, but also as a playwright, because he played in plays of which he himself was the author. The London public very quickly appreciated the scale of the new talent, proclaiming him a genius. It got to the point where the nobles boasted to each other of their acquaintance with Shakespeare. William also found a patron. This was none other than Count Henry Risley of Southampton (1573 - 1624), to whom some anti-Shakespeareans attributed the authorship of the works of William Shakespeare. From Southampton, the playwright and poet Shakespeare received very good payment for his work.

Two years later, Shakespeare left acting and focused on drama. His plays were performed on the stage of the Lord Chamberlain's Men Theatre. The roles went to the best London actors, such as the tragedian Richard Burbage (1567 - 1619) and the comedian William Camp. Shakespeare wrote his plays with these actors in mind.

Of course, with such popularity and busyness, Shakespeare had very little time left for his family, and he very rarely visited Stratfort-upon-Avon, especially since it took two days to get there. On one of these rare visits in 1596, he learned the sad news that his only son Hamnet, who was only eleven years old, had died. Perhaps Shakespeare also felt guilty for what happened. Be that as it may, the next year he bought his wife and daughters new house, which had at least a dozen fireplaces. Now he could afford such an expensive purchase, because he literary works paid well. Besides, social status Shakespeare was promoted, because he became the owner of a coat of arms, which depicted a falcon and a golden spear. In England during the time of Queen Elizabeth, these images were a symbol of recognition and success. But this was only the beginning of his career as a playwright.

Shakespeare created one masterpiece after another, and each of his plays was distinguished not only by its ingenious plot, the splendor of language and thought, but also by its original effects that impressed the audience. He also managed the Lord Chamberlain Theater and directed its development. The theater became more and more popular and original.

In 1599, due to a number of circumstances, a new theater was born, which can safely be called exclusively Shakespearean. Due to a dispute over the land on which the Lord Chamberlain stood, the actors of the troupe dismantled the theater into logs and transported everything to the other side of the Thames, where the world famous Globe was built. New theater attracted two thousand people. And this was not an accident, because on the stage of the Globe they were greatest plays Shakespeare, one of which is Hamlet.

After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, her nephew James II Stuart (1566 - 1625) began to rule the country. He was one of the ardent admirers of Shakespeare and the Globe, and soon the theater, on his instructions, was renamed and began to be called “The King’s Men”. were born in it late plays Shakespeare: Othello, Macbeth, King Lear. In 1609, the theater acquired an indoor space, and now performances were given even in winter. The audience's love for the theater did not weaken, especially since the splendor of the playwright's plays was enhanced by special effects. One day one of these tricks led to real trouble. This happened in 1631. The troupe performed the play "Henry VIII". The action of the play required the firing of a cannon. As a result of this shot, a fire broke out and the theater completely burned down. The absence of victims and the safety of Shakespeare's manuscripts can be called happy circumstances. And the theater was rebuilt.

In 1632, the complete collection of the dramatic works of William Shakespeare was published. The publication included all thirty-six plays by the author and was called “The First Book.” But the playwright himself was not destined to see him, since he died sixteen years before this event. His grave in his home town is the main attraction of Stratford-upon-Avon.

3. Shakespeare's literary directions.

Most people perceive Shakespeare primarily as a playwright. However, he is also the author of beautiful sonnets and poems. But dramaturgy occupies a dominant place in his work. She also appeared to him literary start. William Shakespeare started with historical plays(chronicles), but it is impossible to imagine his theatrical heritage without comedies and, especially, tragedies. A synthesis of genres (tragicomedy) is also noted.

Shakespeare's Chronicles only increased the popularity of this genre in Elizabethan England. The attraction of English playwrights to chronicles is explained by their desire to understand the complex politics and history of their country. At this time, the political situation here was aggravated due to the political confrontation between England and Spain. In his chronicle dramas, Shakespeare depicted the era in a large-scale and powerful manner, showing its contradictions and conflicts. All Shakespearean chronicles are named after kings. This is a multi-part epic dedicated to Henry VI; plays "King John", "Richard II" and others.

William Shakespeare's comedies, which he created almost simultaneously with historical dramas, are sparkling and inventive. They vividly and uniquely reflected the Renaissance with its humanism and love for people. Cheerful and light, Shakespeare's comedies were not aimed at a satirical analysis of reality. The author's goal was to recreate and show people the ideal that arose in the minds and hearts of the humanists of this era. These are his comedies “The Merchant of Venice”, “Twelfth Night”, “Much Ado About Nothing”, “As You Like It”, “The Taming of the Shrew”, “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”. Is not full list comedy plays Shakespeare, but they are the ones most often filmed and staged. It is obvious that they attract directors from all over the world not only with their entertaining plot, but also with the free spirit with which Shakespearean comedies are literally saturated. These are real odes to the freedom of the human person and the joy that people experience from this freedom.

Shakespeare's tragedies reveal his deep gift from a completely different side, and they are the most striking evidence of his genius. In his greatest tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, the author organically intertwined psychological, social and philosophical contexts, showing through this interweaving the personal drama of a man who found himself completely alone in huge world. The main themes of Shakespeare's tragedies can be called the theme of power and the theme of good and evil, and the second theme follows from the first, since it is the desire for unlimited power that gives rise to unimaginable troubles. But in William Shakespeare's plays there is always a hero ready to confront this evil. Positive Shakespearean heroes- these are people new era, rejecting evil, violence and revenge. A striking example of this is the image of Hamlet.

A separate part of the playwright’s legacy is the tragedy “Romeo and Juliet”. It subtly describes the lyrical theme of sublime love. young heroes connected to the theme of inevitable fate. At the same time, the author’s main idea is quite obvious: people are the main culprits of evil on earth. Because of senseless feuds, Romeo and Juliet die.

Shakespeare's romantic tragedies ("The Tempest", "Pericles", "Cymbeline", "The Winter's Tale") are distinguished by the fact that they contain a fairy-tale, fantastic element, and good certainly triumphs over evil.

The poems written by Shakespeare have one address - the writer's benefactor, the Earl of Southampton. We are talking about two works: “Venus and Adonis” and “Dishonored Lucretia”. They demonstrated Shakespeare's ability to paint pictures of nature, reliably convey love experiences, and create psychological characteristics heroes.

William Shakespeare's sonnets are an adornment of world poetry. They reveal to the reader a new Shakespeare - a sophisticated lyricist who knows how to both think and feel. William Wordsworth (1770 - 1850) believed that through sonnets the poet gave us a glimpse into his heart. In Wordsworth's understanding, Shakespeare's sonnets are a kind of key to Shakespeare's soul. Moreover, his sonnets are perfect with artistic point vision.

They are divided into cycles. In one, friendship is glorified, in the other, love (the love sonnets are dedicated to a certain mysterious Dark Lady). It was the sonnets that gave researchers, on the one hand, reason to doubt the author’s sexual orientation; on the other hand, to assume that there were others in his life love stories, in addition to his wife (A. Brown’s book “Women in the Life of Shakespeare” is devoted to this issue, in particular). Whatever the truth, reading Shakespeare's sonnets provides genuine aesthetic pleasure. Speaking about Shakespeare's work as a whole, we can confidently say that it is diverse and equal, regardless of the genre in which he worked. However, Shakespeare is first and foremost a great playwright.

4. Short description Shakespeare's works and his services to the world.

Each work of Shakespeare is a separate world, which can only be understood through repeated reading or viewing. However, it makes sense to characterize the most significant plays from each period. Among historical chronicles, the drama “Richard II” attracts attention. At the center of events is the struggle for power. King Richard's cousin dethrones him and becomes ruler himself. He does not stop only at this crime and in the finale kills his brother.

In the comedy Twelfth Night, or Whatever, the action takes place in the non-existent country of Illyria. After a shipwreck, a brother and sister, who are twins, end up in a different adventures, including love ones. Many misunderstandings arise during the course of the play (this is a sitcom). The situation is aggravated by the fact that Olivia (the heroine of the comedy) is dressed in men's clothing. But, as is customary in comedy, everything ends well. These works, along with the others listed above, represent the first period of creativity.

Speaking about the works of the second period, one cannot help but mention Hamlet. The main character of the play encounters a strange ghost haunting the surroundings of the castle. Ghost and opens it to him terrible secret: Hamlet's uncle sitting on the throne is the murderer of his father, the real king. Hamlet's mother is an accomplice to this crime. The shock causes Hamlet to act out madness, but Claudius does not believe it. With the help of traveling actors, Hamlet performs on stage true story what happened. Claudius understands that Hamlet knows everything, which is a real danger for him. The exile of the unwanted nephew does not help matters - Hamlet returns back. Claudius resorts to a proven method - murder, but Hamlet manages to get even with the criminal before his death.

The theme of jealousy is deeply analyzed in Othello. The Moor Othello, a talented commander, becomes a victim of the intrigues of the treacherous Iago. Taking advantage of the fact that Othello married Desdemona against the will of her influential father, Iago plants in Othello the idea that Desdemona is not faithful to him, and his rival is Cassio, whom Iago also seeks revenge. Unable to control his jealousy, Othello strangles Desdemona. Iago’s second enemy, Cassio, is also defeated, and he is arrested thanks to a skillfully constructed intrigue. However, Iago's wife reveals the whole truth, and the shocked Othello commits suicide. In the finale, Iago suffers retribution.

Among the works of the third period, “The Tempest” is especially popular. This play reveals the theme of an insidious seizure of power in a new way. This time the overthrown ruler turns out to be the wizard Prospero. The machinations of Duke Antonio (Prospero's brother) force him to languish on a certain island with his daughter Miranda. In the service of Prospero is the terrible Caliban (he, in fact, exhausts the population of the island). Caliban is bitter against Prospero, because he considers him a usurper and himself a slave.

Prospero is trying to return home to restore himself to his legal rights. To do this, he uses magical actions to cause a sea storm. In this storm, the ship on which Antonio and his family were in trouble. All passengers are scattered across different parts of the island. At this time, Fernando, the son of Prospero's second enemy, who acted together with Antonio, falls in love with Miranda. Intrigues and conspiracies continue on the island, which Prospero opposes. Caliban also weaves his nets, dreaming of killing Prospero in order to take possession of the island. His plan is destroyed by the spirit of Ariel, acting in concert with Prospero. Subsequently, all the enemies gather in one place, and Prospero commits fair trial. Miranda and Fernando marry, some of the heroes are forgiven, and Prospero intends to regain his rights. Interesting event The ending is his renunciation of sorcery.

The works of William Shakespeare changed literature, changed the world. They forced culture and art to develop in new ways. In the books of numerous writers different countries and eras there is an intertextual dialogue with Shakespeare - explicit or veiled. The name of Shakespeare is inseparable from the art of theater and cinema. Thus, his services to world culture are of exceptional value.

5. Critics' reviews of Shakespeare's works.

The critical literature on Shakespeare's plays and poetry is as inexhaustible as his legacy. At the same time, they are just as varied and ambiguous. Despite the fact that Shakespeare's genius has long been recognized, there are sharply negative reviews about him. For example, L.N. Tolstoy (1828 - 1910), in his essay “On Shakespeare and Drama,” expresses an extremely negative attitude towards the playwright’s works, basing his opinion in detail. He became famous for his harsh statements about the work of Shakespeare and Voltaire (1694 - 1778), who considered the manner of the English playwright “barbaric”.

His contemporaries also gave a negative assessment to the works of Shakespeare, but this phenomenon cannot be called a trend. It is noteworthy that Shakespeare's rival Ben Jonson (1572 - 1637) contrary to expectations for the most part praised Shakespeare's works.

English criticism from the time of romanticism is distinguished by its enthusiastic sentiments towards Shakespeare. Such prominent representatives English literature, like W. Scott (1771 - 1832), J. Keats (1795 - 1821), S.T. Coleridge (1772 - 1834) and other writers and poets strongly emphasized the genius of their predecessor and considered him their teacher and creative guide. Subsequently, the degree of delight in English criticism only increased, and the name of Shakespeare became iconic.

The reception of Shakespeare's work in Russian and Soviet criticism is a truly vast topic worthy of dissertation research. Most writers and literary critics are inclined to not just have a positive assessment of Shakespeare's heritage, but recognize his genius. Suffice it to say that M. Gorky (1868 - 1936) recommended that all aspiring writers study with Shakespeare. Earlier, V. G. Belinsky (1811 - 1848) recognized Shakespeare as the first among the world's playwrights. Russian criticism wrote so much about Shakespeare that a peculiar phenomenon arose called “Russian Shakespeareism.”

In modern literary criticism, each of Shakespeare's plays is devoted to the research of scientists. The cult of Shakespeare exists not only in England. Researchers are looking for new things in the playwright's plays, analyzing the language, characters, and plot features. All this suggests that this topic is unlikely to be closed in the near future.

6. Conclusion.

So, William Shakespeare rightfully takes the place of the outstanding playwright of all times. Thanks to his work, literature reached new round development, since it was Shakespeare who showed humanity that the heroes of works can be portrayed in all-round development, and not just in one aspect, as was the case before.

Closely associated with his era - the Renaissance - William Shakespeare showed himself to be a true humanist. At the same time, he did not idealize a person, but represented him as he really is, with his dark and light sides.

William Shakespeare knew how to give his deep thoughts a perfect edge, which is why his plays are still standard. The language of his works is amazingly rich and varied; capable of conveying polar shades: from funny to tragic; from the sublime to the prose.

The works of W. Shakespeare have not lost their relevance. They are read, republished and sold; filmed and staged in theaters; translated into various languages. Shakespeare's work is the richest layer of world culture, which has managed to take root on various national soils, including Russian.

7. List of references.

1. Ackroyd P. Shakespeare. Biography/P. Ackroyd. - M.: Kolibri, 2010. - 752 p.

2. Anikst A.A. Shakespeare/A.A. Anyxt. - M.: Education, 1996. - 124 p.

3. Brown A. Women in the life of Shakespeare/A. Brown. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2002. - 326 p.

4. Dubashinsky I. A. William Shakespeare. Essay on creativity/I.A. Dubashinsky. - M.: Education, 1978. - 143 p.

5. Zakharov N.V., Lukov V.A. Shakespeare and Shakespeareanism in Russia // Knowledge. Understanding. Skill, 2009. - No. 1. - pp. 98-106.

6. Quinnell P., Hamesh J. Who is who in the works of Shakespeare / P. Quinnell, J. Hammesh. - M.: Dograf, London - New York: Routledge, 1996. - 275 p.

7. Middleton H. William Shakespeare. Brilliant playwright/H. Middleton. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997; M.: Askon, 1998. - 32 p.

8. Shakespeare W. Comedy/W. Shakespeare. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka, Azbuka-Atticus, 2013. - 512 p.

9. Shakespeare W. Tragedies/W. Shakespeare. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka, Azbuka-Atticus, 2017. - 672 p.

The purpose of the lesson

Lesson objectives:

Organize the activities of students to master the spiritual and moral potential of William Shakespeare’s works;

Create conditions for cultivating interest in the works of William Shakespeare;

To promote the development of creative thinking, motivation to read and watch film adaptations of William Shakespeare's plays.

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"The Legacy of William Shakespeare"

Routing MHC lesson in 10th grade “The Legacy of William Shakespeare.”

Teacher: teacher of MHC MAOU "Secondary School No. 8" Elizaveta Aleksandrovna Kutuzova.

Lesson topic: "The Legacy of William Shakespeare."

The lesson is designed for 2 lessons and is conducted as part of the study of the artistic culture of the Renaissance.

Target: expand students’ understanding of Shakespeare’s heritage, determine the significance of his works in the modern world.

Lesson objectives:

organize students’ activities to master the spiritual and moral potential of William Shakespeare’s works;

create conditions for cultivating interest in the works of William Shakespeare;

promote the development of creative thinking, motivation to read and watch film adaptations of William Shakespeare's plays.

Lesson type: lesson of discovering new knowledge.

Technologies used: technology of student-centered learning, development technology critical thinking, ICT.

Results:

subject(understanding the features of the language different types art; mastering the spiritual and moral potential of William Shakespeare’s works; the ability to build a dialogue with artistic phenomena of the past to understand their significance in the modern world);

meta-subject:

cognitive (formulation of a cognitive goal, search and selection of information, analysis, comparison, establishment of cause-and-effect relationships, construction of a logical chain of reasoning);

communicative (planning, asking questions (initiative cooperation), conflict resolution);

regulatory (goal setting, planning, forecasting);

personal(at the ability to listen to your classmate, be attentive and active in class; develop your own worldview positions).

Lesson equipment: computer with installed software SMART Notebook, multimedia projector, speakers, interactive whiteboard, handouts.

During the classes

If time remains, you can show presentations prepared by students on the topic “Romeo and Juliet in art” (more specifically: “Images of Romeo and Juliet in foreign painting and graphics”, “Images of Romeo and Juliet in Russian painting and graphics”, “Sculptural incarnations of Romeo and Juliet”).

List of literature and Internet resources

Danilova G.I. Thematic and lesson planning for textbooks “World artistic culture: From the origins to the 17th century. 10th grade" and "World artistic culture: From the 17th century to the present. Grade 11". – M.: Bustard, 2007.

Interesting facts from the life of William Shakespeare. // https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80,_%D0%A3%D0 %B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC

Excerpt from “Hamlet” (4 min 28 sec). // https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAojuVbKQtg

Excerpt from Macbeth (3 min 25 sec). // https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAojuVbKQtg

Excerpt from "Romeo and Juliet" (4 min 25 sec). // https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dL0o36T3sZI

Romeo and Juliet in painting. // http://www.romeo-juliet-club.ru/art.html

List of Shakespeare adaptations. // https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81 %D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1 %80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81 %D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0

Fragment from Grigory Kozintsev's film "Hamlet". // https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CmVVcHxrdo

Encyclopedic YouTube

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  By literary devices it can be called a period of imitation: Shakespeare is still entirely in the power of his predecessors. According to your mood this period was defined by supporters of the biographical approach to the study of Shakespeare’s work as a period of idealistic faith in best sides life: “With enthusiasm young Shakespeare punishes the vice in his historical tragedies and enthusiastically sings of lofty and poetic feelings - friendship, self-sacrifice and especially love” (Vengerov).

  Shakespeare's first plays were probably the three parts of Henry VI. The source for this and subsequent historical chronicles was Holinshed's Chronicles. The theme that unites all of Shakespeare's chronicles is the succession of weak and incapable rulers who led the country to civil strife and civil war and the restoration of order with the accession of the Tudor dynasty. Like Marlowe in Edward II, Shakespeare does more than just describe historical events, but explores the motives behind the actions of the heroes.

  S. A. Vengerov saw the transition to the second period “in absence that poetry of youth, which is so characteristic of the first period. The heroes are still young, but have already lived a fair amount and the main thing for them in life is pleasure. The portion is piquant, lively, but the gentle charm of the girls of “The Two Gentlemen of Verona”, and especially Juliet, is not in it at all.”

  At the same time, Shakespeare creates an immortal and most interesting type, which has so far had no analogues in world literature - Sir John Falstaff. The success of both parts " Henry IV"not least of all, the merit of this brightest actor chronicle, which immediately became popular. The character is undoubtedly negative, but with a complex character. A materialist, an egoist, a man without ideals: honor is nothing to him, an observant and insightful skeptic. He denies honor, power and wealth: he needs money only as a means of getting food, wine and women. But the essence of comedy, the grain of Falstaff’s image, is not only his wit, but also his cheerful laughter at himself and the world around him. His strength is knowledge human nature, he is disgusted by everything that binds a person, he is the personification of freedom of spirit and unprincipledness. A man of a bygone era, he is not needed where the state is powerful. Realizing that such a character is inappropriate in a drama about an ideal ruler, in “ Henry V"Shakespeare removes it: the audience is simply informed of Falstaff's death. According to tradition, it is generally accepted that, at the request of Queen Elizabeth, who wanted to see Falstaff on stage again, Shakespeare resurrected him in “ The Mocking Wives of Windsor". But this is only a pale copy of the old Falstaff. He has lost his knowledge of the world around him; there is no healthier irony, no laughter at oneself. All that was left was the smug scoundrel.

  A much more successful attempt to return to the Falstaffian type in the final play of the second period is "Twelfth Night". Here, in the person of Sir Toby and his entourage, we have, as it were, the second edition of Sir John, however, without his sparkling wit, but with the same infectious good-natured zhuirstvo. The crude mockery of women in "The Taming of the Shrew".

  Third period (1600-1609)

  His third period artistic activity, approximately covering 1600-1609 years, supporters of the subjectivist biographical approach to Shakespeare’s work call the period of “deep spiritual darkness,” considering the appearance of the melancholic character Jacques in the comedy as a sign of a changed worldview “How you like it” and calling him almost the predecessor of Hamlet. However, some researchers believe that Shakespeare in the image of Jacques only ridiculed melancholy, and the period of supposed life disappointments (according to supporters biographical method) is not actually supported by the facts of Shakespeare's biography. The time when the playwright created the greatest tragedies coincides with the heyday of his creative forces, solving financial difficulties and achieving a high position in society.

  Around 1600 Shakespeare creates "Hamlet", according to many critics, is his most profound work. Shakespeare retained the plot of the famous revenge tragedy, but shifted all his attention to spiritual discord, internal drama Main character. A new type of hero was introduced into the traditional revenge drama. Shakespeare was ahead of his time - Hamlet is not the usual tragic hero, carrying out vengeance for the sake of Divine justice. Coming to the conclusion that it is impossible to restore harmony with one blow, he experiences the tragedy of alienation from the world and dooms himself to loneliness. According to L. E. Pinsky, Hamlet is the first “reflective” hero of world literature.

  The heroes of Shakespeare's “great tragedies” are outstanding people, in whom good and evil are mixed. Faced with the disharmony of the world around them, they make a difficult choice - how to exist in it; they create their own destiny and bear full responsibility for it.

  At the same time, Shakespeare created drama " Measure for measure" Despite the fact that in the First Folio of 1623 it is classified as a comedy, there is almost no comedy in this serious work about an unjust judge. Its title refers to Christ's teaching about mercy; during the course of the action, one of the heroes is in mortal danger, and the ending, where several marriages are concluded at once, can be considered conditionally happy. This problematic work does not fit into a specific genre, but exists on the edge of genres: going back to the morality play, it is directed towards tragicomedy.

  True misanthropy appears only in "Timon of Athens"- stories of the generous and kind person, ruined by those whom he helped and became a misanthrope. The play leaves a painful impression, despite the fact that ungrateful Athens suffers punishment after the death of Timon. According to researchers, Shakespeare failed: the play was written in uneven language and, along with its advantages, has even greater disadvantages. It is possible that more than one Shakespeare worked on it. The character of Timon himself was not successful, sometimes he gives the impression of a caricature, other characters are simply pale. The transition to a new period of Shakespearean creativity can be considered "Antony and Cleopatra". In “Antony and Cleopatra,” the talented, but devoid of any moral principles, predator from “Julius Caesar” is surrounded by a truly poetic aura, and the semi-traitor Cleopatra largely atones for her sins with a heroic death.

  Fourth period (1609-1612)

  The fourth period, excluding the play "Henry VIII" (some researchers believe that it was written in collaboration with John Fletcher), includes only three or four years and four plays - the so-called "romantic dramas" or tragicomedies. In the plays of the latter period, difficult trials emphasize the joy of deliverance from disasters. Slander is exposed, innocence is justified, loyalty is rewarded, madness has no jealousy. tragic consequences, lovers unite in a happy marriage. The optimism of these works is perceived by critics as a sign of the reconciliation of their author. "

  Shakespeare's work as an epic and lyric poet is of great independent interest.

  Shakespeare's sonnet cycle consists of 154 poems. They were first published in 1609.

  This is a true masterpiece of English Renaissance poetry. Humane thoughts, as well as genuine human feelings and great passions, broke through through a certain convention and artificial framework of form in these poetic works.

  Even if Shakespeare hadn't written one dramatic work, he would still go down in the history of world literature as a talented poet of the English Renaissance.

  Kuvshinnikova O.
  Shakespeare and the Dark Lady: [enslaved genius] /Olga Kuvshinnikova. - Moscow: Algorithm, 2007. - 236, p. ; 20. - (Biography of love).
  Code:2008-3/4599

  She was lovely, charming, flirtatious, vain, insincere and treacherous, created to squander happiness and torment, to make all the strings in the poet’s soul tremble.
  He dedicated his best sonnets to her, full of passionate love and furious hatred.
  She was a lady-in-waiting at the court of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth and was called Mary Fitton, and her lover's name was William Shakespeare - and even then he was considered the greatest playwright and poet.

  Pervushina E. A.
  Shakespeare's sonnets in Russia: translation reception of the 19th-21st centuries.: monograph /E. A. Pervushina. - Vladivostok: Far Eastern University Publishing House, 2010. - 352, p.
  Code:2011-7/848

  The monograph presents a detailed historical and literary overview of the history of Russian translations of Shakespeare's sonnets from the 19th century to the present day, proposes a detailed periodization of Russian translations of Shakespeare's Sonnets and a periodization of Russian sonnets as a phenomenon of translated literature.
  Despite the extensive Shakespearean bibliography and a whole circle of predecessors, such a detailed study of the translation history of sonnets in Russia has not yet been undertaken.
  The research was carried out within the framework of comparative literature, placed in the context of a wide range of problems of translated literature and translation reception of a foreign language work of art.

  Stepanov S. A.
  Shakespeare's sonnets, or the Game within the Game/Sergey Stepanov. - St. Petersburg. : Amphora O.V. Sedov, 2003. - 549, p. : il, portrait Fax.
  Code:2004-5/1955

  Book by St. Petersburg translator S.A. Stepanova is devoted to the problems of Shakespearean studies. The main attention is paid to the “Sonnets” of W. Shakespeare, which are presented in this edition translated by S. Stepanov, the problem of the authorship of the famous book, prototypes lyrical heroes.
  Although scientific literature about the “sonnets” is enormous, the author tries to give his own answers to the main questions of Shakespearean studies, abandoning the usual postulates and building his research on a different foundation.

  Chupis I. E.
  Two Spirits, Two Loves: Shakespeare's Sonnets. Play/Irina Chupis. - Kharkov: Fakt, 2008. - 215 p., l. portrait
  Code:2012-3/25406

  William Shakespeare's immortal "Sonnets" have been translated many times into all languages ​​of the world, but they continue to be translated again and again.
  Irina Chupis's translations are characterized by a careful attitude to the original source and a desire to remain within the framework of the artistic techniques of the great poet.
  “Sonnets” is complemented by a play by Irina Chupis, which presents a version of William Shakespeare’s relationship with his lovers, which the translator came up with after a careful reading of “Sonnets”. This version is confirmed by the texts of the Sonnets.

  Shakespeare W.
  Sonnets = Sonnets: all 154 sonnets translated [from English] by Felix Dymov/William Shakespeare; [art. Alexander Teplov]. - Ed. 2nd, revised.. - St. Petersburg: Buslay, 2008. - 174 p. : ill.
  Code:2009-3/1319

  William Shakespeare's 154 sonnets, each of which is an indissoluble fusion of philosophy and lyricism, express universal human problems that concern people to this day.
  It is not surprising that one hundred many talented translators continue to turn to Shakespeare’s sonnets. This book is a translation made by the St. Petersburg poet Felix Dymov in 2004.
  It gives an idea of ​​both the brilliant Shakespearean sonnet heritage and the titanic work of the translator of these wonderful poems.

  Shakespeare W.
  Shakespeare's Sonnets: original texts. Modern translation.
  Literary translation [various authors]. - Novosibirsk: b. i., 2011. - 191, p. : color ill.
  Code:2011-5/6762

  The book presents two versions of the English sonnet - the traditional Shakespearean one, and its adaptation to the modern one. English language, and best translations one or another sonnet by such poets as S. Stepanov, S. Trukhtanov, A. Finkel, N. Gerbel and others.