The problem of the influence of nature on human nature. A. Platonov's story "The Pit"

The inadmissibility of interference in the natural course of things (the dangers of ill-conceived experiments) M. Bulgakov“Heart of a Dog” The main character of the story, Professor Preobrazhensky, conceives a kind of competition with Nature itself. His experiment is fantastic: creating a new person by transplanting part of a human brain into a dog. As a result of a complex operation, an ugly, primitive creature appears, arrogant and dangerous. A scientist must be responsible for his experiment, must see the consequences of his actions, understand the difference between evolutionary changes and a revolutionary invasion of life . M. Bulgakov“Fatal Eggs” Laboratory experiments and discoveries of Professor Persikov, used in practical work by Rock, gave unexpected and tragic results: the red ray brought to life monstrous reptiles, hostile to all living things, killing and devouring them . R. Bradbury“And Thunder Sounded” In pursuit of big money, people in this fantastic novel organize a “time safari”, not wanting to understand what such “innocent” fun is hiding. And only Travis, one of the heroes, argues that such recklessness is not only unacceptable, but also catastrophically dangerous: “... Let's say we accidentally killed a mouse in the past. This means that... all future descendants of this mouse will no longer exist..., a million mice are destroyed... If ten mice are not enough, one fox will die... Many forms of life will perish... And the caveman, from which an entire civilization could have arisen was destroyed..." J. Bern“Upside Down” The plot of the novel is the “harmless” plan of the heroes: replacing the old axis on which the Earth rotates with a new axis. But the consequences of this invention would be terrible: part of the territory would go under water along with people, another would become mountains, where everything would die from lack of air. Earthquakes would shake the earth, people would die in fires and ruins. Human intervention in the structure of the surrounding world would result in disaster for himself.

The inhumanity and senselessness of war V. Bykov“One Night” Russian soldier Ivan Voloka and German Fritz found themselves in a basement during the battle, from which it is difficult to get out alone: ​​the room above is littered with earth. Ivan’s feeling of hatred for Fritz quickly disappears: he understands that Fritz is the same person as he is. They turned out to have a lot in common: peaceful professions, longing for family, hatred of war. But the resulting warmth of relations was interrupted in the morning: when they got out, Fritz asked to run to his own, and Voloka shot him, and then, shocked by what he had done, cursed the war. L.N. Tolstoy“Sevastopol Stories” “War is an event contrary to human reason and all human nature,” because it destroys all concepts of good and evil. K. Vorobiev“Killed near Moscow” The scene of the terrible death of a company of Kremlin cadets is a scene of hell, in which there is no place for anything living. M. Sholokhov“Bakhchevnik” The Civil War destroyed all ideas about morality and ethics: Mitka killed his father, Anisim Petrovich, with an ax, saving his brother, a Red Army soldier. M. Sholokhov“Mole” The Civil War became the reason that the ataman, who had been absent from his homeland for seven years, killed his only son, Nikolka, without recognizing him as the Red Commissar . E. Hemingway"A Farewell to Arms!" Lieutenant Henry understands that war is a murder even more cruel and senseless than in the Chicago slaughterhouses. People destroy each other in fear and hatred, driven by animal instinct.

The problem of historical memory (involvement in the course of history) V. Rasputin“Farewell to Matera” The feverish actions of the arsonists, rushing to put an end to Matera, are met by the indifferent attitude of the village residents towards their past, towards those who lived before them on this land. A.P. Chekhov“Student” Before Easter, Ivan Velikopolsky, a student at a theological seminary, telling randomly encountered women the gospel episode about Peter’s treacherous denial of Jesus, sees that the women’s reaction is unusual: they cry about that distant event. The seminarian understands that the past is inextricably linked with the present through a continuous chain of events. V. Rasputin“The Kulikovo Field” On the Kulikovo Field, Rus' freed itself from slavery, defended itself as an independent nation, and the hero of the essay was amazed at how close and obvious to him what happened several centuries ago. It was as if he felt the presence of his ancestors, his connection with them. D.S. Likhachev“Letters about the good and the beautiful” “If a person does not like to at least occasionally look at old photographs of his parents, does not appreciate the memory of them left in the garden that they cultivated, in the things that belonged to them, then he does not love them . If a person does not love old streets, old houses, even poor ones, then he has no love for his city. If a person is indifferent to the historical monuments of his country, he is, as a rule, indifferent to his country " V. Soloukhin“Man is a social, national, historical phenomenon... he has a past, present and future. Without one of these terms... it simply doesn’t exist.” V. Soloukhin“Black Boards” The author tells how many priceless icons and churches unique in architecture were barbarically destroyed in the 20th century. “But here, within these walls, fathers, grandfathers, great-grandfathers were married... Is the place where our parents were married not worthy of better treatment? Our fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers visited these walls and were laid in coffins. Is it really that a place ritually associated with the burial of our parents and ancestors is not worthy of better treatment? This is one step away from desecrating the graves themselves.” The writer is convinced that with the loss of historical monuments we are losing our human appearance. V. Soloukhin“Letters from the Russian Museum” Discussing the “reconstruction of Moscow”, the author says that “on the site of most of the wonderful, amazingly beautiful and priceless historically significant ancient architectural monuments there is now an undeveloped, empty place.” More than four hundred architectural monuments in Moscow were destroyed. Destroying antiquity , we always cut off our historical roots, the memory of the past.

STR and the Future R. Bradbury“I sing the electric body!” An electric grandmother is a machine created to bring goodness and care. She turned out to be more moral than living people, struggling with a reality that was openly hostile to humanism. R. Bradbury "451° Fahrenheit” The book depicts two symbols of the “mechanization” of humanity. The first is a “mechanical dog” - cyber, designed to catch dissident “criminals”. The second is modernized television, a symbol of human indifference, atrophy of the soul and intellect of the person of the future. People in this technical world have forgotten how to think. And this condition leads to mental discomfort, suicide, and outbursts of aggression. J. Verne“Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea” In the novel, the image of Captain Nemo’s ideal submarine “Nautilus” is a symbol of the struggle against any tyranny, no matter where it comes from. Verne believed that the path to progress is paved by the discoveries of science and technological achievements and that they will ultimately lead humanity to an ideal future . G. Wells“War of the Worlds” Fifty Martians came to conquer humanity. But organized resistance lasted only a few days. Then the state, society, and civilization disappeared. All that remained were the maddened hordes, dreaming of salvation at any cost. The invasion of Martians means not only this event, but also destructive wars and scientific discoveries that will lead to the death of humanity. Social responsibility of scientists for their inventions G. Wells “The Invisible Man” Physicist Griffin discovered a compound with which the human body becomes invisible. But this discovery does not bring happiness either to him or to the people around him. Griffin made the invention, thinking not about the good of humanity, but about power and might. Griffin's attempt to realize his discovery immediately led him to a conflict with those around him, as a result of which the scientist dies.

“From the Earth to the Moon”, Jules Verne 1867 Rocket Anti-overload hydraulic tank (rescue from overloads in space) Jet projectile Physics of flight Launcher Landing. “Brick Moon” - Edward Hale 1869 Artificial satellite “20,000 Leagues Under the Sea”, Jules Verne 1870 Electric bullets Submarine High-voltage protection of the submarine hull “Strike of Fate”, Robert Cromie 1871 Atomic weapon “Doctor Oke”, Jules Verne 1874 Creation of a microclimate in indoors and on the streets

Novel “The Razor's Edge”, 1963 The idea of ​​a laser capable of emitting under the influence of sunlight was put forward, i.e. work using the free energy of the sun. Such lasers have been created. For example, a laser pumped by solar radiation, invented in 1984 at the Institute of High Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Novel “The Hour of the Ox”, 1968 The idea of ​​fastening broken bones and their small fragments with special hooks was put forward to ensure their proper fusion. Scientists from the Siberian Institute of Physics and Technology have developed and put into practice hooks made of shape memory alloys, which ensure proper fastening of bones without applying plaster casts. With their help, you can treat the most complex fractures that are not amenable to other treatment methods. An idea was put forward to design a telescopic turret, extendable from a rolled metal strip. Currently, similar designs have already been invented. Thus, US inventions propose similar sliding television towers, masts, antennas, supports, etc. G. Altov “Register of Fantastic Ideas and Situations” The author studied the ideas of classic science fiction writers: Verne, Belyaev, Wells, etc. He found that about 80% of the proposed ideas of these writers had already come true (in the 60s of the last century) or come true. According to his data, Jules Verne made 98 out of 108 predictions come true, Wells out of 86 predictions turned out to be correct, 77, and Alexander Belyaev made only 3 mistakes out of 50 of his prognostic fantasies.

The problem of attitude towards animals Song about a stray dog ​​Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin Sergei Yesenin loved our little brothers very much and could not stand it when animals were treated roughly. The dog's acquaintance with human cruelty and the hopelessness of the situation radically change its image. Just recently she was enjoying happiness in a cozy nook, and now she is helplessly and powerlessly trudging through the snowdrifts. Animals are directly dependent on man and his actions. Pity and sympathy are unknown to the gloomy owner, who, without thinking, drowned seven puppies. The dog knows what maternal feeling is. The lines describing the dog’s care for the puppies are filled with joy. She “combs” them with her tongue, caresses them, and warms them against her warm belly.

The problem of destruction of natural resourcesAfter the fairy tale (White Steamer), ScaffoldChingiz Aitmatov Back in the 70s, Ch. Aitmatov raised the issue of the hopelessness of the path in which man destroys nature. She will definitely take revenge with degeneration and lack of spirituality. The author examines this topic in such works as “After the Fairy Tale,” “Stormy Stop,” “Cassandra’s Brand,” and “The Scaffold.” The novel "The Scaffold" leaves a strong impression. Using the example of a wolf family, the author shows what the death of nature from human activity leads to. Compared to people, the wolf shows itself to be more humane and “humane”. The problem of the harmful influence of man on natureRoadside Picnic Strugatsky Young people come to the forest for a picnic by car. They brought with them provisions, equipment, transistors; they light a fire, turn on music, and set up tents. In the morning, the guests leave, and the frightened forest inhabitants see what people left behind: empty bottles, cans, oil filters, candles, spilled gasoline and cars.

The problem of comprehending beauty in nature Awakened by nightingales Yuri Yakovlevich Yakovlev The restless mischief-maker Selyuzhonok was awakened by nightingales. It happened in a pioneer camp and an angry boy took a stone to take revenge on the birds, but he froze, enchanted by the song of the nightingale. He was touched to the depths of his soul and wanted to see and then depict the beautiful bird. Although the forest singer sculpted from plasticine bears little resemblance to a nightingale, Seluzhonok felt the living power of art. The next time, when the nightingale's trills woke up the boy, he raised all the children so that they too could enjoy his song. According to the author, enjoying the beauty of nature inevitably leads to the comprehension of beauty in oneself and art.

The problem of the inextricable connection between man and nature Hero of Our Time Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov In M. Lermontov's story “Hero of Our Time,” a close emotional connection is traced between man and nature. As events develop in the life of Grigory Pechorin, nature also changes, reflecting his mood. Before the duel with Grushnitsky, the main character sees a “fresh and blue” sky and a “brightly shining sun.” Looking at the dead enemy, he already feels that the sun is dim and its rays do not warm. In addition, nature plays the role of one of the actors. So, the thunderstorm made the meeting between Pechorin and Vera longer, and in his diary before the meeting with Princess Mary, he writes that the air of Kislovodsk “is conducive to love.” Nature helps Lermontov emphasize his authorial presence and reflect the emotional state of the characters. We Evgeniy Ivanovich Zamyatin E. Zamyatin's dystopian novel “We” shows the inextricable connection between man and nature. Residents of the United State abandon their natural beginning, become “numbers”, and their life routine is subject to the framework of the Table of Hours. The beauty of nature has been replaced by perfectly proportioned glass buildings, and love can only be accessed with a pink card. D-503, the main character of the work, can only obtain mathematically verified happiness, which can be found after removing the fantasy.

The problem of cruelty and humanism towards animals White Bim, Black Ear Gabriel Nikolaevich Troepolsky A sad story about a dog's all-consuming devotion to its owner. Bim's wanderings force him to encounter a variety of people - evil and kind, sympathetic and indifferent. His life ends sadly, and makes you think about a lot of things. Bim is the most loyal and smart dog! It’s not for nothing that a monument was erected to him in Voronezh as the most “humane” dog in the world. The problem of perception of nature, its beautyWar and Peace Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy The vision of the world around us depends on the inner mood. When Bolkonsky was heartbroken after the death of his wife, the old oak tree seemed ugly, angry, and sick to him. After meeting Rostova, the same tree appeared before Prince Andrei in a different light. Now Bolkonsky saw all its power, wisdom, age-old beauty. For a sensitive person, nature is a kind of indicator that characterizes events from a positive or negative side. Before the battle, the surrounding world made Bezukhov understand how unnatural and disgusting the upcoming events were. After the Battle of Borodino, gloomy nature seemed to say: “Come to your senses, enough is enough!”

The problem of the beneficial influence of nature on humansPantry of the Sun Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin Nastya and Mitrasha understood the beauty of nature, comprehended its secrets and experienced its miraculous beneficial power. She responded to their love, so she was their friend, and not a ruthless opponent. Bezhin meadow Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev I. S. Turgenev is rightfully considered the singer of Russian nature. An adherent of “secret psychology,” he reveals the subtlest movements of the human soul with the help of landscape. In the story “Bezhin Meadow” he shows the duality of nature: on the one hand, it gives purity, inner silence and enlightenment, on the other hand, it demonstrates how helpless a person is in front of its vastness and mysterious forces. Nature in “Bezhin Meadow” is the habitat of peasant boys who are early introduced to work on the land.

The problem of mutual understanding between humans and animals Song of the Dog Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin The mutual understanding of animals and humans in the poem lies much deeper than the images of the heroes. Yesenin, as it were, humanizes the suffering of the dog, thereby showing that she is a mother. This means that the same person as her can take away her child from a human mother. The lines that say that the dog began to cry transfer the metaphor of the dog to a person, because only people are capable of crying. At this point, suffering reaches its apogee. But the man didn’t even think about the pain he caused to the animal. The poem blurs the lines of the relationship between man and animal. A new opposition of relationships appears: good and evil. And, unfortunately, it is man who bears evil. The relationship between a dog and a person in the poem is shown from the perspective of the fact that a person himself destroys everything that is inherent in nature, destroys those for whom he is responsible. But at the same time, not realizing that by killing puppies, he himself kills his own soul.

The problem of the influence of nature on the human soulSteppeAnton Pavlovich Chekhov Nine-year-old Yegorushka is amazed by the beauty of the steppe. He endows her with human qualities, makes her his double. Yegor is sure that the steppe space can suffer, yearn and rejoice. He develops serious and philosophical thoughts that are not childish. War and PeaceLev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Natasha Rostova is inspired by the beauty of the night in Otradnoye. She feels ready to fly like a bird. Andrei Bolkonsky is also impressed by the nature of the village. On the way, he saw an old oak tree, which prompted him to make many changes in his soul. Tsar – fish Viktor Petrovich Astafiev The poacher Utrobin catches such a big fish that he is forced to let it go in order to save his life. This fish symbolizes the moral principle of nature and makes the hero take a fresh look at his life principles

.The problem of nature's influence on human natureGoy, Rus', my dear!Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin Through landscape lyrics, the poet expresses his attitude towards the Motherland. Love for peasant Rus' lies at the heart of Yesenin’s poetry. She appears in the blue of heaven, filled with golden fields, buried in green forests. Religious motifs are often used by Yesenin in his works. The lyrical hero of the poem is a wanderer - a “wandering pilgrim” who came to pray in his native place. The landscape surrounding him is closely connected with memories of a past life, of longing for his homeland. Color painting is extremely important for understanding the context. The blue color in the poem is fundamental, bright, piercing. This color represents everything highly spiritual, holy, and divine. Moreover, the “blue” in the poem is not only the sky - it is space, vastness as a whole. The frequent use of verbs shows movement within the poem. “It smells”, “withers”, “buzzes”, “runs”, “rings” - these verbs give the work dynamics. Nature lives life to the fullest and gives the lyrical hero a feeling of peace, deep love for the Motherland, delights and never ceases to amaze him.

The problem of preserving culture and spiritual freedom of society451 degrees FahrenheitRay Bradbury In Ray Bradbury's novel, the central theme is the problem of preserving culture and spiritual freedom of society. Dystopia paints us a terrible picture of a world in which books are burned, although they are the bearers of culture, ideas and freedom of society. It is necessary to think about the fact that ignorance can destroy our common value - cultural heritage. In books, humanity stores accumulated knowledge and ideas about life, which represent a cultural heritage passed on from generation to generation. They also contain bold ideas about human freedom. "Fahrenheit 451" tells the story of how disaster can happen to the world if culture is destroyed.

The problem of preserving cultural heritageWhite GuardMikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov The problem of preserving cultural heritage is revealed in Mikhail Bulgakov’s novel “The White Guard”. The noble Turbin family zealously honors spirituality and Russian culture. No circumstances will force them to change their beliefs. The problem of creativity (inspiration, writing...) Doctor Zhivago Boris Leonidovich Pasternak B. Pasternak expressed his view on the mission of the poet through Yuri Zhivago, the main character of the novel “Doctor Zhivago”. In his opinion, creativity is God's gift. Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov M. A. Bulgakov expressed his belief in the unstoppable power of art in the novel “The Master and Margarita” with just one phrase: “Manuscripts do not burn.”

The problem of perceiving a work of artPortraitNikolai Vasilyevich Gogol Works of art always evoke some kind of emotion in a person. In the story, the main character saw a portrait of an unknown person and was struck to the core by his eyes. The genius of creative people always borders on mysticism. It is very difficult to explain the nature of how people feel when they see or hear a work of art. In the story, only one person paid attention to the portrait of the moneylender, who could not even explain to himself why this happened. Objects of art from past years reunite the past and the present into one whole. An ancient painting depicting a mysterious old man opens a path to the past for Chartkov. A work of art reflects the author’s attitude towards the objects or phenomena depicted. In the story, the eyes in the portrait attract attention. This is how the author of the picture expressed the most important thing in the old man’s appearance.

The problem of weapon beautyTraitor's MotherAlexey Maksimovich Gorky You can't help but admire a truly beautiful thing. Bondarev argues that one must be aware of the need to create beautiful objects, even when making weapons. He describes how the little boy was delighted by the beauty of the captured weapon. According to the author, weapons can be beautiful, despite their purpose - to kill “the highest beauty of creation”: the human soul. Maxim Gorky in the fairy tale “Mother of the Traitor” talks about a young man who owned a very beautiful weapon studded with precious stones. This sword reflected the rays of the sun like a mirror. And today, as at all times, weapons are used not only for killing, but also for aesthetic pleasure. Modern craftsmen even coat the blades of swords with diamond dust. Such a sample is located in the Armory Chamber in Moscow.

The problem of the purpose of genuine artPoet and citizenNikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov Genuine art can reflect not only eternal values, but also the pressing problems of people. The poem affirms the importance of the ideological orientation of poetry and defines the most important role of the poet-citizen. The latter acts as a kind of public tribune. Real, sincere creativity and life are inextricably linked. True poetry is inseparable from the fate of the poet himself. An important component in this is an active civic position. The hero of the poem embodies the emerging imbalance between “pure art” and “civic poetry.” Nekrasov calls on true poets to forget about inaction and plunge into the struggle for a worthy future for their people.

The problem of a writer's moral dutyFathers and SonsIvan Sergeevich Turgenev A writer in his works must not only talk about any events, he must explain to readers his position in life. In the novel, I.S. Turgenev conveys the idea of ​​​​the importance and necessity of the abolition of serfdom. The writer should not remain aloof from the socio-political life in the country. The author of the novel touches on the problem of nihilism as a new social trend in Russia and the attitude of people of different classes towards it. The duty of every writer is to reveal all aspects of socio-political life in the country. I.S. Turgenev, discussing nihilism, shows the inconsistency of this theory in its pure form and speaks of the need for its adherents to change their attitude towards it.

The problem of the problem of art perception. lack of spirituality in artArticle Ecology of cultureDmitry Sergeevich Likhachev No less significant task than preserving the environment is preserving culture. That's what D. Likhachev thought. In his article “Ecology of Culture,” he cannot understand that the issue of moral purity in modern society is not studied. Moreover, it is not designated by science as “vital for humans.”

The problem is globalization, technical and scientific progress, their impact on humans and society. We are Evgeniy Ivanovich Zamyatin In the novel “We,” the main character, called D-503, enthusiastically talks about his life in the “United State” with a totalitarian regime. Society is built on mathematics, scientific and technological progress. However, the author is sure that such a device has a detrimental effect on the morality and feelings of people, because they cannot be analyzed. Fatal Eggs Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov In the story “Fatal Eggs,” M. Bulgakov raises the problem of scientific and technological progress. Obsessed with his own goals, Professor Rokk, without thinking about the consequences, sets Persikov’s experiment in motion. He raises huge ostriches and reptiles that turn out to be dangerous to civilization. They kill Manya, Rokk's wife, the professor and thousands of other people. The Heart of a Dog Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov Professor Preobrazhensky carries out a complex experiment to transform a dog into a human. However, he cannot predict that the cute dog will turn into such a disgusting human personality. The author raises the question of the appropriateness of human actions in relation to nature if the consequences of these actions cannot be foreseen.

The problem is the ineradicability of the desire for development and science.Woe from mind A. S. Griboyedov in his work “Woe from Wit” raises the problem of craving for science. In Chatsky's monologue "Who are the judges?" there is a statement that young people can engage in science and art. He says that “a mind hungry for knowledge” will certainly rush to science, and in the soul “God himself will arouse the heat” to art. However, such views cause fear in Famusov. Protecting the foundations of society as an official and a loving father, he makes attempts to “instruct in the truth” and “reason” with Chatsky. Nevertheless, the latter was able to defend the right to be himself, despite the personal drama he experienced. It is impossible to exterminate a person’s desire for development and science. Fathers and SonsIvan Sergeevich Turgenev The main character of I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” Bazarov, strives to engage in useful activities and is interested in science and medicine. However, he rejects art and love, integral components of the human soul, and challenges the established laws of life. According to the author, nihilism contradicts natural spiritual values ​​and needs. He leads Bazarov to death. Woe from mindAlexander Sergeevich Griboyedov In the work “Woe from Wit” A. S. Griboedov considers the issue of training and development of the mind. In the monologue "Who are the judges?" the main character Chatsky argues that young people should engage in art and science. A mind greedy for knowledge “will stare into science,” and in the soul “God himself will arouse a fervor for creative, high and beautiful arts...” Such statements frighten Famusov, who, as a father and official, strives to preserve the society in which he lives. He tries to reason with Chatsky, but the young man stubbornly defends the right to be himself. The desire for self-improvement in a person is ineradicable.

Passing the Unified State Exam is just a small test that every student will have to go through on their way to adulthood. Already today, many graduates are familiar with submitting essays in December, and then with passing the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. The topics that may come up for writing an essay are completely different. And today we will give several examples of what works can be taken as an argument “Nature and Man”.

About the topic itself

Many authors have written about the relationship between man and nature (arguments can be found in many works of world classical literature).

To properly address this topic, you need to correctly understand the meaning of what you are being asked about. Most often, students are asked to choose a topic (if we are talking about an essay on literature). Then you can choose from several statements by famous personalities. The main thing here is to read the meaning that the author introduced into his quote. Only then can the role of nature in human life be explained. You will see arguments from the literature on this topic below.

If we are talking about the second part of the exam paper in the Russian language, then here the student is given the text. This text usually contains several problems - the student independently chooses the one that seems easiest to him to solve.

It must be said that few students choose this topic because they see difficulties in it. Well, everything is very simple, you just need to look at the works from the other side. The main thing is to understand what arguments from the literature about man and nature can be used.

Problem one

Arguments (“The problem of man and nature”) can be completely different. Let's take such a problem as man's perception of nature as something living. Problems of nature and man, arguments from literature - all this can be put together into one whole, if you think about it.

Arguments

Let's take Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. What can be used here? Let us remember Natasha, who, leaving the house one night, was so amazed by the beauty of peaceful nature that she was ready to spread her arms like wings and fly away into the night.

Let us remember the same Andrey. Experiencing severe emotional unrest, the hero sees an old oak tree. How does he feel about this? He perceives the old tree as a powerful, wise creature, which makes Andrei think about the right decision in his life.

At the same time, if the beliefs of the heroes of “War and Peace” support the possibility of the existence of a natural soul, then the main character of Ivan Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” thinks completely differently. Since Bazarov is a man of science, he denies any manifestation of the spiritual in the world. Nature was no exception. He studies nature from the point of view of biology, physics, chemistry and other natural sciences. However, natural wealth does not inspire any faith in Bazarov - it is only an interest in the world around him, which will not change.

These two works are perfect for exploring the theme “Man and Nature”; it is not difficult to give arguments.

Second problem

The problem of man's awareness of the beauty of nature is also often found in classical literature. Let's look at the available examples.

Arguments

For example, the same work by Leo Tolstoy “War and Peace”. Let's remember the first battle in which Andrei Bolkonsky took part. Tired and wounded, he carries the banner and sees clouds in the sky. What emotional excitement Andrei experiences when he sees the gray sky! Beauty that makes him hold his breath, that gives him strength!

But besides Russian literature, we can consider works of foreign classics. Take Margaret Mitchell's famous work, Gone with the Wind. The episode of the book when Scarlett, having walked a long way home, sees her native fields, albeit overgrown, but so close, such fertile lands! How does the girl feel? She suddenly stops being restless, she stops feeling tired. A new surge of strength, the emergence of hope for the best, the confidence that tomorrow everything will be better. It is nature and the landscape of her native land that saves the girl from despair.

Third problem

Arguments (“The role of nature in human life” is a topic) are also quite easy to find in the literature. It is enough to recall just a few works that tell us about the influence nature has on us.

Arguments

For example, “The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway would work well as an argumentative essay. Let's remember the main features of the plot: an old man goes to sea for big fish. A few days later he finally has a catch: a beautiful shark is caught in his net. Waging a long battle with the animal, the old man pacifies the predator. While the main character moves towards the house, the shark slowly dies. All alone, the old man begins to talk with the animal. The way home is very long, and the old man feels how the animal becomes like family to him. But he understands that if the predator is released into the wild, he will not survive, and the old man himself will be left without food. Other sea animals appear, hungry and smelling the metallic scent of the wounded shark's blood. By the time the old man arrives home, there is nothing left of the fish he caught.

This work clearly shows how easy it is for a person to get used to the world around him, how difficult it is often to lose some seemingly insignificant connection with nature. In addition, we see that man is able to withstand the elements of nature, which acts exclusively according to its own laws.

Or let’s take Astafiev’s work “The Fish Tsar”. Here we observe how nature is capable of reviving all the best qualities of a person. Inspired by the beauty of the world around them, the heroes of the story understand that they are capable of love, kindness, and generosity. Nature evokes in them the manifestation of the best qualities of character.

Fourth problem

The problem of environmental beauty is directly related to the problem of the relationship between man and nature. Arguments can also be drawn from Russian classical poetry.

Arguments

Let's take the Silver Age poet Sergei Yesenin as an example. We all know from middle school that in his lyrics Sergei Alexandrovich glorified not only female beauty, but also natural beauty. Coming from a village, Yesenin became an absolutely peasant poet. In his poems, Sergei glorified Russian nature, paying attention to those details that remain unnoticed by us.

For example, the poem “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry” perfectly paints us the image of a blooming apple tree, the flowers of which are so light that they actually resemble a sweet haze among the greenery. Or the poem “I remember, my love, I remember,” which tells us about unhappy love, with its lines allows us to plunge into a beautiful summer night, when linden trees are in bloom, the sky is starry, and somewhere in the distance the moon is shining. It creates a feeling of warmth and romance.

Two more poets of the "golden age" of literature, who glorified nature in their poems, can be used as arguments. “Man and nature meet in Tyutchev and Fet. Their love lyrics constantly intersect with descriptions of natural landscapes. They endlessly compared the objects of their love to nature. Afanasy Fet’s poem “I came to you with greetings” became just one of these works. Reading the lines, you don’t immediately understand what exactly the author is talking about - about love for nature or about love for a woman, because he sees infinitely much in common in the features of a loved one with nature.

Fifth problem

Speaking about arguments (“Man and Nature”), one can encounter another problem. It consists of human intervention in the environment.

Arguments

As an argument that will reveal an understanding of this problem, one can name “The Heart of a Dog” by Mikhail Bulgakov. The main character is a doctor who decided to create with his own hands a new man with the soul of a dog. The experiment did not bring positive results, created only problems and ended unsuccessfully. As a result, we can conclude that what we create from a ready-made natural product can never become better than what was originally, no matter how much we try to improve it.

Despite the fact that the work itself has a slightly different meaning, this work can be viewed from this angle.

How can nature influence human well-being? It is this question that Andrei Platonov suggests thinking about.

Discussing this problem, the author talks about Yushka, a kind and amazing worker. When he was close to nature, the author notes that “Yushka’s sore chest rested.” The writer draws our attention to the fact that Yushka enjoyed every miracle of nature, and “therefore Yushka felt light in his soul.”
Andrei Platonov is convinced that being in nature, a person begins to feel much better, his illnesses seem to leave him for a while.

It’s hard to disagree with the author’s opinion; I completely share his point of view. Nature has great powers of calm, influence, peace and beneficial influence. It can drown out internal anxieties, worries, and inspire hope in a person. Nature has always served as a source of beauty, harmony and tranquility.

This problem is also reflected in fiction. Mtsyri, the hero of the poem of the same name by M. Yu. Lermontov, who grew up within the cramped walls of a monastery, has long planned to “see if the land is beautiful.” Having broken free, the young man felt happy for the first time. The lush nature calmed him down and helped Mtsyri feel as free as she did.

Let us also remember Ignatyich Utrobin, the hero of the story “The Tsar Fish” by V.P. Astafieva. Ignatyich's meeting with the king fish made him rethink his life. The main character asked nature for forgiveness for his bad deeds: poaching and cruelty to people. Afterwards, Ignatyich felt freer morally.

Thus, we can conclude that the influence of nature on the internal state of a person is great. One of the miraculous powers that can calm our troubled souls.

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(1) Long ago, in ancient times, an old-looking man lived on our street. (2) He worked in a forge on a large Moscow road. (3) His name was Efim, but all the people called him Yushka. (4) He was short and thin; on his wrinkled face, instead of a mustache and beard, sparse gray hairs grew separately; His eyes were white, like a blind man’s, and there was always moisture in them, like never-cooling tears.

(5) Yushka didn’t drink tea or buy sugar, he drank water, and wore the same clothes for many years without changing: in the summer he wore trousers and a blouse, black and sooty from work, burned through by sparks, so that His white body was visible in several places, and he was barefoot, but in winter he put on a short fur coat over his blouse, which he inherited from his deceased father, and his feet were shod in felt boots, which he hemmed in the fall, and wore the same pair every winter all his life.

(6) When Yushka walked down the street to the forge early in the morning, the old men and women got up and said that Yushka had already gone to work, it was time to get up, and they woke up the young people. (7) And in the evening, when Yushka went to spend the night, people said that it was time to have dinner and go to bed - and Yushka had already gone to bed.

(8) And small children and even those who became teenagers, seeing old Yushka walking quietly, stopped playing in the street, ran after Yushka and shouted:

(9) - There comes Yushka! (10) There's Yushka!

(11) The children picked up dry branches, stones, and rubbish from the ground in handfuls and threw them into Yushka.

(12) - Yushka! - the children shouted. (13) - Are you really Yushka?

(14) The old man did not answer the children and was not offended by them; he walked quietly and did not cover his face, into which pebbles and earthen debris fell.

(15) Due to this illness, Yushka left his owner for a month every summer. (16) He went on foot to a remote remote village, where he must have had relatives. (17) No one knew who they were to him. (18) On the way, he breathed the fragrance of grasses and forests, looked at the white clouds born in the sky, floating and dying in the bright airy warmth, listened to the voice of the rivers muttering on the stone rifts, and Yushka’s sore chest rested, he no longer felt his illness - consumption. (19) Having gone far away, where it was completely deserted, Yushka no longer hid his love for living beings. (20) He bent down to the ground and kissed the flowers, trying not to breathe on them so that they would not be spoiled by his breath, he stroked the bark of the trees and picked up butterflies and beetles from the path that had fallen dead, and peered into their faces for a long time, feeling feeling orphaned without them. (21) But living birds sang in the sky, dragonflies, beetles and hard-working grasshoppers made cheerful sounds in the grass, and therefore Yushka’s soul was light, the sweet air of flowers smelling of moisture and sunlight entered his chest.

(22) Along the way, Yushka rested: he sat in the shade of a roadside tree and dozed in peace and warmth. (23) Having rested and caught his breath in the field, he no longer remembered the illness and walked on cheerfully, like a healthy person. (24) Yushka was forty years old, but illness had long tormented him and aged him before his time, so that he seemed decrepit to everyone.

(25) And so every year Yushka left through fields, forests and rivers to a distant village or to Moscow, where someone was waiting for him or no one was waiting - no one in the city knew about this.

(26) A month later, Yushka usually returned back to the city and again worked from morning to evening in the forge. (27) He again began to live as before, and again children and adults, residents of the street, made fun of Yushka, reproached him for his unrequited stupidity and tormented him.

(28) Yushka lived peacefully until the summer of next year, and in the middle of the summer he put his knapsack on his shoulders, put the money he had earned and saved in a year, a total of one hundred rubles, into a separate bag, hung that bag in his bosom on his chest and went to no one knows where and no one knows. to whom.

(29) But year after year Yushka grew weaker and weaker, so the time of his life passed and passed and chest illness tormented his body and exhausted him, because of it he died.

(30) They remembered Yushka again only in late autumn. (31) One dark, bad day, a young girl came to the forge and asked the blacksmith owner: where could she find Efim Dmitrievich?

(32) - Which Efim Dmitrievich? - the blacksmith was surprised. (ZZ) - We’ve never had anything like this here.

(34) The girl, having listened, did not leave, however, and silently waited for something. (35) The blacksmith looked at her: what kind of guest the bad weather brought him. (36) The girl looked frail and short in stature, but her soft, clean face was so tender and meek, and her large gray eyes looked so sad, as if they were about to fill with tears, that the blacksmith’s heart warmed up, looking at the guest, and suddenly Great Dane

Criteria

• 1 of 1 K1 Formulation of source text problems
• 2 of 3 K2

1. A. S. Pushkin."Eugene Onegin". A person sometimes passes by without noticing his happiness. When the feeling of love arises in him, it becomes too late. This happened with Evgeny Onegin. At first he rejected the love of a village girl. Having met her a few years later, he realized that he was in love. Unfortunately, their happiness is impossible.
2. M. Yu Lermontov."Hero of our time". Pechorin's true love for Vera. His frivolous attitude towards Mary and Bela.
3. And S. Turgenev."Fathers and Sons". Evgeny Bazarov denied everything, including love. But life forced him to experience this true feeling for Anna Odintsova. The stern nihilist could not resist the intelligence and charm of this woman.
4. And A. Goncharov."Oblomov." Lyubov Oblomov Olga Ilyinskaya. Olga's desire to pull Ilya out of a state of indifference and laziness. Oblomov tried to find the purpose of life in love. However, the lovers' efforts were in vain.
5. A. N. Ostrovsky. It is impossible to live without love. Proof of this is, for example, the deep drama that Katerina, the main character of A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm,” experienced.
6. I.A. Goncharov."Oblomov." The great power of love is a theme of many writers. Often a person is able to change even his life for the sake of his loved one. However, this is not always possible. For example, Ilya Ilyich, the hero of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov", for the sake of love, abandoned many of his habits. Olga, having experienced disappointment, leaves Oblomov. The mutually enriching development of their relationship did not work out, because the desire to vegetate “creeping from one day to another” turned out to be stronger for Ilya.
7. L.N. Tolstoy. Love is a great feeling. It can change a person's life. But it can bring a lot of hope and disappointment. However, this condition can also transform a person. Such life situations were described by the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace". For example, Prince Bolkonsky, after life’s hardships, was convinced that he would never experience happiness or joy again. However, a meeting with Natasha Rostova changed his view of the world. Love is a great power.
8. A. Kuprin. Sometimes it seems that poetry and the magical beauty of love are disappearing from our lives, that people’s feelings are diminishing. A. Kuprin’s story “The Garnet Bracelet” still amazes readers with faith in love. It can be called a moving hymn of love. Such stories help to maintain the belief that the world is beautiful, and that people sometimes have access to the inaccessible.
9. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The influence of friendship on the formation of personality is a serious topic that worried I. A. Goncharov. The heroes of his novel, peers and friends, I. I. Oblomov and A. I. Stolts, are shown almost according to the same scheme: childhood, environment, education. But Stolz tried to change his friend’s sleepy life. His attempts were unsuccessful. After Oblomov’s death, Andrei took his son Ilya into his family. This is what true friends do.
10. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". In friendship there is mutual influence. Relationships can be fragile if people are unwilling to help each other. This is shown in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The apathetic, difficult-to-rise nature of Ilya Ilyich and the young energy of Andrei Stolts - all this spoke of the impossibility of friendship between these people. However, Andrei made every effort to encourage Oblomov to do some kind of activity. True, Ilya Ilyich could not adequately respond to his friend’s concern. But Stolz’s desires and attempts deserve respect.
11. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Friendship is not always strong, especially if it is based on the subordination of one person to another. A similar situation was described by Turgenev in the novel “Fathers and Sons.” Arkady Kirsanov was at first an ardent supporter of Bazarov's nihilistic views and considered himself his friend. However, he quickly lost his conviction and went over to the side of the older generation. Bazarov, according to Arkady, was left alone. This happened because the friendship was not equal.
12. N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba” (about friendship, camaraderie). It is said in N. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” that “there is no holier bond than comradeship.”

Nature in the poem is in close connection with people. Thus, a solar eclipse seems to warn Prince Igor’s army of impending danger. After the defeat of the Russians, “the grass withered with pity, and the tree bowed to the ground with grief.” At the moment of Igor's escape from captivity, the woodpeckers, with their knocking, show him the way to the river. The Donets River also helps him, “cherishing the prince on the waves, spreading green grass for him on its silver banks, clothing him with warm mists under the canopy of a green tree.” And Igor thanks Donets, his savior, talking poetically with the river.

K.G. Paustovsky - fairy tale “The Disheveled Sparrow”.

The little girl Masha made friends with the sparrow Pashka. And he helped return to her the glass bouquet stolen by the black man, which her father, who was at the front, had once given to her mother.

How does nature affect the human soul? Nature helps us discover ourselves and the world around us

L.N. Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace. Nature gives a person hope, helps a person realize his true feelings, understand his own soul. Let us remember the meeting of Prince Andrei with the oak tree. If on the way to Otradnoye this old, dying oak tree filled his soul only with bitterness, then on the way back the oak tree with young, green, succulent leaves suddenly helps him realize that life is not over yet, perhaps there is happiness ahead, the fulfillment of his destiny.

Yu. Yakovlev - story “Woke by Nightingales.” Nature awakens in the human soul the best human qualities, creative potential, and helps to open up. The hero of the story is a kind of crazy, difficult child, whom adults did not like and did not take seriously. His nickname is Seluzhenok. But then one night he heard the singing of a nightingale, and he wanted to portray this nightingale. He sculpts it from plasticine, and then enrolls in an art studio. Interest appears in his life, adults change their attitude towards him.

Yu. Nagibin - story “Winter Oak”. Nature helps man make many discoveries. Against the backdrop of nature, we become more aware of our own feelings, and also look at the people around us in a new way. This happened with the heroine of Nagibin’s story, teacher Anna Vasilyevna. Having found herself in the winter forest with Savushkin, she took a fresh look at this boy and discovered qualities in him that she had not noticed before: closeness to nature, spontaneity, nobility.

What feelings does the beauty of Russian nature awaken in our souls? Love for Russian nature - love for the Motherland

S.A. Yesenin - poems “About arable lands, arable lands, arable lands...”, “The feather grass is sleeping, the dear plain...”, “Rus”. The theme of nature in Yesenin’s work inextricably merges with the theme of the small homeland, the Russian village. Thus, the poet’s early poems, filled with Christian images and details of peasant life, recreate a picture of the life of Orthodox Russia. Here the poor Kaliki pass through the villages, here the wanderer Mikola appears on the roads, here the sexton remembers the dead. Each of these scenes is framed by a modest, unpretentious landscape. And until his very last days, Yesenin remains faithful to his ideal, remaining the poet of the “golden log hut.” Admiration for the beauty of Russian nature merges in his poems with love for Russia.

N.M. Rubtsov - poems “I will gallop over the hills of the slumbering Fatherland...”, “My Quiet Homeland”, “Star of the Fields”, “Birches”. In the poem “Visions on the Hill,” N. Rubtsov refers to the historical past of the Motherland and traces the connection of times, finding echoes of this past in the present. The times of Batu are long gone, but Rus' of all times has its “Tatars and Mongols.” The image of the Motherland, the feelings of the lyrical hero, the beauty of Russian nature, the inviolability of folk foundations and the strength of spirit of the Russian people is the good beginning that is contrasted in the poem with the image of evil in the past and present. In the poem “My Quiet Homeland,” the poet creates an image of his native village: huts, willows, river, nightingales, old church, graveyard. For Rubtsov, the star of the fields becomes a symbol of all of Russia, a symbol of happiness. It is this image, and perhaps even Russian birches, that the poet associates with the Motherland.

K.G. Paustovsky - story “Ilyinsky Whirlpool”. The author talks about his attachment to one of the small towns in Russia - the Ilyinsky Whirlpool. Such places, according to the author, carry something sacred within them; they fill the soul with spiritual ease and reverence for the beauty of their native land. This is how a feeling of Motherland arises in a person - out of little love