Resolution of the tragic conflict in Romeo and Juliet. Internal conflict

William Shakespeare is a representative of the Renaissance, when human thoughts and feelings were filled with new ideas. But in that cruel era humanistic ideas The Renaissance was not destined to win, and Shakespeare felt this with bitterness.

In his plays he depicts the clash of Renaissance ideals with reality, and the colors of these plays become darker. In Shakespeare's works, the theme of the death of heroes especially dear to him, who embody bright humanistic ideas, begins to be heard.

Even the ancient sages argued that the world rests on love, because love is the basis of life. A person always strives for the best ideal world, illuminated by true and open feelings - love, friendship, understanding and sympathy. Such a world is in William Shakespeare's immortal tragedy Romeo and Juliet.

The atmosphere of the hot south dominates the tragedy that occurs among a people subject to violent passions, ardent and fearless actions. Almost all participants in events tend to act impulsively, obeying instantly flared up moods and feelings. In tragedy there are calm and reasonable people, but sobriety of thought and prudence are powerless against volcanic outbreaks of both love and hatred.

Young lovers, despite the fact that they grew up and live in an atmosphere of eternal enmity between their families, decided to get married. They understand that they are risking everything - honor, wealth, blessing and love of their parents, but they are going to defend their choice. The elder Montagues and Capulets themselves have already forgotten what caused the struggle between their families, but they continue to fanatically fight each other, and the entire life of the city-state of Verona passes under the sign of this struggle. The wonderful flower of young love, despite centuries-old family enmity, somehow miraculously grew in an environment saturated with poisonous anger, where every little thing serves as a reason for bloody clashes.

Love elevated the heroes, made them realize the absurdity of the reasons why they cannot be together:

Where do names nest in us?

I will destroy this premises -

exclaims the loving Romeo. The speech of young Juliet, who says:

What is Montague? Is that their name?

Face and shoulders, legs, chest and arms?

Belonging to certain families became an obstacle to their feelings. But can some ridiculous prejudices destroy a real, strong and sincere feeling? The story of Shakespeare's heroes claims that love is above all conventions and prejudices.

It is in the strength of the love of Romeo and Juliet, in their refusal to submit to the demands of their fathers, blinded by centuries of hatred, that main conflict plays. Where real feeling appears - especially if it arises against the background of general insignificance and mundaneness - there most often a tragedy plays out. As Yevtushenko said: “Because love is such perfection that all the imperfections of the world envy and strive to strangle it.” But a society based on prejudices and ancient principles is unable to stifle the feelings of the young, full of strength and determination of hearts. In this unequal duel, Romeo and Juliet die, but their love, which did not want to put up with prejudice, contains a high moral victory.

The tragedy “Romeo and Juliet” is a reflection of the author’s basic life positions. Shakespeare always portrayed in his works the beautiful, sublime, strong in spirit of people. He portrayed a free human personality, independent of the opinions of society, the prevailing principles and prejudices in it. Therefore, in the work, as in most of the plays of the great playwright, it is true that goodness and love triumph - even when the heroes themselves die.

In Romeo and Juliet there is a tangible connection with the comedies of Shakespeare. The closeness to comedies is reflected in the leading role of the theme of love, in the comic character of the nurse, in the wit of Mercutio, in the farce with the servants, in the carnival atmosphere of the ball in the Capulet house, in the bright, optimistic coloring of the entire play. However, in development main topic- the love of young heroes - Shakespeare turns to the tragic. The tragic beginning appears in the play in the form of a conflict of social forces, and not as a drama of internal, spiritual struggle.

Reason tragic death Romeo and Juliet are about the family feud of the Montague and Capulet families and feudal morality. The discord between the families also claims the lives of other young people - Tybalt and Mercutio. The latter, before his death, condemns this feud: “A plague on both your houses.” Neither the duke nor the townspeople could stop the feud. And only after the death of Romeo and Juliet does the warring Montagues and Capulets reconcile.

The high and bright feeling of lovers marks the awakening of new forces in society at the dawn of a new era. But the clash of old and new morality inevitably leads the heroes to tragic end. The tragedy ends with a moral affirmation of the love of life of beautiful human feelings. The tragedy of “Romeo and Juliet” is lyrical, it is permeated with the poetry of youth, the exaltation of the nobility of the soul and the all-conquering power of love.

The characters of the tragedy reveal the spiritual beauty of a man of the Renaissance. Young Romeo is a free person. He has already moved away from his patriarchal family and is not bound by feudal morality. Romeo finds joy in communicating with friends: his best friend is the noble and brave Mercutio. Love for Juliet illuminated Romeo's life and made him a courageous and strong man. In the rapid rise of feelings, in the natural outburst of young passion, the flowering of the human personality begins. In his love, full of victorious joy and foreboding of trouble, Romeo appears as an active and energetic nature. With what courage he endures the grief caused by the news of Juliet’s death! How much determination and valor there is in the realization that life without Juliet is impossible for him!

For Juliet, love became a feat. She heroically fights against her father's Domostroev morality and challenges the laws of blood feud. Juliet's courage and wisdom manifested itself in the fact that she rose above the centuries-old feud between the two families. Having fallen in love with Romeo, Juliet rejects the cruel conventions of social traditions. Respect and love for a person is more important for her than all the rules sanctified by tradition.

Reveals in love beautiful soul heroines. Juliet is captivating with sincerity and tenderness, ardor and devotion. Her whole life is in love with Romeo. After the death of her beloved, there can be no life for her, and she courageously chooses death.

In the system of images of the tragedy, the monk Lorenzo occupies an important place. Brother Lorenzo is far from religious fanaticism. He is a humanist scientist; he sympathizes with new trends and freedom-loving aspirations emerging in society. So, he helps, as best he can, Romeo and Juliet, who are forced to hide their marriage. Wise Lorenzo understands the depth of feelings of the young heroes, but sees that their love can lead to a tragic end.

16. “Hamlet”: construction and development of the conflict

The second period of Shakespeare's work opens with the tragedy "Hamlet" (Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, 1600-1601). The sources of the tragedy were Saxo Grammaticus’s “History of the Danes,” Belfort’s “Tragic Tales,” Thomas Kyd’s “Spanish Tragedy,” and Thomas Kyd’s play about Hamlet, which has not reached us.

IN different eras Shakespeare's Hamlet was perceived differently. The point of view of Goethe, expressed by him in the novel “The Years of the Teaching of Wilhelm Meister” (1795-1796), is well known. Goethe viewed tragedy as purely psychological. In the character of Hamlet, he emphasized the weakness of will, which did not correspond to the great deed entrusted to him.

V.G. Belinsky in the article “Hamlet, Shakespeare's drama. Mochalov in the role of Hamlet” (1838) expresses a different view. Hamlet, according to V.G. Belinsky, overcomes the weakness of his will, and therefore the main idea of the tragedy is not weakness of will, but “the idea of disintegration due to doubt,” the contradiction between dreams of life and life itself, between ideal and reality. Belinsky considers Hamlet's inner world in development. Weakness of will is thus regarded as one of the factors spiritual development Hamlet, a naturally strong man. Using the image of Hamlet to characterize the tragic situation of thinking people in Russia in the 30s of the 19th century, Belinsky criticized reflection, which destroyed the integrity of an active personality.

I.S. Turgenev in the 60s of the XIX century. turns to the image of Hamlet in order to give a socio-psychological and political assessment of “Hamletism” extra people" In the article “Hamlet and Don Quixote” (1860), Turgenev presents Hamlet as an egoist, a skeptic who doubts everything, believes in nothing and is therefore incapable of action. Unlike Hamlet, Don Quixote in Turgenev's interpretation is an enthusiast, a servant of an idea who believes in the truth and fights for it. I.S. Turgenev writes that thought and will are in a tragic gap; Hamlet is a thinking man, but weak-willed, Don Quixote is a strong-willed enthusiast, but half-mad; if Hamlet is useless to the masses, then Don Quixote inspires the people to action. At the same time, Turgenev admits that Hamlet is close to Don Quixote in his intransigence to evil, that people receive seeds of thought from Hamlet and spread them throughout the world.

In Soviet literary criticism, a deep interpretation of the tragedy “Hamlet” was given in the works of A.A. Anikst, A.A. Smirnov, R.M. Samarin, I.E. Vertsman, L.E. Pinsky, Yu.F. Shvedov and others .* * See: Anikst A.A. Shakespeare's works. - M., 1963; his own. Shakespeare: The Craft of the Playwright. - M., 1974; Smirnov A.A. Shakespeare. - L.; M., 1963; Samarin R.M. Shakespeare's realism. - M., 1964; Vertsman I.E. Shakespeare's Hamlet. - M., 1964; Pinsky L.E. Shakespeare: Basic principles of dramaturgy. - M., 1971; Shvedov Yu.F. The evolution of Shakespearean tragedy. -M., 1975.

A student at the University of Wittenberg, Hamlet at the court of the Danish king Claudius in Elsinore feels lonely. Denmark seems like a prison to him. Already at the beginning of the tragedy, a conflict is indicated between the humanist thinker Hamlet and the immoral world of Claudius, between a freedom-loving personality and an absolutist government. Hamlet perceives the world tragically. The Prince deeply understands what is happening in Elsinore. He interprets the conflicts at the court of Claudius as a state of peace. Hamlet's intellect and his wise aphoristic judgments reveal the essence of relations in society of that time. In Hamlet, like a tragedy thinking man in an unjust society, the hero's intellect is poeticized. Hamlet's reason is contrasted with the irrationality and obscurantism of the despotic Claudius.

Hamlet's moral ideal is humanism, from the standpoint of which social evil is condemned. The Ghost's words about Claudius' crime served as the impetus for Hamlet's struggle against social evil. The prince is determined to take revenge on Claudius for the murder of his father. Claudius sees Hamlet as his main antagonist, so he tells his courtiers Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on him. The insightful Hamlet unravels all the tricks of the king, who tried to find out about his plans and destroy him. Soviet literary critic L. E. Pinsky calls “Hamlet” the tragedy of knowledge of life: “...A hero who is active by nature does not commit the expected act because he knows his world perfectly. This is a tragedy of consciousness, awareness..."*

Hamlet’s tragic worldview and his philosophical reflections are caused not so much by what happened in Elsinore (the murder of Hamlet’s father and the marriage of his mother Queen Gertrude with Claudius), but by the awareness of the general injustice prevailing in the world. Hamlet sees a sea of evil and reflects in his famous monologue “To be or not to be” about what a person should do when faced with rot in society. In the monologue “To be or not to be” the essence of Hamlet’s tragedy is revealed - both in his relation to the outside world and in his inner world. Hamlet is faced with the question: what to do when faced with the abyss of evil - reconcile or fight?

To be or not to be - that is the question; What is nobler - to submit in spirit to the Slings and arrows of furious fate, or, taking up arms in a sea of turmoil, to defeat them with Confrontation? (Translated by M. Lozinsky)

Hamlet cannot submit to evil; he is ready to fight against the cruelty and injustice reigning in the world, but he realizes that he will die in this fight. Hamlet has the idea of suicide as a way to end “the melancholy and a thousand natural torments,” however, suicide is not a solution, since evil remains in the world and on a person’s conscience (“That’s the difficulty; what dreams will be dreamed in the sleep of death...” ). Next, Hamlet speaks of social evil that causes indignation in an honest and humane person:

Who would bear the lashes and mockery of the century, The oppression of the strong, the mockery of the proud, The pain of despised love, the slowness of judges, The arrogance of the authorities and insults, Inflicted on uncomplaining merit...

Reflections on the long-lasting disasters of mankind, on the sea of evil, cause Hamlet to doubt the effectiveness of those methods of struggle that were possible at that time. And doubts lead to the fact that the determination to act for a long time is not realized in the action itself.

Hamlet is a strong-willed, energetic, active nature. With all the strength of his soul, he is focused on the search for truth, on the fight for justice. Hamlet's painful thoughts and hesitations are a search for a more correct path in the fight against evil. He hesitates in fulfilling his duty of revenge also because he must finally convince himself and convince others of Claudius’s guilt. To do this, he sets up a “mousetrap” scene: he asks wandering actors to perform a play that could expose Claudius. During the performance, Claudius betrays himself with his confusion. Hamlet is convinced of his guilt, but continues to postpone revenge. This causes him a feeling of dissatisfaction with himself, mental discord.

Hamlet resorts to bloodshed only in exceptional cases, when he cannot help but react to obvious evil and baseness. So, he kills Polonius, sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern spying on him to death, and then kills Claudius himself. He speaks sharply and cruelly to Ophelia, who loves him, who turned out to be a tool in the hands of his enemies. But this evil of his is not intentional, it comes from the tension of his consciousness, from the confusion in his soul, torn apart by contradictory feelings.

The noble character of Hamlet, a poet and philosopher, seems weak from the point of view of those who stop at nothing to achieve their goals. In fact, Hamlet is strong man. His tragedy lies in the fact that he does not know how to change the unjust state of the world, in the fact that he realizes the ineffectiveness of the means of struggle at his disposal, in the fact that an honest, thinking person can prove that he is right only at the cost of his death.

Hamlet's melancholy arises as a consequence of the understanding that “time is out of joint” and is in a state of disorder and trouble. In the composition of the tragedy, a large place is occupied by the prince’s lyrical and philosophical monologues, in which a deep awareness of the spirit of the time is expressed.

The general philosophical nature of Hamlet's thoughts makes this tragedy close to other eras. Hamlet realizes that he cannot overcome the evil that reigns in the world; knows that after the death of Claudius evil will not disappear, for it is contained in the system itself social life that time. Referring to those around him, Hamlet says: “Not one of the people pleases me.” And at the same time, for Hamlet the humanist, the ideal is a beautiful human personality: “What a masterful creature is man! How noble in mind! How limitless in his abilities, appearances and movements! How precise and wonderful in action! How he resembles an angel in his deep comprehension! How he looks like some kind of god! The beauty of the universe! The crown of all living things! Hamlet sees the embodiment of this ideal in his father and in his friend Horatio.

The development of the plot in the tragedy is largely determined by the feigned madness of the prince. What is the meaning of Hamlet's supposedly insane actions and statements? To operate in the mad world of Claudius, Hamlet is forced to put on a mask of madness. In this role, he does not need to be a hypocrite and lie, he tells the bitter truth. The mask of madness corresponds to the prince’s mental discord, the impulsiveness of his actions, and his insane courage in the fight for truth under the tyranny of Claudius.

Plays a big role in the plot tragic accident. At the end of the tragedy, there is an accumulation of accidents - the heroes participating in the duel exchange rapiers, a glass with a poisoned drink ends up in the wrong person, etc. The tragic outcome is approaching with inexorable inevitability. But it comes in an unexpected form and at an unexpected time. The unreasonableness of the social structure confuses both reasonable and reckless plans and causes the tragic inevitability of “random punishments, unexpected murders.”

Hamlet hesitates in fulfilling his duty, but he is ready to act at any moment, and in the final scene for him “readiness is everything.” Hamlet is a heroic person. He is ready to fight against evil and establish the truth even at the cost of his death. It is no coincidence that after all the tragic events, the deceased Hamlet, at the behest of Fortinbras, is buried with military honors. Before his death, Hamlet expresses his wish that people know about his life and struggle. He asks Horatio to reveal to the world the reasons for the tragic events, to tell the story of the Prince of Denmark.

Hamlet is a realistic tragedy that reflected the complexity of the time when Renaissance humanism entered a time of crisis. The tragedy itself expresses the idea of the need for an objective depiction of life. In a conversation with the actors, Hamlet expresses views on art that are quite consistent aesthetic positions Shakespeare. First of all, the garish effects of those who are ready to “regenerate Herod” are rejected; it is proposed to coordinate “action with speech, speech with action” and “not to overstep the simplicity of nature”; the essence of art is formulated; “to hold, as it were, a mirror before nature, to show virtue its own features, arrogance - its own appearance, and to every age and class - its likeness and imprint.”

The main historical collision of the late 16th century. - the conflict between the world of knightly heroism and the crime of absolutist power - is accordingly embodied in the images of two brothers, the father of Hamlet and Claudius. Hamlet admires his hero father and hates the hypocritical, treacherous Claudius and everything that stands behind him, i.e. a world of vile intrigues and general decay.

17. Shakespeare's tragedies "Othello", "King Lear", "Macbeth"

Othello also shows the conflict between the individual and the surrounding society, but in a more disguised form. In Act I, the theme of “Romeo and Juliet” comes through, as if from a perspective: love struggling with the opposition of those around them, who are at the mercy of old, medieval concepts. But here love immediately turns out to be victorious, and its victory is all the more brilliant because it is won over one of the most tenacious prejudices - racial. Brabanszio does not believe that his daughter could love the “black man” without the help of witchcraft. In the court scene, Othello explains how this love came about. It originated from Othello's stories about his exploits and the trials he endured while serving in the army. Venetian Republic: “She loved me for the dangers I endured, and I loved her for my compassion for them.” They were united not by calculation, not by the will of their parents, not even by a spontaneous impulse towards each other (like Romeo and Juliet), but by deep mutual understanding, internal rapprochement, i.e. the highest form human love. This love dies from a collision with the world of ambition and self-interest, embodied in Iago. Othello and Desdemona do not find support in those around them who are morally unequal to them: such as the impeccably honest but weak Cassio, the insignificant Roderigo, Iago’s wife, Emilia, who was servile and frivolous before the disaster.

The catastrophe that occurs is due equally to the actions of Iago and the character of Othello. By his own admission (at the end of the play, before he stabs himself), Othello “was not inclined to jealousy, but, having flared up, he went to the limit.” For a long time he rejected Iago's suggestions, maintaining his composure and all the clarity of his mind, until he was forced to surrender to the seemingly irrefutable arguments that he presented.

The nature of Othello's “jealousy” is consistent with the nature of his love. This is not a wounded noble sense of honor, nor is it a bourgeois feeling of a husband-owner whose rights are being encroached upon; this is a feeling of the greatest insult inflicted on the absolute truthfulness and mutual trust that united Othello and Desdemona. Othello is unable to bear what he considers Desdemona’s “falsehood,” which he views not only as an insult to himself, but also as an objective evil: therefore, he kills her as a judge, as an avenger for human truth.

Othello's greatest suffering is not the pangs of jealousy, but his loss of faith in Desdemona's honesty and in the possibility of honesty on earth in general. But after Iago’s deception is revealed, this faith returns to Othello, and he leaves life, which has lost all value for him after the death of Desdemona, enlightened and calmed.

The image of Iago is very significant in the tragedy. This - typical representative primitive capitalist accumulation, predatory and cynical. His “worldview” comes down to two rules. The first is “pour money into your wallet” (a phrase repeatedly repeated by Rodrigo). The second is that everything can be given any form and that the value of things depends on the point of view. This is the ultimate expression of moral relativism and nihilism - what in philosophical terms (and Iago is also a kind of “philosopher”) in England at that time was called “Machiavellianism.” The diametric opposite of Iago is Othello, who believes in goodness and truth, is full of spiritual generosity and gullibility. Although Othello falls victim to his gullibility, morally he still turns out to be the winner in the play.

In "King Lear", problematic family relations closely intertwined with social and political issues. These three planes share the same theme of the clash of pure humanity with callousness, self-interest and ambition. Lear at the beginning of the tragedy is a king of the medieval type, like Richard II, intoxicated by the illusion of his omnipotence, blind to the needs of his people, disposing of the country as his personal estate, which he can divide and give away as he pleases. From everyone around him, even from his daughters, he demands, instead of sincerity, only blind obedience. His dogmatic and scholastic mind does not want a truthful and direct expression of feelings, but external, conventional signs of submission. The two eldest daughters take advantage of this, hypocritically assuring him of their love.

They are opposed by Cordelia, who knows only one law - the law of truth and naturalness. But Lear is deaf to the voice of truth, and for this he suffers severe punishment. His illusions of a king, a father and a man are dispelled.

However, in his cruel collapse, Lear is renewed. Having experienced poverty and deprivation himself, he began to understand much of what was previously inaccessible to him, and began to look at his power, life, and humanity differently. He thought about the “poor, naked poor people,” “homeless, with a hungry belly, in holey rags,” who are forced, like him, to fight the storm on this terrible night (Act III, scene 4). The monstrous injustice of the system that he supported became clear to him. This rebirth of Lear is the whole meaning of his fall and suffering.

Next to the story of Lear and his daughters, the second storyline of the tragedy unfolds - the story of Gloucester and his two sons. Like Goneril and Regan, Edmund also rejected all related and family connections, committing even worse atrocities out of ambition and self-interest. With this parallelism, Shakespeare wants to show that the case in Lear’s family is not an isolated incident, but a general one, typical of the “spirit of the times.” This is the time when, in the words of Gloucester, “love grows cold, friendship perishes, brothers rebel against each other, there is discord in cities and villages, treason in palaces, and bonds are broken between children and parents.” This is the disintegration of feudal ties, characteristic of the era of primitive accumulation. The dying world of feudalism and the emerging world of capitalism are equally opposed to truth and humanity in this tragedy,

In Macbeth, as in Richard III, the usurpation of the throne is depicted, and the usurper, through his bloody actions, opens the way for the forces that must destroy him. This is the meaning of Macbeth’s words when, still full of hesitation, he weighs the consequences of his planned murder of the king:

But judgment awaits us here too: as soon as it is given

Bloody lesson, come back immediately

He falls on that one's head,

Who did it? And justice

With an impassive hand, a cup of our poison

He brings it to our lips.

This is not about the “future” life and “heavenly” justice, but about earthly, real retribution. The eternal fear of rebellion forces Macbeth to commit more and more crimes - for he has “gone so far into the blood” that he is no longer able to stop - until, finally, the whole country and even nature itself take up arms against him (“Birnam Forest” , moving, according to the prediction, towards Macbeth).

The center of gravity of the tragedy - in the analysis emotional experiences Macbeth, whose image for this reason completely overshadows all other figures in the play, with the exception of the image of his fatal assistant - his wife. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a brave and noble warrior who faithfully serves the king.

But in the depths of his soul lurks the germ of ambition. Gradually, under the influence of circumstances, exciting impressions and the admonitions of his wife, this ambition grows in him and, after a difficult internal struggle, leads him to crime. But, having made a decision, he no longer retreats from anything. His titanic character is manifested in the fact that he does not feel any remorse and, realizing the horror of both what he has done and what is yet to come, he fights with desperate courage to the end.

In Macbeth, Shakespeare reflected not only the seething passions and violent political upheavals of the time, in which heroism often went hand in hand with crime, but also the revaluation of all values, the crisis of moral consciousness characteristic of the era of primitive accumulation. This feeling is conveyed in the exclamation of the witches (“prophetic sisters”) in the opening scene of the tragedy, which serves as a prelude to it, creating the mood:

Evil is in good, good is in evil.

We'll fly in the unclean darkness.

The work of the great playwright William Shakespeare can be divided into several periods. The first of them is characterized by early tragedies, the texts of which are imbued with faith in justice and hope for happiness. Next comes the transitional stage. And finally, the period of late dark tragedies.

If you analyze the play “Romeo and Juliet”, then the poet’s negative moods can be observed quite clearly here. After all, in the play, life, as they say, is in full swing, in the foreground are good people, defeating the forces of evil. However, the inhumanity shown by the playwright is not so unarmed. She darkens life, threatens it and takes revenge.

The appearance of the play "Romeo and Juliet" became significant event in the history of not only English, but also world literature. It was the beginning of a new, so-called Shakespearean stage.

Analysis dramatic work"Romeo and Juliet" suggests that the basis of the tragedy was social issues. Showing these relationships in the play reveals its historical significance.

History of creation and time

The play "Romeo and Juliet" is one of those works by the author that were written by him at the very early period of your creativity. Shakespeare created his own famous play between 1591 and 1595

Consider the plot of Romeo and Juliet. The analysis of the work very briefly describes the story proposed by the playwright. It tells us about the imaginary death of the main character, the news of which led to the suicide of the young man she loved. This was the reason that the girl also took her own life.

A similar plot was first described long before the creation of this play. It was found in the poem “Metamorphoses”, created by the ancient Roman writer Ovid. The work was written in the 1st century BC. It tells the story of two lovers - Pyramus and Phiobe, who lived in Babylon. The parents of the young people were against their meetings, and then they agreed on a night date. Fioba came first and saw a lion there hunting bulls, whose muzzle was covered in blood. The girl decided that a formidable predator had torn apart the young man she loved, and ran away, dropping her handkerchief along the way. The lion tore this handkerchief and smeared it with blood. After this, the young man came and, deciding that Fioba was dead, he himself stabbed himself with a sword. The girl returned to the appointed place, saw the dying Pyramus, and immediately rushed to the sword.

This story was used by Shakespeare when writing his comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream. Only there the plot about two lovers was presented to the audience by an amateur theater.

This plot wandered from work to work. Thus, it was described in one of the Italian short stories, and then moved into an English poem created in 1562 by Arthur Brooke. And only a little later Shakespeare became interested in this story. He modified it somewhat English version ancient Roman poem. Its duration was reduced from nine months to five days. At the same time, the time of year during which the events took place changed. If initially it was winter, then in Shakespeare it turned into summer. The great playwright also added a number of scenes. But the most basic difference from all previous options lies in the deeper content of the plot. This allowed the play to take its rightful place in the history of world literature.

Plot

So, what is the story told in the play Romeo and Juliet? An analysis of the work can briefly introduce us to this plot. The entire period during which the tragic events unfold covers, as already mentioned, only five days.

The beginning of the first act was marked by a brawl between servants belonging to two different families, who are in a state of enmity with each other. The hosts' surnames are Montagues and Capulets. Next, representatives of these two houses join the servants' brawl. Heads of families are not left out either. Tired of the strife that had lasted for days, the townspeople had difficulty separating the fighters. The Prince of Verona himself arrives at the scene with a call to stop the clash, threatening the violators with death.

Montague's son, Romeo, also comes to the square. He is not involved in these feuds. His thoughts are entirely occupied with the beautiful girl Rosalina.

The action continues in the Capulet house. Count Paris comes to the head of this family. He is a relative of the Prince of Verona. The Count asks for Juliet's hand in marriage, which only daughter to the owners. The girl is not yet fourteen years old, but she is obedient to the will of her parents.

Plot development

A carnival ball is organized in the Capulet house, into which young men from the house of Benvolio and Montague enter, wearing masks. This is Mercutio and Romeo. Even on the threshold of the house, Romeo was seized by a strange anxiety. He told his friend about it.

During the ball, Juliet met Romeo's gaze. This struck both like lightning, sparking love in their hearts.

From the nurse Romeo learned that the girl was the daughter of the owners. Juliet also learned that the young man was the son of the sworn enemy of their house.

Romeo carefully climbed over the wall and hid in the greenery of the Capulet garden. Soon Juliet came out onto the balcony. The lovers talked to each other and swore an oath of love, deciding to unite their destinies. The feeling consumed them so much that all the actions of the young people were carried out with extraordinary firmness.

They told their story to Romeo's confessor, Friar Lorenzo, and to Juliet's confidant and nurse. The clergyman agrees to conduct a secret wedding ceremony for the newlyweds, hoping that this union will finally force the two warring families - the Montagues and the Capulets - to reconcile.

Unexpected turn of events

Next, the plot tells us about a skirmish that happened on the street between Juliet's cousin Tybalt and Mercutio. There was an exchange of caustic barbs between them, which was interrupted by the appearance of Romeo. The latter, having married Juliet, believes that Tybalt is his relative, and tries with all his might to avoid a quarrel. And this despite the fact that cousin Juliet is insulted by Romeo. Mercutio comes to his friend's defense. He attacks Tybalt with his fists. Romeo comes between them. However, Tybalt manages to deal a fatal blow to Mercutio.

Romeo loses his best friend, who died defending his honor. This infuriates the young man. He kills Tybalt, who appears in the square, for which he faces execution.

The terrible news reached Juliet. She mourns the death of her brother, but at the same time justifies her lover.

Friar Lorenzo convinces Romeo that he should hide until forgiveness is granted. Before he leaves, he meets with Juliet, but they manage to spend only a few hours together. The coming dawn, along with the trills of the lark, informed the lovers that they would be separated.

Meanwhile, Juliet’s parents, who know nothing about their daughter’s wedding, start talking about the wedding again. Count Paris is also rushing things. The wedding is scheduled for the very next day, and all the daughter’s pleas to her parents to wait a little remain unanswered.

Juliet is in despair. She goes to Lorenzo. The monk invites her to use a trick and pretend to be submissive to her father’s will. In the evening, she needs to take a miraculous drug that will plunge her into a state similar to death. Such a dream should last forty-two hours. During this time, Juliet will already be taken to the family crypt, and Lorenzo will tell Romeo about everything. The young will be able to escape somewhere until better times.

Before the decisive step, Juliet was overcome with fear. However, she drank the entire bottle.

Tragic ending

In the morning, the parents discovered that their daughter was dead. The whole family plunged into inconsolable mourning. Juliet was buried in the family crypt.

At this time, Romeo is hiding in Mantua and waiting for news from the monk. However, it was not the messenger Lorenzo who came to him, but the servant Balthazar. He brought terrible news about the death of his beloved. The monk, Lorenzo's messenger, never met Romeo. The young man buys poison at a local pharmacy and goes to Verona.

Action last scene takes place in the tomb. Romeo curses the evil forces that took Juliet from him, kisses her for the last time and drinks poison.
Friar Lorenzo was literally one moment late. He could no longer revive the young man. At this time, Juliet awakens. She immediately asks him about Romeo. Having learned the terrible truth, she plunged the dagger into her chest.

At the end of the story, the Montagues and Capulets forgot about their enmity. They extended their hands to each other and together began to mourn their dead children. They decided to place golden statues on their graves.

Love theme

So, we briefly learned the plot of the poem “Romeo and Juliet”. Analysis of the work tells us that its author, describing the tragedy of man, turned first of all to the greatest human feeling. The poem is literally imbued with the poetry of love. Moreover, the high feeling acquires an increasingly powerful sound as the action approaches the finale.

We continue our acquaintance with the play “Romeo and Juliet”. Analysis of the work allows us to understand that it is nothing more than the pathos of love. After all, from the monologues of the main characters it is clear that young people not only admire each other. In their speeches, love is recognized as a divine feeling, receiving proud, solemn and rapturous recognition.

Moral Issues

What else did Shakespeare want to tell the world? “Romeo and Juliet” (analysis of the work directly points to this) raises many moral problems. They are not at all limited to depicting love that inspires and unites two young people. This feeling develops and further strengthens against the background of other options that show us the relationship between a woman and a man. And Shakespeare told us about them with different accents of artistic expression. Romeo and Juliet (analysis of the work makes this clear to us) have a high feeling, the grandeur and purity of which contrasts with other forms of relationships.

The viewer sees the most primitive version at the beginning of the play. These are very rude expressions of the servants that women are created only so that they can be pinned to the wall.

Further, a brief analysis of the tragedy “Romeo and Juliet” tells us that there are other carriers of this moral concept. The author assigns such a role to the nurse, who expresses similar thoughts, but only in a more soft form. She persuades her pupil to forget Romeo and marry Paris. This clash of morals leads to open conflict between the girl and the nurse.

What else does the analysis of Romeo and Juliet show us? Shakespeare does not accept another version of the relationship between a man and a woman. It is described in Paris's request to old Capulet. For that time, this method of creating a family was quite common. Paris asks for Juliet's hand without even asking about her feelings. The analysis of Romeo and Juliet shows us this quite clearly. Shakespeare in the second scene of the first act, through the mouth of old Capulet, says that before asking for a girl’s hand, you must immediately court her. However, further, Juliet’s father himself guarantees Paris the favor of his daughter, being confident in her submission to her parents.

We continue to study the poem “Romeo and Juliet”. Analysis of the work tells us that the count never told the girl about his love. Paris's behavior changes somewhat after the supposed death of his bride, although at the same time the chill of the conventions that took place in those days creeps into his actions and statements.

The comedy of the play

What else can a brief analysis of Romeo and Juliet tell us? Shakespeare combines in his work the romantic side of love with the quirks of passion and some oddities. The author points out that a high feeling does not allow a person to continue living in his usual rhythm, making him different from what he was before.

Analysis of "Romeo and Juliet" (8th grade) clearly indicates that in some scenes main character just funny. The author shows the reader the intolerant and passionate feeling of a girl who knew love for the first time. At the same time, Juliet comic scenes encounters the cunning of the nurse. Inexperienced girl demands from the maid a story about Romeo's actions. However, she, citing fatigue or bone pain, constantly postpones the conversation.

Where else is comedy present in the play Romeo and Juliet? Analysis of the work allows us to draw clear conclusions that it contains more humor and cheerfulness than other Shakespearean tragedies. The author constantly produces a release of growing tragedy. Wherein love story ceases to be high romance. He seems to land and move into the plane of ordinary human relationships, but at the same time he is not at all belittled.

Shakespeare expresses an unprecedented breadth of views on love in his work Romeo and Juliet. Analysis of the play confirms that almost everything characters in one way or another express their attitude towards the feeling that arose between Romeo and Juliet. At the same time, the assessment of the love of the young is given by the characters depending on their own positions. But, nevertheless, the artist himself proceeds from the fact that this high feeling has all-pervading power and is universal. At the same time, it is purely individual, unique and unique.

The power that changes a person

An analysis of Shakespeare's tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" also proves the fact that love is a demanding feeling that forces a person to become a fighter. There is no cloudless idyll in the play. The feeling that has arisen between young people is subjected to a severe test. However, neither the boy nor the girl even thinks for a second about whether they should choose love or choose hatred, which traditionally defines the relationship of the Montague and Capulet families. Romeo and Juliet seem to merge in one impulse.

However, even a brief analysis of “Romeo and Juliet” convincingly proves the fact that, despite the high feeling, the individuality of the young people did not dissolve in it. Juliet is not at all inferior to Romeo in determination. However, Shakespeare endowed his heroine with more spontaneity. Juliet is still a child. She is two weeks away from her fourteenth birthday. Shakespeare inimitably recreated this young image.

Juliet has not yet learned to hide her feelings. She sincerely loves, grieves and admires. She is not familiar with irony and sincerely does not understand why the Montagues should be hated. With this the girl expresses her protest.

All the immaturity of Juliet's feelings and behavior disappears with the advent of love. She grows up and begins to understand relationships between people much better than her parents. Being the daughter of Capulet, she was able to rise above class prejudices. Juliet chose to die, but did not marry an unloved man. These were her intentions, and this is how she began to act.

An analysis of the tragedy “Romeo and Juliet” clearly indicates that with the advent of love, the girl’s actions become more and more confident. She was the first to start talking about the wedding and demanded that Romeo not put things off, and the very next day he became her husband.

Tragedy of love

Studying the analysis of the work based on the play “Romeo and Juliet” (8th grade), one can be convinced that the high feelings of young people are surrounded by enmity.

The girl dies, having practically never known the happiness of the love she created and dreamed about. There is no person who could replace Romeo for her. Love cannot happen again, and without it, life will simply lose its meaning.

However, after a brief analysis of the work “Romeo and Juliet,” we can say with confidence that the reason for the girl’s suicide was not only the death of her lover. Waking up from the spell of the potion given to her by the monk, she realized that the young man had killed himself only because he was sure of her death. She simply needed to share his fate. In this Juliet saw her duty. This was her last wish.

Yes, the characters in the play took their own lives. However, in doing so, they pronounced a harsh verdict on existing inhumanity.

That light of love that was lit by Romeo and Juliet has not lost its strength and warmth in our time. There is something close and dear to us in the constancy and energy of their characters, as well as in the courage of the actions they committed. We warmly welcome the nobility of their souls, which found expression in their rebellious behavior and desire to assert their own freedom. And this topic, without any doubt, will not lose its relevance and will worry people forever.

Who was the rebellion against?

Some literary scholars believe that the play shows us the clash between fathers and sons. At the same time, the conflict flares up between inert parents and progressive-minded young people. However, this is not at all true. It is no coincidence that Shakespeare created the image of young Tybalt. This young man is so blinded by malice that he has no other goal than the extermination of the Montagues. At the same time, old Capulet, unable to change anything, admits that it is time to end the hostility. In contrast to the image of Tibelti, he longs for peace, not a bloody war.

The love of Romeo and Juliet is opposed to misanthropy. Young people not only expressed their protest against old views and attitudes. They showed everyone an example that you can live completely differently. People should not be separated by enmity. They should be united by love. This high feeling in Shakespeare's play is opposed to the bourgeois inertia that dominates the Capulet family. Such great love is born from faith in the greatness of man, from admiration for his beauty, from the desire to share the joys of life with him. And this feeling is deeply intimate. It connects only a boy and a girl. However, their first irresistible attraction to each other becomes the last due to the fact that the world not yet ripe for love.

Nevertheless, the play does not leave us with hope that everything will change for the better. In Shakespeare's tragedy there is still no feeling that freedom has been destroyed and evil has conquered all aspects of life. The heroes do not experience the feeling of undivided loneliness that later overcomes Othello, Lear and Coriolanus. Romeo and Juliet are surrounded by faithful friends, the noble monk Lorenzo, the servant Balthazar, and the nurse. Even a hero like the Duke, despite the fact that he banished Romeo, still pursued a policy aimed against the existence and further incitement of civil strife. In this tragedy, power does not oppose the main character and is not a force hostile to him.

William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) is the central figure of the English Renaissance and world art in general. He is distinguished by the scope of his thoughts, breadth of outlook, encyclopedicism, dialectics of life's upheavals, and a penetrating sense of nature. Born in Stratford-upon-Avon into the family of a craftsman and merchant. He studied at local school, married at the age of 18, moved to London, where he linked his destiny with the theater. From 1597 he worked at the Globe Theater as an actor and playwright. In 1612, Shakespeare left London and settled in his hometown. He retires from literary activity and lives out his days surrounded by his family, surrounded by the respect of the residents of Stratford.

I period (1590-1600) Optimistic. Sonnets (/592-1598)Comedies and historical chronicles. “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, “The Merchant of Venice”, “Much Ado About Nothing”, “As You Like It”, “Twelfth Night”, “Richard III”, “Richard II”, “Henry IV”, “Henry V” . Tragedies “Romeo and Juliet” and “Julius Caesar”. belief The possibility of harmony between man and the world. Belief in the possibility of developing a Renaissance personality. Evil is not global, it is defeatable(Romeo and Juliet: families reconciled over the grave of their children) and is connected with something that is already a thing of the past (medieval family feud). Chronicles (the main theme is the feudal unrest of the 14th-15th centuries, the War of the Roses. Questions about power, the church, the relationship of the four classes are considered, it tells about the collapse of the human in man (the image of Richard III). Richard 2 is intoxicated with the thought of his divine origin power, Richard 3, through a series of murders and crimes, reaches the throne and curbs the feudal lords - Machiavelli), “Romeo and Juliet” and “Julius Caesar” (transitional period).

II period (1601-1608). Tragedies. “Hamlet” (1601), “Othello” (1604), “Macbeth” (1605), “King Lear” (1605), etc. Awareness Tragic contradictions human existence and their intractability. This is the result of the deepening of Sh.’s philosophical views and the development of the Renaissance in general. Evil is all-encompassing. You can overcome its manifestation, but not itself (what did I say?). The most intelligent, gifted people perish under the onslaught of dark forces, types and characters of epochal significance.

III period. Romantic (1609-1612). Tragicomedies (plays with intensely dramatic content but a happy ending). Baroque aesthetics. Tragedy is overcome with the help of stoic morality. Fairytale motifs. Mask characters. Happy endings are the result of chance.

In the early period of his work, Shakespeare composed only one, but all-time favorite, original tragedy - Romeo and Juliet (c. 1596). This is a free dramatic adaptation of A. Brooke's poem Romey and Juliet (1562), which tells the story of tragic story two lovers.

In the tragedy “Romeo and Juliet,” Shakespeare depicts the struggle of two lovers for their feelings with their environment, in which ancient prejudices and old-Testament family morality are still alive. The conflict between the outgoing and the new world takes place against a broadly defined social background.

All stages and stages of this conflict are shown. Both old men, heads of warring houses, are burdened in their souls by this age-old feud, but out of inertia they support it. The servants participate in it out of forced submission. But the enmity has not died: there are always hot heads from among the youth (Tybalt), ready to rekindle it again.

Romeo and Juliet die as victims of it, but their young feelings celebrate their victory in the play. This is Shakespeare's only tragedy in which the comic element occupies a significant place, and its purpose is to strengthen the cheerful character of the play.

Another important point, intended also to enhance the optimistic tone of the play, is the role Friar Lorenzo, an assistant to lovers, a natural scientist and thinker, alien to any churchliness and imbued with truly humanistic wisdom.

This is one of the most indicative images for Shakespeare's worldview. Under the sign of his philosophy, his striving for nature and naturalness, the entire struggle of Romeo and Juliet for the right of their feelings takes place.

Romeo and Juliet- tragedy in 5 acts William Shakespeare, telling about the love of a girl and a boy from two warring ancient families - Montagues And Capulet.

The work is usually dated to 1594-95. The earlier dating of the play arose in connection with the assumption that work on it could have begun as early as 1591, then been postponed and completed approximately two years later. Thus, 1593 turns out to be the earliest of the dates considered, and 1596 the latest, since the text of the play was already published the following year.

The reliability of this story has not been established, but the signs of the historical background and life motives present in the Italian basis of the plot provide a certain plausibility to the sad story of the Verona lovers.

Problems of "Romeo and Juliet"

The basis of the problematics of “Romeo and Juliet” is the question of the fate of young people, inspired by the affirmation of new high Renaissance ideals and boldly entered into the struggle for the protection of free human feelings. However, the resolution of the conflict in the tragedy is determined by the collision of Romeo and Juliet with forces that are characterized quite clearly in socially. These forces that hinder the happiness of young lovers are associated with old moral norms, which are embodied not only in the theme of tribal enmity, but also in the theme of violence against the human person, which ultimately leads the heroes to death.

Belief in the invincibility of new norms and in the triumph of these norms, which must come or has come at the moment of the collapse of the old forces, entailed the need to include in the fabric of the work the moment without which the tragedy could not have occurred at all - the intervention of fate, whose external expression was the role of a case unfavorable to Juliet and her lover. Fatal coincidence of circumstances occupies a much larger place in early tragedy than in mature Shakespearean works of the same genre.

Some of the aspects of Shakespeare's mature concept of the tragic, which first appeared in Julius Caesar, were later embodied in various ways in works created in the first decade of the 17th century. During the second period of Shakespeare's work, his tragic concept underwent such significant changes that we have the right to consider each of the works of this period, in essence, a new step in the development of this concept. However, with all the differences within the cycle of mature Shakespearean tragedies, these works, taken together, can be contrasted in a number of ways with Shakespeare's early tragedy.

Changes in the social and literary situation in England at the end of the 16th century, together with the writer’s increased attention to the cardinal problems of our time, which is confirmed by the material of comedies and chronicles, caused a sharp shift in Shakespeare’s dramaturgy, which is naturally seen as a transition to the tragic period of creativity. The essence of this transition becomes especially clear in the course of studying the qualitative changes that Shakespeare's concept of the tragic underwent from Romeo and Juliet to Julius Caesar.

In Romeo and Juliet, as in most other Shakespearean works of the first period, the subject of artistic comprehension was the reality and trends of the past - albeit uncertain, albeit conditionally distant, but nevertheless the past in its major correlation with the present. In “Julius Caesar,” although this tragedy is built on a historical plot, the author and his audience face the most difficult problems of our time in their relationship to the future. In Romeo and Juliet, the source of evil that the heroes of the tragedy face are forces organically connected with the past. In "Julius Caesar" the forces of evil that predetermine death positive hero tragedies are inevitably associated with new trends emerging in society that are replacing the Renaissance.

Shakespeare courageously fought for human rights, believed in its dignity, and gave all his strength to glorify its beauty. Thus, he became a contemporary of all generations fighting for the complete emancipation of humanity.

He is our ally and like-minded person. This explains its growing popularity among readers and viewers of all times and peoples. Among those who are inspired by Shakespeare are playwrights, poets, directors, actors, for whom English artist- a demanding teacher. Shakespeare's craft is the best of literary schools.

Romeo and Juliet depicts the path from the past to the present, the path along which the norms of humanistic morality triumphed over the principles of the old society. Therefore, in the death of heroes, victorious in its very essence, chance and the intervention of fatal forces play such a large role. In “Julius Caesar,” the path from a difficult present to an unclear future that does not promise a quick victory for good is the path on which the death of a hero fighting for humanistic ideals becomes an inevitable pattern, stemming from the very essence of the tragedy.

The illusions that are reflected in “Romeo and Juliet” and associated with the specifics of Shakespeare’s work during the first period consist of something else - in the playwright’s belief, indicative of this period, that as soon as the old way of life is defeated, the time will come for the triumph of the new, humanistic morality that determines the relationship between free people. These illusions left a decisive imprint on some features of the poetics of Romeo and Juliet. The most important of these features is that the conflict and its resolution, ending in the moral victory of new humanistic forces, just like the conflicts of comedies created in the first period, are depicted as a picture of events that took place in the past, and are presented to an audience living already in conditions for the triumph of new relationships. This is precisely the source of that peculiar optimism that distinguishes Romeo and Juliet from all other Shakespearean tragedies, although many of them should also be recognized as optimistic works.

CONFLICT OF FEELINGS AND PREJUDICES IN TRAGEDY

V. SHAKESPEARE “ROMEO AND JULIET”

William Shakespeare is a representative of the Renaissance, when human thoughts and feelings were filled with new ideas. But in that cruel era, the humanistic ideas of the Renaissance were not destined to win, and Shakespeare felt this with bitterness.

Even the ancient sages argued that the world rests on love, because love is the basis of life. A person always strives for a better, ideal world, illuminated by true and open feelings - love, friendship, understanding and sympathy. Such a world is in William Shakespeare’s immortal tragedy “Romeo and Juliet”.

The atmosphere of the hot south dominates the tragedy that occurs among a people subject to violent passions, ardent and fearless actions. Almost all participants in events tend to act impulsively, obeying instantly flared up moods and feelings. There are calm and reasonable people in tragedy, but sobriety of thought and prudence are powerless against volcanic outbreaks of both love and hatred.

Love elevated the heroes, made them realize the absurdity of the reasons why they cannot be together:

…where do names nest within us?

I will destroy this premises -

Romeo in love exclaims. The speech of young Juliet, who says:

What is Montague? Is that their name?

Face and shoulders, legs, chest and arms?

It is in the strength of the love of Romeo and Juliet, in their refusal to obey the demands of their fathers, blinded by centuries-old hatred, that the main conflict of the play lies. Where real feeling appears - especially if it arises against the background of general insignificance and mundaneness - there most often a tragedy plays out. As Yevtushenko said: “Because love is such perfection that all the imperfections of the world envy and strive to strangle it.” But a society based on prejudices and ancient foundations is unable to stifle the feelings of young hearts full of strength and determination. In this unequal duel, Romeo and Juliet die, but their love, which did not want to put up with prejudice, contains a high moral victory.

The tragedy “Romeo and Juliet” is a reflection of the author’s basic life positions. Shakespeare always portrayed beautiful, sublime, strong-willed people in his works. He portrayed a free human personality, independent of the opinions of society, the prevailing principles and prejudices in it. Therefore, in the work, as in most of the plays of the great playwright, it is true that goodness and love triumph - even when the heroes themselves die.

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CONFLICT OF FEELINGS AND PREJUDICES IN W. SHAKESPEARE'S TRAGEDY “ROMEO AND JULIET”