What types of dpi. Arts and crafts
Decorative - applied arts.
Decorative and applied arts (DAI)- the art of making household items that have artistic and aesthetic qualities and are intended not only for practical use, but also for decorating homes, architectural structures, parks, etc.
The entire life of primitive tribes and civilizations was connected with paganism. People worshiped different deities, objects - grass, sun, bird, tree. To “appease” some gods and “drive away” evil spirits, ancient man When building a house, he necessarily supplemented it with “amulets” - relief, window frames, animals and geometric signs that have symbolic and symbolic meaning. Clothing necessarily protected the owner from evil spirits with a stripe of ornament on the sleeves, hem and collar; all the dishes also had a ritual ornament.
But since ancient times, it has been characteristic of man to strive for beauty in the objective world around him, so images began to acquire an increasingly aesthetic appearance. Gradually losing their original meaning, they began to decorate the item more than to carry any magical information. Embroidered patterns were applied to fabrics, ceramics were decorated with ornaments and images, first extruded and scratched, then applied with clay of a different color. Later, colored glazes and enamels were used for this purpose. Metal products were cast in shaped forms, covered with embossing and notching.
Decorative and applied arts include and artistically made furniture, dishes, clothing, carpets, embroidery, jewelry, toys and other items, as well as ornamental paintings and sculptural and decorative decoration of interiors and facades of buildings, facing ceramics, stained glass, etc. Intermediate forms between DPI and easel art- panels, tapestries, lampshades, decorative statues, etc., which form part of the architectural whole, complement it, but can also be considered separately, as independent works of art. Sometimes in a vase or other object, the first place is not functionality, but beauty.
The development of applied art was affected by the living conditions of each people, the natural and climatic conditions of their habitat. DPI is one of the oldest forms of art. For many centuries it developed among the people in the form of folk artistic crafts.
Embroidery. It has its origins in ancient times, when bone and then bronze needles were used. They embroidered on linen, cotton, and woolen clothing. In China and Japan they embroidered with colored silks, in India, Iran, and Turkey - with gold. They embroidered ornaments, flowers, animals. Even within one country there were completely different types embroideries depending on the area and the nationality living there, such as red thread embroidery, colored embroidery, cross stitch, satin stitch, etc. Motifs and colors often depended on the purpose of the item, festive or everyday.
Application. Multi-colored pieces of fabric, paper, leather, fur, straw are sewn or glued onto a material of a different color or finish. Application in folk art, especially of the peoples of the North, is extremely interesting. Appliques are used to decorate panels, tapestries, and curtains. Often the application is performed simply as an independent work.
Stained glass. This is a decorative composition made of colored glass or other material that transmits light. In classical stained glass, individual pieces of colored glass were connected to each other by spacers made from the most soft material- lead. These are the stained glass windows of many cathedrals and temples in Europe and Russia. The technique of painting on clear or colored glass with silicate paints, then fixed by light firing, was also used. In the 20th century stained glass windows began to be made from transparent plastics.
Modern stained glass is used not only in churches, but also in residential premises, theaters, hotels, shops, subways, etc.
Painting. Compositions made with paints on the surface of fabrics, wood, ceramics, metal and other products. Paintings can be either narrative or ornamental. They are widely used in folk art and serve as decoration for souvenirs or household items.
Ceramics. Products and materials made from clay and various mixtures with it. The name comes from an area in Greece that has been a center of pottery production since ancient times, i.e. for the manufacture of pottery and utensils. Ceramics are also called facing tiles, often covered with paintings. The main types of ceramics are clay, terracotta, majolica, faience, porcelain, stone mass.
Lace. Openwork thread products. According to the technique of execution, they are divided into hand-made (woven on turned sticks - bobbins, sewn with a needle, crocheted or knitted) and machine-made.
Weaving from birch bark, straw, wicker, bast, leather, thread, etc. one of the oldest types of decorative and applied art (known since Neolithic times). Weaving was mainly used to make dishes, furniture, car bodies, toys, and boxes.
Thread. A method of artistic processing of materials, in which sculptural figures are cut out with a special cutting tool or some image is made on a smooth surface. Wood carving was the most widespread in Rus'. It covered the frames of houses, furniture, and tools. There is carved sculpture made of bone, stone, plaster, etc. Many carvings relate to jewelry (stones, gold, bronze, copper, etc.) and weapons (wood, stone, metals).
Unlike faceless mass-produced products, handmade items are always unique. Masterfully crafted household utensils, clothing, and interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were objects of utilitarian purpose, then in our days they have passed into the category of art. Beautiful thing made good master, will always be in value.
In recent years, the development of applied art has received a new impetus. This trend cannot but rejoice. Beautiful dishes made of wood, metal, glass and clay, lace, textiles, jewelry, embroidery, toys - all this, after several decades of oblivion, has again become relevant, fashionable and in demand.
History of the Moscow Museum of Folk Art
In 1981, the Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art opened in Moscow, on Delegatskaya Street. His collection consists of unique examples of handmade products domestic craftsmen past, as well as best works contemporary artists.
In 1999, the following important event occurred - All-Russian Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art accepted exhibits from the Savva Timofeevich Morozov Museum of Folk Art into its collection. The core of this collection was formed even before the 1917 revolution. The basis for it was the exhibits of the very first Russian ethnographic museum. It was the so-called Handicraft Museum Arts and Crafts, opened in 1885.
The museum has a specialized library where you can get acquainted with rare books in theory and history of art.
Museum collection
Traditional types of decorative and applied arts are systematized and divided into departments. Basic thematic areas- these are ceramics and porcelain, glass, jewelry and metal, bone and wood carvings, textiles, lacquer miniatures and fine materials.
The Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts has more than 120 thousand exhibits in its open fund and storage facilities. Russian modernism is represented by the works of Vrubel, Konenkov, Golovin, Andreev and Malyutin. The collection of Soviet propaganda porcelain and textiles from the second quarter of the last century is extensive.
Currently, this museum of folk arts and crafts is considered one of the most significant in the world. The oldest exhibits of high artistic value date back to the 16th century. The museum's collection has always been actively replenished through gifts from private individuals, as well as through the efforts of senior government officials during the years of Soviet power.
Thus, the unique exhibition of textiles was created largely thanks to the generosity of French citizen P. M. Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, who donated to the museum a large collection of Russian, Eastern and European textiles collected by N. L. Shabelskaya.
Two large collections of porcelain were donated to the museum by outstanding figures of Soviet art - Leonid Osipovich Utesov and their spouses Maria Mironova and Alexander Menaker.
The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts boasts halls dedicated to the life of Russian people in different time periods. Here you can get acquainted with the homes of representatives of all classes. Furniture, dishes, clothes of peasants and city residents, and children's toys were preserved, restored and put on display. Carved decorations of platbands and roof canopies, tiled stoves, chests, which served not only as convenient storage for things, but also as beds, as they were made in appropriate sizes, conjure up pictures of the quiet, measured and well-fed life of the Russian outback.
Lacquer miniature
Lacquer miniature as an applied art reached its greatest flourishing in the 18th and 19th centuries. The artistic centers that gave residence to the main directions were cities famous for their icon-painting workshops. These are Palekh, Mstyora, Kholui and Fedoskino. Boxes, brooches, panels, caskets made of papier-mâché were painted with oil paints or tempera and varnished. The drawings were stylized images of animals, plants, characters from fairy tales and epics. Artists, masters of lacquer miniatures, painted icons, made custom portraits, and painted genre scenes. Each locality has developed its own style of painting, but almost all types of applied art in our country are united by such qualities as richness and brightness of colors. Detailed drawings, smooth and rounded lines - this is what distinguishes Russian miniatures. It is interesting that images of the decorative and applied arts of the past also inspire modern artists. Antique drawings are often used to create fabrics for collections fashionable clothes.
Artistic painting on wood
Khokhloma, Mezen and Gorodets paintings are recognizable not only in Russia, but also abroad. Furniture, cabinets, boxes, spoons, bowls and other household utensils made of wood, painted in one of these techniques, are considered the personification of Russia. Light wooden utensils painted with black, red and Green colour on a golden background, it looks massive and heavy - this is a characteristic manner of Khokhloma.
Gorodets products are distinguished by a multi-color palette of colors and somewhat less roundness of shapes than Khokhloma products. Genre scenes are used as plots, as well as all kinds of fictional and real representatives of the animal and plant world.
The decorative and applied arts of the Arkhangelsk region, in particular Mezen wood painting, are utilitarian objects decorated with special designs. Mezen craftsmen use only two colors for their work - black and red, that is, soot and ocher, fractional schematic drawings of boxes, boxes and chests, friezes in the form of borders from repeating truncated figures of horses and deer. A static, small, frequently repeated pattern evokes sensations of movement. Mezen painting is one of the most ancient. Those drawings that are used contemporary artists, are hieroglyphic inscriptions that were used by Slavic tribes long before the emergence of the Russian state.
Wood craftsmen, before turning any object from a solid block, treat the wood against cracking and drying out, so their products have a very long service life.
Zhostovo trays
Metal trays painted with flowers - the applied art of Zhostovo near Moscow. Once having an exclusively utilitarian purpose, Zhostovo trays have long served as interior decoration. Bright bouquets of large garden and small wildflowers on a black, green, red, blue or silver background are easily recognizable. Typical Zhostovo bouquets are now decorated with metal boxes containing tea, cookies or sweets.
Enamel
Decorative and applied art such as enamel also refers to metal painting. The most famous are the products of Rostov craftsmen. Transparent fireproof paints are applied to a copper, silver or gold plate and then fired in a kiln. Using the hot enamel technique, as enamel is also called, jewelry, dishes, weapon handles and cutlery are made. When exposed to high temperatures, paints change color, so craftsmen must understand the intricacies of handling them. Most often, floral motifs are used as subjects. The most experienced artists make miniatures of portraits of people and landscapes.
Majolica
The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts gives you the opportunity to see the works recognized masters world painting, executed in a manner not entirely characteristic of them. For example, in one of the halls there is a Vrubel majolica - a fireplace “Mikula Selyaninovich and Volga”.
Majolica is a product made of red clay, painted on raw enamel and fired in a special oven at a very high temperature. In the Yaroslavl region, arts and crafts have become widespread and developed due to large quantity deposits of pure clay. Currently, in Yaroslavl schools, children are taught to work with this plastic material. Children's applied art is a second wind for ancient crafts, a new look at folk traditions. However, this is not only a tribute national traditions. Working with clay develops fine motor skills, expands the angle of vision, and normalizes the psychosomatic state.
Gzhel
Decorative and applied art, in contrast to fine art, involves utilitarian, economic use created by artists items. Porcelain teapots, flower and fruit vases, candlesticks, clocks, cutlery handles, plates and cups are all extremely elegant and decorative. Based on Gzhel souvenirs, prints are made on knitted and textile materials. We are used to thinking that Gzhel is a blue pattern on a white background, but initially Gzhel porcelain was multi-colored.
Embroidery
Fabric embroidery is one of the most ancient types of needlework. Initially, it was intended to decorate the clothes of the nobility, as well as fabrics intended for religious rituals. This folk decorative and applied art came to us from the countries of the East. The robes of rich people were embroidered with colored silk, gold and silver threads, pearls, precious stones and coins. The most valuable is considered to be embroidery with small stitches, which creates the feeling of a smooth, as if a pattern drawn with paints. In Russia, embroidery quickly came into use. New techniques have appeared. In addition to the traditional satin stitch and cross stitch, they began to embroider with hemstitch stitches, that is, laying openwork paths along the voids formed by pulled out threads.
Dymkovo toys for children
IN pre-revolutionary Russia folk craft centers, in addition to utilitarian items, produced hundreds of thousands of children's toys. These were dolls, animals, dishes and furniture for children's fun, and whistles. Decorative and applied art of this direction is still very popular.
The symbol of the Vyatka land - the Dymkovo toy - has no analogues in the world. Bright colorful young ladies, gentlemen, peacocks, carousels, goats are immediately recognizable. Not a single toy is repeated. On a snow-white background, patterns in the form of circles, straight and wavy lines are drawn with red, blue, yellow, green, and gold paints. All crafts are very harmonious. They emit such powerful positive energy that anyone who picks up a toy can feel it. Maybe there is no need to place them in the corners of the apartment chinese characters prosperity in the form of three-legged toads, plastic red fish or money trees, or better yet, decorate your home with products of Russian craftsmen - Kargopol, Tula or Vyatka clay souvenirs, miniature wooden sculptures Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen. It is impossible that they will not attract love, prosperity, health and well-being to the family.
Filimonovskaya toy
In the centers children's creativity In many regions of our country, children are taught to sculpt from clay and paint crafts in the manner of folk crafts of central Russia. The kids really enjoy working with such a convenient and flexible material as clay. They come up with new designs in accordance with ancient traditions. This is how domestic applied art develops and remains in demand not only in tourist centers, but throughout the country.
Mobile exhibitions of Filimonov toys are very popular in France. They travel around the country throughout the year and are accompanied by master classes. Whistle toys are purchased by museums in Japan, Germany and other countries. This craft, which has a permanent residence in the Tula region, is about 1000 years old. Primitively made, but painted with pink and green colors, they look very cheerful. The simplified form is explained by the fact that the toys have cavities inside with holes going out. If you blow into them, alternately covering different holes, you will get a simple melody.
Pavlovo shawls
Cozy, feminine and very bright shawls from Pavlovo Posad weavers have become known throughout the world thanks to an amazing collection of fashionable clothes Russian fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev. He used traditional fabrics and patterns for tailoring women's dresses, men's shirts, other clothes and even shoes. The Pavlovo Posad scarf is an accessory that can be passed on by inheritance, like jewelry. The durability and wear resistance of scarves is well known. They are made from high quality fine wool. The designs do not fade in the sun, do not fade from washing and do not shrink. The fringe on scarves is made by specially trained craftsmen - all the cells of the openwork mesh are tied in knots at the same distance from each other. The design represents flowers on a red, blue, white, black, green background.
Vologda lace
World-famous Vologda lace is woven using birch or juniper bobbins from cotton or linen threads. In this way, measuring tape, bedspreads, shawls and even dresses are made. Vologda lace is a narrow strip that is the main line of the pattern. The voids are filled with nets and bugs. The traditional color is white.
Applied art does not stand still. Development and change occur constantly. It must be said that by the beginning of the last century, under the influence of developing industry, industrial manufactories equipped with high-speed electric machines appeared, and the concept of mass production arose. Folk arts began to decline. Only in the middle of the last century were traditional Russian crafts restored. In art centers such as Tula, Vladimir, Gus-Khrustalny, Arkhangelsk, Rostov, Zagorsk, etc., vocational schools were built and opened, qualified teachers were trained, and new young masters were trained.
Modern types of needlework and creativity
People travel, get acquainted with the cultures of other peoples, and learn crafts. From time to time new types of decorative and applied arts appear. For our country, scrapbooking, origami, quilling and others have become such new products.
At one time, concrete walls and fences became the most colorful different drawings and inscriptions made in a highly artistic manner. Graffiti, or spray art, is modern reading old looking rock art. You can laugh as much as you like at teenage hobbies, which, of course, includes graffiti, but look at photographs on the Internet or walk around your own city, and you will discover truly highly artistic works.
Scrapbooking
The design of notebooks, books and albums that exist in a single copy is called scrapbooking. In general, this activity is not entirely new. Albums designed to preserve for posterity the history of a family, city or individual, have been created before. Modern vision of this art- this is a creation art books with illustrations by the authors, as well as the use of computers with various graphic, music, photo and other editors.
Quilling and origami
Quilling, translated into Russian as “paper rolling,” is used to create panels, to design postcards, photo frames, etc. The technique involves rolling thin strips of paper and gluing them to a base. The smaller the fragment, the more elegant and decorative the craft.
Origami, like quilling, is work with paper. Only origami is work with square sheets of paper from which all sorts of shapes are formed.
As a rule, all crafts related to papermaking have Chinese roots. Asian arts and crafts were originally a pastime for the nobility. The poor did not create beautiful things. Their destiny is agriculture, cattle breeding and all kinds of menial work. Europeans, having adopted the basics of the technique, which historically represented very small and delicate work with rice paper, transferred the art to conditions convenient to them.
Chinese products are distinguished by an abundance of very small details that look monolithic and very elegant. Such work is only possible by very experienced craftsmen. In addition, thin paper ribbons can be twisted into a tight and even coil only with the help of special tools. European lovers of handicrafts have somewhat modified and simplified the ancient Chinese craft. Paper, curled in spirals of different sizes and densities, has become a popular decoration for cardboard boxes, vases for dried flowers, frames and panels.
Speaking about decorative and applied arts, it would be unfair to ignore such crafts as silk painting, or batik, printed material, or embossing, that is, metal painting, carpet weaving, beading, macrame, knitting. Some things become a thing of the past, while others become so fashionable and popular that even industrial enterprises start producing equipment for this type of creativity.
Preserving ancient crafts and demonstrating the best examples in museums is a good deed that will always serve as a source of inspiration for people of creative professions and will help everyone else to join in the beauty.
decorative arts, a type of plastic arts, the works of which, along with architecture, artistically shape the material environment surrounding a person and introduce an aesthetic, ideological and figurative beginning into it.
Includes various arts, serving to decorate works of architecture and landscape art (monumental and decorative art), creating art objects for public and private life (decorative and applied arts), artistic decoration of festivals, shows, expositions, etc. (decorative art).
Arts and crafts
(from Latin decoro - I decorate) - a section of fine art covering creation of artistic products, having a utilitarian and artistic purpose. A collective term that conventionally unites two broad types of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike the works fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and related to pure art, numerous manifestations arts and crafts can have practical use in everyday life.
Works of decorative and applied art form part of the objective environment surrounding a person and aesthetically enrich it.
Works of decorative and applied art meet several requirements: have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for . Such works are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and others. art products. In scientific literature from the second half of the 19th century century, a classification of branches of decorative and applied art was established according to the material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), according to the technique of processing the material (carving, painting, printing, casting, embossing, inlay, etc.) and according to the functional characteristics of the use of the item (furniture , dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the design and technological principles in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.
Having emerged in ancient times, decorative and applied art became one of the most important areas of folk art. Its history is connected with artistic craft, the artistic industry, with the activities of professional artists and folk craftsmen, and, since the beginning of the 20th century, with artistic construction and design.
History of the development of decorative arts
Arts and crafts existed already at an early stage of development human society and for many centuries it was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of artistic creativity. The most ancient works arts and crafts characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material, to rational construction. In traditional folk art this trend has continued to this day.
Man has long sought to decorate his home and everything he encountered in everyday life. When making any thing, the folk craftsman thought not only about its practical purpose, but also about its beauty. From the simplest materials - wood, metal, stone, clay - he created true works of art that conveyed the master’s poetic understanding of the world around him.
Has always been reflected in folk art native nature. Herbs and flowers, familiar to everyone from childhood, images of birds and animals, sky and sun, earth and water, transformed by the artist’s imagination, were transformed into a bright, expressive ornament in the product.
Over time, interest in the wealth of material and... Products that serve the purpose of representation are singled out (objects for religious rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility), in which, in order to increase their emotional sound, the everyday expediency of constructing the form is often sacrificed.
Modern products of decorative and applied art are created taking into account both folk traditions so with fashion trends today. Until now, the most popular objects of this art, shrouded in the haze of ancient traditions, are products made of steel and bronze, handmade carpets and decorated with traditional patterns - in eastern countries; ceramics, objects from sea shells- in the south; ritual masks - in Africa; amber products - in the Baltic region; porcelain, cloisonne enamel, fabrics painted with flowers, fruits, fantastic animals - in China and Japan, Korea.
Stylization in arts and crafts
Decorative and applied art has its own language and its own laws. Expressing the idea of beauty with its own specific means, it never strives to blindly copy the world, but conveys only the most characteristic and expressive. The artist creatively reworks forms found in nature, taking into account a specific material, its decorative advantages and technological processing features.
The language of decorative and applied art is distinguished by stylization or, on the contrary, extraordinary precision of forms; identifying and playing with the texture and plastic properties of the material; the use of ornaments, including both motifs of traditional images and avant-garde forms. The compositional construction of decor in objects of decorative and applied art is always based on the harmony of parts and the whole.
Known since ancient times. As a method of artistic creativity, she achieved high level in Assyrian-Babylonian, Persian, ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek ornaments, in which, along with geometric lines and patterns, objects of flora and fauna, both real and fictional, and even human figures were often used, stylized with high artistry and taste. Nowadays ornamental compositions with elements of stylization are widely used in wall paintings, mosaics, stucco, carved, chased and forged jewelry and products, embroidery, and fabric colors.
Creative stylization in the fine arts is necessarily of an individual nature, implying the author's vision and artistic processing of phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality and, as a result, displaying them with elements of novelty.
Along with creative stylization, there is imitative stylization, which presupposes the presence of a ready-made role model and consists in imitation of the style of a particular era, known artistic movements, styles and techniques of creativity of a particular people, styles famous masters. However, despite the existing sample, imitative stylization should not have the nature of direct copying. Imitating a particular style, the creator of a stylized work must strive to introduce his own individuality into it, for example, with a chosen plot, a new vision of color, or a general compositional solution. It is the degree of this artistic novelty that will, as a rule, largely determine the value of a stylized work.
When creating products of decorative and applied art, the most fruitful method is creative stylization. A more successful name for this important artistic method could be not stylization, but interpretation, which more accurately conveys the essence and peculiarity of this creative process: the artist looks at an object from the surrounding life, interprets it and emotionally conveys it as he feels it, senses it. In other words, he, as it were, re-creates this natural object, but in the form artistic symbol. With this interpretation it is best to follow creative principle triad: “Know, evaluate and improve.”
A decorative composition is a composition that has high degree expressiveness and modified, stylized or abstract elements that, giving it a decorative appearance, enhance its sensory perception. Thus, the main goal decorative composition is to achieve maximum expressiveness and emotionality with a partial or complete (in non-objective compositions) rejection of authenticity, which becomes unnecessary or even disturbing.
The main common features that arise in the process of stylization among objects and elements of a decorative composition are the simplicity of forms, their generality and symbolism, eccentricity, geometricity, colorfulness, and sensuality.
Decorative stylization is characterized by generality and symbolism of the depicted objects and forms. This artistic method implies a conscious rejection of the complete authenticity of the image and its detailed detailing. The stylization method requires separating from the image everything unnecessary, secondary, and interfering with a clear visual perception in order to expose the essence of the depicted objects, display the most important thing in them, draw the viewer’s attention to the previously hidden beauty and evoke in him the corresponding vivid emotions.
With the development of interior design, the need arose to create works of decorative and applied art that, without stylization, would not meet modern aesthetic requirements.
Decorative and applied varieties of arts and crafts
It is necessary to distinguish between decorative and applied varieties of decorative and applied art. Thus, if objects of applied art (furniture, utensils, dishes, jewelry) turn out to be artistic and expressive mainly due to the aesthetic perfection of their form (beauty of silhouette, proportions, grace of lines, masterful processing of material, etc.), then decorative works(painting walls and household items, decorative sculptural reliefs, small figurines, tapestries, embroideries, carpets, carved decorations, etc.) are inherent in pictorial, plot compositions or ornamental decorations.
To ensure that products are not deprived aesthetic value, an artist is invited, whose functions do not include the production of the product as a whole, but only its decoration: the artist began to “apply” his art to the finished product. Thus, with the expansion of industrial production, an art industry arises, where the method of applied art finds its place - decorating products with painting, carving, inlay, etc. But the beauty of an object is not only in decoration, although this also requires great skill. The object must be expressive in its entirety - in its design, proportions and details.
In applied art, the form of a product, its architectural design, carries within itself both the utilitarian essence of the object and its aesthetic expressiveness. At the same time, the forms of applied art products are historically changeable: in different eras they are characterized by a difference in motives - luxury, mannerism or, on the contrary, simplicity, naturalness. Modern reality expresses a tendency towards simplicity, conciseness, refusal of excessive detail, towards small size and economy. Artistically designed things not only decorate everyday life, but also play a huge role in the formation of artistic taste.
Many beautiful examples of decorative and applied arts can be seen in artistic, historical, ethnographic and local history museums, as well as in books, albums and on the pages of magazines. Each exhibition of folk art is always a discovery of the world of beauty and perfection. Products made by old masters and modern artists invariably arouse the admiration of visitors, and some have a desire to follow the example of folk craftsmen.
In order for an object to become a work of art, it must not only be processed “according to the laws of beauty,” but also carry a certain ideological and emotional content. For this purpose, the material is used properly, the most appropriate form of the object is taken into account (its proportions, rhythmic repetitions, tectonic structure), the ratio of scales between the individual parts of the object and the person acquires special importance, and a special method of processing the surface of the object is used - decor. Therefore, creating beautiful things is a significant manifestation of objective activity that carries deep aesthetic expressiveness. The impression made by applied art can often be as strong as that of a painting or sculpture.
Unlike faceless mass-produced products, handmade items are always unique. Masterfully crafted household utensils, furniture, and interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were objects of utilitarian purpose, then in our days they have passed into the category of art. A beautiful thing made by a skilled craftsman will always be valuable.
Influx of artistic forces into applied art
Craft techniques
In Western Europe, the position of the artist began to change in the 16th century. The decline of the urban economy, which affected almost all of Western Europe, led to a crisis in artistic life. In Italy, art workshops are losing their former importance. Indeed, what could be the real power of the guild if there were such independent people as Michelangelo or Titian? In some cities, workshops are subordinate state power, in others they are liquidated altogether, and artists find themselves without the usual class support, left to their own devices. Some of them turn into a declassed element, a kind of predecessors of bohemia. Some try to find shelter at courts and become servants of nobles. The desire to achieve court ranks and the title of nobility is widespread.
Consequence plight fine arts, created in connection with the spread of the Reformation, there was an influx of artistic forces in the applied arts: jewelry, silver and carpentry, the manufacture of pottery and pewter, etc., often flourished (luxuriously designed watches, navigation instruments, weapons and armor). Characteristic feature In the 16th century, in Northern European countries, masters of the fine arts began to be subordinated to applied artists: draftsmen and engravers made special ornamental designs, sculptors made models for decorating furniture, appliances, and dishes. Craft techniques are becoming widespread: replicating sculptural samples, using etching techniques in engraving to speed up the processing of copper boards, etc.
Nowadays, different types of creativity and decor are at the peak of fashion. And this is not surprising. Man has always had a need to create something, creativity and self-expression. U modern people There was no longer any need to sew clothes, make dishes and household items ourselves. But, one way or another, you often want to give ordinary things some personality. This might just help decor or arts and crafts.
Works arts and crafts may be: interior items, furniture, dishes, clothing, jewelry. Since ancient times, this type of art has been close to human life, reflecting his ideas about peace and beauty. What now?
Today there are a great many types of decorative and applied arts, the most popular among which are:
- Batik— painting on fabric (silk, cotton, wool) with special paints. This type of art came to us from India and Indonesia. Nowadays, paintings on silk, painted shawls, scarves and ties are especially popular. Thanks to the variety of techniques and materials, everyone can find something of their own in the art of batik.
- Tapestry (trellis)- This is also one of the types of decorative and applied arts. This is a lint-free carpet, woven by hand, with an ornament or plot depicted on it. The first tapestries appeared in Ancient Egypt, Greece, China. In Europe, tapestries appeared in the Middle Ages and decorated castles, palaces and temples. Tapestries are woven by hand on a special machine. From a mechanical point of view, the technique of creating a tapestry is very simple, but it requires a lot of patience, skill and artistic knowledge from the master.
- Ceramics- also the oldest form of art. In a narrow sense, the word "ceramics" means clay that has been fired. With its help you can create dishes, vases and other interior items. Working on a pottery wheel allows you to escape from everyday worries, watching how a new masterpiece is born on your heads and in your hands.
- Embroidery, perhaps one of the most known species applied arts. Women have been decorating clothes, household items and individual panels with various ornaments and images since ancient times. There are many types of embroidery depending on the techniques and materials (embroidery with ribbons and beads, cross stitch and satin stitch, on silk and rough canvas). And the variety of motifs and colors will not leave anyone indifferent.
- Knitting(manufacturing products from continuous threads by creating loops from them and fastening them together) was known back during the Trojan War. In addition, knitted items were discovered in Peru and in excavations of ancient Viking settlements. Currently, a distinction is made between crocheting, knitting and using a special knitting machine. In turn, you can knit items of clothing (for any season), accessories, and interior items.
- Glass painting is also gaining popularity these days. Inspired by medieval stained glass windows, today's masters use special paints to create amazingly beautiful paintings on glass of any shape and purpose (from dishes to mirrors and glass doors). Mastering the technique of painting on glass is not at all difficult and you may not even know how to draw (templates can be any pictures with clear contours).
Not all types of decorative and applied arts are listed here. Every person can find themselves in creativity and begin to create beauty around themselves. Whatever you do - knitting or wood carving, glass painting or batik, felting or decoupage, - any kind of creativity gives strength and energy, helps fight stress and make life brighter.
If you want to learn a new type of activity, but you can start getting acquainted with it with t thematic master classes. This great way master basic techniques, get your bearings in materials and styles, as well as get a boost of energy and communicate with interesting people.
The ability to be creative is genetically inherent in humans. Art arose as a result of man’s natural need for beauty, for sensory satisfaction from what he created or saw.
The oldest species artistic activity is considered decorative and applied arts (DA). People have always sought to decorate themselves, their homes and the things they used. From the most ordinary materials - stone, metal, wood, clay - people created original works art that expressed the master’s emotional and aesthetic perception of the world around him.
All DPI works can be divided into two groups. The first is represented by household items (clothing, various utensils, dishes, furniture, fabrics), where the beauty of the item is inextricably linked with its benefits.
The second group is represented by objects for decorative purposes; a freer interpretation of the means of expression is possible here, these are panels, decorative vases, souvenirs, etc.
Decorative statues, tapestries, mosaics, panels occupy a special place. They can be both a means of decorating the architectural environment and independent works.
Decorative and applied art has a direct connection with the everyday needs of people and its own means of expression. Throughout its life, humanity is engaged in a variety of activities: household life, sports, creativity, a wide range of social, labor, religious functions, etc. There are great amount various household items, things that help a person perform different actions. Many of them are related to the field of DPI. Such items are made from different materials and can also be used different techniques execution. Taking into account the important role of the constructive-technological principle in the decorative and applied arts and its direct connection with production, DPI works are classified according to the functional characteristics of the use of DPI objects, according to their belonging to different types materials and manufacturing technology.
Classification of DPI according to functional characteristics of use.
Bijouterie.
Jewelry.
Jewelry made from natural materials.
Lighting.
Items for interior decoration, etc.
Types of DPI according to execution technology.
Carpet making.
Weaving.
Artistic painting of eggs.
Manufacturing of glass products.
Pottery.
Artistic metal processing.
Vytynanka.
Wicker weaving.
Floristics.
Folk painting.
Artistic processing of bone, etc.
Classification by materials.
Artistic fabrics.
Artistic textiles.
Artistic ceramics.
Art glass.
Artistic metal.
Artistic woodworking (carving, carpentry, cooperage).
Artistic processing of leather.
The types of DPI will be discussed in more detail in the following articles.
According to the method of manufacturing objects of modern DPI exist in two forms: industrial and craft.
The social division of labor at the manufacturing stage and the development of industry led to the fact that the benefits and beauty, purpose and design of manufactured products became the prerogative of different specialists.
Over time, an art industry emerged—the machine production of decorative and applied products that were used to decorate residential and public buildings and household items. Nowadays, in addition to artistic crafts, mass production of DPI works is provided by special enterprises of the art industry.
Products of professional and folk arts and crafts are similar in many ways, but there are also differences. The people's artist mainly performs his work by hand. The master can work both alone and in a team. Handicrafts are not mass-produced. Even if folk artists make a series of products in a workshop, each item is still individual.
DPI works created at art industry enterprises or in workshops are usually produced in mass quantities. Standardization imposes certain restrictions on the creativity of artists, making things and objects similar. Also, specialists must take into account the demand for the product, the quality of the materials from which the thing will be made, and the availability of equipment required power, etc. But professional artists They also create original designs that exist in a single copy. If a specialist receives an individual order, then he is free from restrictions and can create such a unique thing as his creative talent and customer requirement.
The organic unity of the form of an object, which clearly defines its purpose, and the artistic and visual means that make the object beautiful, reflect the professional skill of the author.
There are also third direction in creating DPI products, it can also be classified as a craft form. This huge army admirers creative activity, handicrafts in everyday life. These are people who do not have special education, amateurs, for whom this is a certain type amateur performances, a unique form of recreation, and now an opportunity for additional income. Knitting, embroidery, carpentry, flower making, embossing, carving, etc. are types of “at home” activities that introduce people to artistic creativity, form taste, high artistic needs.
Creativity at home in our time has received the name “handmade”, from the English “handmade” - handmade, and the process of creating unique products also bears this name.
The fashion for handmade goods came from the West in the 21st century. Nowadays this word is used practically to designate everything creative and original, any handicraft into which a particle of the author’s warmth is invested.
“Be happy using me,” engraved on a small silver spoon by a master from the distant Roman era. This motto can now be applied to all types of applied art - let them be happy people, for whom benefit and beauty are inseparable.
