Good surname is Russian in origin. How surnames appeared in Rus'

“Volost Court”, Mikhail Ivanovich Zoshchenko, 1888

HISTORY OF ORIGIN

Russian surnames are mainly formed as patronymics from ecclesiastical or non-ecclesiastical personal names or nicknames, for example, Ivan > Ivanov son > Ivanov. This also includes surnames derived from nicknames associated with the profession: Goncharov, Melnikov, Krasilnikov.

Much less often - from the names of the area, for example Belozersky from Beloozero. This method of formation is especially characteristic of princely families, however (unlike Western Europe) is not typical for nobles.

The surnames of the clergy are derived from the names of parishes (for example, Kosmodemyansky, Rozhdestvensky) or artificially created in the seminary (Afinsky, Dobrovolsky), and sometimes Greek or Latin tracing paper with a literally translated surname or nickname was used as surnames, for example Solovyov - Aedonitsky.

In various social strata, surnames appeared in different time. The first in the Russian lands to acquire surnames were citizens of Veliky Novgorod and its vast possessions in the north, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Range. Novgorod chroniclers mention many surnames and nicknames already in the 13th century.

« Novgorod trade" - painting by Apollinary Vasnetsov

So in 1240. Among the Novgorodians who fell in the Battle of the Neva, the chronicler mentions the names: “Kostyantin Lugotinits, Gyuryata Pineshchinich, Namest, Drochilo Nezdylov, son of a tanner.”

In 1268“having killed the mayor Mikhail, and Tverdislav Chermny, Nikifor Radyatinich, Tverdislav Moisievich, Mikhail Krivtsevich, Ivach, Boris Ildyatinich, his brother Lazor, Ratsha, Vasil Voiborzovich, Osip, Zhiroslav Dorogomilovich, Poroman Podvoisky, Polyud, and many good boyars.”

In 1270“Having run to the prince at the Settlement of the Thousand and Ratibor, Gavrilo Kyyaninov and his other friends.” In the same year, Prince Vasily Yaroslavich “went to the Tatars, taking Petril Rychag and Mikhail Pineshchinich with him.”

In 1311“Kostyantin, Ilyin’s son Stanimirovich, was quickly killed.” In 1315, Prince Mikhail Tverskoy demanded from the Novgorodians: “give me Fyodor Zhrevsky”...

And there are many such examples...

Somewhat later, in the XIV-XV centuries, family names appeared among princes and boyars.

The princes were nicknamed by the name of their inheritance, and the moment of the emergence of the surname should be considered the moment when the prince, having lost his inheritance, still retained its name as a nickname for himself and his descendants: Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Obolensky, Vyazemsky, etc.

A minority of princely surnames come from nicknames: Gagarins, Gorbatye, Glazatye, Lykovs, Scriabins (boyar Skryaba Travin, Timofey Grigorievich), etc.

Surnames like Lobanov-Rostovsky connect the name of the reign with a nickname.

Boyar and noble families were also formed from nicknames or from the names of their ancestors.

The process of formation of boyar surnames from hereditary nicknames is well illustrated by the history of the boyar (later royal) family of the Romanovs. Its founders were those who lived in the 14th century. Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla (his brother Fyodor Ivanovich Shevlyaga - the founder of the ancient boyar family of the Trusovikhs (from Matvey Trus, 15th century), etc.) and Fyodor Andreevich Koshka Kobylin.

The descendants of Fyodor Koshka for several generations bore the nickname-surname Koshkins (however, not all of them: his son Alexander Bezzubets became the ancestor of the Bezzubtsevs, and another son Fyodor Goltyai became the ancestor of the Goltyaevs). The names of his son Ivan and grandson Zakhary Ivanovich were Koshkins. Among the children of the latter, Yakov Zakharovich Koshkin became the founder of the noble family of the Yakovlevs, and Yuri Zakharovich began to be called Zakharyin-Koshkin, while the son of the latter was already called Roman Zakharyin-Yuryev. The surname Zakharyin-Yuryev, or simply Zakharyin, was also borne by Roman’s son, Nikita Romanovich (as well as his sister Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible); however, the children and grandchildren of Nikita Romanovich were already called Romanovs, including Fyodor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret) and Mikhail Fedorovich (Tsar).

At the end of the 15th century. Among the Russian nobles, the first surnames of foreign origin appear, primarily the surnames of Polish-Lithuanian and Greek (eg. Filosofov) immigrants.

In the 17th century to them are added such surnames of Western origin as Fonvizins, Lermontovs.

The surnames of the descendants of Tatar immigrants were reminiscent of the names of these immigrants: Yusupov, Akhmatov, Kara-Murza, Karamzin (also from Kara-Murza). However, it should be noted that the eastern origin of a surname does not always indicate eastern origin its bearers: in some cases, they come from Tatar nicknames that were in fashion in Muscovite Rus'. This is the surname Bakhteyarova, which was borne by the branch of the Rostov Rurik princes (from Fyodor Priimkov-Bakhteyar), or the surname Beklemishev, which came from the nickname Beklemish (Turkic - guarding, guarding), which was borne by Fyodor Elizarovich, the boyar of Vasily I.

During this period, peasants usually did not have surnames; their function was performed by nicknames and patronymics, as well as the mention of their owner, since in the 16th century. peasantry central Russia was subjected to mass enslavement.

For example, in archival documents of that time one can find the following entries: “Ivan Mikitin’s son, and his nickname is Menshik,” entry from 1568; “Onton Mikiforov’s son, and nickname is Zhdan,” document from 1590; “Guba Mikiforov, son of Crooked Cheeks, landowner,” entry from 1495; “Danilo Soplya, peasant”, 1495; “Efimko Sparrow, peasant,” 1495.

In these records one can see indications of the status of still free peasants (landowner), as well as the difference between the patronymic and the surname (son of such and such).

Peasants northern Russia, former Novgorod possessions, could have real surnames in this era, since serfdom did not apply to these areas.

Probably the most famous example of this kind is Mikhailo Lomonosov. You can also remember Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva, a Novgorod peasant woman and Pushkin’s nanny.

Pushkin in the village of Mikhailovskoye. N.N. Ge. 1874

Cossacks also had surnames. Surnames were also given to a significant part of the population of the lands that were previously part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - the Belarusian lands to Smolensk and Vyazma, Little Russia. The majority of the indigenous population of the black earth provinces, the descendants of service people: single-lords, state peasants, also had surnames.

Under Peter the Great, by Senate Decree of June 18, 1719, in connection with the introduction of the poll tax and conscription, the earliest police registration documents were officially introduced - travel documents (passports). The passport contained information: name, surname (or nickname), where he came from, where he was going, place of residence, description of his type of activity, information about family members who traveled with him, sometimes information about his father and parents.

By decree of January 20, 1797, Emperor Paul I ordered the compilation of a General Arms Book of noble families, which collected more than 3,000 noble family names and coats of arms.

DISTRIBUTION OF SURNAMS AMONG MERCHANTS AND SERVICE PEOPLE

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. surnames began to spread among civil servants and merchants. At first, only the richest - the “eminent merchants” - were awarded the honor of receiving a surname.

In the 15th-16th centuries there were few of these, mostly of Northern Russian origin. For example, the merchants Kalinnikovs, who founded the city of Sol Kamskaya in 1430, or the famous Stroganovs. Among the merchant surnames there were many that reflected the “professional specialization” of their bearers. For example, the surname Rybnikov, derived from the word rybnik, that is, “fish merchant.”

One can also recall citizen Kuzma Minin, who, as is known, did not belong to the nobility, but had his own surname already at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries.

Minin's appeal to the people of Nizhny Novgorod in 1611

DISTRIBUTION OF SURNAME AMONG THE CLRISH

The clergy began to have surnames only with mid-18th century V. Usually they were formed from the names of parishes and churches (Preobrazhensky, Nikolsky, Pokrovsky, Blagoveshchensky, Rozhdestvensky, Uspensky, Kosmodemyansky, etc.). Before this, priests were usually called Father Alexander, Father Vasily, Father or Father Ivan, without any surname being implied. Their children, if necessary, often received the surname Popov.

Some clergy acquired surnames upon graduation from the seminary: Athensky, Dukhososhestvensky, Palmin, Kiparisov, Reformatsky, Pavsky, Golubinsky, Klyuchevsky, Tikhomirov, Myagkov, Liperovsky (from a Greek root meaning “sad”), Gilyarovsky (from a Latin root meaning “cheerful”) ").

At the same time, the best students were given the most euphonious surnames and carrying a purely positive meaning, in Russian or Latin: Brilliantov, Dobromyslov, Benemansky, Speransky (Russian analogue: Nadezhdin), Benevolensky (Russian analogue: Dobrovolsky), Dobrolyubov, etc.; on the contrary, bad students were given dissonant surnames, for example Gibraltar, or derived from the names of negative biblical characters (Saul, Pharaoh).

DISTRIBUTION OF SURNAMES AMONG THE PEASANTRY

“...As practice reveals, even among persons born in a legal marriage, there are many people who do not have surnames, that is, bearing so-called patronymic surnames, which causes significant misunderstandings, and even sometimes abuses... To be called by a certain surname is not only a right, but it is also the duty of every full-fledged person, and the designation of the surname on some documents is required by law itself.”

In central Russia, among the peasantry, surnames until the 19th century. were relatively rare. However, one can remember individual examples- the famous Ivan Susanin, who lived in the 16th-17th centuries.

Ivan Susanin at the Monument “Millennium of Russia” in Veliky Novgorod

In addition, the names of some peasants are known - participants in certain wars, campaigns, defenses of cities or monasteries and other historical disasters.

However, indeed, until the 19th century. mass distribution among the peasants of Central Russia they did not have surnames. But this is rather due to the fact that in those days there was no need for a complete mention of all peasants, and there are no documents in which peasants were mentioned without exception or in the majority. And for the official document flow of those years, if a peasant was mentioned in it, it was usually quite enough to mention the village in which he lived, the landowner to whom he belonged, and his personal name, sometimes along with his profession.

The majority of peasants in central Russia were officially given surnames, recorded in documents only after the abolition of serfdom in 1861.

At the root of some surnames were the names settlements(villages, villages), where these peasants came from. Mostly these are surnames ending in -skikh. Brynsky, Lebedevsky, Uspensky

However, most surnames are family nicknames in origin. Which, in turn, came from the “street” nickname of one or another family member. For the majority of peasants, this very “street” nickname was written down in the document, of which another family could have more than one.

Nicknames appeared much earlier than universal family names. These same family nicknames, sometimes going back many generations, actually served as surnames among the peasants of Central Russia - in everyday life, even before they were universally consolidated. They were the first to be included in the census forms, and in fact, family registration was simply the recording of these nicknames in documents.

Thus, giving a peasant a surname often came down simply to official recognition, legitimization, and assignment of family or personal nicknames to their bearers. This explains the fact that in the era before the mass allocation of surnames to the peasants of Central Russia - we still know individual names and the names of peasants who took part in certain important events.

When it became necessary to mention a peasant in a chronicle or in a narration about some event in which he was a participant, the corresponding nickname was simply indicated as his surname - his own, or his family's. And then, during the general assignment of surnames to the peasants of Central Russia, which occurred after the abolition of serfdom, these same nicknames were, for the most part, officially recognized and assigned.

Worldly surnames were formed on the basis of the worldly name. Worldly names came from pagan times, when church names did not yet exist or were not accepted by the common people.

After all, Christianity did not immediately captivate the minds, much less the souls, of the Slavs. Old traditions were preserved for a long time, the covenants of ancestors were revered sacredly. Every family remembered the names of their ancestors up to the 7th generation and even deeper. Legends from the history of the family were passed down from generation to generation. Instructive stories about the past deeds of their ancestors were told at night to the young successors of the family.

Many of the worldly ones were proper names (Gorazd, Zhdan, Lyubim), others arose as nicknames, but then became names (Nekras, Dur, Chertan, Zloba, Neustroy). It should be noted here that in Old Russian system names, it was also customary to call babies protective names, amulets - names with negative content - for protection, scaring away evil forces, or for the reverse effect of the name. This is how it is still customary to scold those taking an exam, or to wish a hunter “no feather, no feather.”

It was believed that Dur would grow up smart, Nekras would grow up handsome, and Hunger would always be well-fed. Protective names then became familiar nicknames, and then surnames.

For some, the patronymic was recorded as a surname. The royal decrees on conducting a census usually stated that everyone should be recorded “by first name and nickname,” that is, by first name, patronymic and last name. But in the 17th - first half of the 18th centuries, peasants did not have hereditary surnames at all. The peasant family lived only for one life. For example, Procopius was born into the family of Ivan, and in all metric records he is called Procopius Ivanov. When Vasily was born to Procopius, the newborn became Vasily Prokopyev, and not Ivanov at all

The first census of 1897 showed that up to 75% of the population did not have a surname (however, this applied more to residents of the national outskirts than of indigenous Russia). Finally, surnames appeared for the entire population of the USSR only in the 30s of the 20th century during the era of universal passportization.

The word "surname" in Latin means "family". Just like the patronymic, the surname, as a rule, passes to the child from the father, but in this case the rules are still not as harsh as with patronymics. Parents can give their children the surname of not only the father, but also the mother and even the grandfather and grandmother.

In the old days, however, such questions did not arise, because people did not have surnames. And yet it was necessary to somehow distinguish them from one another; names alone were not enough, and they often coincided.

At the everyday level, this issue was resolved simply: each person was given a nickname or nickname. They then served as surnames.

For the first time, surnames appeared quite officially in Russia during the time of Peter I, when the Tsar, by his decree, ordered to record all people living in Russian state, “by names from fathers and nicknames,” i.e. by first name, patronymic and last name. But even then, not everyone had surnames. Princes and boyars were the first to receive them in the 14th-15th centuries. Often their surnames were formed from the names of the properties that belonged to them. If the land holdings were located in the Tver province, then the boyar's surname could be Tverskaya, if in Meshchera - Meshchersky, etc.

But it happened that boyars also received surnames based on their old nicknames. Thus, once upon a time in the 14th century there lived a boyar named Grigory, nicknamed Pushka. It is unknown why he received such a nickname. Maybe because of the loud voice that sounded like a cannon shot, or maybe it had something to do with military equipment. But no matter what was behind it, only his nickname turned into a surname, which after several generations went to the great poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, a descendant of the boyar Grigory Pushka.

Later, already in the 16th-18th centuries, nobles began to receive surnames. There was already more diversity here, because the title of nobility was often awarded for special services to the state, and among the nobles there were people who were not at all noble birth who did not have their own land holdings. So the nobles received their surnames by the name of their father or mother, for example, Stepanov, Dmitriev, Efrosinin, sometimes they came up with some kind of name for themselves noble family, it happened that the king granted it to them along with the title of nobility. It happened that nobles also received their surnames from their old nicknames. Of course, they tried to make them more harmonious, and noble families by the surname Durnovo, Chernago, Khitrovo, Ryzhago, etc.

Then, in the 18th-19th centuries, it was the turn of merchants and service people. They, as a rule, received surnames from the names of the places where they were from. This is how the surnames Astrakhantsev, Moskvitinov, Moskvin, Vologzhanin, etc. appeared.

This is how all classes of Russia received their surnames in turn. When the turn came to the largest segment of the population - the peasants (and this happened already in the 19th century), then the most different ways formation of surnames: both by the name of the father and mother (Ivanov, Petrov, Maryin, etc.), and by the name of the craft or trade in which the head of the family was engaged (Plotnikov, Stolyarov, etc.), by street nickname (Khudyakov, Krivonosoe, Ryzhov)…

It often happened that peasants took surnames after the first and last names of those landowners they served for or whom they knew. There is a known situation when, during the next population census, the peasants of the current Pushkinogorsky district of the Pskov region, finding it difficult to name their surnames (some forgot, and some did not have one), called themselves by the surname of their famous fellow countryman and his friends, who visited him or whom they heard about. Thus, the Pushkin, Pushchin, Yazykov families live here to this day...

Samoilov Andrey

One’s own surname is a distinctive sign of a person in society. It also happens that a person is no longer there, but the surname lives on, and when people call the surname, they remember the person. But not all of us think about the origin, method of education or age of our surname. The study of surnames is valuable for science. It allows you to more fully imagine the events of recent centuries, the history of science, literature, and art. Surnames are a kind of living history.

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City scientific and practical conference

"Intellectuals of the 21st century"

Research work on the topic:

“The history of the emergence of Russian surnames”

Completed by: 10th grade student

MOAU "Secondary School No. 10" Buzuluk

Samoilov Andrey

Head: history teacher

MOAU "Secondary School No. 10" Buzuluk

Pirogov Sergey Ivanovich

Buzuluk, 2014

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3

Onomastics as a branch of linguistics……………………………………...5
Origin of Russian surnames……………………………………..7
Methods of forming Russian surnames…………………………………9
Classification of Russian surnames……………………………………15
The origin of my own surname…………………………..16
The most common surnames in Russia, in Buzuluk, in our school…………………………………………………………………………………17
Etymology of the surnames of my classmates……………………………22

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….27

References………………………………………………………30

Introduction

Names are written in capital letters,
From the words of others, highlighting them.
It’s not for nothing that we were given the surname:
In the world, we will find relatives using it.

Family Tree - many names,
But there is a trunk in it - one surname.
It contains everything with which life is endowed,
She will explain to us who is who.

And its origins are only from it,
We can find it on Earth.
Without her, we have lost our roots,
We will wander like blind people in the darkness.

After all, the surname was given to us from above,
There is a family and our name in it.
And there are no bad or unnecessary surnames,
Everyone is needed, everyone is important to people.

(Markovtsev Yu. “Last name”)

Purpose of the study:study the history of the emergence of Russian surnames and their meanings.

Hypothesis: Russian surnames reflect the cultural and historical development of the nation.

Research objectives:

Get acquainted with the section of onomastics - anthroponymy

Study the history of the origin of surnames in Rus'

Explore ways of forming Russian surnames

Classify Russian surnames by their origin

Analyze the origin of your own surname

Reveal the most common surnames in Russia, in the city of Buzuluk and in our school

- analyze the etymology of the surnames of my classmates.

The relevance of research.It was no coincidence that I chose the topic for my research - “The history of the emergence of Russian surnames.” In my opinion, this topic is relevant at any time, because every person would like to know the history of the surname, its meaning and their predecessors. INIn the 21st century, people were especially interested in surnames, and as a result, many commercial companies appeared ready to provide information from the archives. The study of surnames is of great interest to scientists: sociologists, historians and ethnographers.Each of us communicates every day with different people - friends, colleagues, relatives. Every day we hear, read, pronounce or write dozens of names different people. We watch television programs and movies, where the main characters are almost always people. All citizens of our country have surnames recorded in documents. His own surname is his distinctive sign in society. It also happens that a person is no longer there, but the surname lives on, and when people call the surname, they remember the person. But not all of us think about the origin, method of education or age of our surname. The study of surnames is valuable for science. It allows you to more fully imagine the events of recent centuries, the history of science, literature, and art. Surnames are a kind of living history. Indeed, the information provided by surnames is very broad: this includes toponymy, information about disappeared professions, the history of work and life, the history of the country, the history of the language.

In my work I used the followingresearch methods:structuring, analysis, generalization.

Organization of the study:

On the first stage were carried out: theoretical analysis research problems, hypothesis development.

On the second stage was carried out: selection of research methods, search for material.

On the third stage: generalization of experience and substantiation of logic, study of cultural elements specified by traditions in the analysis of the research text.

Onomastics as a branch of linguistics.

Onomastics is a branch of linguistics that studies proper names, the history of their origin and transformation as a result of prolonged use in the source language or in connection with borrowing into other languages. The word comes from the Greek word onomastikos - relating to the name. Onomastics consists of several sections. Toponymy studies the names of geographical objects (toponyms), their meaning, structure, and origin. Zoonymy considers the proper names (nicknames) of animals. Astronomy is the name and origin of astronomical objects, cosmonymy is the name of zones and parts of the Universe, theonymy is the names of the gods. Anthroponymy is a section of onomastics that studies anthroponyms, that is, people’s own names, origin, changes in these names, geographical distribution and social functioning, structure.

Anthroponymy as a science developed abroad in the first half of the 20th century. The literature on it is enormous. Fundamental works were created by Albert Doza (France), Adolf Bach (Germany), Witold Taszycki (Poland). In many countries around the world, dictionaries of surnames have been created. Academician A. I. Sobolevsky, N. M. Tupikov, and later A. M. Selishchev and his student V. K. Chichagov worked in the field of Russian anthroponymy. A broad study of Russian surnames began in 1968 at the First All-Union Anthroponymic Conference and the works of O. N. Trubachev on the etymology of surnames in Russia.

Thus, onomastics deals with the study of the origin of surnames, and more specifically its section - anthroponymy.

In the modern Russian anthroponymic system, each person has a personal name (selected from a limited list), patronymic and surname.

Before you begin researching the issue of the origin of surnames, you need to understand what this word means. It turns out that this word comes from the Latin familia, which means family. Historically, a surname is a community of people consisting of masters and slaves belonging to it. At the dawn of its origin, it meant an inherited family name, indicating to which clan its bearer belonged. In its modern meaning, a surname denotes an inherited family name added to a person’s name. Historians who have studied the origin of surnames have come to the conclusion that the first surnames arose in economically developed countries Europe in the 10th - 11th centuries at the waist, and then spread to France, Germany, and England. In Rus', the origin of surnames began somewhat later than in Europe - in the 13th-14th centuries. This was due to the technological and economic backwardness of Russia from other countries. The beginning of Russian surnames was laid in the Novgorod province. They were more like nicknames. They were not distributed. Later, in the 15th and 16th centuries, the first Russian surnames arose among representatives of the wealthy, noble classes. Most of Russian peasantry long years got by without last names. And only after the abolition of serfdom under Alexander II in 1861, she acquired surnames.

In S.I. Ozhegov’s “Dictionary of the Russian Language” this word has several meanings:

1.Last name is a hereditary family name added to the personal name.

2. A surname is a series of generations descending from one ancestor, as well as a generation in general.

3. Same as family (outdated).

The emergence of surnames in modern understanding happened late, and was associated with expanding economic ties and the need to regulate the institution of inheritance. They first appeared in economically developed areas Northern Italy V X-XI centuries. Subsequently, the process of active formation of surnames began in the southeast of France, in Piedmont, and gradually spread throughout France. In England, the process of forming surnames began after its conquest by the Normans in 1066 and ended by the 15th century, although in Wales and Scotland the formation of surnames continued in the 18th century. A similar situation arose in Germany, where the formation of surnames of German peasants continued in the 19th century. At the turn of the 15th-16th centuries, surnames reached Denmark. In 1526, the king ordered all Danish nobles to acquire surnames. From Denmark and Germany, surnames passed to the Swedes.

Origin of Russian surnames.

Surnames in Russian nominal formulashowed up quite late. Citizens were the first to acquire surnames in Russian landsVeliky Novgorod, probably adopted this custom from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Thus, Novgorod chroniclers mention many surnames and nicknames already in the 13th century. For example, in the chronicles of those years, among the Novgorodians who fell in the Battle of the Neva, Kostyantin and Lugotinitsa appear. Then in XIV-XV centuries acquired surnames Moscow specific princes and boyars . It is interesting that the emergence of the surname began to be associated with the moment when the prince, having lost his inheritance, still retained his name as a nickname for himself and his descendants (Tverskoy, Vyazemsky). At the end of the 15th century, the first surnames of foreign origin appeared among Russian nobles: the Akhmatovs (descendants of the Tatars), the Fonvizins, the Lermontovs (surnames from Western countries). To end XVIII - mid-XIX centuries the majority of the population of central Russia did not have surnames. Mass assignment of surnames began after the abolition of serfdom in 1861. The peasants became independent, and then the need for surnames arose. As a rule, Russian surnames were single and passed down only through the male line.The history of most Russian surnames goes back only about 100 years. Officially, the bulk of the Russian population received surnames only after the first and only All-Russian population census in 1897. Until that moment, surnames existed in villages only in the form of nicknames (“street surnames”). Those who conducted this census did not mince words when choosing a surname for the peasants. Mostly they were given by the patronymic of the father or grandfather. Therefore, from the list of the 100 most popular Russian surnames, the first places are occupied by Ivanov, Vasiliev, Petrov, Mikhailov, Fedorov, Yakovlev, Andreev, Alexandrov...

Why are there so many Ivans in Rus'? In Russian Orthodox Church there were (and still are) special books - monthly books, or calendars. In the month's book, for each day of each month, the names of the saints who are honored by the church on that day are written down. Before the baptismal ceremony, the priest offered a choice of several names that were listed in the calendar for the child’s birthday. However, sometimes the priest made concessions and, at the request of the parents, gave another name, which was not listed in the calendar for that day. This, in fact, explains that sometimes a name that is rarely found in the calendar appears quite often in life. Thus, the Slavic names Faith, Hope and Love in pre-revolutionary time were given to children often, despite the fact that Faith in the calendar appears only 2 times a year (September 30 and October 14), and Hope and Love - only once each. But, in any case, the child could only be given the name that was in the calendar. No “free thinking” was allowed here.

The name Ivan (John) appears most often in the complete calendar, 170 times (!), i.e. almost every other day. That is why the surname “Ivanov” is the most common Russian surname.

It is curious, but while conducting a study of the official Russian surnames of the Moscow province in 1858 in the Dmitrov and Zvenigorod districts, it turned out that such surnames as Ivanov, Vasiliev and Petrov were never found in the villages in the middle of the last century! The most common surnames were Kozlov (36th place among the most popular surnames in 1900, according to B.O. Unbegun), Volkov (22), Komarov (80)...

It turns out that the most common Russian surname Ivanov is of artificial, “bureaucratic” origin, and what’s most interesting is that its occurrence could partly be attributed to... lack of time! Officials simply had no time to think about and find out the true nicknames that existed in the villages. If the peasants did not have an officially assigned surname, the official should have come up with one. For reasons that are still unclear, the census compilers in most cases did not find out the real village nicknames from the peasants, but did what was easier. Since your father is Ivan, you will be Ivanov! Such an approach to distinguishing between people in the village itself was unacceptable. Agree, it was strange to call a street nickname in the village the Ivanovs, if every second (or third) in this village was Ivan. More significant distinguishing features were needed.

Methods of forming Russian surnames.

In order to professionally talk about surnames, you need to start with the most important thing - how were they formed?

Gorbanevsky’s book lists 5 main ways of forming Russian surnames:

1. Surnames formed from canonical and various folk forms of baptismal Christian names.

2. Surnames that have retained worldly names at their core. Worldly names came from pagan times, when church names did not exist: many of them were simply proper names, others arose as nicknames, but then their basis was forgotten and they became just names. Superstitious parents gave third names to their children in order to save them from various everyday problems: it was here that princes named Farmhand and Golik, priests named Devil and Satan, and, finally, numerous Fools and Blockheads who were not such appeared. The parents had only one concern: let the child safely avoid the troubles that the name given to him entails.

Z. Surnames formed from the professional nicknames of their ancestors, telling which of them did what. Hence the Goncharovs, Ovsyannikovs, Cherepennikovs, Bondarchuks, Kuznetsovs, etc.

4. Surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors was from (the basis of such surnames were different geographical names- cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes, etc.): Meshcheryakov, Semiluksky, Novgorodtsev, Moskvitinov, etc.

5. The most interesting group of Russian surnames belonged to the Orthodox clergy: Apollonov, Gilyarovsky, Troitsky, Rozhdestvensky. By the way, Luzhkov, Vysotsky, Ozerov and even Mayorov and Luminantov.

Some experts will ask: “But many Russian surnames are of Muslim, Buddhist or Jewish origin?” The answer is simple: all the surnames of peoples existing in our time globe arose under approximately the same circumstances. But only the Russian Orthodox clergy, which, unlike other faiths, never tried to “press the Bessermen under their fingernails,” introduced an enviable diversity into Russian surnames. It was here that the names of Hyacinths and Tuberoses, Cypresses and Ptolemies, Caesars and Emperors and many others arose as a result of special word creation.

The bulk of Russian surnames have the suffixes -ov/-ev, -in, from the answer to the question “whose?” -ov is added to nicknames or names with a hard consonant (Maksim-Maksim-ov), -ev is added to names or nicknames with a soft consonant (Andrei- Andre-ev), -in - is added to bases with a, ya (Ilya - Il- in). This also includes surnames by occupation: miller - Melnik-ov, weaver - Tkach-ev, kozhemyaka - Kozhemyak-in.

The second largest group of surnames was formed from the suffixes –skiy/-skoy and –tskiy/-tskaya. These suffixes are most often found in princely surnames and surnames of the gentry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. If a prince owned, for example, a lake, then his surname could be Ozersky (owner of the lake), Gorsky (owner of the mountains), that is, the territorial inheritance was transferred with the surname. Many surnames are associated with the clergy: Voznesensky (from the Feast of the Ascension of the Lord), Troitsky (from the Feast of the Holy Trinity).IN early XVIII centuries the clergy, the only one of the classesRussian Empire, had the privilege free change of surname and became the only social group in Russia that introduced artificial surnames into use: Sinaisky, Athensky, Athos. This was due to the fact that many clergy who came from serfs had dissonant surnames (for example: Pyankov).

The spread of the once aristocratic endings –ovich, -inich in the lower strata of society was accompanied by a reduction (with careless pronunciation) of their form by skipping the syllables –ov and –in, for example: Fominich, Ilyinich => Fomich, Ilyich.

At first, surnames arose among feudal lords. There was hereditary land ownership, and it was this that attracted the emergence of hereditary names. Most of the princely (and then boyar) surnames pointed to those lands that belonged to the feudal lord, or entirely to the area where he was from. This is how the surnames of the boyars arose

Shuisky (after the name of the river and the city of Shuya), princes Vyazemsky (the Vyazemsky family also owes the existence of this surname to the river - Vyazma). No less “transparent” from this point of view are such ancient surnames as Eletsky, Zvenigorodsky, Meshchersky, Tverskoy, Tyumensky, etc.

The first Russian surnames are found in ancient documents dating back to the 15th century. But they could have existed earlier. Sometimes there were violent class feuds around surnames. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (father of Peter I) forbade the Romodanovsky princes to add a second, traditional - Starodubsky, to their first surname, since the second surname corresponded to the ancient inheritance of the Romodanovskys, and this did not fully correspond to the ideas of the Moscow tsars about centralization. So, after the royal decree, one of the Romodanovskys, Grigory tearfully beat his forehead to “The Quietest” (as we remember, that’s what Alexei Mikhailovich was called): “Have mercy, don’t tell me to take away our old honor!” You see how tightly the princes clung to their birthright...

But most of the people who inhabited our country did not have surnames. What happened? One has only to look into the archival documents that have come down to us from the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, and the answer will be found. Nicknames and patronymics are what, in addition to names, served as a social sign for our ancestors. Let's open the yellowed pages of ancient documents, vital records: “Ivan Mikitin is the son, and the nickname is Menshik,” record of 1568; “Onton Mikiforov is the son, and the nickname is Zhdan,” document of 1590; “Guba Mikiforov’s son Crooked cheeks, landowner,” record of 1495 ; “Danilo Soplya, peasant,” 1495; “Efimko Vorobey, peasant,” 1495... Thus, the surnames Mikitin, Nikitin, Menshikov, Mikiforov, Nikiforov, Zhdanov, Krivoshchekov, Soplin, Vorobyov could subsequently arise.

Nicknames were given to people by their relatives, neighbors, class and social environment. Moreover, nicknames, as a rule, reflected some character traits, inherent in this particular person, and not in another. Having become entrenched in surnames, these traits and characteristics of our distant ancestors have survived to this day. This is how it could be.

Once upon a time there lived a white-haired man. They called him Belyak. His children began to be called Belyakovs: “Whose are they?” - “Whose ones are they, the Belyakovs.” The surname Belyakov appeared. But the person wearing it now may well not be blond, but brown-haired or even brunette. On the other hand, some citizen Chernyshev, whose distant ancestor was called Chernysh for the pitch-black color of his hair, may well now be blond. Another person, for his addiction to chatter - “screaming” - could be nicknamed Vereshchaga, and his children Vereshchagin. But he could well have had a silent neighbor, who also had a nickname - Molchan. The Molchanovs could have come from him.

Often, a person received the name of some animal or bird as a nickname, so the nickname noted the person’s appearance, his character or habits.

One might be nicknamed Rooster for his pugnacity, another for long legs Crane, third Snake - for the ability to always wriggle out, avoid punishment or danger. From them the surnames Petukhov, Zhuravlev and Uzhov could subsequently arise. By the way, you probably yourself noticed that bird names There are a lot of them in the Russian language. This is easily explained: birds played a big role both in peasant farming and hunting, and in popular beliefs.

What kind of nicknames do researchers come across when leafing through ancient documents! Here is a record from 1495, it indicates the peasant Ignatko Velikie Lapti. And here is a document from 1335, it names dozens of people who received their nicknames by profession and by their occupations:

Gonchar, Degtyar, Zubovolok, Kozhemyaka, Melnik, Rogoznik, Rudomet, Serebrennik, Krasilnik, Sedelnik, Skomorokh, Shvets... All of them could form the basis of the corresponding surnames.

We all know the once popular Russian name Vasily. It came to the Russian language from Greek, where it had the meaning “royal”. More than 50 surnames have been formed from the name Vasily, which differ from each other in various shades - diminutive, contemptuous, etc. or changed for euphony: Vasin, Vaskin, Vasyatnikov, Vasyutin, Vasilevsky, Vasilchikov, Vasiliev. And more than a hundred (!) surnames were formed from the name Ivan. But in the surname Ischuk you are unlikely to “recognize” the name... Joseph. It arose in Ukraine back in the 15th century, approximately on the territory of the current Vinnitsa, Zhitomir, Rivne and Khmelnytsky regions. It was there that the Orthodox name Joseph turned into Josip, and then into Isko. The son of a man named Isko received the nickname Ishchuk. That's it!

In the past, even among merchants, only the richest - the “eminent merchants” - were awarded the honor of receiving a surname. In the 16th century there were only a few of these. For example, the merchants Stroganov. By the way, among the merchant surnames there were many that reflected the “professional specialization” of their bearers. Take, for example, the surname Rybnikov. It is derived from the word rybnik, that is, “fish merchant.”

An equally large segment of the Russian population consisted of church ministers. The clergy began to receive surnames en masse only in late XVIII- first half of the 19th century. We come across “church” surnames quite often, often without even suspecting it.

Often surnames were given to priests based on the names of the churches in which they served: Deacon Ivan, who served in the Trinity Church, could receive the surname Troitsky. Some clergy acquired surnames upon graduation from the seminary: Athensky, Dukhososhestvensky, Brilliantov, Dobromyslov, Benemansky, Kiparisov, Palmin, Reformatsky, Pavsky, Golubinsky, Klyuchevsky, Tikhomirov, Myagkov, Liperovsky (from the Greek root meaning “sad”), Gilyarovsky (from Latin root meaning "cheerful").

Most of the priests' surnames ended in -skiy, in imitation of Ukrainian and Belarusian surnames: at that time there were many people from these areas among the church administration, teachers of seminaries and theological academies.

When serfdom fell in Russia, the government faced a serious task. It was necessary to give surnames to former serfs, who, as a rule, did not have them before. So the period of final “familization” of the country’s population can be considered the second half of XIX century. Some peasants were given their full or changed surname former owner, landowner - this is how entire villages of the Polivanovs, Gagarins, Vorontsovs, Lvovkins appeared. For others, a “street” surname was written down in the document, which another family might have had more than one. For others, the patronymic was turned into a surname. But this whole process was very complicated, often people continued to do without surnames. This situation prompted the publication in September 1888 of a special decree of the Senate: “...As practice reveals, even among persons born in a legal marriage, there are many people who do not have surnames, that is, bearing so-called surnames by patronymic, which causes significant misunderstandings , and even sometimes abuses... To be called by a certain surname is not only the right, but also the duty of every full-fledged person, and the designation of the surname on some documents is required by law itself.”

Classification of Russian surnames.

Surnames formed from personal names; patronymic surnames formed from male names; non-patronymic surnames; adapted surnames; unadapted surnames; surnames of non-Russian origin; surnames formed from baptismal names, from names of professions, from disappeared professions; matronymic surnames formed from women's names; surnames that arose from toponyms (geographical names); surnames formed from nicknames, from words denoting family relationships, from words denoting social status human, from the names of body parts, from the names of animals, birds, fish, mammals, insects; from botanical terms: names of trees, cultivated plants, fruits; surnames derived from the names of food and drink products; from the names of fabrics, clothing, hats, shoes; from the names of residential and commercial buildings; from the names of tools and household items; from names Vehicle; from the names of weapons and armor; from names various items; from abstract nouns; from intra-family names; from names associated with the circumstances of the child’s birth; from affectionate, protective, Old Russian (non-church) or unusual names; surnames of the Orthodox clergy; surnames formed from the names of saints, from names church holidays; surnames based on biblical and Christian traditions; names of illegitimate children; surnames-pseudonyms; surnames of literary heroes; "talking" names; deliberately changed names; surnames of Ukrainian, Belarusian origin; surnames dating back to other Slavic languages; surnames of (non)European, Turkic, Mongolian origin.

The origin of my own surname.

The surname Samoilov comes from the central regions of the ancient Russian state and is one of the ancient Slavic surnames, the first mention of which dates back to the 16th century.

The surname Samoilov belongs to the ancient type of Russian surnames, formed from the full folk form baptismal name of the ancestor. According to religious canons, the child was named in honor of one or another saint, revered by the church on a strictly defined day of the year. The Christian religion came to Rus' in the 10th century from Byzantium, which borrowed it from the Roman Empire, into which it penetrated from the Middle East. Therefore, most personal Christian names are borrowed from ancient languages: Hebrew, Greek and Latin. These names took root in the language until they began to sound completely Russian.

The surname Samoilov is based on the baptismal name of Hebrew origin Samuil, which translated means “heard by God.” The name Samuel received the popular form Samoilo.

Only the social elite and nobility had surnames formed from the full popular form of the baptismal name, unlike other classes, which were called by diminutive, everyday names.

Samoilov means “son of a man named Samoilo.”

According to family legends, Count Samoilov, their ancestor was the Belarusian nobleman Nikita Samuiko, coat of arms of Sulim, who entered Russia in the first half of the 16th century. Bartholomew Lavrentievich Samoilov was the governor in Pereslavl Zalessky under Peter the Great. Another family of Samoilovs comes from Karp Samoilov, the head of the Streltsy in Siberia. In addition, the Samoilovs are one of the richest dynasties of the Yenisei merchants of the 18th century. Another family of Samoilovs originates from the wonderful opera singer Vasily Mikhailovich Samoilov (1782-1839).

The most common surnames in Russia, in the city of Buzuluk, in our school.

A group of researchers led by E.V. Balanovskaya in 2005 published a list of all-Russian surnames. There are 250 of them.Criteria for inclusion in the list surnames was as follows: it turned on if within three generations At least five bearers of this surname lived in the region. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, across all regions there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When superimposing regional lists on top of each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called “all-Russian surnames.”Here's what the twenty most popular surnames in Russia look like:

Thus, the top three emerged: 1) Smirnov; 2) Ivanov; 3) Kuznetsov. Let's consider the meanings of these surnames.

1) There are two versions about the origin of the Smirnov surname. Let's look at each of them.

According to the first version, the surname Smirnov is based on the very popular non-Christian male personal name Smirna. It is derived from the archaic form smirna - “meek, quiet, obedient.” Perhaps the name reflected the child’s real qualities or, more likely, the parents’ wishes regarding the child’s future behavior. The personal name Smirna was widespread in all territories and in all social strata, which is why the surname Smirnov is now so common. As a result, a descendant of a person with the name Smirna eventually received the surname Smirnov.

According to the second version, the surname Smirnov came from the class of people wandering (roaming) across the Russian land. They were characterized by: practicality, curiosity and spiritual enlightenment. The appearance of these wandering people in some remote settlement brought with them: the discovery of new ways of farming for residents, the emergence of new knowledge about the laws of nature.In those days, the head of a traveling family clan greeted the indigenous people (encountered along the way) with a standard phrase: “Hello, good people!

We come to you with a NEW WORLD."
This phrase served to form the surname, consisting of the roots of two words “WORLD” and “NEW”....After the nomadic lifestyle of a number of family dynasties became a thing of the past, their descendants continued to call themselves Smirnovs.The wandering lifestyle explains the wide territorial distribution of this surname.

2) The surname Ivanov is a common type of Russian surname and is derived from the baptismal name. After 988, every Slav, during an official baptism ceremony, received a baptismal name from the priest, which served only one purpose - to provide the person with a personal name.

The surname Ivanov goes back to the Russian version of the canonical male name John (from Hebrew - “mercy of God”). It is known that in ancient Judea it was pronounced Yohanaan. The Russian name probably comes from the progenitor of the Slavs, Van, since in ancient times all the Slavs were called “Vani.” Christianity added only one letter “and” to the name.

3) The surname Kuznetsov comes from the nickname Kuznets. The surname is based on the patronymic, formed from the father’s given name by occupation. Since the blacksmith was the most necessary and for everyone famous person in the village, naming on this basis was ubiquitous. Therefore, the surname Kuznetsov is one of the most common in Russia. Kuznets, eventually received the surname Kuznetsov.

According to the migration service, the most common surname in Buzuluk is Ivanov. Its origin and meaning have been discussed above.

The twenty most common surnames in Buzuluk look like this:

Ivanov (169)
Popov (167)
Petrov (102)
Grigoriev (101)
Vasiliev (93)
Kuznetsov (84)
Nazarov (77)
Dmitriev (76)
Andreev (67)
Stepanov (66)
Fedorov
Yakovlev
Kalinin
Kolesnikov
Korchagin
Frolov
Alekseev
Zakharov
Zaitsev
Nikiforov

During my research, I could not ignore the namesakes of famous Russian historical and cultural figures. Thus, 11 Kutuzovs, 5 Suvorovs, 21 Romanovs, 7 Minins, 5 Ulyanovs, 2 Gagarins, 2 Khrushchevs, 23 Zhukovs, 23 Gorbachevs, 6 Chekhovs, 7 Shevchenkos, 2 Surikovs, 8 Repins and 44 Shishkins live in Buzuluk.

What are the most common last names at my school?

After studying the list of students at our school, I came up with the following ranking of the most popular surnames:

Ivanov – 11 people
Petrov, Popov – 6 people
Fedorov, Zhalybin – 5 people
Komarov, Nikolaev, Tarasov – 4 people

Last name Ivanov leads by a good margin, and it’s clear why. The surname Ivanov is the most common in Russia. According to various sources, from 16% to 25% of Russian men have this surname. We have already discussed its meaning.

Last name Petrov also included in the top ten most popular in Russia. The basis of the Petrov surname was the church name Peter. The surname Petrov goes back to the canonical male name Peter (translated from ancient Greek - “stone, rock”). The name Peter became especially widespread in the 18th century, when this name began to be given in honor of Emperor Peter I

The patron of the name Peter was the Christian saint, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ - Peter. In Catholicism, it is believed that the Apostle Peter was the first Roman bishop, that is, the first pope. He was canonized in both the Catholic and Orthodox churches. In Rome, the feast of Saints Peter and Paul was introduced, as the two most revered apostles, called the supreme holy apostles for their especially zealous service to the Lord and the spread of the faith of Christ.
In Rus', they believed that if you give a child the name of a saint or great martyr, then his life will be bright, good or difficult, because there is an invisible connection between the name and the fate of a person. Peter, over time received the surname Petrov.

Last name Fedorov is also included in the ranking of the most common Russian surnames. The surname Fedorov comes from the male church name Theodore (from the ancient Greek Theodoros - “gift of the gods”). In everyday pronunciation, the combination of vowels EO, which is not typical for the Russian language, has disappeared. The surname Fedorov is most often found in the Novgorod and Pskov regions, where it ranks fourth among others, and, for example, in the Middle Volga region - much less often. Other forms of surnames arose from derived dialectal forms of the name. In other forms this name came into the Russian language from other languages, for example: Polish Theodor, Bulgarian Todor. The sound [f], alien to the Old Russian language, was rendered as [x] or [xv] - Khodor, Khvedor, from which dozens of surnames arose: Fedin, Fedonin, Fedoreev, Khodorov, Todorov and many others. Feodor, eventually received the surname Fedorov.

Etymology of the surnames of my classmates.

I tried to find material about each of the 15 people.

Last name Akhmedov It has rich history and belongs to the type of family names common in Russia Turkic origin. It came from the name of a distant ancestor in the male line, Ahmed. Ancient Arabic name Ahmed in translation means “the most famous, famous, illustrious”, as well as “worthy of praise”. This epithet belonged to the Prophet Muhammad himself. This naming is very popular among all Turkic peoples and is often used as a component of complex names, such as Akhmedshakur, Akhmedbai, Akhmedbaki. The name Ahmed could be given to a child with a wish for wealth and recognition. Such a name became for the young heir a kind of symbol of a happy fate and a sign of great destiny. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the surname Akhmedov arose from the name of the ancestor Akhmed. Undoubtedly, it is a wonderful monument of oriental writing and vivid evidence of the interaction of different national cultures.

basis Antiukhin's surnamesserved as the church name Anthony. The surname Antyukhina is derived from the name Antyukha, a diminutive form of the baptismal male name Antony (Anton), which is presumably related to the Greek word “anteo”, which translated into Russian means “to enter into battle, compete.” This name has many patrons, one of which is Anthony the Roman. He was born in Rome in 1067 to wealthy Orthodox parents and was raised by them in piety. After the death of his parents, he distributed part of the inheritance to the poor, and put the other in a wooden barrel and put it into the sea. He himself took monastic vows in a desert monastery, where he lived for 20years .

During the persecution of the Orthodox, Anthony wandered until he found a large stone on the seashore, on which he lived for a whole year in fasting and prayer. A terrible storm tore off the stone and carried it into the sea. On Christmas Day Holy Mother of God The stone stopped 3 versts from Novgorod on the banks of the Volkhov River. Anthony founded a monastery on this site. Antyukha, eventually received the surname Antiukhin.

Last name Bisultanovformed from the Tatar male name Bisultan, which goes back to two bases: Bi (from bek/bik - “master, master”) and Sultan, which means “lord, ruler, lord, head of state, monarch, emperor.” Similar names, where two parts have approximately the same meaning, are often found in the East.

Originally the surname was Belova formed from the word “white” - about color, suit, paint: colorless, opposite to black. In addition, the Slavs used this name for a neat person.

In Vologda dialects, “belyak” means “shoes made of white rawhide.” The ancestor could have been involved in the sale or manufacture of such shoes.

According to another version, the surname Belov belongs to the oldest type of Slavic family nicknames, derived from geographical names. Existed county town Belovo, Kemerovo region. The Belovs' ancestor, whose nickname was derived from the name of this city, could have been its resident.

ABOUT Surnames Vatolkinavery little is known. Scientists only assume that it appeared in the Republic of Udmurtia.

Last name Goncharovderived from the nickname Gonchar. It originates from the common noun “potter” - “a master who makes products from baked clay (dishes, toys, etc.).” Most likely, the nickname refers to the so-called “professional” naming, containing an indication of the activities of the founder of the surname. Perhaps the ancient Slavs attached a special symbolic meaning to this nickname. In folk beliefs, the potter was associated with fire, the underworld, evil spirits. At the end of the day, the master baptized the potter's wheel or drew a cross on it; He left a piece of clay on the circle and made a cross on it so that the devil would not rotate it at night. Pottery marks in the form of crosses on the bottoms of pots are known from archaeological data. Gonchar, over time received the surname Goncharov.

There are two versions of the origin surname Grebnev . According to one of them, this surname is formed from the non-church name Greben. Such names in the old days were widespread in all levels of society. According to another, more plausible hypothesis, the basis for the surname was the nickname Comb, which could have been received by the master who made this household item.

The basis of the surname Ilyasov served as the church name Ilya. The surname Ilyasov is derived from the name Ilyas, which is a derived form of the male baptismal name Ilya, which is a modified form of the biblical name Eliyahu. The latter is translated from Hebrew as “my God is the Lord,” that is, “My God is the true God.” The patron of this name is Elijah the Prophet - a legendary figure in the Jewish and Christian tradition, a miracle worker and soothsayer, a formidable denouncer of idolatry. For his fiery zeal for the glory of God, he was taken to heaven alive in a chariot of fire. In Rus' this saint was especially revered. It was he who, in popular pagan ideas, replaced the ancient thunder god Perun and began to be called Ilya the Thunder-Bearing. According to another version, the surname is associated with the Hebrew-Arabic name Ilyas, which translated into Russian means “the power, might, mystery of Allah.” Ilyas eventually received the surname Ilyasov.

According to one version, surname Lapin comes from the nickname Paw. This could be a nickname for a person with large, strong hands, or, in common parlance, “paws.” It is possible that the surname is associated with the dialect verb “to paw” - “roughly grab, crush, feel.” In this case, Lapa could be nicknamed a prankster and a naughty person.According to another hypothesis, the surname is formed from a shortened form of the male baptismal names Evlampy and Kharlampy. For ease of pronunciation, the “m” in these names was omitted, and in diminutive form they began to be used as the name Lapa. Also, women with the rare name Olympiada these days were affectionately called not Limps, but Lindens, Lipochkas.

Last name Pirogovgoes back to the nickname of the ancestor Pie. In Rus', the best pies in the world are still baked. The attitude towards dough, towards baking, and towards bread in general was almost sacred. In the old days, it was not for nothing that there were sayings: “Bread is the head of everything,” “The hut is not red in its corners, but red in its pies.” Probably the man who bore the nickname Pie was distinguished great love To this species baked goods, was a warm and hospitable host. It is also possible that he was a baker or a merchant who sold pies.

Last name: Simatovahas a very interesting history of origin and belongs to a common type of ancient eastern surnames. It is formed from the nickname Simat, which goes back to the dialectal Ossetian common noun “simad (or simd)” - “the name of the Ossetian folk dance.” Probably, such a nickname refers to the so-called “professional” names, indicating the type of person’s activity. It can be assumed that the founder of the Simatovs was a dancer.

ABOUT surname TyanterevaLittle material has survived. One can only assume that the surname came from the name of the bird - black grouse through the evolution of language. A person with such a surname could have poor hearing, because the black grouse can hardly hear.

People with the surname Ulrich can appreciate the history of their family, since their surname belongs to the numerous layer of German surnames that have left a significant mark on European culture. The surname Ulrich obviously represents a personal name or nickname of a distant ancestor in the male line that has been established as a surname. The German male name Ulrich is known, which translated from the ancient German language means “rich, powerful.” The family’s acceptance of the ancestor’s personal nickname as their family name means that the founder of the surname Ulrich was a great authority for the household, and was also a famous person in his native settlement.

The basis of the surname Fatneva served as the church name Photius. The male baptismal name Photius is derived from the ancient Greek word “fos” - “light”. In “akaya” dialects it began to be pronounced and written as Fatey. The surname is based on its colloquial form - Faten. The patron saint of the name is the martyr Photius, who, during the persecution of Christians, denounced the pagan king for the wickedness and vain torment of Christians, and then himself endured torment for the faith of Christ (IV century).

The basis of the surname Yakushkin served as the church name Yakov. The surname Yakushkin is probably derived from the church name Yakov, or more precisely from its colloquial form Yakush, Yakushka. Translated from Hebrew, this name means “follower” or “second-born.”

According to another version, the basis for the surname Yakushkin was a nickname from the dialect “Yakush” - this is how in some dialects they called a carpenter-carver who made decorations for huts and ships. In this case, the surname may contain an indication of the occupation of the Yakushkins’ ancestor.

Conclusion

Each surname has its own history and etymology, its own semantic root from which it comes. But we should not forget that surnames have long lost their internal form, since they were inherited by many generations, reflecting the nickname of a distant ancestor.

The secret of surnames is studied by a special science - anthroponymy, which also covers other types of proper names of people - individual names, patronymics, nicknames, nicknames, pseudonyms, etc. Together with anthroponyms, all proper names (toponyms, i.e. geographical names, ethnonyms - names of peoples, cosmonyms - names of space objects, zoonyms - names of animals, etc.) with the branches of science that study them constitute onomastics.

The study of the secrets of surnames is productive only with the unity of linguistics, historical phonetics, historical word formation, historical vocabulary, history and ethnography.Of the entire set of Russian surnames, those that reflect the social structure of Russia over many centuries of its existence are of greatest interest. These surnames reflect the entire social hierarchy, all class differences in Russia in the distant past: peasants and landowners, factory owners and workers, gentlemen and their servants, merchants, officials, clergy, military men. Surnames that reflect various professions, as well as various human qualities, vices and virtues, dreams and everyday reality are also interesting. These are original documents of the history of the Russian people.

Surnames were often given under a variety of circumstances. For example, a person with the surname of Governors could be both the son and servant of the governor, his employee, a peasant of the governor’s landowner’s estate, etc.

So are the others similar surnames: Landowners, Esaulovs, Gospodinov, Getmanov, Tsaritsyn, Owners, Barsky, Grafsky or - Slugin, Smerdov, Kholopov, Dvornikov, Konyukhov, Zapryagaev, Chelyadin, Polovoy, Lackey, Boys, Cooks and others. The Popovs, Pevchevs, Dyakonovs, Parish, Obednins, Kolokolovs, Zvonarevs, Molitvins, Bozhevs, Dyachkovs, Khramovs, Vladykins, Bogodukhovs are, in all likelihood, connected with the church, which in the past occupied a huge place in the public life of the people.

If the surnames Soldatov, Ofitserov, Kapitonov, Generalov, Polkovnikov are perceived as familiar, then Ulanov, Grenadirov, Dragunov, Kornetov, Kadetov evoke certain historical associations. Such surnames as the Dvoryankins, Dvoryaninovs, Meshchaninovs, Gorodnichevs, Ispravnikovs, Podyachevs, Pisarevs, Predvoditelevs, Zavodchikovs, Fabrikantovs, Owners, Khozyainovs, Factory, Mekhanikovs, Rabochevs, Stores, Prikazchikovs, Baryshnikovs, Korobeinikovs and others go back into the depths of history.

Professions and handicrafts are reflected in the very common surnames Melnikovs, Goncharovs, Kuznetsovs, Bocharovs and Bochkarevs. Somewhat less common are the Krupoderovs, the Zhivoderovs (the flayer is a worker who skinned killed animals), the Pivovarovs, the Sbitenkovs (sbiten is an old Russian sweetish drink that was brewed in samovars), the Telegins, the Khomutovs, the Tkachevs and the Pryakhins. Urban professions are reflected in the surnames Izvozchikovs, Konkins, Karetnikovs, Syurtukovs, Perepletchikovs, Mramornovs, Dubodelovs, Alabasterevs and others, as well as not typically urban ones - in the surnames Toporyshchevs, Fonarevs, Kastryulins, Arshinovs, Vedernikovs and others. The following names speak of poverty and hardship: Obyedkin, Nuzhdin, Khudokormov, Korochkin, Bezdomnikov, Ustaly, Hungry, Podpalkin, Nevzgodov, Semigorelov, Podvalny, Ogryzkov, Tyurmin, Cherdakov, Nebogatikov, Kusochkin.

The words from which such surnames as Sokhin, Brichkin, Tarantasov, Kutin, Grivennikov, Polushkin come from are associated with the distant past.

In many surnames there are quite modern words and concepts: Aptekarev, Cutters, Pochtarev, Painters, Doctors, Lekarev, Students, Pilots, Cooks, Painters, Stokers, Screws, Shpuntov, Gvozdev, Molotkov, Vitriol, Solutions, Turpentines, Lancets, Ethers and others. The words underlying the surnames Grazhdankin, Sovetov, Pyatiletkin, Deputates, Kommunarov, Instances, Fasons, Tovarov seem even more modern. However, their origin may not be modern.

Russian surnames are an encyclopedia of Russian life, history, ethnography. They keep and will always keep in their foundations the memory of events, objects, phenomena characteristic of the eras when they were created, from the ancient (Smerdov, Knyazev) to the newest (Pervomaisky, Oktyabrsky).

Literature:

1. Glushko E. A., Medvedev Yu. M. Encyclopedia of Russian surnames. – M.: EXPO – Press, 2000.

2. Nikonov V. A. Dictionary of Russian surnames. M., 1993

3. Petrovsky N. A. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 1984

4.Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames. M., 1981

5. Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames. M. 1981

6.Burtseva V.V. New spelling dictionary-reference book of the Russian language. "Russian Language-Media", M., 2007.

7. Sayakhova L. G. Thematic dictionary of the Russian language. M., 2008

8.Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Russian language. M.: “Russian Language-Media”, 2007.

9. Ivanova T. F. New spelling dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation. Emphasis. Grammatical forms. "Russian Language-Media", M., 2004.

10. Tikhonov A. N. Comprehensive dictionary of the Russian language. "Russian Language-Media", M., 2007.

11. Ushakov D. N. Bolshoi Dictionary modern Russian language. "Alta-Print", M., 2007

12. V. A. Nikonov. PRECIOUS WITNESSES. - M.: Etymology, 1988-1990,

13. Chichagov V.K. From the history of Russian names, patronymics and surnames, M., 1959

14. Superanskaya A. V. General theory of proper names, M., 1973;

15. Barashkov V. F. Surnames with calendar names as a basis / V. F. Barashkov // Anthroponymics. - M.: Nauka, 1970.

The word "" translated from Latin means "family". Just like the patronymic, as a rule, passes to the child from the father, but in this case the rules are still not as severe as with patronymics. Parents can give their children the surname of not only the father, but also the mother and even the grandfather and grandmother.
In the old days, however, such questions did not arise, because people did not have surnames. And yet it was necessary to somehow distinguish them from one another; names alone were not enough, and they often coincided.
At the everyday level, this issue was resolved simply: each person was given a nickname or nickname. They then served as surnames.
For the first time, surnames appeared quite officially in Russia during the time of Peter I, when the Tsar, by his decree, ordered that all people living in the Russian state be recorded “by their first names and nicknames,” i.e. by first name, patronymic and last name. But even then, not everyone had surnames.

Princes and boyars were the first to receive them in the 14th-15th centuries. Often their surnames were formed from the names of the properties that belonged to them. If the land holdings were located in the Tver province, then the boyar's surname could be Tverskaya, if in Meshchera - Meshchersky, etc. But it happened that boyars also received surnames based on their old nicknames. Thus, once upon a time in the 14th century there lived a boyar named Grigory, nicknamed Pushka. It is unknown why he received such a nickname. Maybe because of the loud voice, which resembled a cannon shot, or maybe it had something to do with military equipment. But no matter what was behind it, only his nickname turned into a surname, which after several generations went to the great poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, a descendant of the boyar Grigory Pushka.

Later, already in the 16th-18th centuries, nobles began to receive surnames. There was already more diversity here, because the title of nobility was often awarded for special services to the state, and among the nobles there were people of not at all noble origin who did not have their own land holdings. So the nobles received their surnames by the name of their father or mother, for example, Stepanov, Dmitriev, Efrosinin, sometimes they came up with some noble surname for themselves, it happened that the king granted it to them along with the title of nobility. It happened that nobles also received their surnames from their old nicknames. Of course, they tried to make them more harmonious, and noble families with the names Durnovo, Chernago, Khitrovo, Ryzhago, etc. appeared.

This is how all classes of Russia received their surnames in turn. When it came to the turn of the largest segment of the population - the peasants (and this happened already in the 19th century), then a variety of methods of forming surnames were already used; and by the name of the father and mother (Ivanov, Petrov, Maryin, etc.), and by the name of the craft or trade in which the head of the family was engaged (Carpenters, Stolyarov, etc.), by Street nickname: Khudyakov, Krivonosov, Ryzhov ...

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Introduction

Research problem. Nowadays, every person receives a surname at birth, inheriting the surname of their mother or father. And I began to wonder if it had always been like this, and why my family “bears” this surname, and what it can tell about, and how it appeared. So many questions. And to find answers to them I had to turn to the history of the origin of Russian surnames.

Relevance. Studying the origin of surnames can provide information not only for researchers of the Russian language, but also for every person far from philology. Everyone needs to learn about the origin and meaning of their first and last names in order to recreate the history of their clan, their family.

Goals and objectives. Study the history of the emergence of Russian surnames, their meanings, setting the following tasks:

Study the history of the origin of surnames in Rus'

Explore ways of forming Russian surnames

Classify Russian surnames by their origin

Analyze the origin of surnames in my family tree.

Research methods. In my work I used structuring, analysis, and generalization.

History of the origin of Russian surnames

It turns out that the first surnames in Rus' appeared only in the 13th century, but most people were “surnameless” for about 600 years.

Russian princes and boyars were the first to receive surnames. The surnames of princes often came from the names of the lands they owned. For example, Muromsky. Or from the root - the foundations that characterize its best qualities. For example, Khlobodarov, Bogolyubov.

Boyars, as a rule, received surnames based on the baptismal name of the ancestor or his nickname: such surnames answered the question “whose?” (that is, “whose son?”, what kind?”) and had possessive suffixes.

The suffix -sk- was common Slavic and could be found in the surnames of Ukrainians (Artemovsky), Czechs (Komensky) and Poles (Zapototsky).

The suffix -ov- was added to worldly names ending with hard consonants: Ignat - Ignatov, Smirnoy - Smirnov.

The suffix -in- was given to surnames formed from given names with the vowels “a” and “ya”: Gavrila - Gavrilin.

The Russian aristocracy initially had noble roots, and among the nobles there were many people who came to Russian service from abroad, so their surnames were formed from foreign words with the addition of possessive suffixes. For example, Fonvizins (from german background Wiesen), Lermontovs (from the Scottish Lermont).

Also, foreign language bases for surnames were given to illegitimate children of noble people: Amants (French amant “beloved”). Some parents did not particularly show their “imagination”; they did not bother coming up with new surnames, but simply took and shortened the old one. So, from the surname Elagin a new one was formed - Agin, and from Golitsyn and Tenishev came “Koreans” with the surnames Go and Te.

Until the end of the 19th century, peasant surnames were rare. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the process of assigning surnames to peasants began, and by the time of universal passportization in the 1930s, every resident of the USSR had a surname.

When peasants began to acquire surnames, for superstitious reasons, from the evil eye, they gave children surnames with roots - the roots are not the best: Nelyub (Nelyubov), Nenash (Nenashev), Nekhoroshiy (Nekhoroshev), Blockhead (Bolvanov), Kruchina Kruchinin). After the revolution, queues began to form at passport offices from those who wanted to change their surname to a more euphonious one.

From 60% to 70% of Russian surnames have the suffixes -ov or -ev, and they are formed by adding to the patronymic or grandfather's name, or from church and Slavic names, or even nicknames. Let's take for example the name Ivan-son of Ivanov (the question is asked “whose?” or “whose son?”) = Ivanov. This is how the chain turns out, from which a man’s surname is ultimately obtained.

The suffixes -in/-yn are the second most common. Surnames with the suffix ending in -in were present among Belarusians and were less popular among Russian surnames. Such suffixes were added to stems - roots female, i.e. ending in -a or -ya. For example, head (nickname) - whose son? - golovin = Golovin (surname).

Surnames on -i/-s come from the nickname that characterized the family - Short, White, Red, Large, Small, etc. - and are a form of the genitive (or prepositional) case plural possessive adjective. Take for example the Whites (family nickname) - whose son? - white = Belykh (surname). By the way, according to the norms of literary language, surnames ending in -i and -yh are not declined.

Women's surnames were created along the same chain, but with the addition of the ending -a to the suffixes -ov, -ev, -in, or replacing the suffix -sky with -skaya. For example, Belov - Belova, Zakharochkin - Zakharochkina, Aprelsky - Aprilskaya.

Thus, having knowledge about the methods of forming surnames, you can find out about your past: who your ancestors were, what external signs they had (if they are the Krivosheevs, Golovins, Nosovs) or what character (Zverevs, Lyutovs, Dobronravovs), what profession they had (Bondarevs , Konyukhovs, Goncharovs) or where they lived (Moskovskys, Krainovs).

I want to devote my research to the analysis of my family tree. Divide all the surnames I collected by method of formation, identify the most and least common. With their help, restore the roots - the foundations, identify groups from them (nominal, nickname, etc.), and also reproduce the images of my ancestors, finding out what professions they had, what they looked like or where they lived.

Methods of forming surnames

The family tree I compiled is presented in Appendix No. 1. It consists of 75 people and reflects 17 surnames of my family.

Let's consider the ways of forming these surnames and highlight the groups.

1. The first group is represented by surnames formed by adding the suffix -ov- to the root-base.

Krainov(a)

Chuchkalov(a)

Sudarov(a)

Kamyshov(a)

Filippov(a)

Frolov(a)

Parfenov(a)

Gavrilov(a)

2. The second group is surnames formed using the suffix -in-.

Shuklin(a)

Zakharochkin(a)

Repkin(a)

Meshalkin(a)

Chavkin(a)

Anashin(a)

3. The third group is represented by a surname with the suffix -enko-. This method of formation is typical for Ukrainian surnames.

Avdeenko

4. The fourth group is surnames formed by adding the suffix -ev- to the root-base.

Tabaev(a)

If we analyze the above groups by size, we can come to the following conclusions.

The first place in terms of the prevalence of surname formation in our country is occupied by surnames with the suffix -ov. This group includes 8 surnames, which is about 47%.

The second place in popularity is occupied by surnames with the suffixes -in-. This group included 7 names - 41%

Third place was shared between two groups: surnames with the suffix -enko- and surnames with the suffix -ev-. Each of these groups is represented by only one surname, which is approximately 6%.

Roots - the basics of surnames

Knowledge about the methods of forming surnames allowed us to isolate the roots from them - the foundations, the analysis of the meaning of which will help us restore the image of the original owner of a particular surname. To interpret the roots and fundamentals, let us turn to the “Dictionary of Russian Surnames” by V.A. Nikonov, “Dictionary of Modern Russian Surnames” by I.M. Gonzhin, to the work “Russian Surnames” by B.O. Unbegaun, “Dictionary of Russian Surnames” by Yu. Fedosyuk. AND.

I have classified the root roots into five groups.

The first group includes surnames formed from name carrier, namely:

The Avdeenko surname comes from the baptismal name Avdey - a clergyman. This surname is of Ukrainian origin.

Anashin(a) - the surname comes from the name Ananiy, which goes back to the Hebrew god, who was merciful, merciful.

Gavrilov(a) - the surname comes from the name Gabriel. It means divine warrior in ancient European.

Zakharochkin(a) - the surname was formed from the baptismal name Zakhary (Zakharia). From ancient European it is translated as joy, memory of God.

Kamyshov(a) - the basis of the surname is the word kamysh, and not a common noun, but a given name. In the old days, names and nicknames from the names of plants and animals were popular. Reed is one of these names.

Parfyonov(a) - the surname was formed from the baptismal name Parfyon (from the Greek partenos - virgin, pure).

Filippov(a) is a surname from the church male name Philip (Greek Philippos - “horse lover”).

Frolov(a) is a surname from the form Frol. From the church male name Flor (Latin Florus - “blooming”).

The second group consists of surnames that characterize behavior first bearer:

Meshalkin(a) - the surname was formed from the nickname “Stirrer”. Stirrer used to be called an annoying person.

Sudarov(a) - the surname comes from the word sir, used in the past as a respectful address. Also, the nickname sir could be given to a person who liked to pretend to be a master.

Chavkin(a) - the surname is formed from the non-baptismal name Chavka. From the verb "to slurp". The nickname Chomp could be given not only to someone who ate loudly, but also to a person who had a speech impediment, as well as someone who loved to chat.

Chuchkalov(a) - the surname is derived from the nickname Chuchkalo, which originates from the verb “chuchkanut” - which meant “to hit”.

Shuklin(a) is a surname from a nickname or non-church name Shuklya. The basis of the surname is unknown. A connection with the verb shukat, which means to search, fuss, whisper, is not excluded.

The third group includes surnames that reflect location carriers:

Krainov(a) - the surname is derived from the word extreme person living on the edge of the village. And this is true. According to her great-grandmother, who bore this surname as a girl, her parents’ house was located on the edge of the village.

The fourth group is a group of surnames that characterize appearance :

Repkin (a) is a surname from the word turnip; in Rus' a turnip was called a strong and dense person.

Tabaev(a) - In Turkic languages, the prefix -tab means “similar”, “similar”, and “ai” means moon. From this comes “Tabai” - the moon-faced one. Indeed, my family is predominantly white skinned and does not tan.

The fifth group included surnames reflecting profession or native skills:

Sharin(a) - the surname was formed from the nickname Sharya. The most ancient meaning of this word is “to paint.”

We can conclude that the most common roots are stems reflecting the baptismal name of the bearer - 47%.

In second place is the group of surnames that characterize the behavior of the bearer - 29%

The third most popular group is a group of roots - stems that indicate the appearance of the wearer - 11%

The most rare representatives of my family were surnames reflecting the place of residence and profession of the bearer - 6% each.

Conclusion

We analyzed the methods of forming the surnames of my family, with the help of which we were able to identify the roots - the foundations. The data obtained contain information that will allow me to say with complete confidence that my ancestors were fair-skinned and of a strong build, they loved to pretend to be gentlemen, they talked a lot, got in the way, and could even get into fights. They also painted something and lived on the edge of the village. And I also know their names now, despite the hundreds of years that have passed. Low bow to you - Philip, Ananias, Kamysh, Parfen, Florus and Avdey.

Study your family using the knowledge gained in Russian language lessons. Use this knowledge to restore your past and pass it on to the future. Many scientists dream of inventing a time machine, but it is hidden in the works of philologists.

Bibliography

1. Nikonov V. A. Dictionary of Russian surnames.

2.Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames.

3. Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames.

4.Gonzhin I.M. Dictionary of modern Russian surnames.

5. Unbegaun B.O. Russian surnames.