The meaning of the word art in the modern encyclopedic dictionary. Reference books on art
The meaning of the word ART in Modern encyclopedic dictionary
ART
1) artistic creativity in general - literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative arts, music, dance, theater, cinema, etc. In the history of aesthetics, the essence of art was interpreted as imitation (mimesis), sensual expression of the supersensible, artistic and figurative exploration of the world, etc. 2) B in the narrow sense- art. 3) High degree skills and mastery in any field of activity.
Modern encyclopedic dictionary. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what ART is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- ART in Quotation Wiki:
Data: 2009-08-26 Time: 08:49:16 - = A = * And art? - Only a game, Similar only to life, similar only to... - ART in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
a term used in two meanings: 1) skill, skill, dexterity, dexterity, developed by knowledge of the matter; 2) creative activity aimed at creating artistic... - ART in the Lexicon of non-classics, artistic and aesthetic culture of the 20th century, Bychkova:
(Greek - techne, Lat. - ars, English and French - art, Italian - arte, German - Kunst) One of the universal... - ART in the Dictionary of Fine Arts Terms:
- 1. Artistic creativity in general - literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative and applied arts, music, dance, theater, cinema and others... - ART in Statements of famous people:
- ART in the Dictionary One sentence, definitions:
- a mediator of what cannot be expressed. Johann Wolfgang ... - ART in Aphorisms and clever thoughts:
a mediator of what cannot be said. Johann Wolfgang ... - ART in the Basic terms used in A.S. Akhiezer’s book Critique of Historical Experience:
- specialized form human activity, a special side of any of its forms, including religion, science, etc. And through a peculiar fusion... - ART in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
publishing house, Moscow. Founded in 1936. Literature on the history and theory of fine arts and architecture, theater, cinema, radio and television; albums... - ART in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
one of the forms public consciousness, component spiritual culture of humanity, specific genus practical-spiritual exploration of the world. In this regard, to I. ... - ART in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
arts and art-critical magazine, ed. in Moscow since 1905 monthly. Ed.-ed. N.Ya.... - ART in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
1) artistic creativity in general - literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative arts, music, dance, theater, cinema, etc. In ... - ART in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -a, cf. 1. Creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images. I. music. I. cinema. Fine Arts. Decorative and applied arts. 2. ... - ART
"THE ART OF CINEMA", monthly. lit.-art. and critical-journalistic. magazine, since 1931, Moscow. Founders (1998) - State. Faculty of the Russian Federation for Cinematography, Union of Cinematographers... - ART in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"ART AND ARTISTIC INDUSTRY", monthly. illustrated magazine, in 1898-1902 published in St. Petersburg by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, ed. N.P. ... - ART in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"ART FOR ART" ("pure art"), called. a number of aesthetic concepts that affirm the self-completion of art. creativity, independence of art from politics and societies. requirements. ... - ART in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"ART", magazine on art. lawsuit Basic in 1933 (did not appear in 1941-46), Moscow. Published as an organ of the USSR Ministry of Culture, ... - ART in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"ART", State Publishing House. Institute for printing Ros. Federation, Moscow. Basic in 1936. Literature on the history and theory of images. lawsuits and... - ART in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ART, art. creativity in general - literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, music, dance, theater, cinema and other varieties... - ART in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
art, art, art, art, art, art, art, art, art, art, art, art, ... - ART in the Dictionary of epithets:
Creative artistic activity. Boundless, unprincipled, sterile, pointless, meaningless, brilliant, combative, eternal, militant, exciting, magical, free (obsolete), lofty, humanistic, humanitarian (obsolete), ... - ART in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-a, s. 1) Artistic creativity in general; reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images. Monuments of art. Modern Art. ...The best monument... - ART in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
Syn: skill, ... - ART in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
Syn: skill, ... - ART in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
art. Fine arts: music, painting, sculpting (sculpture), architecture (architecture), mosaic; poetry, dancing, facial expressions, singing, acting, etc. See occupation, knowledge, ... - ART in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
Syn: skill, ... - ART in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
Wed 1) Creative artistic activity. 2) Creative industry artistic activity. 3) A system of techniques and methods in smb. branches of practical activity; ...
Modern dictionary-reference book on art. /Ed. A.A. Melik-Pashayeva. - M.: Olimp-Ast, 2000, 813 p.
In my opinion, even the most tolerant judge will count the Dictionary-Reference team a loss.
First of all, the very first impression: the book was written like this in 1977. In the mid-90s, it ended up in a publishing house, where the most odious signs of the recent past were removed and only a dozen concepts were added youth culture(mainly pop music), and here you are - a kind of modern publication at the level of the new century.
Pop music, according to the personalities of the Dictionary-Reference Book, ceased to exist in the 70s. The only group awarded a separate article is no, not the Beatles or even the Time Machine (only references to the general article “Rock Music”), but ABBA!
Anyway, okay. The cause seems to be noble, so we will judge the team of authors of the “Reference Dictionary” (some candidates and doctors, the scientific editor is also Chief Editor magazine "Art at School") according to the laws that he creates for himself.
If I have quite serious complaints about the first two authors, then E.K. (if you believe back side title page- this is Cand. ped. Sciences E.D. Kritskaya) should generally be disqualified without the right to further participation ┘or as they say in relation to candidates ped. sciences?
In full accordance with paragraph 1, with “Eastern Europe” the compiler and author do as they please. Enescu, for example, received attention; Janacek and Szymanowski turned out to be a bit small. Modern Eastern Europe represented only by Poland - Penderecki and Lutosławski. It’s easy to explain why, say, Arvo Pärt is not there: persona non grata in Soviet times. But it is not clear why Rodion Shchedrin was not pleased. The fact that in the 90s he found himself outside the groups? Artemov, Gavrilin, Sviridov are clearly considered “soilists,” and Schnittke-Denisov-Gubaidulina are considered avant-garde Westerners: the authors need to demonstrate their modernity and objectivity! But it doesn't work. On the question of the time of creation of the dictionary - why are Lutoslavsky, Schnittke, Gavrilin, Sviridov listed as alive? At the same time, the date of Denisov’s death is indicated, although the Polish composer died two years earlier.
In addition to Russian composers from the creators Soviet era Only Khachaturian should be remembered; neither Kara Karaev, nor Avet Terteryan, nor Gia Kancheli surpassed the level of the “Reference Dictionary”.
Now about the content of the articles! Not only is it hopelessly outdated. It seems that E.K. I didn’t even look at the “Encyclopedic” recommended in the bibliography musical dictionary". I’m even sure of this, since I myself wrote for this dictionary about modern Polish composers. And I mentioned, in particular, Penderecki’s opera “The Black Mask”, op. 1986. In the “Reference Dictionary” of 2000 as his latest composition the “passing” play of 1972 is indicated!
The master, according to E.K., is still “experimenting in the field of sound color┘ uses rattling keys (woodwinds), playing back side bridge (strings) or on the mouthpiece (brass)." This whole phrase is an illiterate copy of English; not only that, English professionalisms do not coincide at all with the general linguistic meaning of the same words. For example, woodwind players do not use the word "key" ( they have this valve), on brass - EVERYONE plays on a mouthpiece; playing without it is no less experimental than on JUST ONE mouthpiece (which, apparently, is written in the original, from which E.K. copied). On the back side of the bridge (or, more precisely, a bridge) is impossible to play: the word “bridge” is just a stand (and, by the way, this is precisely the technique with light hand Penderecki became commonly used).
Further! "P. is the author of cult Catholic music, he gives an archaic character, uses elements Gregorian chant and more ancient church chants (oratorio “Day of Wrath”, “Luke Passion”, “Matins”, etc.; choirs “Song of Songs”, “Psalms of David”, etc.)". I wonder what chants are older than the Gregorian chant? Is the znamenny chant on which the “Matins” is based, a composition not of the Catholic, but of the Eastern Christian rite? “Song of Songs” is exactly the same oratorio as “Day of Wrath” (by the way, the dictionary has a separate entry “Dies ire "), and not just a "choir". But the most important thing is that, contrary to E.K. Penderecki, he has not been "experimenting" for a quarter of a century. He defiantly broke with the avant-garde back in the mid-70s and has since written , by the way, an oratorio for the 850th anniversary of Moscow commissioned by TV-6 (more precisely, producer Bari Alibasov, who is a long-time “fan” Polish composer). Agree that it was still worth mentioning this in a publication for young people. Everything else was written by E.K. - at the same level, even worse.
As you probably already understood, E.K. is especially weak. on the theoretical part. The terminological articles signed by her are not even clear from where they were copied. Even in our counter-propaganda brochures there were probably fewer lies than in the articles by E.K. about rock music. Clearly copied from some counter-propaganda brochure, for example, the statement that the name of the group " Rolling Stones" taken from a Bob Dylan song (which appeared about five years ago later group Mick Jagger). In the article about the “new wave” we read: characteristic feature "new wave"is considered" an appeal to social issues“, but, in fact, the same thing is written in the “Reference Dictionary” about folk rock, which was formed a decade earlier - in the 60s.
The article "Progressive" generally confuses two movements with the same name - in jazz and rock music. Moreover, E.K. He even tries to theorize about this: “progressive is a direction of rock music that arose on the basis of big bands.” If E.K. wasn't a lady honestly, for these words Alexei Kozlov or Yuri Saulsky would have challenged her to a duel! This is tantamount to a literary critic confusing Romanticism as a style and as a method. In general, all phenomena at the intersection of genres turn out to be “children of seven nannies,” such as, for example, “ragtime is a type of blues” (show that to a jazzman!), and the fact that it was used in Dvorak’s 9th Symphony is a conservatory professor!
“After the Second World War (so, without capital letters, everywhere in the Dictionary. - D.U.) a new generation of jazz players came to the fore, replacing the inspiration of direct improvisation (! - D.U.) with precise calculation and professional skill."
And not a single name! Let me remind you that in the preface the compiler promised us “outstanding” ones in review articles. However, neither Parker, nor Gillespie, nor Davis, nor Coltrane, nor Coleman, nor Chick Corea... And they, by the way, are the authors! And in domestic jazz, it turns out, there were only O. Lundstrem, R. Pauls and K. Pevzner! Need I remind you that, unlike Lundstrem, both the Riga resident and the Tbilisi resident were involved in jazz only insofar as in the 50s and 60s it was part of the pop music played by their orchestras. Not a single one of our jazz improvisers L.L. I didn’t even remember!
And the last one is from the comic field. From a publishing point of view, the Dictionary-Reference Book of Art is truly ridiculous.
Not only is there no logic in the system of references, particularly in italics, in the dictionary, but that’s not so bad.
But the most important thing is the so-called index of articles. To be honest, I don’t really understand why it is needed in the alphabetical reference book at all.
But in this edition the index also does not fit in with the main text. It seems that they simply took and printed a draft of a dictionary that had not yet been agreed upon from the manuscript. Otherwise, why would there be discrepancies in the spelling of the words “Beatles” and “Beatles”, “Happening” and “happening”, “Varès” and “Varèse”. This is nothing, but nowhere in the text is there mention of something (or someone?) called “whut-whut” in the index. But there is this in it: " Puppet show(unintelligible)"┘ Did you laugh? Now cry! The circulation of the inexpensive "Dictionary of a reference book on art" is 5000 thousand.
Reference literature on art is an important source of information in fulfilling the various aesthetic needs of readers of various categories.
The specificity of individual types of art determines the variety of reference publications. Among them, along with knowledge common to all branches, a significant place is occupied by specific publications characteristic of one or another type of art.
Publishing is widely practiced reference materials in art as applications to scientific works, collections or other types of documents.
Typology of reference literature on art.
Using the information presented in the monograph by A.A. Turovskaya, to the most common types reference books in art we will include:
Industry encyclopedic publications;
Terminological and biographical dictionaries;
Reference books on specific genres;
Chronicles of the life and work of art masters;
Chronicles artistic life;
Catalogs and guides;
Calendars memorable dates;
Photographic reference books. (see No. 9)
Encyclopedic publications on art.
Editions of this type reference literature is divided into three main groups:
Multi-volume industry encyclopedias;
Encyclopedic reference books addressed to specialists in the field of art and culture;
Encyclopedic dictionaries for a wide range of art lovers.
Before the advent of industry encyclopedias, most full information on art issues was contained in general encyclopedias, in particular Bolshaya Sovetskaya. But since universal publications are designed not so much for specialists, but for those unfamiliar with these issues, i.e. to a wide range of readers, they cover only basic information, phenomena, concepts of all types of art.
Industry encyclopedias are the highest form, the highest type of reference literature; modern scientific knowledge By certain species the arts are concentrated precisely in them.
The first industry encyclopedias on art, “Theater Encyclopedia” and “The Art of Countries and Peoples of the World,” appeared quite late - in the early 60s. XX century. This is not accidental, since the creation of capital reference books is based on the achievements of the science of art. (see No. 9)
Since people turn to the encyclopedia not only to provide factual information, but also to obtain broader information on an issue of interest, an article-by-article bibliography becomes a necessary element of an encyclopedia article.
A feature of art historical encyclopedias is the presence of rich illustrative material that complements the information and makes it unique.
Although similar in content: theory, history and modern artistic practice of a particular type of art, industry encyclopedic publications differ in their structure. The construction of some is based on the dictionary principle, while others provide the material in a comprehensive manner.
An example of the former is the five-volume “Theater Encyclopedia”, which covers theory and history on its pages performing arts from ancient times to the present day.
It presents all types of theatrical art.
Unlike " Theater Encyclopedia», art encyclopedia“The Art of Countries and Peoples of the World” sets the main goal of providing comprehensive coverage of issues of architecture, painting, sculpture and decorative arts, in short form introduce big picture artistic development humanity from ancient times to our time.
A unique structure of the publication, grouping material by country and national schools, allows us to provide comprehensive coverage of all issues of the artistic life of a particular country, to show various trends and directions.
In art history encyclopedias, article bibliography acquires particular importance due to the insufficient provision of certain branches of art history with special bibliographic materials.
The bibliography in the encyclopedia usually reflects the main scientific literature on the topic, moreover, the latest, articles from periodicals, dedicated to the development highly specialized issues. Along with publications in Russian, it includes the most valuable foreign sources.
Naturally, the preparation of multi-volume, major publications on art is associated with a lot of scientific, methodological and organizational work, which requires a long time.
Therefore, short encyclopedic dictionaries, published in one or two volumes, acquire great practical importance. Compared to multi-volume encyclopedic publications, dictionaries are mass reference books, designed primarily for art lovers. The volume of the dictionary determines both the smaller number of articles and their brevity. Thus, the “Encyclopedic Music Dictionary” contains about 7 thousand articles, approximately the same volume as the film dictionary. (see No. 9)
Depending on the volume in dictionaries, two groups of articles can be distinguished:
Articles and essays;
Help articles and notes.
Most articles belong to the second group and their content is limited mainly to factual information.
As a rule, articles of a complex nature, articles on particularly relevant and important topics this type of art. The “Encyclopedic Music Dictionary” and the two-volume “Film Dictionary” are precisely this type of reference book, covering the entire range of issues of theory, history and artistic practice of these types of art in accordance with the needs of a wide range of readers.
A characteristic feature of notes and articles in encyclopedic dictionaries is the desire to saturate them as completely as possible with reference information.
The auxiliary apparatus of encyclopedic dictionaries is determined by the specifics of the publication. For example, the Film Dictionary contains an Alphabetical Annotated Index of Films. In the absence of a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, an encyclopedic dictionary is the most comprehensive reference book.
A separate group of encyclopedic publications on art includes dictionaries and reference books such as “A Musician’s Companion”, “All about Talent”, etc.
They are distinguished from ordinary encyclopedic reference books by the structure of the publication: the material is grouped into sections updated by the specifics of the type of art to which the reference book is dedicated. For example, all articles-notes on questions choreographic art combined into 4 sections:
Ballet masters;
Terms.
The specificity of this type of reference book is due to the lack of bibliography for notes. (see No. 9)
Dictionaries of individual genres of art.
One of the varieties of reference dictionaries are dictionaries that summarize information about one of the genres of a particular type of art, for example “ Drama Dictionary", "Dictionary of Operas", " Opera librettos" and etc.
Thus, the unique reference book “Dictionary of Operas” consists of more than a thousand articles about operas first performed or created in our country over a period of more than two hundred years. Each opera is reported on: the author of the music, the libretto, the literary source that served as the basis for the libretto, the literature, the genre of the opera, the place and time of the events taking place in the opera, the date of the premiere, the theaters that staged the opera, the cast of performers, the publication of the literature, the clavier and the libretto. In addition to these basic information, others are reported that are of interest to researchers of this genre, to whom the reference book is primarily addressed.
The more popular publications are “ Opera dictionary", "Opera libretto". The content of the first of them is limited to information about 500 operas of Russian and foreign classics. The essay article reports on the creators of the opera, briefly outlines the content and its specific story; the musical dramaturgy of the work is analyzed.
The reference book "Opera librettos" sets out summary operas, major events creative biography author. The material is organized according to the principle of personalities, arranged in the alphabet of the composers' surnames. (see No. 9)
Terminological reference books.
A significant group of reference books consists of terminology dictionaries, combining terms and concepts in a particular field of art. Such publications are especially needed by art lovers and readers engaged in self-education. Designed for a wide range of non-specialists, these reference books, as a rule, consist of a popular explanation of basic terms and concepts often found in critical and research literature and do not include highly specialized terms. The main terms of such a dictionary relate to theory and artistic practice this type of art. Yes, the dictionary fine arts contains about 700 terms, musical - more than 3 thousand, and an aesthetics dictionary - about 200. (see No. 9)
Personal directories.
A significant group of reference publications consists of personal reference books various types. Of these, first of all, one should name the “Chronicle of the life and work” of individual masters of art. And although this group of reference books is still small, their type is very promising and important. The chronicle is not only a chronological summary of factual material about the artist’s life, but also a unique type of documentary research, a documented biography, which not only traces the life and creative path artist, but his appearance is recreated, the formation of his worldview, political and aesthetic views, the diverse creative and spiritual connections of the artist with contemporary artists are traced.
The value of this type of reference book is largely due to the fact that, as a rule, materials and documents related to the life and work of the artist are extremely scattered, not published, and scattered across numerous archives.
Therefore, the documentary, literary, epistolary, memoir sources, statements about the artist of his contemporaries, systematized facts collected together in the “Chronicle ...” represent the most complete set of factual material, which makes the chronicle a source study base for subsequent research, as well as an indispensable reference tool that makes it possible make inquiries on issues relating to all more or less significant moments of the artist’s life. (see No. 9)
Calendars of memorable dates.
For the purposes of widespread popularization of art, organization of work on aesthetic education Calendars of significant and memorable dates serve wide circles of the population:
- “Musical calendar”;
- “Theater calendar”;
- “One hundred memorable dates. Artistic calendar";
- “Cinema Calendar”.
Directories of this type contain material on domestic and foreign art, timed to coincide with anniversaries. Short articles-essays in a popular form also tell about the work of individual masters of art, institutions celebrating their anniversaries (theatres, museums, universities, etc.), and masterpieces of world art. The value of these publications would be greatly enhanced if the short notes were supplemented by a bibliography recommending material for expanding and deepening knowledge on a particular subject. (see No. 9)
