National Research University Higher School of Economics.
Maly Gnezdnikovsky Lane is a street in the center of Moscow in the Presnensky and Tverskoy districts between the Swedish deadlock and Tverskaya.
origin of name
Known since the 18th century. Sheremetevsky and Vadbolsky were also named after the names of the homeowners. The current name arose in the 18th century and was given by the nesters who lived here - foundry masters.
Description
Maly Gnezdnikovsky Lane starts from the Swedish dead end and runs parallel to the northeast Tverskoy Boulevard, crosses Bolshoy Gnezdnikovsky Lane and goes out onto Tverskaya Street between houses No. 15 and No. 17.
Buildings and constructions
On the odd side: No. 7 - City estate Kondikovs - Orlovs - G. M. Lianozov (mid-18th-20th centuries, 1882, architects I. P. Khorodinov, E. Yu Brockman), object cultural heritage regional significance. In 1918, the Cinema and Photo Department of the People's Commissariat for Education was located here; in 1925-1932 years - All-Russian photo-cinematic joint-stock company "Sovkino" (since 1972 - Goskino USSR), where V.V. Mayakovsky, V.Ya. Bryusov, A.S. Serafimovich and others worked. Now - Federal agency on culture and cinematography (Roskultura); Technovideo; State Fund films of the Russian Federation, archive; No. 7/6, p. 2 - Administrative building (1969, architects V. and G. Utkin, O. Lovskaya); No. 9/8, p. 1 - House of S.V. Spiridonov (1895, architect S.S. Eibushitz), a cultural heritage site of regional significance; No. 9/8, p. 2 - Apartment house M. A. Malkiel - S. V. Spiridonova (1850s; 1874-1876, architect A. E. Weber; 1960-1970s), a valuable city-forming object. Currently, the international publishing house “Galaktika”, the magazine “XX Century and the World” are located here; No. 9/8, p. 3 - Apartment building M. A. Malkiel - S. V. Spiridonova (1874, architect A. E. Weber; 1960-1970s), now Tiskino; No. 9/8, p. 4 ( northwestern part) - Administration building (2003), now - Art and design; No. 9/8, building 4 (south-eastern part) - Apartment building M. A. Malkiel - S. V. Spiridonova (1880s, architect S. S. Eibushitz; 1960-1970s) No. 9/8 , pp. 6, 6 a - Residential building (1820s; 1874-1875, architect A.E. Weber). Here in 1900-1915 the editorial office of the magazine “Alarm Clock” was located; No. 9/8, p. 7 - Tenement house - residential building (1822; 1873, architect A. E. Weber; 1874-1879; 1913; 1935; 1950; 1980), a valuable city-forming object. Now the building houses: restaurants, the Moscow City Bureau of Technical Inventory of the State Unitary Enterprise; On the even side: No. 2/19 - City primary schools for boys and girls named after. S. A. and K. V. Kaptsov (1893, architect D. N. Chichagov; 1897, architect M. K. Geppener; 1952, architects G. I. Polkovnikov, N. P. Polyakov), valuable city-forming object No. 4 - school building (1936, architects Ya. L. Estrin, I. A. Veksler), now - graduate School Economics: Higher School of Management, Banking Institute, Institute professional retraining specialists; No. 8 - The income house of the clergy and elders of the Church of St. Nicholas, in Gnezdniki (1900, architect G. A. Kaiser), a valuable city-forming…
It cannot be said that Bolshoi Gnezdnikovsky Lane in Moscow is very long: its length is only 384 m. It starts from Leontyevsky Lane and connects to Tverskaya through the arch of a residential building. Maly Gnezdnikovsky Lane, which is nearby, is even shorter - 320 m, it is located from Tverskaya to the Swedish dead end.
But these lanes are located in two metropolitan districts at once - in Tverskoy and Presnensky, while Bolshoy curved at a right angle, resembling a knee.
Where did the unusual name come from?
The name of the lanes comes from the ancient name of this Moscow area - Gnezdniki. But historians begin to have difficulties with this word. There are several versions of what the word “nesters” means:
- as if in these places, in the groves, there were many birds, and Muscovites were getting their nests;
- perhaps this was the name given to the artisans who made hinges for doors and shutters;
- however, most likely, the people who made arrows were called nesters, and arrows at that time were counted in nests.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. Bolshoi Gnezdnikovsky Lane bore the names of the owners of this area, the Urusovs and Islenyevs. The small lane was named in honor of the Sheremetevs and Vadbolskys.
Story
The area around Gnezdnikovsky Lane began to be considered the territory of Moscow in the 16th century, but stone buildings began to be erected here only a century later. The construction took on a special scope in turn of XIX-XX centuries.
So, in 1912, a house appeared here, which for two decades was the tallest in the capital. Now this is house number 10. Several buildings have already been built in Soviet years For example, on the site of the demolished St. Nicholas Church, a school was built, which is now called gymnasium No. 1520.
Most famous house in big Gnezdnikovsky Lane Moscow, of course, is No. 10. He even has given name- Nirnzee house.
The architect Ernst Nirnzee purchased a plot of land on which several low buildings were crowded together. apartment buildings, demolished them and built, as his contemporaries said, a “cloud cutter.” The nine-story building was immediately created as a house where all apartments would be rented out to bachelors. Therefore, the apartments had a small area: the smallest was 27 m², and the most spacious was 45 m². There was a dining room on one of the floors, the apartments were electrified, and there were elevators in the entrances. The semi-basement was also planned to be rented out, and on the roof there would be a restaurant and an observation deck.
The apartments here were mostly rented by actors from the Moscow Art Theater, located nearby. It was in house No. 10 that the famous cabarets “Crooked Jimmy” and “ Bat", and then the Gypsy theater "Romen", the Theater of Satire and the Kaverin studio. The editorial offices of various newspaper publications, a cinema and even a filming pavilion were located here.
During the Soviet years, house No. 10 on Gnezdnikovsky Lane began to be called the fourth house of the Mossovet, since prominent party figures and employees received apartments there.
During the defense of Moscow in 1941, anti-aircraft guns were installed on its roof, and after the war they fired salute shots.
But what attracts tourists today to this building in the center of the capital is that it was here that the famous mystical writer Mikhail Bulgakov met his love, his Muse. Now in house number 10 there is the RATI theater and other institutions.
On Bolshoy Gnezdnikovsky Lane, many houses were built as apartment buildings, so among the names of the residents you can find famous composer Rimsky-Korsakov, playwright Tarnovsky and others.
Several houses on Maly Gnezdnikovsky Lane are also cultural heritage sites. Among them apartment building, which belonged to the clergy and elder of the church of St. Nicholas, and a school for girls and boys. Some buildings are valuable as architectural monuments of the 18th-19th centuries.
Modernity
Nowadays most of buildings in Gnezdnikovsky lanes, Bolshoy and Maly, belongs to various institutions, banks, and editorial offices. There are also many residential apartments here. Even a small living space in this elite area of the capital costs about 20 million rubles.
How to get there?
It’s easy to find Bolshoy Gnezdnikovsky Lane on a map of the capital, and it’s not difficult to get here. After getting off at the Pushkinskaya metro station, you need to walk a few meters along Tverskaya and turn right.
A series of essays about Moscow historical buildings occupied by the HSE, completes the story about the former school No. 135 on Maly Gnezdnikovsky Lane. This educational institution was considered exemplary; they taught here best teachers district. True, the behavior of the schoolchildren was not always exemplary: after one of their antics, the director was even removed.
Nests
House number 4 is located in the Gnezdnikovsky lanes area. The word "nesters" to modern man unfamiliar. And even researchers have not fully understood its meaning. A huge settlement of nesters was located next to the wall of the White City and was known since the 16th century. Its inhabitants made arrows. In those days, a certain number of arrows was called a “nest”; this was their measure. Currently, historians are inclined towards precisely this explanation of the origin of the word “nesters”.
Each settlement had its own church. The local one was dedicated to the Annunciation of the Mother of God and had two chapels - Dmitry of Thessalonica and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. According to widespread Moscow custom, over time it began to be called after the chapel - St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Gnezdniki. The temple was located on the corner of what is now Bolshoy and Maly Gnezdnikovsky lanes, where house number 4 now stands.
The first evidence of the church, then possibly wooden, is known from 1625. In 1627 it was built in stone. A hundred years later, the building fell into disrepair, and they decided to rebuild the church. A bell tower was erected on the old stone walls, and a temple was built nearby. The new church was an excellent example of the Moscow Baroque: single-domed, with an “octagon on a quadrangle” composition, richly decorated. IN mid-18th century century, a stone refectory was added to the church.
The fire of 1812 did not damage the temple, but the French plundered it. After they left the city, the church was consecrated again.
In the first thirds of the XIX century, a clergyman's house appeared next to the temple (it is the only one that has survived to this day). By this time, the artisans had long left the settlement. The lanes are populated Moscow nobility, wooden houses were replaced by stone ones. Came to Moscow technical progress. In 1902, the city council considered the project of the first metro. Several options were proposed, including by engineers E.K. Knorre and P.I. Balinsky. Their project included the demolition of many monuments of civil and church architecture, including the Church of St. Nicholas in Gnezdniki. The project was rejected, and the metro appeared in Moscow only thirty-three years later.
Another innovation, photography, had different goals - to preserve. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was a fashionable activity to photograph views of Moscow, and especially to take panoramic photographs of the city. The first high-rise building - the Nirnzee house on Bolshoy Gnezdnikovsky Lane, a stone's throw from the church, could not help but attract the attention of photographers. The photographs taken from this house are valuable historical evidence of the appearance of the city at the beginning of the 20th century. One of them depicts the Gnezdniki area with the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.
In 1930, the 18th-century temple, bell tower, refectory and other church buildings were demolished. Miraculously, only the clergy house in Leontyevsky Lane survived.
School No. 135
In the 1930s, Moscow was in dire need of new schools. Were first formed uniform requirements how to educational process, and to school buildings. Since 1932, mass design of standard schools of 2-4 floors with 280, 400 and 800 seats, taking into account new requirements, began throughout the country. During the pre-war five-year period, a record number of buildings were built in Moscow. educational buildings - 390.
One of the best architects of standard buildings of this period was Konstantin Ivanovich Dzhus. His task was not just to build the most comfortable building, but also to achieve this with minimal costs. Juice found the optimal solution. His projects represented a U-shaped volume with active use of the ends of the building, with two entrances in the side projections. Until 1940, this principle of school design became the main one in Moscow.
Photo from the roof of the Nirnzee house. On foreground- Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Gnezdniki with a bell tower.
Photo 1915-1917 Oldmos.ru
In the mid-1930s, construction began on the corner of Maly and Bolshoi Gnezdnikovsky lanes, on the site of the former St. Nicholas Church in Gnezdnikov. new school according to one of the standard projects. Construction was completed in 1940.
Compact four-story building volume in in this case in plan it resembles the letter “G” with serifs (strokes at the ends of the letter). As a result, the risalits with potential entrances were separated into two streets - Bolshoi Gnezdnikovsky Lane and Leontyevsky Lane. But the entrance from Leontyevsky Lane functioned as a secondary one.
Home distinctive feature school decoration is a molding on a wide smooth surface at the top of the risalit. It is made in the form of an open book lying on two crossed sickles and framed by ears of corn. This element resembles the image of a coat of arms, but in this case not a state one, but a school one, designed to show the importance of the process taking place within these walls.
The interior of the building, with high ceilings, spacious classrooms and corridors with natural light, fully corresponded to its purpose. The school had three specialized classrooms with laboratories - physics, chemistry and biology. On the second floor there was a school cafeteria, sports and assembly halls. One of the classrooms had a library. Of the usual classrooms, only a workshop for labor lessons was missing. Primary classes studied on the first floor, the walls of which were decorated with pictures from Russian folk and Pushkin's fairy tales- "The Golden Cockerel", " gold fish", "Kolobok", etc. High school students mainly used the fourth floor, the halls of which were decorated plaster casts antique statues- for example, “Boy removing a splinter.” There was also a bust of Voltaire here.
Two staircases located in the risalite parts have been preserved in their original condition. The design of the floor on the staircase landings of the school building is typical for the architecture of public buildings of the 1930-1940s. This is a kind of mosaic of simple geometric shapes made of granite chips embedded in a concrete mixture with dye.
The staircase landings, as well as the halls, were decorated with sculptures. Here in the corners on high stands stood plaster busts of Roman soldiers and philosophers.
In 1945, Viktor Sukhodrev entered the fifth grade of this school, having recently arrived from London, where his parents worked at the embassy Soviet Union. Viktor Mikhailovich Sukhodrev - legendary personality Soviet times. For almost 40 years he was the personal translator of state leaders - N. Khrushchev, L. Brezhnev and M. Gorbachev. In 1999, Sukhodrev published the book “My Language is My Friend,” in which he shared his memories of his childhood, including school No. 135: “On a purely formal, regional basis, the closest school was the 135th male high school in Maly Gnezdnikovsky Lane. My mother took me there, to fifth grade. The first blow that befell me in a Moscow school was the strictest order to cut my hair bald. Under the typewriter, under zero. This was the custom in our boys' schools in those years. The blow was really hard. I began to protest that I wouldn’t go to school at all, but in the end I myself realized the pointlessness of this protest. And I was solemnly cut to zero in what was then considered a chic hairdressing salon at the National Hotel.”
During the war years, there was indeed a requirement to cut boys' hair to prevent the spread of lice and typhus. According to the recollections of classmates, V. Sukhodrev, after enrolling in school No. 135, was absent for the first few weeks, searching for an educational institution where he did not have to cut his hair. There was none, and he returned to class.
3 "A" class in the assembly hall of school No. 135
Photo from 1946. From the archive of a 1953 graduate of school No. 135 V.G. Shumilova
Until 1917, schools were divided into male and female. From the first years of its existence, the Soviet government abolished this principle, citing the need to eliminate inequality between men and women. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the ideology changed. Firstly, it was decided that within 25 years Soviet power equality was achieved, and secondly, there was a need to strengthen disciplinary and paramilitary training for boys.
From September 1, 1943, schools in the country, where this was possible, i.e. mostly in major cities, switched to separate education. The school on Maly Gnezdnikovsky Lane became male. According to the instructions of the People's Commissariat of Education, only men and women could be directors of men's and women's schools, respectively.
After the war, while Stalin was still alive, the problem of separate education was again on the agenda. Financial and economic difficulties did not allow the organization of separate male and female schools everywhere, and the existing ones did not live up to expectations. And on September 1, 1954, the country returned to mixed schooling.
Accordingly, from 1943 to 1954, school No. 135 was male. Its first director was Fedor Fedorovich Roshchin. Thanks to his efforts, the school immediately received exemplary status. He is also responsible for selecting highly professional teachers, many of whom were district methodologists. From the memoirs of a 1953 graduate, academician of the Metrological Academy Yuri Bregadze: “We came to a school that resembled a palace. In this we see the merit of its director, Fedor Fedorovich Roshchin. For us, children of the beginning of the war, who had seen little beauty in life, it was a shock to find ourselves in a building on each floor of which antique figures and exotic plants stood on pedestals. The furniture was all new, the physics, chemistry, and biology classrooms were equipped with everything necessary. The teachers were not only highly qualified, they were also excellent educators.”
The first graduates of the school still remember with gratitude the front-line soldier who was wounded in the leg, Viktor Yakovlevich Sherapov. He taught Russian language and literature. From the memoirs of Yuri Bregadze: “I remember how Viktor Yakovlevich tried to explain to us the difference between a book and “reading material.” We liked this word so much that we stuck with it as a nickname. He taught us to read poetry in a calm voice, without howling. The question was discussed as to why a fundamental novel about the Great Patriotic War has not yet been created. Patriotic War. Viktor Yakovlevich said that the time had not yet come, citing as an example the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace", which was created several decades after the war of 1812-1814. At the same time, he strongly recommended that we read Viktor Nekrasov’s “In the Trenches of Stalingrad.”
Yuri Alexandrovich Bryansky(Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, author of several books on mechanical engineering);
Viktor Viktorovich Klarov(until the 1990s - head of the trade advertising bureau of the Moscow City Executive Committee, responsible for the comprehensive registration of all retail outlets Moscow and placing their advertisements on the streets of the city).
