Russian State Library Poltoratsky Fund. History: Russian State Library
Location Moscow Founded on July 1, 1828 Collection Collection items books, periodicals, sheet music, sound recordings, art publications, cartographic publications, electronic publications, scientific works, documents, etc... Wikipedia
- (RSL) in Moscow, the national library of the Russian Federation, the largest in the country. Founded in 1862 as part of the Rumyantsev Museum, since 1925 the State Library of the USSR. V.I. Lenin, since 1992 the modern name. In funds (1998) approx. 39 million... ...Russian history
- (RSL) in Moscow, the national library of the Russian Federation, the largest in the country. Founded in 1862 as part of the Rumyantsev Museum, since 1925 the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin, since 1992 its modern name. In funds (1998) there are about 39 million... encyclopedic Dictionary
RSL (Vozdvizhenka Street, 3), national library, scientific research and scientific information center of the Russian Federation in the field of library science, bibliography and bibliology. Founded in 1862 as part of the Rumyantsev Museum, in 1919... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)
Founded in 1862 as the first pub. bka Moscow. Original name Moscow Public Museum and Rumyantsev Museum. Located in the so-called Pashkov House memorial. architecture con. 18th century, built according to the design of V.I. Bazhenov. Basis of the book. fund and... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
1. ABC of Psychology, London, 1981, (Code: IN K5 33/210). 2. Ackerknecht E. Kurze Geschichte der Psychiatrie, Stuttgart, 1985, (Code: 5:86 16/195 X). 3. Alexander F... Psychological Dictionary
Russian State Library- Russian State Library (RSL) ... Russian spelling dictionary
Russian State Library- (RSL) ... Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
Russian State Library (RSL)- The Moscow Public Library (now the Russian State Library, or RSL) was founded on July 1 (June 19, old style) 1862. The collection of the Russian State Library originates from the collection of Count Nikolai Rumyantsev... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
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- Russian National Library, . Imperial Library (1795-1810), Imperial Public Library (1810-1917), State Public Library (1917-1925), State Public Library. M.E.…
- Russia and Russian emigration in memoirs and diaries. Annotated index of books, magazine and newspaper publications published abroad in 1917-1991. In 4 volumes. Volume 4. Part 1, . This index takes into account and describes those published abroad in Russian in 1917-1991. memories and diaries of three generations of Russian emigration, as well as memoirs...
- Russia and Russian emigration in memoirs and diaries. Annotated index of books, magazine and newspaper publications published abroad in 1917-1991. In 4 volumes. Volume 3, . This index takes into account those published abroad in Russian in 1917-1991. memoirs and diaries of three generations of Russian emigration, as well as memoirs of Soviet...
Nowadays, the Russian State Library is a symbol of fundamental knowledge. Having visited the magnificent reading rooms and worked with books under the famous green lamps, you realize that pride covers you. You understand that in our country we need to be proud of libraries and museums, scientists and cultural figures!
May 17, 1784 - the first written mention of the beginning of N.P.’s collecting activities. Rumyantseva. This day can rightfully be considered the Day of the Birth of the Russian State Library, since the official founding date is July 1, 1828. And here are just some amazing veils, striking in their grandeur: the RSL is the second largest in the world (after the Library of Congress in the USA), it contains more than 45 million items (of which the rarest handwritten books, specialized collections of notes, maps, sound recordings, dissertations), about 4 thousand readers visit the library every day, and over 1.3 million annually.
The history of the founding and development of the library is quite colorful and interesting. Initially, in 1828, the Rumyantsev Museum was established in St. Petersburg and since 1845 it was part of the Imperial Public Library, but was in a difficult situation - there were constantly not enough funds for maintenance. Then the curator of the museum, V.F. Odoevsky, proposed to transport the book collections to Moscow, where they would be in demand and preserved. And on May 23, 1861, by decree of the Committee of Ministers, the Rumyantsev Museum “moved” and became part of the Moscow Public Museum. It is difficult to imagine what work was done under the leadership of the director of the Imperial Public Library M.A. Korfa.
This library can be called truly popular, since to form the funds of the new “Museum of Sciences and Arts” they invited all Muscovites, turned to the nobility, bourgeois and merchant societies, to publishing houses. Thus, more than 300 book and manuscript collections have been added to the collections of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums.
On June 19 (July 1), 1862, Emperor Alexander II approved the “Regulations on the Moscow Public Museum and the Rumyantsev Museum,” and later the Charter of the museum-library. Many great scientists dedicated their lives to the RSL: philosopher, founder of Russian cosmism, N.F. Fedorov; curator and full member of scientific societies N.G. Kertselli; curator of the fine arts collection K. K. Hertz; Professor of Moscow University in the Department of Comparative Linguistics and Sanskrit Language V. F. Miller; historian, archaeographer D.P. Lebedev and many, many others.
At the end of 1894, the museum received an official patron - Emperor Nicholas II. The imperial family made a huge contribution to the development of manuscript and book collections. In 1913, in connection with the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov and the 50th anniversary of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums, by the highest decision the library became known as the Imperial Moscow and Rumyantsev Museum.
By the beginning of the 20s of the 20th century, the Russian State Library - a cultural and scientific center of global scale and significance - stood at the head of one of the important branches of science - library science. And in 1924, on the basis of the State Rumyantsev Museum, the Russian Public Library named after V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) was created.
The years of the Great Patriotic War were difficult for the library; more than 700 thousand items (rare and especially valuable publications, manuscripts) were evacuated. In 1942, despite all the difficulties, a children's reading room was opened. When the war ended, the library was awarded the Order of Lenin for outstanding services, and a large group of library employees were also awarded orders and medals.
The doors of the library have always been open to people of art. In the 20-30s of the 20th century, the Central Literary Museum was created; in 1925, it included the A.P. Museum. Chekhov in Moscow, Museum of F.M. Dostoevsky, Museum of F.I. Tyutchev “Muranovo”, M. Gorky Museum, Office of L.N. Tolstoy. The Book Museum is being created. Exhibitions dedicated to writers (I.S. Turgenev, A.I. Herzen, N.A. Nekrasov, A.S. Pushkin, M. Gorky, V.V. Mayakovsky, Dante, etc.) are organized here. The library takes an active part in the publication of complete scientifically prepared collected works of L.N. Tolstoy, A.S. Pushkina, N.A. Nekrasov, whose archives were kept in the Lenin Library. Even earlier, the library was visited by V.V. Mayakovsky, M. Gorky and many other writers.
In 1992, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the GBL was transformed into the Russian State Library. However, the slab with the old name is still located above the central entrance to the library.
RSL employees continue the traditions of library science, increasing book collections and improving their work. In the age of modern technology, in the lobby of the main building there are terminals for ordering books, a large number printed publications digitized and available electronically. Orders are sent through the 19-story warehouse using pneumatic mail, then the books are transported along mini-rails by trolleys with special containers. Now in the RSL you can not only find almost any book, but also come on a tour and see everything with your own eyes “from the inside.” The guides will show you rare books, take you through book depositories, and tell you about ghosts. Yes Yes! Here lives his own kind spirit - Nikolai Rubakin, a bibliologist and writer, who bequeathed his personal library to the RSL - over 75 thousand volumes. The ghost can be heard (footsteps and rustling sounds) on the 15th floor of the warehouse only at night. However, as old-time librarians say, if you cannot find the book you need in the reading room (where Rubakin’s library is located), quietly ask the owner for help - he will not keep you waiting long.
The architectural ensemble, which combines several modern and historical buildings, deserves special attention. Now the main library complex of the RSL is the main building on the street. Vozdvizhenka, Pashkov House, center oriental literature on Mokhovaya Street, a dissertation fund in Khimki and a reading room in the Jewish Museum.
The Pashkov House at 26 Mokhovaya Street, which is the oldest collection of the Russian State Library and one of the most famous classicist buildings in Moscow, is of greatest historical value. Presumably the house was designed by the architect Vasily Bazhenov and built in 1784-1786 by order of the son of Peter I’s orderly, Pyotr Yegorovich Pashkov. In 1839, the house was purchased from Pashkov’s heirs by the treasury for Moscow University, and in 1861 the building was transferred to the Rumyantsev Museum for storing books. Now in the right wing of the Pashkov House there is a department of manuscripts, in the left there is a music department and a department of cartographic publications, which opened for readers in April 2009.
The largest public library in the world.
Any citizen of Russia or another state can become a chi-ta-te bib-lio-te-ki, if he is The student at the university has reached 18 years of age.
Within the walls of the RSL there is a unique meeting of domestic and foreign documents in 367 languages -ra. The volume of funds exceeds 45 million 500 thousand storage units. Presentation of special collections of maps, sheet music, sound, rare books, dissertation ta-tions, newspapers and other types of da-das.
Historical reference:
1784, May 17. The first written mention of the beginning of N.P.’s collecting activity. Rumyantseva.
1827, November 3. Letter from S.P. Rumyantsev to Emperor Nicholas I: “Most Gracious Sovereign! My deceased brother, expressing to me his desire to create a Museum...”
1828, January 3. Letter from Emperor Nicholas I to S.P. Rumyantsev: “Count Sergei Petrovich! I learned with particular pleasure that, following the promptings of your zeal for the common good, you intend to transfer the Museum, known for its precious collections, to the Government in order to make it accessible to everyone and thereby contribute to the success of public education. I express to you my goodwill and gratitude for this gift you brought to the sciences and the Fatherland and wishing to preserve the memory of the founders of this useful institution, I ordered to call this Museum Rumyantsevsky.”
1828, March 22. Personal decree to the Senate of Nicholas I “On the establishment of the Rumyantsev Museum”: “Located here in St. Petersburg in the 1st Admiralty part of the 4th quarter at No. 229 and 196 are houses purchased by the late State Chancellor Count Rumyantsev from the English merchant Thomas Ware and bequeathed by him to the newly established Public Academic Institution , which should be called the Rumyantsev Museum. We command: in fulfillment of this will of the owner, although only verbally expressed by him, but confirmed by the testimony of his brother and only heir, Actual Privy Councilor Count Rumyantsev, to recognize from now on the property of the Ministry of Public Education...”
1828, March 22. The highest rescript given to the Minister of Public Education - “On the admission of the Rumyantsev Museum to the department of the Ministry of Public Education, and on the rules by which this institution should be managed”: “Alexander Semenovich! (Minister A.S. Shishkov)...
I command you, in accordance with these assumptions: 1. The buildings designated for the premises of the Rumyantsev Museum and other buildings belonging to it... to accept... without making a sale deed for them, within the period specified by him on May 1 of this 1828 2. To accept... and the library and collections stored in the Museum manuscripts, coins and minerals... works of art... 3. Decide as a rule that the Rumyantsev Museum, as a public institution, will be open to the public once a week... 4. Draw up... a draft Charter... and staff...".
1831, May 28. The highest approved opinion of the State Council on the approval of the Regulations, budget and staff of the Rumyantsev Museum:
"Establishment of the Rumyantsev Museum." Dept. I About the purpose of the museum.
§ 1. The collection left by the late State Chancellor Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev ... is designated for public use, called, by the Highest Will, the Rumyantsev Museum.
§ 2. Every Monday from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., the Museum is open to all readers to view it. On other days, except Sundays and holidays, those visitors who intend to engage in reading and extracts are allowed...
§ 4. The Rumyantsev Museum is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education, headed by the Senior Librarian onago (Complete collection of laws Russian Empire).
1831, June 27. A.Kh. was appointed to the position of Senior Librarian of the Museum. Vostokov (1781 - 1864) - poet, paleographer, archaeographer. From 1824 he worked as a librarian in the Department of Religious Affairs and (from August 1829) in the Imperial Public Library as custodian of manuscripts.
1838, January 24. S.P. died Rumyantsev. At the same time, by decree of Nicholas I, the Minister of War transferred to the Rumyantsev Museum rescripts, letters, diplomas, certificates given to the Rumyantsev family. The donation was the only major addition to the Museum's fund in the first half of the 19th century.
1844, May 15. E.M. was appointed to the position of Senior Librarian, head of the Rumyantsev Museum. Lobanov (1787 - 1846) - writer, poet. Awarded the title of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1845. Friend and first biographer of I.A. Krylova, N.I. Gnedich.
1845, August 21. The highest approved regulation of the Committee of Ministers “On the subordination of the Rumyantsev Museum to the authorities of the Imperial Library.” “...The Committee, taking into account that the Museum provided by Count Rumyantsev at the disposal of the government was given the name Rumyantsevsky and that Count Rumyantsev donated two houses for it, found that a complete merger of this Museum with other similar institutions would be inconvenient and would violate the will of the founders; but in order to reduce the costs required for the maintenance of the said Museum, the falling for the most part to the State Treasury... to subordinate it to the authorities of the Imperial Public Library, especially since an Assistant has been assigned to the Director of this Library, who can easily be entrusted with the immediate supervision of the Museum...”
1846, May 27. The Charter of the Rumyantsev Museum was highly approved by Nicholas I: “§ 6. The Rumyantsev Museum, being under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Public Education, ... “is under the control of the Director of the Imperial Public Library and the closest management of his Assistant.”
1846, July 12. Assistant Director of the Imperial Public Library, Prince V.F., was appointed to the post of head of the Rumyantsev Museum. Odoevsky (1804 - 1869) - writer, musicologist, philosopher, assistant director of the Imperial Public Library from June 20, 1846.
1850, February 20. The “Additional Regulations on the Imperial Public Library and the Rumyantsev Museum” were most highly approved by Nicholas I: “§ 1. The Imperial Public Library and the Rumyantsev Museum, belonging to the general composition of the Ministry of the Imperial Court, are under the direct management of the Director.
1861, May 23. Alexander II highly approved the position of the Committee of Ministers - “On the transfer of the Rumyantsev Museum from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”
1861, June 27. Commission consisting of: N.V. Isakov, A.V. Bychkov, V.F. Odoevsky - began transferring the Rumyantsev Museum to the Ministry of Public Education and preparing to move the collection of N.P. Rumyantsev to Moscow.
1861, August 5. Reports from the director of the Imperial Public Library M.A. Korf to the Minister of the Imperial Household V.F. Adlerberg: “I have the honor to notify you, Dear Sir, that the delivery of houses and all property of the Rumyantsev Museum, together with the remaining amounts of this institution, to the department of the Ministry of Public Education was completed on August 1...”
A painting painted on canvas by the painter Torelli in 1773, representing the solemn procession of Catherine the Great to the lands conquered from the Turks. This painting was kept in the Hermitage, but at the most humble request of Count Sergei Petrovich, it was granted to the Rumyantsev Museum.
By 1853, i.e. 25 years after the establishment of the Rumyantsev Museum and the receipt of N.P. Rumyantsev’s collection for state storage, its volume has changed slightly. The Rumyantsev Museum contained 966 manuscripts, 598 maps and drawing books (atlases), 32,345 volumes of printed publications. His jewelry was studied by 722 readers who ordered 1,094 items. storage 256 visitors visited the exhibition halls of the museum.
The transfer of the Rumyantsev Museum to Moscow was predetermined. In the 1850-1860s. in Russia, the movement for the creation of public libraries, museums, educational institutions. The abolition of serfdom was approaching. During these years, new enterprises and banks emerged in Moscow, and railway construction expanded. Working people and young people of all ranks poured into the Mother See. The need for a free book has increased many times over. A public library could meet this need. There was such a library in St. Petersburg. In Moscow there was a university founded in 1755 with a good library serving professors and students. There were rich bookstores and wonderful private collections. But this did not solve the issue, and many saw the need to solve it.
In the 1850s Trustee of the Moscow Educational District E.P. Kovalevsky planned to create a public museum based on the collections of Moscow University, and to place the university library in a special building and make it more accessible. Professor of Moscow University K.K. Hertz was one of the first in his books, articles, and lectures to argue for the need to found an art museum in Moscow back in 1858. There was talk about the founding of an accessible museum and library in Moscow also in the Moscow literary circle, which included Moscow University professor T.N. Granovsky, A.I. Herzen, V.G. Belinsky, translator and publisher E.F. Korsh, who became the first librarian of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums (hereinafter - Muzeev, Rumyantsev Museum), major industrialist, publisher, philanthropist K.T. Soldatenkov is one of the most generous donors to the Museums.
In 1859, N.V. became a trustee of the Moscow educational district. Isakov, about whom they wrote: “In his person the district, and with him the Moscow intelligent circles, met an “actively sympathetic” trustee of public education in in a broad sense words. At his new place of service, N.V. found complete satisfaction of my spiritual needs.”
On May 23 (Old Art.), 1861, the Committee of Ministers adopted a resolution on the transfer of the Rumyantsev Museum to Moscow and on the creation of the Moscow public museum. In 1861, the acquisition and organization of funds began. The movement of the Rumyantsev collections from St. Petersburg to Moscow began.
We must pay tribute to the Moscow authorities - Governor General P.A. Tuchkov and trustee of the Moscow educational district N.V. Isakov. With the support of the Minister of Public Education E.P. Kovalevsky, they invited all Muscovites to take part in the formation of the newly created, as they said then, “Museum of Sciences and Arts.” They turned for help to Moscow societies - Noble, Merchant, Meshchansky, publishing houses, and individual citizens. And Muscovites hastened to the aid of their long-awaited Library and their Museums. More than three hundred book and manuscript collections and individual priceless gifts were added to the fund of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums.
Emperor Alexander II on July 1 (June 19, O.S.), 1862, approved (“authorized”) the “Regulations on the Moscow Public Museum and the Rumyantsev Museum.” “Regulations...” became the first legal document that determined the management, structure, directions of activity, receipt of legal deposit in the Library of Museums, staffing of the public Museum created for the first time in Moscow with a public library that was part of this Museum.
The Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums included, in addition to the Library, departments of manuscripts, rare books, Christian and Russian antiquities, departments of fine arts, ethnographic, numismatic, archaeological, mineralogical.
The book collection of the Rumyantsev Museum became part of the book collection, and the manuscript collection became part of the manuscript collection of the Moscow Public Museum and the Rumyantsev Museum, Museums that preserved the memory of the State Chancellor in their name, celebrated the days of his birth and death, and, most importantly, followed the behest of N.M. Rumyantsev - to serve the benefit of the Fatherland and good education.
A special role in the formation of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums belonged to St. Petersburg libraries and, above all, the Imperial Public Library, whose director Modest Andreevich Korf not only himself instructed Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky to compile a note on the plight of the Rumyantsev Museum in St. Petersburg and the possibility of transferring it to Moscow, but also " wanted to show a new sign of his sincere sympathy and assistance for the further success of the Moscow Public Library, and petitioned for the circulation of books to it.” Many thousands of volumes of Russian, foreign, first-print books from doublets of the Imperial Public Library in boxes with registers and catalog cards were sent to the newly created library in Moscow. Doublets from the Imperial Hermitage collections transferred to the Imperial Public Library were also sent here. M.A. Korf wrote on June 28, 1861 N.V. Isakov that he “considers it an honor to be a participant in the founding of a public library in Moscow.” Following the Imperial Public Library, other libraries and organizations of St. Petersburg provided assistance to the Library of Museums in its formation. Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Theological Academy, Department General Staff helped the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums, the Library in the first years of their formation.
The Rumyantsev Museum, established in 1828 and founded in 1831 in St. Petersburg, has been part of the Imperial Public Library since 1845. The museum was in poverty. Curator of the Rumyantsev Museum V.F. Odoevsky, having lost hope of receiving funds to maintain the museum, proposed moving the Rumyantsev collections to Moscow, where they would be in demand and preserved. Odoevsky’s note about the difficult situation of the Rumyantsev Museum, sent to the Minister of State Household, was “accidentally” seen by N.V. Isakov gave it a go.
In 1913, the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov was celebrated. The celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums was also timed to coincide with this time. It has already been said, in connection with donations to the Museums, about the role of the imperial family in the life of the Museums. From the very beginning, one of the Grand Dukes became a trustee of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums. Members of the imperial family were elected honorary members of the Museums.
They often visited Museums, leaving entries in the Book of Honored Guests. On January 12, 1895 (December 31, 1894 according to the old style), the Museums received their first patron. It became Emperor Nicholas II.
Since 1913, the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums, in accordance with the highest decision, began to be called the Imperial Moscow and Rumyantsev Museum. In connection with the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov, the State Duma, during the discussion of the anniversary events, considered that the best monument to this event would be the “All-Russian People's Museum”, the role of which the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums were called upon to play.
This required the director Golitsyn and the Museum staff to mobilize all organizational, intellectual, and material efforts. And although the Rumyantsev Museum was never officially called the “All-Russian People’s Museum,” in fact, during the years of Golitsyn’s directorship, the Museum became such. Prince Vasily Dmitrievich Golitsyn perfectly understood how significant the public face of this essentially national and imperial Museum by name should be. Under him, honorary members of the Museums, along with outstanding statesmen Russia, Russian and foreign scientists and directors of leading libraries and museums are elected.
Since 1913, the Museum Library began to receive money for the first time to complete its collection.
By the beginning of the 1920s. The library of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums, the Imperial Moscow and Rumyantsev Museums, and since February 1917 - the State Rumyantsev Museum (GRM) was already an established cultural and scientific center.
Vasily Dmitrievich Golitsyn continued to remain director of the State Russian Museum until March 1921. From March 1921 to October 1924, the director of the State Rumyantsev Museum, who served in the Museums since 1910, was the future famous writer, author of the books “The Three Colors of Time”, “The Condemnation of Paganini”, “Stendhal and His Time” and others, Anatoly Kornelievich Vinogradov.
Under Vinogradov, on January 24, 1924, by decision of the People's Commissariat for Education (departmental, not government decision), the State Russian Museum was named the Russian Public Library named after Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin), although officially (as evidenced by documents) it continued to remain the State Rumyantsev Library until February 6, 1925 museum. A.K. Vinogradov resigned as director due to illness, and his place was taken by a temporary Management Board headed by the head of the scientific department General history, Professor Dmitry Nikolaevich Egorov (October 1924 - February 4, 1925). From May 5, 1925, director of the State Russian Museum Library, which from February 6, 1925 was transformed into the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin, doctor, professor, party historian, statesman and party leader Vladimir Ivanovich Nevsky was appointed. After his arrest in 1935, for the first time in the history of the Library, a woman, Elena Fedorovna Rozmirovich, a participant in the revolutionary movement and state building, was appointed director. In 1939, she was transferred to the position of director of the Literary Institute, and director of the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin became a statesman and party leader, candidate historical sciences, former director State Public Historical Library Nikolai Nikiforovich Yakovlev.
Until 1917, the Committee, the Council, after 1917 - the Academic Board, from March 14, 1921 - the Academic Council, were a collegial advisory body under the director of the Museums, then the Libraries.
The return of the capital to Moscow in March 1918 changed the status of the State Russian Museum Library, which soon became the main library of the country.
All changes in the state directly affected the change in the nature of the Library’s activities, the composition of its collection, the composition of readers, the volume and forms of service. A cultural revolution was taking place in the country, the goal of which was People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky defined it as the formation of a comprehensively developed harmonious personality. To do this, according to its organizers, it was necessary to win over the “old” intelligentsia, use the “old” cultural heritage, create a new intelligentsia, and form a new worldview, displacing religious and bourgeois consciousness. Literacy of the population increased. If in 1897 literacy among people over 9 years of age was 24%, in 1926 - 51.1%, then, according to the All-Union Census of 1939, literacy reached 81.2%. The administrative system was forced to use talented people, brought up before the revolution.
In the new socio-political conditions, the Library continued its traditionally high mission of a cultural institution - to collect and carefully preserve the collection, to make it optimally accessible to new readers.
In 1918, an interlibrary loan and a reference and bibliographic bureau were organized in the State Russian Museum Library.
In 1921, the Library became a state book depository. The library fulfilled its historical mission of collecting, preserving and providing users with book and manuscript collections, taking part in the implementation of the 1918 Central Executive Committee Decree “On the Protection of Libraries and Book Depositories”, incorporating abandoned, ownerless, nationalized book collections into its funds. Because of this, the Library's collection from 1,200 thousand items on January 1, 1917 grew to 4 million items, which needed not only to be placed in insufficient space, but also to be processed and made available to readers.
From the very foundation of the Museums, the Library, following the Library of the Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Public Library, received the right to preserve what censorship prohibited other libraries from storing. Now, in the 1920s and 1930s, this function of the Library acquired new extreme importance. In 1920, a secret department was created in the Library. Access to the funds of this department was limited. But today, when restrictions have been lifted, we must pay tribute to several generations of employees of this department for preserving the books of those who left Russia after the revolution, books of great scientists, writers from the “philosophical ship” of 1922, members of numerous groups and associations cultural figures from RAPP to the unions of the bourgeois intelligentsia, victims of the fight against formalism in literature and art, thousands of repressed people. In the face of fundamental changes in the class structure Soviet society, ideological purges, repressions, the Library managed to maintain a special storage fund.
Taking advantage favorable conditions, provided to it as the main library of the country (July 14, 1921 - Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars "On the procedure for the acquisition and distribution of foreign literature", other resolutions) The library conducts great job on the acquisition of foreign literature and, above all, foreign periodicals.
The creation of the USSR and the formation of a multinational Soviet culture predetermined one of the most important directions in acquiring the Library's collection - collecting literature in all written languages of the peoples of the USSR. An Eastern department was created with a group (sector) of literature of the peoples of the USSR, the processing of this literature was organized in a short time, an appropriate system of catalogs was created, the processing of literature and catalogs were as close as possible to the reader.
Special mention should be made of the systematic catalogue. Until 1919, the collection of the Rumyantsev Museum Library was reflected in only one, alphabetical, catalogue. By this time, the volume of the fund had already exceeded a million units. The need to create a systematic catalog was discussed before, but due to lack of opportunities, the issue was postponed. In 1919, by resolution of the Council of People's Commissars, the State Rumyantsev Museum was allocated significant funds for its development, which made it possible to increase staff, create scientific departments, attract leading scientists to work, begin to create new Soviet tables of library and bibliographic classification, and build a systematic catalog on their basis. Thus began a huge work that required decades of work not only by the staff of the Lenin Library and other libraries, but also by many scientific institutions and scientists from various fields of knowledge.
Since 1922, the Library has received two legal copies of all printed publications on the territory of the state, including promptly providing thousands of readers with not only literature in the languages of the peoples of the USSR, but also its translations into Russian. All this, especially after 1938, when compulsory teaching of the Russian language was introduced in all national schools, made multinational literature accessible to everyone. The Library's role in the dissemination of multinational literature is significant. The library not only replenished its collections, but also did a lot to preserve them. A hygiene and restoration group with a research laboratory was created in the storage department.
In the 1920-1930s. State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin is a leading scientific institution. First of all, it is the largest scientific information base. There is not a scientist in the country who would not turn to this source of wisdom. There is not a Russian scholar in the world who has not worked at Leninka. 1920-1930s - this is a time of great achievements in national science. Her successes are associated with the names of N.I. Vavilova, A.F. Ioffe, P.L. Kapitsa, I.P. Pavlova, K.A. Timiryazeva, A.P. Karpinsky, V.I. Vernadsky, N.E. Zhukovsky, I.V. Michurina. This is what was written in the Library’s greeting to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on July 27, 1925: “The All-Union Lenin Library is happy to bring its enthusiastic greetings to the All-Union Academy of Sciences. Your seed is our bins; fattening the fields, preparing new harvests are common: laboratories, scientific offices , special institutes, the library - are intertwined into a single creative creative circle and not a single link in this mighty scientific-working chain can be considered superfluous."
May 3, 1932 By resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Library was included in the number of research institutions of republican significance.
Leading scientists of the country worked in the Library during these years, part-time or freelance, helping to create the first Soviet library and bibliographic classification, which in 1981 became the only library work awarded State Prize in the field of science. Major scientists, such as physical geographer A.A. Borzov, astronomer S.V. Orlov, historians Yu.V. Gauthier, D.N. Egorov, L.V. Cherepnin, S.V. Bakhrushin, philologists V.F. Savodnik, S.K. Shambinago, N.I. Shaternikov, book scholar N.P. Kiselev, literary critic I.L. Andronnikov and many others worked mostly in academic institutions, at Moscow University. At the same time, they made a great contribution to the development of the Library as a scientific institution, helping in the creation of a Systematic Catalog, in reference and information work, and in the preparation of scientific publications. But the Library’s contribution to science in the 1920s and 1930s. was not limited to this.
The library stands at the head of one of the important branches of science - library science. Since 1922, the Library has included the Cabinet, and since 1924 the Institute of Library Science, headed by the outstanding librarian Lyubov Borisovna Khavkina. In 1923, the first four volumes of the Library’s “Proceedings” were published: “The Diaries of A.S. Pushkin (1833-1835)”, “K.P. Pobedonostsev and His Correspondents” (2 vols.), V.A. Stein. "Library Statistics: Experience in Guiding Statistics for General Education Libraries." Scientific collections are published. Since 1938, “Notes of the Manuscripts Department” have been published. The library takes part in the 1st All-Union Congress of Library Workers (1924), the 1st Conference of Scientific Libraries (1924), and the 2nd All-Union Bibliographical Congress (1926). In 1931, the Association of Scientific Libraries was created and at its head, until his arrest in 1935, was V.I. Nevsky. He was also the editor-in-chief of the journal Library Science and Bibliography. In 1934, Nevsky wrote: “Now over 400 research institutions are in the closest scientific connection with us. We not only give them books, but they turn to us for information, for clarification of all kinds of questions... Near the Lenin Library, a as near the center, the Association of Scientific Libraries of Moscow... Such a powerful scientific and bibliographic organization as the All-Union Association of Agricultural Bibliography, such organizations as the Book Chamber, and the "Index of Scientific Literature" are also closely connected with the Lenin Library. (With the participation of V.I. Nevsky publishes "Yearbooks of the Index Commission")
One of the tasks of the Library V.I. Nevsky saw the disclosure of her funds. “... No matter how meager our means are, no matter how few they are at our disposal, we have set ourselves the task of publishing our works, publishing the treasures that are in the manuscript department, leading the way along a new path, publishing works that meet the immediate needs of the young scientific community...” .
Library Director V.I. Nevsky begins the construction of a new Library building, rebuilds the entire work of the Library, helps publish the Trinity List of "Russian Truth" from the manuscripts department, actively participates in the activities of the publishing house "ACADEMIA" (several volumes of the series "Russian Memoirs, Diaries, Letters and Materials" published under the general editorship of Nevsky "on the history of literature and social thought are built on materials from the Library's collections and are distinguished by a high scientific level and culture of publication). IN AND. Nevsky and D.N. Egorov was responsible for the “general plan and overall management of the implementation” of the collection “The Death of Tolstoy.” Nevsky wrote the introductory article to this collection. D.N. Egorov was repressed and died in exile. IN AND. Nevsky was repressed in 1935 and executed in 1937. The director of the State Rumyantsev Museum V.D. was repressed. Golitsyn (1921), historians, staff members of the Yu.V. Library. Gauthier, S.V. Bakhrushin, D.N. Egorov, I.I. Ivanov-Polosin in 1929-1930. were arrested in the Academic Case. Dozens of Library employees were repressed in the 1920s and 1930s. We are now trying to restore their names.
Much has been done by the Library, the Cabinet (Institute) of Library Science, which was part of it, and for the training of library personnel. Two-year, nine-month, six-month courses, postgraduate studies (since 1930), the creation of the first library university in the Library in 1930, which in 1934 separated from the Lenin Library and became independent.
When they talk about culture, they also mean the moral climate in the country, in a particular group. In the Library, next to graduates of the Sorbonne and Cambridge, there worked very young people, advanced students who received an education and profession without interrupting their work. Nevsky dreamed of raising a new Soviet intelligentsia in the Library, and did a lot for this. It is impossible to take the Library out of the context of the country's history. And it was here too nervous tension, suspicion, denunciations, fear, the need for constant self-control. There were purges, arrests, persecutions. But there was something else. They loved their work, their Library, were proud of their multinational Motherland, were true patriots and proved this in 1941.
In the 1920-1930s. The library, being an integral part of national and world culture, has made a significant contribution to science and culture. It did a lot to improve the level of culture and education of citizens, to satisfy the information needs of culture, science, literature, to preserve and replenish its fund, which by the beginning of 1941 numbered 9,600 thousand (as did the US Library of Congress at that time). She preserved for us (and many future generations) books that could have perished after their authors. The 6 reading rooms of the Lenin Library served thousands of readers every day. At the beginning of 1941, 1,200 employees provided all areas of the Library’s activities.
The rich multinational collection of the country's main library, the constantly improving system of services, reference and bibliographic services allowed the Library to take its rightful place in the system of cultural institutions of the country, in preserving cultural values, and in influencing public consciousness. The close connection with other cultural institutions was determined by the fact that from the very founding of the first Moscow public library, one of its most important tasks was the active dissemination of culture: exhibitions, excursions, helping readers in their work. Historical conditions 1920-1930s suggested new forms of this work. Houses and Palaces of Culture are being created in the country, and Cultural Parks are opening. The Lenin Library opens its branches in the Central Park of Culture and Leisure named after M. Gorky (1936). Later, similar branches were created in Sokolniki Park, in the House of Culture for Children of Railway Workers. Since 1926, the Lenin Library has had the House-Museum of A.P. as a branch. Chekhov in Yalta.
The Library was closely connected with theaters. This is what was written in the greeting from the Lenin Library on the 30th anniversary of the Moscow Art Academic Theater in October 1928: “New productions Art Theater have always been the result of persistent and creative research work. The study of book sources, art collections, preliminary abstracts, and often printed articles explaining the play in terms of direction - defined the Theater precisely as a scholar-researcher. The doors of the Public Library of the USSR named after V.I. are hospitably open for people of science. Lenin, and she more than once saw groups of Theater workers whose multifaceted activities were given separate rooms. Now the Library conveys its congratulations to the hero of the day in the firm belief that in the future it will also communicate with the Theater employees on the basis of joint work."
The Lenin Library was especially closely connected with literature and writers. In the Library in the 1920s-1930s. The Central Literary Museum was created; in 1925, it included the A.P. Museum. Chekhov in Moscow, Museum of F.M. Dostoevsky, Museum of F.I. Tyutchev "Muranovo", M. Gorky Museum, Office of L.N. Tolstoy, the Book Museum is being created. Exhibitions dedicated to writers (I.S. Turgenev, A.I. Herzen, N.A. Nekrasov, A.S. Pushkin, M. Gorky, V.V. Mayakovsky, Dante, etc.) are organized here. The library takes an active part in the publication of complete scientifically prepared collected works of L.N. Tolstoy, A.S. Pushkina, N.A. Nekrasov, whose archives were kept in the Lenin Library.
Even earlier, the Library was visited by V.V. Mayakovsky, M. Gorky and many other writers. At the House of Writers in Moscow on Memorial plaque- 70 names of writers who died in the Finnish and Great Patriotic War. 100 Moscow writers died from repression. And across the country there are about 1000. Their works are preserved by the Lenin Library. On October 8, 1928, the Evening Red Gazeta wrote: “The RKI [Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate] inspected the Lenin Public Library (formerly Rumyantsevskaya) and found that the library had become a refuge for a group of counter-revolutionary-minded intelligentsia, who were in every possible way interfering with the organization of work. Among them employees included 62 former noblemen, 20 hereditary honorary citizens... All of them had nothing to do with librarianship until 1918, the RKI requires the removal of 22 people from work, incl. A.K. Vinogradov (former director of the library), assistant librarian E.V. [Y.W.] Gauthier and D.S. [V.S.] Glinka, head. repository K.N. Ivanov and others.” They were removed and repressed, but what they did was preserved.
All this enormous work was carried out within the walls of Pashkov’s house. True, by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of December 12, 1921, the State Rumyantsev Museum was assigned a house at Mokhovaya, 6. Built in 1821 according to a standard design for the development of the center of Moscow after the fire of 1812. In 1868, the architect Kaminsky rebuilt the building, connecting both wings with the main house. The house belonged to the Shakhovsky princes. At the beginning of the 20th century. the estate was sold to the merchant Krasilshchikov, and after 1917 it was nationalized. Various organizations were located here, as well as the collection of impressionists of the State Russian Museum (before its separation from the Library). In 1921, the house was completely transferred to the State Russian Museum. Here now, in different years, the organizations and services of the Rumyantsev Museum and the Lenin Library were located: the Museum of Ethnography, the Institute of Library Science, the Literary Museum, bookbinding workshops, living quarters, mostly inhabited by employees of the Lenin Library. In 1934, the Institute of Library Science (it became part of the MGBI) and the Literary Museum separated from the Library. The building no longer belongs to the Library. Until the Center for Oriental Literature of the Russian State Library was located here.
Speaking about the Library and culture of the 1920-1930s, we should especially emphasize the donor, “mother” role of the Lenin Library. In 1921, on the initiative of employees of the State Russian Museum, the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR decided to separate museum collections from the Library itself and the manuscript department. The disbandment of the Rumyantsev Museum began, which continued until 1927. Hundreds and thousands of museum objects, priceless paintings, engravings, sculptures, ethnographic, archaeological materials replenished the Museum of Fine Arts, the Tretyakov Gallery, and the Historical Museum. The main reason departments there was a lack of space for storing books and manuscripts and serving readers. The Literary Museum became independent. The F.M. Museums separated from the Library and continued their independent life. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhova, F.I. Tyutchev, M. Gorky, later - the House-Museum of A.P. Chekhov (Yalta). “Gone” from the Library in accordance with government decisions, lovingly transferred at one time to the Moscow Public Rumyantsev Museum and carefully preserved by the Museums, the State Library of the USSR. IN AND. Lenin until 1937-1939, manuscripts by A.S. Pushkin and L.N. Tolstoy. They became a decoration of the Pushkin House (St. Petersburg) and the Museum of L.N. Tolstoy (Moscow).
Each page of the history of the Russian State Library has its own characteristics, but they are all connected by something common to them: service to the Fatherland, cultural education, devotion to the common cause, continuity of good deeds and traditions, support of society, and above all Moscow, need and deprivation that accompanied the Library from first years. Special page - Library during the Great Patriotic War.
Throughout the history of the Library, the main thing for it was acquisition, storage of the collection and service to readers. And during these difficult years, the Library continued to replenish its funds, ensuring the receipt of legal deposits, which were also donated to the Library of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums. In the first two war years, 58% (1057 book titles) and over 20% of periodicals that were not received from the Book Chamber as a legal deposit were acquired. The management of the Library achieved the transfer to it of newspapers, magazines, brochures, posters, leaflets, slogans and other publications produced by Military Publishing House, political departments of the fronts and armies.
In 1942, the Library had book exchange relations with 16 countries and 189 organizations. The most intensive exchanges took place with England and the USA. The second front will not open soon, in 1944, but here in the incomplete first war year (July 1941 - March 1942) the Library sends different countries, primarily in English, 546 letters offering exchange, and consent was received from a number of countries. During the war years, more precisely since 1944, the issue of transferring candidate and doctoral dissertations to the Library was resolved. The fund was actively completed through the purchase of antique domestic and world literature.
During the war, when the Nazis were approaching Moscow and enemy air raids, the issue of preserving the fund acquired particular importance. On June 27, 1941, the party and government resolution “On the procedure for the removal and placement of human contingents and valuable property” was adopted. Our Library also immediately began preparing for the evacuation of its most valuable collections. Library Director N.N. Yakovlev was appointed commissioner of the People's Commissariat for Education for the evacuation of library and museum valuables from Moscow. About 700 thousand items (rare and especially valuable publications, manuscripts) were evacuated from Leninka. On a long journey - first under Nizhny Novgorod, then to Perm (then the city of Molotov), the selected, packaged books and manuscripts were accompanied by a group of GBL employees. All valuables were preserved, re-evacuated in 1944 and placed on the shelves of the Library’s storage rooms.
Both the front and the rear come here, to the Lenin Library, for help and information necessary to solve the common task for the whole country - to win. 7% more certificates were issued during the war years than during the same period in the pre-war years.
Our fund was also saved by the builders who, by the beginning of the war, managed to build an 18-tier book depository made of iron and concrete for 20 million items of storage, and, of course, by the Library staff, who carried on their hands (they did not have time to implement the planned mechanization) the entire fund and all the catalogs from fire-hazardous Pashkov house into a new storage facility. And, of course, our girls from the MPVO team, who were on duty on the roof of the old building. According to incomplete data, they extinguished more than 200 incendiary bombs. There was an anti-aircraft gun on the roof of the new building of the main book depository. And our Red Army, our militias, in whose ranks 175 Library employees fought, who left its walls for battle, crushing the Germans near Moscow, didn’t they help save our fund? And the fact that the Library staff participated in the construction of defensive lines near Moscow, helped in hospitals to restore the health of our soldiers - was this not also done to preserve the priceless wealth entrusted to the Library by the country?
In the Library, since its stay as part of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums, restoration work. Then a group was formed in the storage department for these purposes. In the interests of better preservation of the collection and the organization of preventive measures on the basis of this group, in February 1944, a hygiene and restoration department was created in the Library with a research laboratory attached to it.
Was saved reference apparatus- catalogs and card indexes. These are primarily the General Alphabetical Catalog (4000 catalog boxes) and the General Systematic Catalog (3600 boxes). In May 1942, in order to more fully record and bring into the proper system the most important bibliographic resources - catalogs and card files, the Library began their certification, completing it even before the end of the war. Work was underway to create a consolidated catalog of foreign publications in Moscow libraries.
The Lenin Library took an active part in the work of the State Fund created in 1943 (it was located on the territory of the Library in the church building and the old storage facility on Znamenka (then Frunze Street) for the restoration of destroyed libraries in the territories liberated from the Nazis. And the Library itself, and not through the State Fund, provided assistance to libraries that suffered from the Nazis in temporarily occupied areas. For example, about 10 thousand books were transferred to the Tver (then Kalinin) regional library. Readers also participated in collecting books for these purposes at the call of the Library management. Our employees worked as experts of the Extraordinary Commission to establish and investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders and their accomplices and the damage they caused to citizens, collective farms, public organizations, state enterprises and institutions of the USSR.
That is why the first public library of the Mother See of the Capital was created in 1862 - a free, publicly accessible book service. During the Great Patriotic War, the Library practically never stopped serving readers for a single day. Has also changed in appearance ( military uniform prevailed in the reading rooms) and by the nature of our reader’s requests. The reading area of the new building complex has not yet been built. At the beginning of the war there was only one reading room - Main (General)
On May 24, 1942, the Children's Reading Room was inaugurated for the first time in this Library. Many writers and poets came to this celebration, some straight from the front. The fascists have just been driven away from the walls of Moscow, and the management of the country's main library is renovating its most beautiful room - Rumyantsevsky, where N.P.'s book treasures have been standing in mahogany cabinets along the walls, in the openings between the windows since the move from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Rumyantsev, and upon entering the hall, the young reader immediately met the eyes of the Chancellor himself in his portrait by the artist J. Doe. In 1943, a department of children's and youth literature was created. If before the war the Library had six reading rooms, at the beginning of the war - one, then by the end of the war there were ten rooms.
In extreme wartime conditions, the Library fulfilled all its functions. When the Nazis approached Moscow, when many city residents were leaving the capital, there were 12 readers in the Library reading room on October 17, 1941.
They were served, books were selected, and delivered from the new storage room to the reading room in Pashkov House. Incendiary bombs fell on the Library building. Air raid raids forced everyone, both readers and employees, to go to the bomb shelter. And it was necessary to think about the safety of books in these conditions. Instructions on the behavior of readers and employees during an air raid are being developed and strictly followed. There were special instructions for this in the Children's Reading Room.
In the interests of readers, transfers are organized, active service for MBA readers is carried out, books are sent as gifts to the front, to the hospital library.
The library carried out intensive scientific work: scientific conferences and sessions were held, monographs were written, dissertations were defended, postgraduate studies were restored, and the work on creating a Library and Bibliographic Classification, which had begun in the pre-war years, continued. An Academic Council was assembled, which included famous scientists, including 5 academicians and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences, writers, cultural figures, leading experts in the field of library and book science.
For outstanding services in collecting and storing book collections and serving books to the general public (in connection with the 20th anniversary of the transformation of the Library of the Rumyantsev Museum into the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin) in the days when the war was still going on, March 29, 1945 The library was awarded the highest government award - the Order of Lenin (the only one of the libraries). At the same time, a large group of Library employees was awarded orders and medals.
Among the recipients is the Director of the Library, on whose shoulders fell a huge responsibility for the Library, for each employee in these extreme conditions. This is Nikolai Nikiforovich Yakovlev, who led the GBL in 1939-1943. and Vasily Grigorievich Olishev, historian, journalist, candidate of historical sciences, who since January 1941 was the head of the department military literature, in 1941-1943. was at the front and after being seriously wounded returned to his Library. He headed it in 1943-1953.
2,600 employees worked at different times during the war at the Library. This allowed us to identify the documents of the Library Archives.
In January 1941, the Library had more than a thousand employees. In July 1941, at the very beginning of the war, there were already five times fewer of them - people went to the front, to defense enterprises, to the collective farm, and were evacuated with their children. Two hundred employees of the first, difficult months of the war.
In connection with the growing volume of work in the Library itself, the directorate repeatedly during the war years raised the question of increasing staff, raising wages employees. Despite the hardships of wartime, the country found an opportunity to satisfy these requests. By the end of the war, the number of Library employees exceeded 800 people.
Someone came here long before the start of the war and left the Library many years after the Victory. Some worked for less than a month, but these were days of intense work under conditions of bombing, alarming reports from the front, night shifts in hospitals, and who knows what else.
If they didn’t go on duty on the roof themselves to put out lighters, then they went to the hospital to build defensive barriers around Moscow; if others went there, then those who remained worked for two or three at their jobs. Working alongside 14 - 15 year old girls were people whose birth years were in the 60s - 90s. XIX century
The library itself was a fighter in this war. I fought with every book I wrote. The most peaceful people - librarians - carried her with them to the front in their hearts. And those remaining in Moscow extinguished their lighters. Wearing white coats, they fought for the lives of the wounded in a sponsored hospital. Taking shovels in their hands, they went to build defensive barriers on the approaches to Moscow. Women and girls, who had never held a saw or an ax in their hands, worked for months in wood harvesting. Upon mobilization, they were recalled to military production, to the collective farm, to the mines of the Moscow Region coal basin, to the construction of the metro, to work in the police... The library fought. Library employees also donated money to the defense fund for the construction of the Moscow air squadron and the Lenin Library aircraft. The gratitude of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief for this is kept in the Library Archives.
In 1944, the Book of Honor and the Board of Honor were established, where for many years photographic portraits of the best of the best were recorded.
Strict wartime discipline did not allow even a minute's delay to work. And those who worked nearby could not let their comrades down. Mutual assistance and mutual assistance meant more than in peacetime. That is why not a single name of those who worked in the Library should be forgotten.
We published a book of memoirs of those who worked in the Library during the war, “The Voice of the Past: State Order of Lenin Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin during the Great Patriotic War” (M., 1991). This was the first time. The voice of a living person sounded, bringing us closer to those days. The book resonated with the scientific community. But the main thing is that she found her reader among the librarians of today. For the 50th anniversary of the Victory, the “Book of Memory of the Russian State Library” was published (M., 1995), which contains all the information available to us today about those who worked in the Library during the war.
Today, new documents and new eyewitness accounts have been introduced into scientific circulation. The history of the Library rightfully includes a person. The result of the research work was the identification of 175 employees who left the Library for the front, of whom 44 died or went missing. The names of all these 175 employees are on the Memorial Plaque installed in the Library in the year of the 50th anniversary of the Victory. Articles are published about those who worked in the Library during the war. One of the articles is titled " Human face Victory." It is fundamentally.
Work on the history of the Library during the war continues. Just as we remember the civil feat in the name of the Fatherland and culture of Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev, the feat of the heroes of 1812, so we should not forget the feat of librarians during the Great Patriotic War.
The most important areas of activity of the RSL in the post-war years were: development of a new building, technical equipment (conveyor, electric train, belt conveyor, etc.), organization of new forms of document storage and service (microfilming, photocopying), functional activities: acquisition, processing, organization and storage of funds, formation of a reference search engine, user service. Scientific, methodological and scientific work is receiving a certain development.
The construction and development of the new building took a long time. The Library management is taking a number of measures to intensify this process.
1950 - March 28, GBL director V.G. Olishev sent a letter to the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR K.E. Voroshilov with a request to assist in accelerating the construction of new GBL buildings (RSL archive, op. 220, d. 2, l. 14-17).
1950 - On October 9, the director sent a letter to the Secretary of the Central Committee and the Moscow Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, N.S. Khrushchev, in which he asked for help in intensifying the completion of the construction of new GBL buildings.
1951 - March 28 V.G. Olishev addressed the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I.V. Stalin with a written request for help in completing the protracted construction of new GBL buildings (RSL archive, op. 221, d. 2, l. 16) .
1951 - On April 26, J.V. Stalin signed a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On the completion of the construction of the State Library of the USSR named after. V.I. Lenin, in which 1953 was indicated as the deadline for completion of construction work (RSL archive, op. 221, d.2, l.27 - 30).
1952 - On March 15, GBL Director V.G. Olishev sent a letter to the Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks G.M. Malenkov with a request to influence construction organizations in order to oblige them to comply with the resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers dated April 26, 1951 (RSL archive, op.222, d.1, l.5)
1954 - building "G" of the GBL was mastered, 1957 - building "A".
1958-1960 - building “B” was mastered.
During these years, a number of status changes occurred.
1952 - December 30, the Committee for Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR approved the new “Charter of the State Order of V.I. Lenin Library of the USSR named after. V.I. Lenin" (GA RF, f.F-534, op.1, d.215, l. 35-40).
1953 - in April, in connection with the formation of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR and the disbandment of the Committee on Affairs of Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, GBL was transferred from the jurisdiction of the Committee on Affairs of Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR to the authority of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR.
Significant undertakings during this period were associated with the preparation of a union catalogue, the development of the Soviet classification, which had not only scientific, technological, but also ideological significance, and the rules of bibliographic description.
1946 - the question of creating a consolidated catalog of Russian books is raised. In 1947, the “Regulations on the Union Catalog of Russian Books of the Largest Libraries of the USSR” and the “Work Plan for the Compilation of this Catalog” were approved, a methodological council was created at the GBL from representatives of the State Library, BAN, the All-Russian Communist Party and the GBL, a sector of union catalogs was organized within the GBL processing department, work began on preparing the base for a union catalog of Russian books of the 19th century. In 1955, a consolidated catalog of Russian books 1708 - January -1825 was published. In 1962-1967 a consolidated catalog of Russian books from the civil press was published in the 16th century. in 5 t.
1952 - unified rules for describing music publications were published.
1955 - the cartography sector began to issue and distribute printed cards for maps and atlases received by the Library on a legal deposit basis.
1959 - by order of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR, an editorial board was formed to publish BBK tables. During 1960 -1968 25 issues (in 30 books) of the first edition of LBC tables for scientific libraries were published. In 1965, the Board of the USSR Ministry of Culture adopted a resolution on the introduction of the first edition of the LBC into the practice of libraries, and in 1956 the First All-Union Seminar on the study of the LBC was held in Moscow. The Library began systematizing new acquisitions from the LBC and organized the second row of the catalog.
The post-war years were characterized by the growth of collections and their wide availability, which was reflected in the duration of the reading rooms’ work, the opportunity for readers to use the Library different ages and social status. A system of reading rooms was established in the new premises. The library has intensified its mass educational work. Technical means that were new for that time were being introduced to serve users. During these years, a base for microfilming documents was prepared, and experimental microfilming was carried out.
1947 - a 50-meter vertical conveyor for transporting books came into operation, an electric train and a conveyor belt were launched to deliver requirements from the reading rooms to the book depository.
1946 - On April 18, the first in the history of the Library took place in the conference hall reading conference(“Izvestia.” 1946. April 19, p. 1)
1947 - work began on serving readers with photocopies.
1947 - a small office was organized for reading microfilms, equipped with two Soviet and one American devices.
1955 - renewal of the international subscription in GBL
1957 - 1958 - opening of reading rooms No. 1,2,3,4 in new premises.
1959-1960 - a system of industry reading rooms has been formed, auxiliary funds of scientific rooms have been transferred to an open access system. In the mid-1960s. The Library had 22 reading rooms with 2,330 seats.
Its periodical and ongoing publications were of great importance for the development of the Library as a scientific center in the field of library science and bibliographic studies.
1952 - bulletin “Scientific libraries of the USSR. Work experience", transformed into the collection "Libraries of the USSR. Work experience", since 1953 - "Soviet library science".
1957 - the publication of “Proceedings of the State Library of the USSR named after. V.I.Lenin."
During this period, the directors of the Library were: until 1953 - V.G. Olishev, 1953-1959. - P.M. Bogachev.
During this period, the status of the Library as a national book depository was strengthened. The GBL is entrusted with the function of the national coordination center for interlibrary loan (Regulations on interlibrary loan. 1969). The library has become a center for international library cooperation.
1964 - The library was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Culture (previously it was under republican subordination).
1973 - On February 6, according to the order of the USSR Minister of Culture No. 72, the new charter of the GBL was approved.
1973 - GBL was awarded the highest award in Bulgaria - the Order of Georgi Dimitrov.
1975 (February) - celebration of the 50th anniversary of the transformation of the Rumyantsev Public Library into the State Library of the USSR. V.I.Lenin.
1991 - The library is one of the main organizers of the 57th IFLA session in Moscow.
In connection with the creation in the late 1950s - 1960s. national system of scientific- technical information(NTI), differentiation and coordination of library activities, “the place of GBL in the NTI system was determined by two factors: the need for universal bibliographic information due to the integrative nature of development modern knowledge, the need to create, within the framework of the national system of scientific and technical information, a sectoral subsystem for culture and art" (V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR in the library system." M.: 1989. P. 8). GBL remained the largest universal scientific library and at the same time became an industry information center.
The sectoral subsystem of information on culture and art began to take shape organizationally with the creation in GBL in 1972 (August 28) of the Information Center on Problems of Culture and Art (Informculture), which began to form a fund of unpublished documents. In the mid-1980s. The information center has been transformed into a research department for the analysis and synthesis of information on problems of culture and art (NIO Informkultura), since 2001 (April) - Research Center for Culture and Art (SIC INFORMKULTURA). During the period under review, Information Culture created a network of subsystems in regional (territorial) and republican libraries of the USSR.
In connection with the coordination of the activities of the GBL with other libraries, it limits the influx of readers only to researchers and practitioners. The scope of service to party and government institutions has been expanded. At the same time, services for children and youth were stopped due to the organization of special libraries. The following events occurred in the service area.
1960s (beginning) - the opening of the reading room of the music department with 12 seats took place, in 1962 listening to sound recordings was organized in it (3 reading places with headphones), in 1969, upon moving to building “K”, a reading room with 25 seats was allocated and a room for listening to sound recordings with 8 seats, a room with a piano for playing music.
1969 - the “Regulations on a unified national interlibrary loan system in the USSR” was adopted, according to which the GBL was assigned the functions of a national coordination center.
1970 - opening of the dissertation hall in October.
1970s - the leading direction of the Library’s information activities has become servicing the governing bodies of the state. In 1971-1972 In the reference and bibliographic department, an experimental implementation of the selective dissemination of information (SDI) system was carried out. In 1972, an expert commission was formed under the GBL directorate to organize priority services.
1974 - the GBL established a new procedure for registering in reading rooms, limiting the influx of readers by status researcher, specialist - practitioner with higher education.
1975 - the general reading room is closed
1975 - a point for accepting orders for copying was established in GBL.
1975 - a reading room with 202 seats was opened in Khimki.
1978 - a permanent exhibition of abstracts of doctoral dissertations was organized during the pre-defense period.
1979 - the Informculture department provided a new type of service - depositing manuscripts.
Mid-1980s - commercial exhibitions appeared.
1983 - the permanent exhibition of the Museum of Books was opened
“History of books and bookmaking in the 19th - early 20th centuries.”
1984 - The University of Library and Bibliographic Knowledge was created in the Library.
1987 - the service department conducts an experiment on temporary recording without restrictions for everyone who wants to visit the Library in the summer.
1987 - “Regulations on bibliographic work of USSR libraries” was adopted.
1990s - the number of requests for legal, economic and historical literature is growing.
1990 - paid services were introduced.
1990 - the relationship was canceled - petitions from the place of work presented when registering in the Library, student registration was expanded.
In connection with the solution of new problems in organizing and storing funds, including on new media, serving readers, scientific, methodological, and research problems, the number of departments increased almost one and a half times (notation and music, technological departments, cartography, fine art publishing departments were created , exhibition work, Russian literature abroad, the dissertation hall, the research department of library and bibliographic classifications, the Library Museum, etc.).
1969 - the storage department began (finished in 1973) work on compiling perforated card indexes for the newspaper fund.
1975 - in the music department, for preservation purposes, the recording on magnetic tape of musical works available in the music library in a single copy, received from Germany, Sweden, and the USA, began. We began processing part of the reserve fund that arrived in the 1920s.
1976 - the recataloging of the union catalog of Russian books, which lasted 30 years, ended.
1980-1983 - LBC tables were published for regional libraries in four volumes with digital indexing.
1981 - BBK tables were awarded the State Prize and 8 GBL specialists were awarded the USSR State Prize in the field of science and technology for the development and implementation of BBK.
1983 - VNTITS began to transfer to GBL second copies of microcopies of dissertations defended since 1969. In 1984, GBL held a scientific and practical conference of Moscow libraries working with the dissertation fund.
1984 - All-Union meeting on problems of systematization and systematic catalogs, organized by GBL, took place.
1987 - The Interdepartmental Commission, headed by Glavlit of the USSR, began its work to revise publications and rearrange them into “open” funds.
1988 - The Central Library became the custodian of the Library’s only copy of publications of the state bibliography in the languages of the peoples of the USSR, accepted information materials on micromedia (microfiches) for storage and organized their use in the reading room.
1989 - the alphabetical and systematic catalogs of articles were liquidated and the subject catalog was conserved.
In the 1990s. work began on studying the restitution fund.
During this period, significant technical and technological changes occurred in the Library; it began to introduce electronic computer technology, other technical means.
1970s - in the cartography department, the development of an automated information retrieval system for cartographic publications began; development of a draft model of a bibliographic record format and a system for encoding music publications for computers began.
1972 - trial operation of the first AIBS GBL subsystems began on the Minsk-22 computer.
1974 - cartridge pneumatic mail was organized.
1981 - trial operation of the subsystem for the production of printed publications on a computer using a phototypesetting device was carried out; on this basis, the annual production of a consolidated catalog of new foreign maps and atlases received by USSR libraries began.
1986 - Registration files are transferred to microfiche and stored in the maintenance department.
1986 - SBO experimentally implemented an automated bibliographic search system into practice.
1989 - The library entered into an agreement with NPK Modem to organize teleaccess to the databases of VINITI, GPNTB, INION via a dial-up communication channel using the Robotron PC.
1990s - The library, together with the companies Adamant and ProSoft-M, is developing projects for scanning catalogs and publications. New arrivals are processed based on the MEKA system.
1990 - servicing of readers began in an automated mode using the Science Citation Index (SCI) bibliographic database based on optical CDs. During this period, the directors were: I.P. Kondakov (1959 - 1969), O.S. Chubaryan (1969-1972), N.M. Sikorsky (1972-1979), N.S. Kartashov (1979-1990), A.P. Volik (1990-1992).
In the 1990s. In connection with socio-economic and political changes in the country, significant qualitative changes are occurring in the Library, both in status and organizational terms, and in technical and technological terms. It became the Russian State Library and lost functions related to coordinating the activities of the libraries of the Union republics (in this regard, for example, in 1995, archiving of publications from the CIS countries was stopped). Its connections began to strengthen and coordination of activities with the National Library of Russia began to develop. In the first half of the 1990s. The library is experiencing financial difficulties that are hindering its development. At the same time, in the second half of the 1990s. The library is embarking on the path of informatization. In accordance with new information needs, a department of official publications, a center for literature in Eastern languages, etc. are being created. International relations are expanding.
1992 - Based on the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation dated August 2. No. 740 State Library of the USSR named after. V.I. Lenin was transformed into the Russian State Library.
1993 - the art publishing department became one of the founders of the Moscow Association of Art Libraries (MABIS).
1995 - The Library begins the project “Cultural Heritage of Russia” (“Memory of Russia”).
1996 - “Strategy for the modernization of the Russian State Library” was approved.
2000 (Sept. 13) - The RF Ministry of Culture approved the “National Program for the Preservation of Library Collections of the Russian Federation”
2001 (March 3) - the new Charter of the RSL was approved. The introduction of new information carriers and information technologies changes technological processes.
1993 - the old part of the General Systematic Catalog has been translated into micromedia.
1993 - a database is created based on Russian posters.
1994 - 1995 - RSL stops completing domestic patents on paper, by agreement with VPTB receives mandatory electronic variant of this type of document and provides users with an SD-ROM version of the patents.
1990s (second half) - the SD-ROM fund is created in the Central Bank.
1996 - an electronic catalog of dissertations is created
1998 - the beginning of the formation of an electronic catalog of current receipts of the RSL
1999 - a new microform backup fund was opened in Nagatino.
1999 - equipment from the Pioneer company was purchased for the music department for dubbing musical recordings in order to ensure the safety of the phono fund.
2000 - the main stage of the TACIS pilot project was completed, the results of which became an electronic catalog operating in industrial mode.
2000 (July) - the main book depository was closed for reconstruction, including the transition to new technologies.
2000-2001 - the company "Prosoft-M" created graphic images of the union catalog in electronic form. More than 500 thousand bibliographic records in MARC format have been transferred to CD-ROM.
In the area of reader services, changes are associated not only with information technology, but also with the expansion of the user base.
1993 - the Library's reading rooms, after a 20-year break, are again available to all citizens over 18 years of age.
1993 - two reading rooms were combined - for readers in the field of natural and technical sciences.
1993 - a reading room with 48 seats, called general, was opened. In 1994, the number of reading places in this hall became 208.
1994 - Informkultura provides users with databases on CDs.
1999 - the electronic catalog room was organized.
2000 - new re-registration of readers.
2000 - the service department switches to a universal system of reading rooms, industry auxiliary funds are combined into a single Central auxiliary fund.
2000 (June) - the issuance of books from the main repository stopped due to its reconstruction.
During this period, the directors were: I.S. Filippov (1992-1996), T.V. Ershova (1996), V.K. Egorov (1996 - 1998), since 1998 - V. IN. Fedorov.
Performers: M.Ya.Dvorkina, A.L. Divnogortsev, E.A. Popova (sector of the history of librarianship of the Research Institute of Library Science of the Russian State Library).
Russian State Library(FGBU RSL) - national library of the Russian Federation, the largest public library in Russia and continental Europe and one of the largest libraries in the world; a leading research institution in the field of library science, bibliography and bibliology, a methodological and advisory center for Russian libraries of all systems (except for special and scientific-technical ones), a center for recommendatory bibliography.
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Library of the Rumyantsev Museum
The Rumyantsev Museum, established in 1828 and founded in 1831 in St. Petersburg, has been part of the Imperial Public Library since 1845. The museum was in dire straits. The curator of the Rumyantsev Museum V.F. Odoevsky proposed to transport the Rumyantsev collections to Moscow, where they would be in demand and preserved. Odoevsky’s note about the difficult situation of the Rumyantsev Museum, sent to the Minister of the State Household, was “accidentally” seen by N.V. Isakov and gave it a go.
The custodians of the department of manuscripts and early printed books, with which the library was especially closely connected throughout its history, were A. E. Viktorov, D. P. Lebedev, S. O. Dolgov. D. P. Lebedev in -1891 was first A. E. Viktorov’s assistant in the department of manuscripts, and after Viktorov’s death he replaced him as keeper of the department.
In the same year, a 50-meter vertical conveyor for transporting books came into operation, an electric train and a conveyor belt were launched to deliver requests from the reading rooms to the book depository. Work has begun to serve readers with photocopies. To read microfilms, a small office was set up, equipped with two Soviet and one American machines.
V.I. Nevsky ensured that the authorities decided on the need for construction. He also laid the first stone in the foundation of the new building. It became the standard of the “Stalinist Empire style”. The authors combined Soviet monumentalism and neoclassical forms. The building harmoniously fits into the architectural surroundings - the Kremlin, Moscow University, Manezh, Pashkov House.
The building is lavishly decorated. Between the pylons of the facade there are bronze bas-reliefs depicting scientists, philosophers, writers: Archimedes, Copernicus, Galileo, I. Newton, M. V. Lomonosov, C. Darwin, A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol. The sculptural frieze above the main portico was made mainly according to the drawings of academician of architecture and theater artist V. A. Shchuko. M. G. Manizer, N. V. Krandievskaya, V. I. Mukhina, S. V. Evseev, V. V. Lishev took part in the design of the Library. The conference hall was designed by architect A.F. Khryakov.
Limestone and solemn black granite were used for cladding the facades, and marble, bronze, and oak wall panels for the interiors.
In 1957-1958, the construction of buildings “A” and “B” was completed. The war prevented all work from being completed on time. The construction and development of the library complex, which included several buildings, lasted until 1960.
In 2003, an advertising structure in the form of the Uralsib company logo was installed on the roof of the building. In May 2012, the design, which became “one of the dominant features of the historical center Moscow", was dismantled.
Main book depository
Library collections
The collection of the Russian State Library originates from the collection of N.P. Rumyantsev, which included more than 28 thousand books, 710 manuscripts, and more than 1000 maps.
The “Regulations on the Moscow Public Museum and the Rumyantsev Museum” stated that the director is obliged to ensure that the Library of Museums includes all literature published on the territory of the Russian Empire. Thus, since 1862, the Library began to receive legal deposit. Before 1917, 80% of the fund came from legal deposit receipts. Donations and donations have become the most important source of replenishment of the fund.
A year and a half after the founding of the Museums, the Library’s fund amounted to 100 thousand items. And on January 1 (13), 1917, the Library of the Rumyantsev Museum had 1 million 200 thousand items of storage.
At the time of the start of the work of the Interdepartmental Commission, headed by Glavlit of the USSR, to revise publications and rearrange them from special storage departments to open funds in 1987, the fund of the special storage department totaled about 27 thousand domestic books, 250 thousand foreign books, 572 thousand issues of foreign magazines, about 8.5 thousand annual sets of foreign newspapers.
Central fixed fund has more than 29 million storage units: books, magazines, ongoing publications, documents for official use. It is the basic collection in the subsystem of the main document collections of the RSL. The fund was formed on the basis of the collection principle. Of particular value are more than 200 private book collections of domestic figures of science, culture, education, outstanding bibliophiles and collectors of Russia.
Central Reference and Bibliographic Fund has more than 300 thousand storage units. According to the content of the documents included in it, it is universal character. The fund contains a significant collection of abstract, bibliographic and reference publications in Russian, languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation and foreign languages (with the exception of Eastern ones). The collection widely includes retrospective bibliographic indexes, dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference books, and guidebooks.
Central auxiliary fund compiles and quickly provides readers in open access with the most popular printed publications in Russian, published by central publishing houses in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The fund has a large collection of scientific, reference and educational literature. In addition to books, it includes magazines, brochures, and newspapers.
RSL Electronic Library is a collection of electronic copies of valuable and most requested publications from the collections of the Russian State Library, from external sources and documents originally created in electronic form. The volume of the fund at the beginning of 2013 is about 900 thousand documents and is constantly being updated. The full range of resources is available in the reading rooms of the RSL. Access to documents is provided in accordance with Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
The RSL electronic library contains open access resources that can be freely read on the Internet from anywhere in the world, and limited access resources that can only be read within the walls of the RSL, from any reading room.
There are about 600 Virtual Reading Rooms (VRR) operating in Russia and the CIS countries. They are located in national and regional libraries, as well as in the libraries of universities and other educational institutions. VChZ provide the opportunity to access and work with RSL documents, including restricted access resources. Provides this functionality software DefView is the predecessor of the more modern Vivaldi network of digital libraries.
Manuscript Fund is a universal collection of written and graphic manuscripts on different languages, including Old Russian, Ancient Greek, Latin. It contains handwritten books, archival collections and funds, personal (family, ancestral) archives. Documents, the earliest of which date back to the 6th century AD. e., made on paper, parchment, and other specific materials. The fund contains the rarest handwritten books: the Arkhangelsk Gospel (1092), the Khitrovo Gospel (late 14th - early 15th centuries), etc.
Fund of rare and valuable publications has more than 300 thousand storage units. It includes printed publications in Russian and foreign languages that correspond to certain social and value parameters - uniqueness, priority, memoriality, collectibility. The fund, according to the content of the documents included in it, is universal in nature. It presents printed books from the mid-16th century, Russian periodicals, including the Moskovskie Gazette (from 1756), publications by the pioneer Slavic printers Sh. Fiol, F. Skorina, I. Fedorov and P. Mstislavets, collections of incunabula and paleotypes , first editions of the works of J. Bruno, Dante, R. G. de Clavijo, N. Copernicus, archives of N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, A. P. Chekhov, A. A. Blok, M. A. Bulgakova and others.
Dissertation Fund includes domestic doctoral and master's theses in all branches of knowledge, except medicine and pharmacy. The collection contains author's copies of dissertations from the 2010s, as well as microforms of dissertations made to replace the originals from the 1950s. The fund is preserved as part of the cultural heritage of Russia.
Newspaper Foundation, which includes more than 670 thousand storage units, is one of the largest collections in Russia and the post-Soviet space. It includes domestic and foreign newspapers published since the 18th century. The most valuable part of the fund are Russian pre-revolutionary newspapers and publications from the first years of Soviet power.
Military Literature Foundation has more than 614 thousand storage units. It includes printed and electronic publications in Russian and foreign languages. Wartime documents are presented - front-line newspapers, posters, leaflets, the texts for which were composed by the classics of Soviet literature I. G. Erenburg, S. V. Mikhalkov, S. Ya. Marshak, M. V. Isakovsky.
Foundation of Literature in Oriental Languages(countries of Asia and Africa) includes domestic and the most scientifically and practically significant foreign publications in 224 languages, reflecting the diversity of topics, genres, and types of printing design. The sections on socio-political and humanities. It includes books, magazines, ongoing publications, newspapers, and speech recordings.
Specialized collection of current periodicals formed to quickly serve readers with current periodicals. Doublet copies of Russian periodicals are in the public domain. The fund contains domestic and foreign magazines, as well as the most popular central and Moscow newspapers in Russian. Upon expiration of the established period, the journals are transferred for permanent storage to the Central Fixed Fund.
Art publications fund, numbering about 1.5 million copies. This collection includes posters and prints, engravings and popular prints, reproductions and postcards, photographs and graphic materials. The Foundation introduces in detail the personal collections of famous collectors, including portraits, bookplates, and works of applied graphics.
Fund of cartographic publications has about 250 thousand storage units. This specialized collection, including atlases, maps, plans, charts and globes, provides material on topics, types this kind publications and forms of presentation of cartographic information.
Fund of music publications and sound recordings(more than 400 thousand items) is one of the largest collections, representing all the most significant in the world repertoire, starting from the 16th century. The music fund contains both original documents and copies. It also includes documents on electronic media. The sound recording fund contains shellac and vinyl records, cassettes, tapes from domestic manufacturers, DVDs.
Fund of official and normative publications is a specialized collection of official documents and publications international organizations, organs state power and management of the Russian Federation and individual foreign countries, official regulatory and production documents, Rosstat publications. The total volume of the fund exceeds 2 million storage units, presented in paper and electronic forms, as well as on other micro-media.
IN fund of Russian literature abroad, numbering more than 700 thousand items, presents works by authors from all waves of emigration. Its most valuable component is the collection of newspapers published on the lands occupied by the White Army during the Civil War, others were published in the occupied territories of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. The fund stores the works of figures of the domestic human rights movement.
Network Remote Resources Foundation has more than 180 thousand items. It includes resources of other organizations located on remote servers to which the library provides permanent or temporary access. In terms of the content of the documents included in the fund, it is universal in nature.
Collection of publications on optical CDs(CD and DVD) - one of the youngest collections of RSL documents. The fund contains more than 8 thousand storage units various types and appointments. Includes text, audio and multimedia documents that are original publications or electronic analogues of printed publications. The content of the documents included in it is universal in nature.
Literature Fund for Library Science, Bibliography and Bibliology is the world's largest specialized collection of this kind of publications. It also includes language dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books. general, literature on related fields of knowledge. The 170 thousand documents available to the fund cover the period from the 18th century to the present. Publications from the Russian State Library are included in a separate collection.
Microform Working Copy Fund has about 3 million storage units. It includes microforms of publications in Russian and foreign languages. Partially presented are microforms of newspapers and dissertations, as well as publications that do not have paper equivalents, but meet such parameters as value, uniqueness, and high demand.
Intrastate Book Exchange Fund, part of the subsystem of exchange funds of the Russian State Library, has more than 60 thousand storage units. These are doublet and non-core documents excluded from the fixed assets - books, brochures, periodicals in Russian and foreign languages. The fund is intended for redistribution through gift, equivalent exchange and sale.
Fund of unpublished documents and deposited scientific works on culture and art has more than 15 thousand storage units. It includes deposited scientific works and unpublished documents - reviews, abstracts, certificates, bibliographic lists, methodological and methodological-bibliographic materials, holiday scripts and mass performances, materials of conferences and meetings. The foundation's documents are of great industry-wide importance.
Many people today associate the Russian State Library with the name “Leninka”. But not everyone knows that this well-known name appeared more than 80 years ago: February 6, 1925.
Today, the Russian State Library (RSL), the largest in Europe and the second in the world after the US Library of Congress in terms of the size and significance of its collection of books, has more than 43 million collections of printed documents in 247 languages. On average, the library's reading rooms are visited daily by 5 thousand people who order more than 35 thousand documents. And through the Internet, the library’s resources in various forms are already used by several hundred clients a day.
On that day, February 6, 1925, the library of the State Rumyantsev Museum (GRM) was officially transformed into the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin (GBL), and the public library popular among Muscovites (in common parlance - Rumyantsevka) soon began to be called Leninka. This unofficial name, which has long been attached to one of the largest libraries in the world, the largest library in Europe, is named by PR technologists as one of the 5 most famous and “promoted” Russian brands non-profit organizations such as Moscow State University, Grand Theatre, Airborne Forces, Hermitage and Academy of Sciences.
The official history of one of the world's largest national libraries began 178 years ago and is associated with the name of Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev, the founder of the private museum he created in St. Petersburg.
For almost a century the Library functioned as part of museum complex, which kept the name of the Rumyantsev Museum unchanged. The library also unofficially bore the same name.
The move of the government of revolutionary Russia to Moscow in 1918, which returned the status of the capital, radically changed the life of the city and its institutions. The library gained independence. From 1925 to 1992 it was called the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin. And currently - the “Russian State Library” (RSL).
Within the walls of the library there is a collection of domestic and foreign documents, unique in its completeness and universal in content. The RSL collections contain specialized collections of maps, notes, sound recordings, rare books, publications, dissertations, newspapers, etc. There is no field of science or practical activities, which is not reflected in the sources stored here.
The introduction of new technologies, as one of the priority areas of development, has enabled the library to acquire and create new information products in electronic form, providing users with new types of services. The exhibited electronic catalogs of the RSL today amount to about 1,852,000 entries.
But with the introduction of information technology to reveal the intellectual wealth of the RSL, it faced the threat of information theft. The adoption of additional measures to ensure information security was caused by the need to prevent unauthorized copying of materials provided to library readers for informational purposes.
Let's turn to history.
1827, November 3. Letter from S.P. Rumyantsev to Emperor Nicholas I: “Most Gracious Sovereign! My deceased brother, expressing to me his desire to create a Museum..."
1828, January 3. Letter from Emperor Nicholas I to S.P. Rumyantsev: “Count Sergei Petrovich! I learned with particular pleasure that, following the promptings of your zeal for the common good, you intend to transfer the Museum, known for its precious collections, to the Government in order to make it accessible to everyone and thereby contribute to the success of public education. I express to you my goodwill and gratitude for this gift that you brought to the sciences and the Fatherland and wishing to preserve the memory of the founders of this useful institution, I ordered to call this Museum Rumyantsevsky.”
1861, June 27. The commission, consisting of N.V. Isakov, A.V. Bychkov, V.F. Odoevsky, began transferring the Rumyantsev Museum to the Ministry of Public Education and preparing to move the collection of N.P. Rumyantsev to Moscow.
1861, August 5. Reports from the director of the Imperial Public Library M. A. Korf to the Minister of the Imperial Household V. F. Aplerberg: “I have the honor to notify you, Dear Sovereign, that the delivery of houses and all property of the Rumyantsev Museum, together with the remaining amounts of this institution, to the department of the Ministry of Public Education has been completed 1 this August..."
The transfer of the Rumyantsev Museum to Moscow was predetermined. In the 1850s–1860s, the movement for the creation of public libraries, museums, and educational institutions expanded in Russia. The abolition of serfdom was approaching. During these years, new enterprises and banks appeared in Moscow, and railway construction expanded. Working people and young people of all ranks poured into the Mother See. The need for a free book has increased many times over. A public library could meet this need. There was such a library in St. Petersburg. In Moscow there was a university founded in 1755 with a good library serving professors and students. There were rich bookstores and wonderful private collections. But this did not solve the issue, and many saw the need to solve it.
The Rumyantsev Museum, established in 1828 and founded in 1831 in St. Petersburg, has been part of the Imperial Public Library since 1845. The museum was in poverty. The curator of the Rumyantsev Museum V.F. Odoevsky, having lost hope of receiving funds to maintain the museum, proposed to transport the Rumyantsev collections to Moscow, where they would be in demand and preserved. Odoevsky’s note about the difficult situation of the Rumyantsev Museum, sent to the Minister of the State Household, was “accidentally” seen by the trustee of the Moscow educational district N.V. Isakov and gave it a go.
On May 23, 1861, the Committee of Ministers adopted a resolution on the transfer of the Rumyantsev Museum to Moscow and on the creation of the Moscow Public Museum. In 1861, the acquisition and organization of funds began. The movement of Rumyantsev collections from St. Petersburg to Moscow began.
We must pay tribute to the Moscow authorities - Governor General P. A. Guchkov and N. V. Isakov. With the support of the Minister of Public Education E.P. Kovalevsky, they invited all Muscovites to take part in the formation of the newly created, as they said then, “Museum of Sciences and Arts.” They turned for help to Moscow societies - Noble, Merchant, Meshchansky, publishing houses, and individual citizens. And Muscovites hastened to help their long-awaited library and museums. More than three hundred book and manuscript collections and individual priceless gifts were added to the fund of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums.
On July 1, 1862, Emperor Alexander II approved (“authorized”) the “Regulations on the Moscow Public Museum and the Rumyantsev Museum.” “Regulations...” became the first legal document that determined the management, structure, directions of activity, the receipt of legal deposit in the Library of Museums, and the staffing schedule of the first public Museum created in Moscow with a public library that was part of this museum.
The Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums included, in addition to the library, departments of manuscripts, rare books, Christian and Russian antiquities, departments of fine arts, ethnographic, numismatic, archaeological, and mineralogical.
The book collection of the Rumyantsev Museum became part of the book collection, and the manuscript collection became part of the manuscript collection of the Moscow Public Museum and the Rumyantsev Museum, museums that preserved the memory of the state chancellor in their name, celebrated the days of his birth and death, and most importantly, followed the behest of N. M. Rumyantsev - serve the benefit of the Fatherland and good education.
From 1910 to 1921, the director of the Museums was Prince Vasily Dmitrievich Golitsyn. In difficult turning point Golitsyn skillfully managed museums. Golitsyn was the last director of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums, the only and last director of the Imperial Moscow and Rumyantsev Museum, and the first director of the post-revolutionary State Rumyantsev Museum. Under Golitsyn, the library of the Rumyantsev Museum began to receive money for the first time in 1913 to complete the collection; a new one was built Art Gallery with Ivanovo Hall; building of a new book depository; a reading room with 300 seats was built; after several years of forced stay in the Historical Museum, the manuscripts of L. N. Tolstoy returned to the Rumyantsev Museum; Tolstoy's Cabinet was built; on the initiative and with the active participation of Vasily Dmitrievich, in 1913, the “Society of Friends of the Rumyantsev Museum” was created “with the aim of assisting the Rumyantsev Museum in the implementation of its cultural tasks" For the first four post-revolutionary years, Golitsyn continued to fulfill his duty as director of the Rumyantsev Museum: the Museum received an increasing flow of new, less educated than before, readers, which created certain difficulties in service, and sent emissaries around the country to prevent the collections that had lost their owners from going to waste. In 1918, Golitsyn was invited to work on the Museum and Household Commission of the Mossovet, which was engaged in examining estates, personal collections, and libraries and issuing letters of safe conduct to their owners. In 1918, in accordance with the new regulations of the Rumyantsev Museum that came into force, V. D. Golitsyn became chairman of the Committee of Employees. On March 10, 1921, Golitsyn was arrested on the basis of an MCHC warrant and was soon released without charge. From May 1921 to last day During his life, V.D. Golitsyn was the head of the art department of the State Rumyantsev Museum, then the State Library of the USSR. V.I. Lenin.
By the beginning of the 1920s, the Library of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums. The Imperial Moscow and Rumyantsev Museums, since February 1917 - the State Rumyantsev Museum (SRM) was already an established cultural and scientific center.
On May 5, 1925, professor, party historian, statesman and party leader Vladimir Ivanovich Nevsky was appointed director of the State Russian Museum Library, which on February 6, 1925 was transformed into the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin. After his arrest in 1935, Elena Fedorovna Rozmirovich, a participant in the revolutionary movement and state building, was appointed director for the first time in the history of the Library. In 1939, she was transferred to the position of director of the Literary Institute, and the state and party leader, candidate of historical sciences, former director of the State Public Historical Library Nikolai Nikiforovich Yakovlev became the director of the State Library of the USSR named after V. I. Lenin.
In 1921, the Library became a state book depository.
Special mention should be made of the systematic catalogue. Until 1919, the collection of the Library of the Rumyantsev Museum was reflected in only one, alphabetical, catalogue. By this time, the volume of the fund had already exceeded a million units. The need to create a systematic catalog was discussed before, but due to lack of opportunities, the issue was postponed. In 1919, by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars, the State Rumyantsev Museum was allocated significant funds for its development, which made it possible to increase staff, create scientific departments, attract leading scientists to work, begin to create new Soviet tables of library and bibliographic classification, and build a systematic catalog on their basis. Thus began a huge work that required decades of work not only from the staff of the Lenin Library and other libraries, but also from many scientific institutions and scientists from various fields of knowledge.
In the 1920–1930s, the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin was a leading scientific institution. First of all, it is the largest scientific information base. There is not a scientist in the country who would not turn to this source of wisdom.
The library stands at the head of one of the important branches of science - library science.
Library Director V.I. Nevsky begins construction of a new Library building, restructures the entire work of the Library, helps publish the Trinity list of “Russian Truth” from the manuscript department, actively participates in the activities of the Academia publishing house (several volumes of the “Russian Memoirs” series published under the general editorship of Nevsky , diaries, letters and materials” on the history of literature and social thought are built on materials from the Library’s collections and are distinguished by a high scientific level and culture of publication). V. I. Nevsky and D. N. Egorov had “the general plan and general management of the implementation” of the collection “The Death of Tolstoy.” Nevsky wrote the introductory article to this collection. D.N. Egorov was repressed and died in exile. V.I. Nevsky was repressed in 1935 and executed in 1937. The director of the State Rumyantsev Museum V. D. Golitsyn (1921), historians, staff members of the Library Yu. V. Gauthier, S. V. Bakhrushin, D. N. Egorov, I. I. Ivanov-Polosin were repressed in 1929– In the 1930s they were arrested in the Academic Case. Dozens of Library employees were repressed in the 1920s and 1930s.
In the first two war years, 58% (1057 book titles) and over 20% of periodicals not received from the Book Chamber as a legal deposit were acquired. The library's management achieved the transfer of newspapers, magazines, brochures, posters, leaflets, slogans and other publications produced by Military Publishing House, political departments of the fronts and armies.
In 1942, the library had book exchange relations with 16 countries and 189 organizations. The most intensive exchanges took place with England and the USA. The second front will not open soon, in 1944, but in the incomplete first war year (July 1941 - March 1942) the Library sent 546 letters to different countries, primarily English-speaking ones, with an exchange offer, and consent was received from a number of countries. During the war years, more precisely since 1944, the issue of transferring candidate and doctoral dissertations to the Library was resolved. The fund was actively completed through the purchase of antique domestic and world literature.
During the war, when the Nazis were approaching Moscow and enemy air raids, the issue of preserving the fund acquired particular importance. On June 27, 1941, the party and government adopted a resolution “On the procedure for the removal and placement of human contingents and valuable property.” Our Library also immediately began preparing for the evacuation of its most valuable collections. Library director N.N. Yakovlev was appointed authorized by the People's Commissariat for Education for the evacuation of library and museum valuables from Moscow. About 700 thousand items (rare and especially valuable publications, manuscripts) were evacuated from Leninka. On the long journey - first to Nizhny Novgorod, then to Perm (then the city of Molotov), the selected, packaged books and manuscripts were accompanied by a group of GBL employees. All valuables were preserved, re-evacuated in 1944 and placed on the shelves of the Library’s storage rooms.
The fund was also saved by the builders who, by the beginning of the war, managed to build an 18-tier book depository made of iron and concrete for 20 million items of storage, and, of course, by the Library staff, who carried the entire fund and all catalogs from the fire-hazardous Pashkov house to the new storage facility.
In extreme wartime conditions, the library fulfilled all its functions. When the Nazis approached Moscow, when many city residents were leaving the capital, there were 12 readers in the Library reading room on October 17, 1941. They were served, books were selected, and delivered from the new storage room to the reading room in Pashkov House. Incendiary bombs fell on the library building. Air raid warnings during raids forced everyone, both readers and employees, to go to a bomb shelter. And it was necessary to think about the safety of books in these conditions. Instructions on the behavior of readers and employees during an air raid are being developed and strictly followed. There were special instructions for this in the children's reading room...
These are just some of the milestones from the history of the famous Leninka, rightfully considered a relic and treasure of Russia.
Just the facts
The library stores more than 43 million documents in 249 languages. There are about 2.5 thousand employees.
1.5 million Russian and foreign users per year.
International book exchange - with 98 countries of the world.
Every day the library registers 150–200 new readers.
During the working day, an employee of the General Systematic Catalog covers a distance of 3 kilometers and carries 180 boxes with a total weight of 540 kg. But since 2001, an electronic general systematic catalog has been in operation, so you can find the information you need without leaving your computer.
