History of the formation of the concept of cultural heritage. Preservation of cultural heritage as the embodiment of the value of tradition

Over thousands of years of history, man has created many drawings, inscriptions, buildings, statues, and household items. From the moment of gaining consciousness, a person produces traces of his existence with incredible zeal - with the goal of impressing a future generation or in pursuit of a more practical goal. All these are artifacts, reflections of human culture. But not all of this is cultural heritage.

Cultural heritage is the creations (material or spiritual) created by a person of the past, in which a person of the present sees and wants to preserve them for the future. Heritage itself is defined as an integral part of culture, acting simultaneously both as a way for an individual to appropriate cultural phenomena, and as the very basis of culture. In other words, cultural heritage is a special part of culture, the significance of which has been recognized by generations. It is also recognized now and through the diligence of contemporaries should be preserved and passed on to the future.

T. M. Mironova contrasts the concepts of “monument” and “objects of cultural heritage.” In her opinion, the word “monument” itself means some kind of object for storing memory. While we acquired objects of cultural heritage not just for storage, but for an active attitude towards them, awareness of their value for today in the course of modern interpretation.

Two approaches to society's attitude towards cultural heritage: protection and conservation

1. Protection of cultural heritage. The condition and main requirement for maintaining an object is its protection from external influences. The object is elevated to the rank of inviolability. Any interaction with the object is prevented, except for necessary measures. The emotional basis of this attitude is a feeling of longing for the old days or an interest in rarities and relics of the past. An object is defined as a memory of the past embodied in a specific object. The more ancient an object is, the more valuable it is considered as a carrier of memory of a past era. This concept has a significant drawback. Such a carefully protected object of the past over time turns out to be something alien in an ever-changing environment. It is not filled with new content and soon risks becoming an empty shell and ending up on the periphery of public attention and ultimately in oblivion.
2. Preservation of cultural heritage. It arose in the second half of the twentieth century in connection with the complication of relations with cultural heritage monuments. It includes a set of measures not only for the protection, but also for the study, interpretation and use of cultural objects.

Previously, some individual objects (structures, monuments) were protected, which were selected by specialists using “obvious criteria”. The transition from exclusively protective measures to the concept of conservation made it possible to include entire complexes and even territories in this process. The criteria for selecting objects have expanded.

The modern approach does not imply abandonment of the protection of cultural heritage, but leads to greater expediency of this process. The results showed that the reasonable use of historical objects (buildings, territories) is more conducive to the revitalization (“return to life”) of cultural heritage monuments than focusing solely on protection. The attitude towards the monument went beyond the simple preservation of the material shell of an ancient object. Monuments of cultural heritage have become more than just reminders of the past. First of all, they became significant as a value in the eyes of their contemporaries. They are filled with new meanings.

UNESCO cultural heritage. Activities in the field of cultural heritage conservation

1972 Adoption of the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Cultural Heritage natural heritage».

This convention did not give a definition of the concept of “cultural heritage”, but it listed its categories:

• Monuments of cultural heritage - understood in a broad sense, this includes buildings, sculptures, inscriptions, caves. A monument is a unit of cultural heritage, defined as a specific object that has artistic or scientific (historical) value. But at the same time, the isolation of monuments from one another is overcome, since their interconnection with each other and their connection with the environment is assumed. The totality of monuments forms the objective world of culture.
• Ensembles, which include architectural complexes.
• Places of interest: created by man or by him, but also with the significant participation of nature.

The meaning of this convention is as follows:

• implementation of an integrated approach to assessing the relationships between cultural and natural heritage;
• was added to the protected ones a new group objects (places of interest);
• guidelines were given for the inclusion of heritage sites in economic activities and their use for practical purposes.

1992 La Petite-Pierre. Revision of the Guidelines for the Implementation of the 1972 Convention. The Convention spoke about those created by both nature and man. But there was absolutely no procedure for their identification and selection. To correct this, international experts formulated and included the concept of “cultural landscape” in the guidelines, which led to an adjustment of cultural criteria. To be awarded the status of a cultural landscape, a territory, in addition to being of internationally recognized value, must also be representative of the region and illustrate its exclusivity. Thus, a new category of cultural heritage was introduced.

1999 Amendments to the Guidelines for the Implementation of the 1972 Convention.
The content of the amendments was a detailed definition of the concept of “cultural landscape”, as well as characteristics of its types. These included:

1. Man-made landscapes.
2. Naturally developing landscapes.
3. Associative landscapes.

Cultural landscape criteria:

• the generally recognized outstanding value of the area;
• authenticity of the area;
• integrity of the landscape.

year 2001. UNESCO conference, during which a new concept was formulated. Intangible cultural heritage is a special process in human activity and creativity that contributes to a sense of continuity among different societies and maintains the identity of their cultures. Then its types were identified:

• traditional forms of everyday life and cultural life embodied in the material;
• forms of expression not physically represented (language itself, orally transmitted traditions, songs and music);
• the semantic component of the material cultural heritage, which is the result of its interpretation.

2003 Paris. Adoption by UNESCO of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Necessity of this event was dictated by the incompleteness of the 1972 Convention, namely the absence of even a mention in the document of spiritual values ​​among the World Heritage sites.

Obstacles to the preservation of cultural heritage

1. Representatives of different strata of society have opposing views on the advisability of preserving this or that heritage of the past. The historian sees before him an example of Victorian architecture in need of restoration. An entrepreneur sees a dilapidated building that needs to be demolished and the vacant plot of land used to build a supermarket.
2. Generally accepted criteria for the scientific or artistic value of an object have not been developed, that is, which objects should be classified as cultural heritage and which are not.
3. If the first two questions are resolved favorably (that is, the object was decided to be preserved and its value was recognized), a dilemma arises in choosing methods for preserving cultural heritage.

The importance of cultural heritage in the formation of historical consciousness

In the changing everyday life, modern man increasingly feels the need to belong to something eternal. To identify oneself with something eternal, primordial means to gain a sense of stability, certainty, and confidence.

Such goals are served by the cultivation of historical consciousness - a special psychological education that allows an individual to join the social memory of his people and other cultures, as well as process and broadcast historical event-national information. The formation of historical consciousness is possible only by relying on historical memory. The substrates are museums, libraries and archives. N.F. Fedorov calls the museum a “common memory” that opposes spiritual death.

Priorities for the development of historical consciousness

1. Mastering the concept of historical time - cultural heritage in various forms allows an individual to sense history, feel the era through contact with heritage objects and realize the connection of times reflected in them.
2. Awareness of changeability value guidelines- acquaintance with cultural heritage as a presentation of the ethical, aesthetic values ​​of people of the past; showing modifications, broadcasting and displaying these values ​​in different periods of time.
3. Familiarization with the historical origins of ethnic groups and peoples through the demonstration of authentic examples of folk art and the introduction of elements of interactivity in the form of involvement in the living of traditional rituals and ceremonies.

Use of cultural heritage sites in social planning

Cultural heritage is objects of the past that can act as a factor in the development of modern society. This assumption has long been discussed, but practical implementation began only in the second half of the twentieth century. The leading countries here are America, Spain, and Australia. An example of this approach would be the Colorado 2000 project. This is a development plan for the state of the same name in America. The development was guided by the process of preserving Colorado's cultural heritage. The program was open to all, resulting in participation from all walks of Colorado society. Experts and non-professionals, government agencies and corporations and small firms - their combined efforts were aimed at implementing a program for the development of Colorado based on the disclosure of its historical uniqueness. These projects allow participants to feel themselves as carriers of the authentic culture of their native lands, to feel everyone’s contribution to the preservation and presentation of the heritage of their region to the world.

The importance of cultural heritage in maintaining the unique diversity of cultures

IN modern world communicative boundaries between societies are erased, and original ones that find it difficult to compete for attention with mass phenomena are under threat.

Thus, there is a need to instill in people pride in the heritage of their people, to involve them in the preservation of regional monuments. At the same time, respect for the identity of other peoples and countries should be developed. All this is designed to counter globalization and loss of identity

First, let us clarify the relationship between the concepts of “heritage” and “tradition”.

First of all, we note that cultural heritage is largely defined as the embodiment of tradition, the transmission of which helps to impart meaning to the past and present. The very concept of “heritage” since ancient times has been largely associated with material sphere. Thus, in V.I. Dahl’s dictionary, heritage is defined as “property that passes upon the death of one owner to another, by kinship, will or law.” If we turn to the historical and cultural interpretation of this concept, then in Russian it clearly carries the meaning of “leaving a trace”, “finding a trace”, “moving on a trace”, “stepping on a trace”, “trace of ancestors”. What leaves its mark for many years, as a rule, is of particular value - aesthetic, ethical, artistic, spiritual. It went beyond the everyday, ordinary and became timeless, universally significant. Even we're talking about about an architectural structure, a family house of a private nature, or a household item that has been preserved for centuries, we can say that their cultural value lies not so much in beauty (although this can also become an object of significance), but in historical realism, the uniqueness and uniqueness of the “shards” previous years".

E. N. Selezneva proposes to distinguish between two basic and interrelated concepts: “heritage” and “inheritance” as, respectively, the “objective” and “procedural” aspects of the study: “the first definition involves the development of the morphology of cultural heritage, its structure and dynamics, which will show the possibilities of using objects of the past in modern culture... Inheritance as a sociocultural phenomenon in the most general form can be presented as a process of mastering multidimensional sociocultural experience: the necessary “set” of points of view on the world, pictures of the world, ideas, symbols, traditions, stereotypes and patterns of activity that allow people to reflect on their understanding of the world, this particular society, clarify their role functions in society, and certify their own cultural identity.” At the same time, the author notes that the content of the concept of “cultural heritage” still remains unclear, which gives rise to different options for its interpretation.

As for the concept of “tradition,” it is more associated with the spiritual, communicative, and verbal spheres. Tradition consists of knowledge, beliefs, customs, rituals, folklore, and the nature of social relationships. However, in modern usage, we increasingly include spiritual traditions as part of the cultural heritage as a whole. The concept of “cultural heritage” today is becoming broader and more multifaceted. Its use in the era of innovation turns out to be more natural than the use of the concept “tradition”. The transmission of tradition and strict adherence to it is a feature of a society that avoids change and strives to preserve the existing state (or even return to the ideals of its ancestors). Therefore, in an era of modern dynamic changes, the policy of preserving traditions may look like an anachronism, while concern for the preservation of cultural heritage corresponds to the desire to move forward and take care of cultural monuments. At the same time, with the approval of the concept of “cultural heritage,” a shift in substantive emphasis occurs: thus, care is primarily directed to monuments of material culture; as for language and phenomena of spiritual life, their protection turns out to be a matter not of society as a whole, but only of the group narrow specialists. (For example, the “St. Petersburg Strategy for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage” states: “Items for the protection of cultural heritage are key elements, parameters, characteristics of the environment that are carriers of historical, architectural, artistic value. Along with individual objects of cultural heritage, the main urban planning principles are also protected. Highest value represent a volumetric-spatial planning frame, the configuration of central water spaces, a citywide silhouette, panoramas of rivers, ensembles of main squares, perspectives of main streets." This document shows that, despite the general definition of cultural heritage as “spiritual, economic, social and cultural capital”, for the most part its objects are interpreted as related to the material sphere, mainly with the appearance of cities and regions.)

This contradiction can be resolved if spiritual objects are included in the cultural heritage on an equal basis with material ones, and the preservation of traditions is understood as the most important existential, life-meaning function of culture. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop a model of cultural heritage and analyze the role of traditions in its implementation.

Analysis of the phenomenon of cultural heritage leads to the formation of its models as a dynamic system of elements and levels of sociocultural interactions, including the following main structural components:

Subject (object) of cultural heritage. Quite heterogeneous objects, both tangible and intangible, can be classified as cultural heritage.

1. The first type is tangible cultural heritage, which includes the following types:

First of all, these are artistically valuable objects, works of art in all its forms, which have gone beyond the boundaries of everyday creativity and risen to the level of world masterpieces. The presence of such a masterpiece dramatically raises the status of the surrounding area. If a province houses at least one world-class work, it becomes a treasure that influences the city itself, elevating it among its peers. Let's give an example. In Astrakhan in the last century, Leonardo da Vinci’s painting “Madonna with a Flower” (also known as “Benois Madonna”) was discovered. Despite the fact that in the city it could have become one of the most valuable cultural assets, it, of course, was taken to the Hermitage, where it took its rightful place among hundreds of thousands of other exhibits. A world-class art object must correspond to the status of its owner, although in many ways it is a pity that the provinces do not have the right to be bearers of such values. The exception is architectural objects, which, even if they were exported to the capitals of the world, were not as often as paintings (for example, the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, the British National Museum in London, where you can see temple complexes exported from Central Asia, India, China, Greece, Rome, Egypt).

Another important type of material objects of cultural heritage are historical rarities, objects that do not have artistic value, but are objects of historical value. What is important in this regard is not the degree of skill with which they were created, but the degree of their antiquity. The longer the history, the greater the tribute. Such objects are valuable as places or objects of memory (the term “places of memory” was proposed by the French historian Pierre Nora). Sometimes they acquire their own mythology and legends, moving away from historical factuality, but even in these cases they retain their significance as something that fights oblivion, decay, death, inexorable time and makes history interesting for the modern generation.

The third type of material objects of cultural heritage are traditional crafts, occupations, unique achievements in the professional sphere that have become a source of pride for a particular place (this could be jewelry, forging, weapons manufacturing technology, etc.), as well as the results of traditional types of professions (both works of art and household items).

The fourth type of material objects, the largest, are architectural structures. It includes both individual buildings and cities and settlements as a whole. The design and composition of houses and buildings within the settlement are also an original feature that is of traditional value. Therefore, it is important to preserve not only individual fragments of the city (village), but, if possible, the very appearance of the old city, which allows for the connection of times and traditions.

2. The second type is spiritual heritage, which in turn is also divided into various types:

Folklore, folk traditions and customs;

Religious heritage - places of worship, temples, images, beliefs and practices of the past;

Intellectual heritage - verbal sources that capture the philosophical, ethical, scientific tradition of the past;

Aesthetic spiritual heritage - works of intangible art, including literature, theater, music, etc.

Subject of cultural heritage. It can include humanity as a whole, various social groups (ethnic groups, peoples, individual classes, strata, associations, communities), as well as individuals who perceive, preserve, and in some cases develop cultural heritage.

Mechanisms for the preservation of cultural heritage. In many ways they depend on the type of society (civilizational variety), but in general the following variants can be distinguished: unconscious - conscious; ritual-sacral; normative-legal, moral-axiological; educational and training; scientific-continuity, artistic-creative, information-code, etc.

Forms of preserving cultural heritage can be verbal and non-verbal, material and spiritual, conservative and creative, protective or prohibitive, etc.

Functions of cultural heritage. These include primarily:

Reproductive (reproduction of culture);

Creative (culture development);

Axiological (filling with values ​​the phenomena of culture and human existence);

Existential (filling human existence in culture with meaning, overcoming alienation to Nature, fear of death, finitude in time, loneliness, gaining freedom, etc.);

Ethical (formation of tolerance, respect for the Other [in space and time], etc.)

Boundaries and levels of cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is contained within spatiotemporal boundaries, the limits of which extend to artifacts or spiritual phenomena known to the subject (which, unlike material objects, are located not in space and time, but only in time). The level of cultural heritage is related to the level of their subject and can be mass or elite. This demarcation is due to the fact that the boundaries of the mass and the elite in the space of culture itself may not significantly coincide, and taking them into account is fundamental for designating this phenomenon. Thus, the phenomena of art (material and intangible) are objects of cultural heritage mainly at the elite level, which presupposes sufficient education and developed taste. Intellectual heritage and historical rarities are also to a greater extent related to the ability of elites to understand and evaluate them. As for folk crafts, traditional activities and their works, architectural buildings, as well as (in the spiritual sphere) folklore, then they act as objects of the mass level and assume that their carriers (subject) can be people, ethnic groups, professional communities, etc.

Graphically, the proposed model of cultural heritage can be presented as follows:

The most important function of cultural heritage is the preservation of tradition and memory of the past, which has a meaningful, existential character. However, what forms the value of the tradition itself, is it significant for modern man living in an era of innovation? To answer this question, let us turn to the study of the phenomenon of tradition from the position of axiological analysis.

The value of tradition is largely decisive for the life of society, symbolizing the temporal unity of humanity, collective existence, limited by time. At first glance, the role of tradition is especially significant only at the early stage of human development. In the historical aspect, tradition is probably one of the earliest value priorities of a society striving to preserve its unity, orderliness and stability. Following tradition originally meant the survival and continuation of the life of ancestors in the history of descendants. Its basis is the desire for an existence not limited in time, carried out through the transfer of genetic, energetic and spiritual information. The value of tradition thereby expresses the desire to be “rooted” in time, in social history.

An important basis for the formation of the value of tradition is the fear of something new that did not exist before. This is not only an instinctive natural fear, but also existential, metaphysical in nature. A society of tradition is a society of collective decisions and collective responsibility. It frees the individual from the state of choice, allows him to harmoniously integrate into society, and gives him a feeling of “freedom” from the need to determine his own goals and means of activity.

Tradition forms bonds between generations and between members of society. At the same time, its most important hidden task is to fill the lives of the dead with meaning. This is primarily necessary for those living who strive to extend and strengthen their existence in time, space, in the lives of others, in their behavior and values. Tradition is a kind of human opposition to death and oblivion. This is an attempt to independently solve the problem of gaining eternity without turning to the Absolute and mystical forces. In this regard, the role of tradition is extremely high. Inclusion in the process of following tradition fills the individual existence of a person with meaning and significance. A person begins to realize that he is part of a greater whole than himself individually, which inevitably helps to increase his self-esteem. Often we tend to see in traditional forms of worldview the insignificant value of the personal, individual. This would be fair if we considered the individual outside the whole, outside tradition. Following a time-honored rule, ritual, etiquette, ceremonial makes the life of an individual more than the life of an individual. The value of the clan, ancestors, totem, from which an individual “originates,” becomes the basis for his personal significance, even if his role in society is extremely low.

On the other hand, tradition is key to assigning a certain value to the life of the Other. Since an individual attaches significance to the tradition coming from his ancestors, he realizes (or feels) himself as part of a certain integrity, which includes others living today. Those who follow common traditions are united by invisible but extremely stable ties. Tradition as a collective phenomenon contributes to the birth of a feeling and awareness of one’s unity with others. This, however, does not mean that everyone who follows one tradition is distinguished by tolerance and respect towards the Other. Tradition promotes the perception of the Other as “necessary for me” (in a spiritual or practical sense).

We can conclude that tradition is, firstly, what has become common property standard, wise answers found by someone eternal questions and problems. Secondly, it is a way of finding the meaning of life and real option gaining immortality (or longevity) in the life and values ​​of one’s descendants, characteristic of man. And thirdly, it is a way of interaction between individuals in society, allowing them to realize the value of the Other for their existence.

Tradition has different meanings in such social forms as primitive, traditional or innovative societies. In early, primitive forms of society, tradition has the highest significance due to the fact that it contributes to the preservation of the achieved quality of life and its continuation in the memory of descendants, the unity of members of society in time and space, the regulation of all types of relationships in the team, and is the basis for the spiritual comfort of its members , not associated with fear and risk of making one’s own decisions.

In a traditional society, tradition appears in the form of a spiritual foundation. It manifests itself in the assertion of the highest authority of ancestors, ancient documentary sources, the need for precedent, the rejection of innovations and the adoption of new ones only after repeated verification. At the same time, tradition acts as a kind of communication channel connecting the living with the dead, descendants with ancestors, and the individual with society. Tradition allows everyone to take a certain place in society, where they will be guaranteed a certain attitude from others. Tradition turns out to be a factor contributing to the stability of an individual’s position in society, since it connects his significance with the value of society as a whole, and allows him to take a certain place in social relations with guaranteed rights and responsibilities, to optimistically solve the most important life issues, to be confident in the future.

The value of tradition in an innovative society acts as a means, a source that serves as the basis for movement towards a new quality. The desire to overcome traditions becomes characteristic feature of this type of civilization, due to which we call its inherent thinking critical. But here, too, the same tradition acts as steps to rise to a new level. This is especially evident in the principle of continuity that operates in science, philosophy, and art. As you know, even Isaac Newton said that he saw so far “because he stood on the shoulders of giants.” Tradition here also acts as a force that lifts a person above himself, but unlike traditional society he himself is trying to advance and develop in a new direction.

Thus, we can conclude that tradition, as inherited information about the past of man and humanity, acts as the most important value basis of existence (both personal and social), realizing the connection of times and shaping history. However, it is fragile, like existence itself, and can easily be lost, lost, forgotten. It lives in various documents, monuments and artifacts of the past, in what we have classified as cultural heritage. Consequently, the preservation of this heritage plays the most important life-meaning, spiritual and practical role for the functioning of society as a single organism, its development and immortality.

Dal, V.I. Dictionary Russian language: modern version. - M.: ZAO EKSMO-Press, 2000. - p. 407.

Government of St. Petersburg. Resolution No. 1681 of November 1, 2005 “On the St. Petersburg Strategy for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage” // Internet resource. Access mode: http://www.gov.spb.ru/gov/admin/otrasl/c_govcontrol/proekt

More than 1000 years ago, the Eastern Slavs, following many other peoples of the world, adopted Orthodoxy. With Orthodox faith they accepted Orthodox culture, which was expressed, first of all, in the beautiful and majestic Orthodox worship. “The Tale of Bygone Years” brought to us the legend that the ambassadors of Grand Duke Vladimir, being amazed by the beauty of Orthodox worship, exclaimed: “We have never seen such beauty anywhere!”

Sincerely and deeply accepting Orthodoxy, our ancestors very quickly learned to translate books, compose original literary works, build majestic churches, paint amazingly beautiful icons, create wonderful chants, and decorate their lives with the multicolored Orthodox holidays. Less than a hundred years have passed since the Baptism of Rus', and Orthodox culture ancient Russian state achieved such great achievements that glorify Russia to this day.

The study of Orthodox culture in Russia can begin with the famous Novgorod monument “Millennium of Russia”. The history of creation and the further fate of this monument is symbolic and very instructive for everyone who loves native land and native culture.

The grand opening of the monument "Millennium of Russia" took place on September 8, 1862 (September 21 - according to the new style); On the same day in 1380, a victory was won on the Kulikovo Field. Funds for the creation of this monument were collected throughout Russia. On the high relief of the monument are sculptural images of 109 great sons and daughters of Russia, who brought honor and glory to Russian history and culture. Smirnov V.G. Monuments in bronze.

On this monument we see Saints Cyril and Methodius - the enlighteners of the Slavs and the founders of Slavic Orthodox culture, the holy princess Olga, who set an example of baptism for Ancient Rus', the holy Grand Duke Vladimir - the baptist of Rus', the Venerable Nestor the Chronicler - one of the founders Russian history, Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky - the glorious defender of Rus', St. Sergius Radonezh - the great ascetic of the Russian land and whole line other saints who glorified the Russian Land. Next to these holy people on the monument “Millennium of Russia” we see great Russian poets, writers, scientists, artists, architects, sculptors, composers, teachers - the color of Russian culture - as well as heroes of Russia, outstanding commanders and statesmen.

Russia, celebrating the millennium of its history and culture in 1862, erected this amazing monument. And thanks to this monument, almost one and a half hundred years later we can see how in the 19th century Russia glorified its great citizens.

In the 20th century, the monument “Millennium of Russia,” like our entire Fatherland, had to undergo a great test. The Mongol-Tatar hordes in the 13th-14th centuries did not devastate Veliky Novgorod because they did not reach it. And the fascist hordes during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, having captured this ancient Russian city, wanted to violate its shrines. In the frosty January days of 1944, the German invaders decided to steal the “Millennium of Russia” monument that stood on the central square of Veliky Novgorod in order to take it to Germany as a trophy, just as they took people into German slavery, how they stole cattle from Russian pastures, and how they stole many material assets. and cultural treasures of Russia. The figures of the monument cast in bronze were torn off by the Nazis from the granite pedestal. The monument was divided into parts and prepared for transportation. But the Lord did not destined this atrocity to happen. January 20, 1944 Velikiy Novgorod was liberated by our troops, and the photographic film of a war correspondent recorded a striking picture: at the foot of the monument, human figures covered with snow lay strangely and randomly... These were bronze statues of the great sons and daughters of Russia, which the artist Mikhail Mikeshin (1835-1896) created for the Millennium monument Russia." Even in those terrible years of war, people could not look at photographs taken from the living traces of this vandalism without shuddering. Smirnov V.G. Monuments in bronze.

Although the Great Patriotic War was still ongoing, the monument “Millennium of Russia”, which was almost not remembered in the 20-30s of the 20th century because of its supposedly insignificant aesthetic value, was not forgotten. Already on November 2, 1944, a modest but grand opening of the revived monument was held.

When the monument “Millennium of Russia” was restored, on the historical panorama cast in bronze, together with other great compatriots, grateful descendants again saw Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, defending Russia with a sword in his hands.

For us, the sacred memory of Russia is inseparable from the memory of those who lived on Russian land before us, who cultivated and defended it. This connection was perfectly expressed by the greatest Russian poet A.S. Pushkin:

Two feelings are wonderfully close to us,

The heart finds food in them:

Love for the native ashes,

Love for fathers' coffins.

Based on them since centuries

By the will of God Himself

Human independence -

The key to his greatness.

Life-giving shrine!

The earth would be dead without them;

Without them, our small world is a desert,

The soul is an altar without the Divine. Pushkin A.S. Collection of poems.

Not only in the history of the Fatherland, but also in the life of every person, in the life of an individual family, school and city, events take place - large and small, simple and heroic, joyful and sorrowful. These events are sometimes known to many, but more often they are known only to a small group of people or individuals. People write diaries and memoirs for their own memory. Folk memory was preserved through oral legends. Chroniclers wrote down what they wanted to convey to future generations. Much of the cultural life of the Fatherland has been preserved thanks to manuscripts, archives, books and libraries. Currently, there are many new technical means - memory media. But in the Orthodox culture of Russia, the word memory has always had and has, first of all, a spiritual and moral meaning. This word is sacred! It always reminds a person about the most important things in the past and future, about life and death, about the dead as living, about our inescapable debt to all relatives who lived before us, to those who sacrificed their lives for us, and most importantly - about eternity and immortality.

“Human culture as a whole not only has memory, but it is memory par excellence. The culture of humanity is the active memory of humanity, actively introduced into modernity” Likhachev D.S. Letters about the good and the beautiful,” wrote the greatest expert on domestic and world culture, Academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev (1906-1999), in his “Letters about the good and the beautiful.”

“Memory is the basis of conscience and morality, memory is the basis of culture, “accumulated” culture, memory is one of the foundations of poetry - the aesthetic understanding of cultural values. Preserving memory, preserving memory is our moral duty to ourselves and to our descendants. Memory is our wealth." Now, at the beginning of a new century and millennium, these words of D.S. Likhachev's ideas about culture sound like a spiritual testament.

A modern systematic approach to the study of the cultural and historical heritage of Russia presupposes, first of all, familiarity with its Orthodox culture. Speaking about the Orthodox culture of Russia, we mean not only the past of our Fatherland, but also modern life. Culture modern Russia-- these are not only museums, libraries or outstanding monuments ancient architecture. These include recreated and newly built churches, revived and newly founded monasteries, republished church books, as well as the multi-volume “Orthodox Encyclopedia” currently being created at the expense of the Russian state.

Modern Russian culture is, first of all, our speech, our holidays, our schools and universities, our attitude towards our parents, towards our family, towards our Fatherland, towards other peoples and countries. Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: “If you love your mother, you will understand others who love their parents, and this trait will not only be familiar to you, but also pleasant. If you love your people, you will understand other peoples who love their nature, their art, their past.”

A.S. Pushkin, working on the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin", wrote lines that were not included in final version novel. These reverent lines tell the story of how Onegin, and therefore A.S. himself. Pushkin, saw how “the people were boiling days gone by"on the very square where the Millennium of Russia monument now stands.

Earthly necessities,

Who walked the high road in life,

Big expensive pillar...

Onegin is riding, he will see

Holy Rus': its fields,

Deserts, cities and seas...

Among the semi-wild plain

He sees Novgorod the Great.

Squares reconciled - among them

The rebel bell has died down...

And around the fallen churches

The people of bygone days are seething...

More than thousand-year history Orthodox culture of Russia is one of the most striking examples in world history of living cultural continuity of different historical eras. If from the centuries-old cultural and historical development of Russia we were left with only a few monuments of Orthodox culture - the Ostromir Gospel, the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, the Laurentian Chronicle and Andrei Rublev’s “Trinity”, then our Russian culture would be renowned throughout the world as the greatest and richest. Without studying these monuments and coming into contact with these shrines, it is impossible to get acquainted with the cultural heritage of our Fatherland. This heritage testifies that it was Orthodoxy that largely determined the path of cultural and historical development of Russia.

The problem of preserving cultural memory and cultural heritage is emerging more and more clearly in public consciousness. The need for its study is also explained by the fact that the past century was a century of social cataclysms, which led, among other things, to the deformation of the unity of the cultural and historical memory of the peoples that make up Russia, when a significant part of the cultural heritage was destroyed. In conditions of threatening destruction, the material and intangible cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia can and should become the basis of the spiritual unity of Russian civilization.

The role of cultural memory in preserving the unity of Russian civilization cannot be considered without understanding the civilizational specifics of Russia. The problem of Russia as a “subcivilization” is considered in his works by JI. Vasiliev. I. Yakovenko offers a characterization of Russian civilization as a “reluctant civilization.” Yu. Kobishchanov develops an idea of ​​Russia as a conglomerate of various civilizations. B. Erasov sees the specificity of Russia in its “undercivilization.” The author of the study agrees with the position of D.N. Zamyatin, V.B. Zemskova, Ya. G. Shemyakin, who consider Russia as a border civilization.

The special role of the national cultural landscape in cultural memory was revealed by Eurasians (N. S. Trubetskoy, P. N. Savitsky, P. P. Suvchinsky, V. N. Ilyin, G. V. Florovsky), who saw the uniqueness of Russia in the fact that it simultaneously belongs to the West and the East, being neither one nor the other. Eurasianism has largely mystified the problem of the role of space in such aspects as border position, country shape, size, scale, relationships between territorial forms, modes of existence of states and societies, which does not remove the significance and theoretical undeveloped nature of this problem.

The Pushkin era was an era of self-knowledge in Russian culture. A.S. Pushkin brilliantly expressed the essence of the problem with the words: “How can Russia enter Europe and remain Russia.” P.Ya. Chaadaev’s assertion that the fundamental negative side of Russian history is the isolation of Russia from the present and past of Europe, its independence and “otherworldliness,” provoked a discussion that divided Slavophiles and Westerners in their attitude to cultural and historical memory. Slavophiles A. Khomyakov, I. Kireevsky, I. Aksakov, Yu. Samarin turned to the cultural past of Russia, defending its originality and uniqueness. In line with Russian conservative thought M. M. Shcherbatov N. M. Karamzin, N.Ya. Danilevsky, K.N. Leontiev, F.I. Tyutchev argued that Russia, in its spiritual and historical basis, retains “intact Christianity.”

A characteristic feature of Russian philosophy is its connection with literature, and Russian culture of the 19th century is literary-centric. It is no coincidence that the works of N.V. Gogol, A.K. Tolstoy, F.I. Tyutcheva, F.M. Dostoevsky maintain a connection with that spiritual tradition, which constitutes the value core of Russian culture. The “Silver Age” occupies a landmark position in Russian culture. The passion of many creators of the “Silver Age” for the philosophy of Nietzsche with his call for blocking cultural memory brings them closer to the ideas of radical political movements. The creators of the Russian artistic avant-garde, even before the 1917 revolution, insisted on the need to annihilate cultural memory. Destructive effects revolutionary events on cultural heritage were comprehended at this time in the works of I.A. Ilyina, N.A. Berdyaeva, G.P. Fedotova, V.V. Veidle. D.S. Likhachev, A.M. Panchenko, V.N. Toporov, A.L. Yurganov explores the phenomena of spiritual culture in the transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age, when the problem of cultural inheritance was one of the most acute. Again, the role of cultural memory in preserving the spiritual unity of Russia in the October and post-October period was comprehended by N.A. Berdyaev, V.V. Zenkovsky, G.P. Fedotov, G.V. Florovsky. At the present time, the problem of preserving cultural memory and cultural heritage seems to be one of the most important tasks, without solving which it is impossible to preserve the integrity of Russia. Cultural heritage as a factor of collective identification was considered by such domestic scientists as Yu.E. Arnautova, S.S. Averintsev, A.V. Buganov, D.S. Likhachev, D.E. Muse, V.M. Mezhuev. S.N. Artanovsky studied the problem of cultural continuity. Fundamental problems cultural studies. Aletheia Publishing, 2008.

Currently, there are 26 World Heritage Sites located on the territory of the Russian Federation:
16 cultural sites (designated with the letter C - cultural) and 10 natural heritage sites (designated with the letter N - natural) on the World Heritage List.

Three of them are transboundary, i.e. located on the territory of several states: Curonian Spit (Lithuania, Russian Federation), Ubsunur Basin (Mongolia, Russian Federation), Struve Geodetic Arc (Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia)

The first objects - “Historical Center St. Petersburg and associated groups of monuments”, “Kizhi Pogost”, “Moscow Kremlin and Red Square” - were included in the World Heritage List at the 14th session of the World Heritage Committee, held in 1990 in the Canadian city of Banff.

14th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1990 (Banff, Canada)

№С540 - Historical center St. Petersburg and related groups of monuments

Criteria (i) (ii) (iv) (vi)
The "Venice of the North", with its many canals and more than 400 bridges, is the result of a great urban planning project, begun in 1703 under Peter the Great. The city turned out to be closely connected with the October Revolution of 1917, and in 1924-1991. it bore the name Leningrad. In his architectural heritage such different styles as Baroque and Classicism are combined, which can be seen in the example of the Admiralty, the Winter Palace, the Marble Palace and the Hermitage.
Information about the object:

No. S544 - Kizhi Pogost

Criteria: (i)(iv)(v)
Kizhi Pogost is located on one of the many islands of Lake Onega, in Karelia. Here you can see two wooden churches from the 18th century, as well as an octagonal bell tower, built of wood in 1862. These unusual structures, the pinnacle of carpentry, represent an example of an ancient church parish and blend harmoniously with the surrounding natural landscape.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Kizhi Museum-Reserve
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. C545 - Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

Criteria: (i)(ii)(iv)(vi)
This place is inextricably linked with the most important historical and political events in the life of Russia. Since the 13th century. The Moscow Kremlin, created in the period from the 14th century. to the 17th century by outstanding Russian and foreign architects, it was a grand ducal and then a royal residence, as well as a religious center. On Red Square, located near the walls of the Kremlin, stands St. Basil's Cathedral - a true masterpiece of Russian Orthodox architecture.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Moscow Kremlin Museums
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

16th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1992 (Santa Fe, USA)

No. S604 - Historical monuments Veliky Novgorod and surroundings

Criteria: (ii)(iv)(vi)
Novgorod, advantageously located on the ancient trade route between Central Asia and Northern Europe, was in the 9th century. the first capital of Russia, the center of Orthodox spirituality and Russian architecture. Its medieval monuments, churches and monasteries, as well as the frescoes of Theophanes the Greek (Andrei Rublev's teacher), dating back to the 14th century, clearly illustrate the outstanding level of architectural and artistic creativity.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Department of Culture and Tourism of the Novgorod Region
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. C632 - Historical and cultural complex of the Solovetsky Islands

Criterion: (iv)
The Solovetsky archipelago, located in the western part of the White Sea, consists of 6 islands with a total area of ​​more than 300 square meters. km. They were inhabited in the 5th century. BC, however, the very first evidence of human presence here dates back to the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. The islands, starting from the 15th century, became the site of the creation and active development of the largest monastery in the Russian North. There are also several churches from the 16th to 19th centuries.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Solovetsky State Historical, Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve"
on the website "Museums of Russia"

No. C633 - White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal

Criteria: (i)(ii)(iv)
These two ancient cultural centers of Central Russia occupy an important place in the history of the formation of the country's architecture. There are a number of majestic religious and public buildings of the 12th-13th centuries, among which the Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals (Vladimir) stand out.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

17th session of the World Heritage Committee -1993 (Cartagena, Colombia)

No. S657 - Architectural ensemble Trinity Lavra of Sergius in the city of Sergiev Posad

Criteria: (ii)(iv)
This is a striking example of a functioning Orthodox monastery, which has the features of a fortress, which was fully consistent with the spirit of the time of its formation - the 15th-18th centuries. In the main temple of the Lavra - the Assumption Cathedral, created in the image and likeness of the cathedral of the same name in the Moscow Kremlin - there is the tomb of Boris Godunov. Among the treasures of the Lavra is the famous Trinity icon by Andrei Rublev.
Information about the object:
on website of the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

18th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1994 (Phuket, Thailand)

№С634rev- Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (Moscow)

Criterion: (ii)
This church was built in 1532 on the royal estate of Kolomenskoye near Moscow to commemorate the birth of the heir - the future Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The Church of the Ascension, which is one of the earliest examples of the traditional hipped roof completion in stone, has had big influence for the further development of Russian church architecture.
Information about the object:

on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

19th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1995 (Berlin, Germany)

N719 - Virgin forests of Komi

Criteria: (vii) (ix)
Covering an area of ​​3.28 million hectares, the heritage site includes lowland tundra, mountain tundra of the Urals, and one of the largest tracts of primary boreal forest remaining in Europe. A vast area of ​​swamps, rivers and lakes, home to conifers, birch and aspen, has been studied and protected for more than 50 years. Here you can trace the course of natural processes that determine the biodiversity of the taiga ecosystem.
Information about the object:

on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

20th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1996 (Merida, Mexico)

№ N754 - Lake Baikal

Criteria: (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
Located in the southeast of Siberia and covering an area of ​​3.15 million hectares, Baikal is recognized as the oldest (25 million years old) and deepest (about 1700 m) lake on the planet. The reservoir stores approximately 20% of all world reserves fresh water. In the lake, which is known as the “Galapagos of Russia,” due to its ancient age and isolation, a freshwater ecosystem, unique even by world standards, has formed, the study of which is of enduring importance for understanding the evolution of life on Earth.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Conservation Foundation
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

22nd Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1998 (Kyoto, Japan)

№ N768rev - “Golden Mountains of Altai”

Criteria: (x)
The Altai Mountains, which are the main mountainous region in the south of Western Siberia, form the sources of the largest rivers in this region - the Ob and Irtysh. The heritage site includes three separate areas: the Altai Reserve with the water protection zone of Lake Teletskoye, the Katunsky Reserve plus the Belukha Nature Park, and the Ukok Plateau. The total area is 1.64 million hectares. The region demonstrates the widest range of altitudinal zones within Central Siberia: from steppes, forest-steppes and mixed forests to subalpine and alpine meadows and glaciers. The area is home to endangered animals such as the snow leopard.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Conservation Foundation
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

23rd session of the World Heritage Committee - 1999 (Marrakech, Morocco)

№ N900 - Western Caucasus

Criteria: (ix) (x)
This is one of the few large high mountain ranges in Europe where nature has not yet been subject to significant anthropogenic influence. The area of ​​the facility is approximately 300 thousand hectares, it is located in the west Greater Caucasus, 50 km northeast of the Black Sea coast. Only wild animals graze in the local alpine and subalpine meadows, and the vast untouched mountain forests, stretching from the low-mountain zone to the subalpine, are also unique in Europe. The area is characterized by a wide variety of ecosystems, highly endemic flora and fauna, and is an area once inhabited, and later re-acclimatized, by a mountain subspecies of the European bison.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Conservation Foundation
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

24th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2000 (Cairns, Australia)

No. C980 - Historical and architectural complex of the Kazan Kremlin

Criteria: (ii) (iii) (iv)
Emerging from a territory inhabited since ancient times, the Kazan Kremlin traces its history back to the Muslim period in the history of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. It was conquered in 1552 by Ivan the Terrible and became a stronghold of Orthodoxy in the Volga region. The Kremlin, which largely preserved the layout of the ancient Tatar fortress and became an important center of pilgrimage, includes outstanding historical buildings of the 16th-19th centuries, built on the ruins of earlier structures of the 10th-16th centuries.
Information about the object:
on the website of the State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve "Kazan Kremlin"
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. C982 - Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery

Criteria: (i) (iv)
Ferapontov Monastery is located in the Vologda region, in the north of the European part of Russia. This is an exceptionally well-preserved Orthodox monastery complex of the 15th-17th centuries, i.e. a period that was of great importance for the formation of a centralized Russian state and the development of its culture. The architecture of the monastery is unique and holistic. The interior of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary preserves magnificent wall frescoes by Dionysius, the greatest Russian artist of the late 15th century.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Kirillo-Belozersky Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve”
on the website of the Museum of Frescoes of Dionysius
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

№С994 - Curonian Spit
Transboundary object: Lithuania, Russian Federation

Criterion: (v)
Human development of this narrow sandy peninsula, which has a length of 98 km and a width of 400 m to 4 km, began in prehistoric times. The spit was also exposed to natural forces - wind and sea waves. The preservation of this unique cultural landscape to this day has become possible only thanks to man's ongoing struggle against erosion processes (fixation of dunes, forest planting).
Information about the object:
on the website of the Curonian Spit National Park (Russia)
on the website of the Curonian Spit National Park (Lithuania)
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

25th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2001 (Helsinki, Finland)

№ N766rev - Central Sikhote-Alin

Criterion: (x)
The Sikhote-Alin Mountains are home to Far Eastern coniferous-deciduous forests, which are recognized as one of the richest and most original in species composition among all temperate forests on Earth. In this transition zone, located at the junction of the taiga and subtropics, there is an unusual mixture of southern (tiger, Himalayan bear) and northern animal species (brown bear, lynx). The area stretches from the highest peaks of the Sikhote Alin to the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, and serves as a refuge for many endangered species, including the Amur tiger.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve
on the website of the Natural Heritage Conservation Foundation
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

27th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2003 (Paris, France)

№ N769 rev- Ubsunur Basin
Transboundary site: Mongolia, Russian Federation

Criteria: (ix) (x)
The heritage site (with an area of ​​1,069 thousand hectares) is located within the boundaries of the northernmost of all drainage basins in Central Asia. Its name comes from the name of the vast shallow and very salty lake Ubsunur, in the area of ​​which a mass of migratory, waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds accumulate. The object consists of 12 isolated areas (including seven areas in Russia, with an area of ​​258.6 thousand hectares), which represent all the main types of landscapes characteristic of Eastern Eurasia. The steppes are home to a wide variety of birds, and desert areas are home to rare species of small mammals. In the high mountainous part, such globally rare animals as the snow leopard and argali mountain sheep, as well as the Siberian ibex, are noted.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Tuvan Republican Branch of the Russian Geographical Society
on the website of the Natural Heritage Conservation Foundation
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. C1070 - Citadel, Old Town and fortifications of Derbent

Criteria: (iii) (iv)
Ancient Derbent was located on the northern borders of Sasanian Persia, which at that time extended east and west from the Caspian Sea. The ancient fortifications, built of stone, include two fortress walls that run parallel to each other from the seashore to the mountains. The city of Derbent developed between these two walls and has retained its medieval character to this day. It continued to be a strategically important place until the 19th century.
Information about the object:
on the website of the State Budgetary Institution "Derbent State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve"
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

28th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2004 (Suzhou, China)

№С1097 - Ensemble Novodevichy Convent(Moscow)

Criteria: (i) (iv) (vi)
The Novodevichy Convent, located in the southwest of Moscow, was created during the 16th-17th centuries and was one of the links in the chain of monastic ensembles united in the city’s defense system. The monastery was closely connected with the political, cultural and religious life of Russia, as well as with the Moscow Kremlin. Representatives of the royal family, noble boyar and noble families were tonsured and buried here. The ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent is one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture (Moscow Baroque style), and its interiors, where valuable collections of paintings and works of decorative and applied art are stored, are distinguished by their rich interior decoration.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Mother of God of Smolensk Novodevichy Convent
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

№ N1023rev - Natural complex of the Wrangel Island reserve

Criteria: (ix) (x)
The heritage site, located above the Arctic Circle, includes the mountainous Wrangel Island (7.6 thousand sq. km) and Herald Island (11 sq. km) along with the adjacent waters of the Chukchi and East Siberian seas. Since this area was not covered by the powerful Quaternary glaciation, there is very high biodiversity here. Wrangel Island is known for its huge walrus rookeries (one of the largest in the Arctic), as well as the highest density of polar bear maternity dens in the world. The area is important as a feeding ground for gray whales migrating here from California and as a nesting site for more than 50 species of birds, many of which are classified as rare and endangered. More than 400 species and varieties of vascular plants have been recorded on the island, that is, more than on any other Arctic island. Some of the living organisms found here are special island forms of those plants and animals that are widespread on the continent. About 40 species and subspecies of plants, insects, birds and animals are defined as endemic.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution State Nature Reserve "Wrangel Island"
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

29th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2005 (Durban, South Africa)

No. S1187 - Struve geodetic arc
Transboundary object: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia

Criteria: (ii) (iii) (vi)
The “Struve Arc” is a chain of triangulation points stretching for 2820 km across ten European countries from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea. These observation reference points were established in the period 1816-1855. astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (aka Vasily Yakovlevich Struve), who thus made the first reliable measurement of a large segment of the earth's meridian arc. This made it possible to accurately determine the size and shape of our planet, which became important step in the development of geosciences and topographic mapping. This was an exceptional example of scientific cooperation between scientists from different countries and between reigning monarchs. Initially, the “arc” consisted of 258 geodetic “triangles” (polygons) with 265 main triangulation points. The World Heritage Site includes 34 such points (the best preserved to date), which are marked on the ground in a variety of ways, such as hollows carved into the rocks, iron crosses, cairns or specially installed obelisks.
Information about the object:
Online St. Petersburg Society of Geodesy and Cartography
on the website of the Land Department of the Ministry of the Environment of Estonia
on the website of the Finnish Department of Cartography
on the Norwegian World Heritage website
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

№С1170 - Historical center of Yaroslavl

Criteria: (ii) (iv)
The historical city of Yaroslavl, located approximately 250 km northeast of Moscow at the confluence of the Kotorosl River and the Volga, was founded in the 11th century. and subsequently developed into a large shopping center. It is known for its numerous churches from the 17th century, and as an outstanding example of the implementation of the urban planning reform carried out by decree of Empress Catherine the Great in 1763 throughout Russia. Although the city retained a number of remarkable historical buildings, it was later reconstructed in the classicist style based on a radial master plan. It also preserves items dating back to the 16th century. constructions of the Spassky Monastery - one of the oldest in the Upper Volga region, which arose at the end of the 12th century. on the site of a pagan temple, but rebuilt over time.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Official portal of the city of Yaroslavl
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

34th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2010 (Brasilia, Brazil)

№ N1234rev - Putorana Plateau

Criteria: (vii) (ix)
This object coincides with its borders with the Putorana State Nature Reserve, located in the northern part of Central Siberia, 100 km beyond the Arctic Circle. The World Heritage portion of this plateau preserves a full range of subarctic and arctic ecosystems, preserved in isolated conditions mountain range, including untouched taiga, forest-tundra, tundra and arctic desert systems, as well as a pristine lake with cold water and river systems. The main migration route of deer runs through the site, which is an exceptional, majestic and increasingly rare natural phenomenon.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "United Directorate of Taimyr Nature Reserves"
on the website of the Natural Heritage Conservation Foundation
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

36th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2012 (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation)

№ N1299 - Natural Park"Lena Pillars"

Criteria: (viii)
The Lena Pillars Natural Park is formed by rock formations of rare beauty that reach a height of about 100 meters and are located along the banks of the Lena River in the central part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). They arose in a sharply continental climate with differences in annual temperatures of up to 100 degrees Celsius (from -60°C in winter to +40°C in summer). The pillars are separated from each other by deep and steep ravines, partially filled with frost-covered rock fragments. The penetration of water from the surface accelerated the freezing process and contributed to frost weathering. This led to the deepening of the ravines between the pillars and their dispersal. The proximity of the river and its current are dangerous factors for the pillars. The site contains remains of a wide variety of Cambrian species.
Information about the object:
on the website of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Natural Park “Lena Pillars”
on the website of the Natural Heritage Conservation Foundation
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

38th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2014 (Doha, Qatar)

No. S981rev- Bulgarian Historical and Archaeological Complex

Criteria:(ii) (vi)
The facility is located on the banks of the Volga River south of the confluence of the Kama River and south of the capital of Tatarstan, the city of Kazan. It contains evidence of the existence of the medieval city of Bolgar, ancient settlement the people of the Volga Bulgars, who existed in the period from the 7th to the 15th centuries. and was in the 13th century. the first capital of the Golden Horde. Bolgar demonstrates the historical and cultural relationships and transformations in Eurasia over several centuries, which played a decisive role in the formation of civilizations, customs and cultural traditions. The site represents important evidence of historical continuity and cultural diversity. It is a symbolic reminder of the adoption of Islam by the Volga Bulgars in 922 and remains a sacred place of pilgrimage for the Muslim Tatars.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Bulgarian State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve "Great Bolgar"
on the website of the Russian Commission for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

37th sessionWorld Heritage Committee - 2013 (Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Cambodia)

№C1411 - Ancient city of Tauride Chersonesos and its choir

Criteria: (ii) (v)

The object is the ruins of an ancient city founded by the Dorian Greeks in the 5th century BC. e. on the northern coast of the Black Sea. The site includes six elements, including the ruins of a city and agricultural land, divided into several hundred rectangular plots of the same size, used for growing grapes; the products of the vineyards were intended for export and ensured the prosperity of Chersonesos until the 15th century. On the territory of the site there are several complexes of public buildings, residential areas and monuments early Christianity. There are also ruins of Stone and Bronze Age settlements, Roman and medieval tower fortifications and water systems, as well as exceptionally well-preserved vineyards and dividing walls. In the 3rd century AD e. Chersonesus was known as the most successful wine-making center on the Black Sea and served as a link between Greece, the Roman Empire, Byzantium and the peoples of the northern Black Sea coast. Chersonesos is an outstanding example of the democratic organization of agriculture in the vicinity of an ancient city, reflecting the urban social structure.

Information about the object:

41st session of the World Heritage Committee - 2017 (Krakow, Poland)

№N1448rev - Landscapes of Dauria

Criteria: (ix) (x)

Situated between Mongolia and the Russian Federation, the site is a unique example of the Daurian steppe ecosystem, which begins in eastern Mongolia and extends through Russian Siberia to the northeastern border of China. The cyclical climate, with characteristic wet and dry periods, has contributed to the emergence of a wide variety of species and ecosystems that are important throughout the world. The various types of steppes present here, such as wet grasslands, forests and lake areas, are home to rare species such as white-naped cranes and bustards, as well as millions of rare and vulnerable migratory birds that are at risk of extinction. The park is also an important site on the migratory route of the Mongolian Dresden.

Information about the object:

No. C1525 - Assumption Cathedral and monastery of the island-city of Sviyazhsk

Criteria: (ii) (iv)

The Assumption Cathedral is located on the island-city of Sviyazhsk and is part of the monastery of the same name. Located at the confluence of the Volga, Sviyaga and Shchuka rivers, at the crossroads Silk Road and the Volga River, Sviyazhsk was founded by Ivan the Terrible in 1551. It was from this outpost that Ivan the Terrible began the conquest of the city of Kazan. The location and architecture of the Monastery of the Assumption testify to the existence of a political and missionary program developed by Tsar Ivan IV in order to expand the territory of the Moscow state. The cathedral's frescoes are among the rarest examples of Eastern Orthodox wall painting.

Information about the object:

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Introduction

Chapter I. Analysis of the current state of the historical and cultural heritage of Russia

2.2 Archaeological heritage

2.3 Museum-reserves

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic. The historical and cultural heritage of Russia is an integral part of universal human culture, an effective lever for the formation and development of the intellect of a person, society, ethnic group, and the most important repository of historical memory. It absorbs that part of the multifaceted historical experience society, which is necessary for a person in the turbulent conflicts of our time, and which allows us to trace the inextricable connection of times - a guiding thread connecting the most ancient layers of history with the present day.

Familiarization with the historical and cultural heritage gives us not only an understanding of the past, but also knowledge of the present in the light of the meaning that we see in the future. No wonder V.G. Belinsky wrote: “We question and interrogate the past so that it explains to us our present and hints about our future.”

A comprehensive, reliable and imaginative carrier of information about the past is the historical and cultural heritage. This is a storehouse of material and spiritual components that has a personal, collective, state or other origin. The historical and cultural heritage is represented by a variety of evidence of a different nature. These include archaeological finds (household items, jewelry, tools, etc.), architectural landscapes, and other preserved objects of material culture, written sources, works of art, video and audio documents, etc.

Components of historical and cultural heritage are subject to constant danger of oblivion. This happens both under the influence of time and the forces of nature, and as a result of the activities of people who sometimes cause irreparable damage to monuments out of ignorance or malicious intent. In the work of B.C. Solovyov’s “The Secret of Progress” says that Aeneas did not take bags of money from the burning Troy, he took with him the gods and his weak father, that is, historical memory, thus laying the beginning of a new Italy. This is exactly what a person should do. Everything that remains in our memory from the past, from tradition, must be saved and saved immediately. Preservation of the historical and cultural heritage of our Fatherland is the most important, primary task of Russian society and the state. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 guarantees the right of every citizen to participate in cultural life and use cultural institutions, to have access to historical and cultural heritage. At the same time, the Constitution of the Russian Federation obliges citizens to take care of the preservation of historical and cultural heritage and to protect historical and cultural monuments. The social and legal reality in the field of protection of the historical and cultural heritage of Russia urgently requires changes, both in the sphere of lawmaking and in the sphere of implementation of law.

The study of issues of protection of Russian historical and cultural heritage seems very relevant, taking into account the situation that has developed in our country with monuments of historical and cultural significance at the beginning of the 21st century.

The degree of development of the problem. Despite its relevance, the issues of protecting historical and cultural heritage from environmental and anthropogenic factors have not been sufficiently studied, including in the historical and legal aspect. The evolution of the protection of the historical and cultural heritage of Russia in the second half of the 20th century. has not yet become the subject of special research. Certain aspects of this topic were considered in the works of museologists, historians and cultural experts. The theoretical basis of these studies is to a certain extent the fundamental works of S.S. Alekseeva, N.I. Vetrova, N.M. Zolotukhina, I.A. Isaeva, A.M. Bedy, Yu.A. Vedenina, V.V. Guchkova, M.E. Kuleshova and others.

The purpose of the study is to obtain new scientific knowledge about the patterns of development of legislative and organizational activities government agencies for the protection of historical and cultural heritage, as a means of protecting heritage from factors of their destruction.

The main objectives of the study include:

Study of the current state of cultural heritage in Russia;

Consideration of the main anthropogenic and natural factors of destruction of cultural heritage;

Consideration of measures that are used to preserve Russian cultural heritage.

Chapter I. Analysis of the current state of the cultural heritage of Russia

Russian cultural heritage is of unique value for the peoples of the Russian Federation and is the most important integral part of the world cultural heritage. Preservation and promotion of this heritage is the key to Russia’s tourist attractiveness.

The physical condition of more than half of the country's historical and cultural monuments under state protection continued to deteriorate in 2004 and is currently characterized as unsatisfactory. According to experts, about 70% of total number monuments need to take urgent measures to save them from destruction, damage and destruction as a result of various negative phenomena and processes, among which environmental ones play a special role.

It is known that the condition of cultural historical monuments largely depends on the influence of various natural factors that can lead to their degradation, and not only the buildings themselves, but also the exhibitions and funds located in them may suffer from this. Therefore, environmental monitoring of the condition of museums, libraries, archives, scientific and educational institutions that have the status of especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia, which began in the mid-1990s, continues now.

Almost every monument experiences, to a greater or lesser extent, the negative impact of various environmental factors. The most common problems are non-compliance with temperature and humidity conditions inside buildings, the presence of rodents, insects, the development of fungi and mold, flooding of foundations, basements and communications, as well as air pollution.

The environmental situations reflected in government reports for previous years continue to be relevant. In addition to them, in 2004 the following problematic factors for cultural heritage monuments became particularly acute.

Air pollution from production facilities, vehicles and public utilities contributes to the formation of a chemically aggressive environment and causes the destruction of natural building materials, as well as brickwork, paint layers, plaster, decor. This is, in particular, the impact of aeropollutants on the marble bust of A.V. Koltsov and the monument to I.S. Nikitin in Voronezh, white stone carvings of the Nativity and Smolensk churches, Bishop's Garden and Park named after. Kulibin in Nizhny Novgorod; Batashev estate park in Vyksa Nizhny Novgorod region[Giants; p 114].

Contamination of the territory of monuments with waste (domestic, construction, industrial), leading to the development of biological damage to building structures, disruption of the drainage of surface water and waterlogging of soils, increasing the fire hazard. This problem was recorded in the Altai Territory, and has persisted since previous years in the cities of Samara, Syzran, Chapaevsk, Novokuybyshevsk, Tomsk and many other regions of the country.

Transport vibration has been named as responsible for the deterioration of the condition of many historical and cultural monuments: the literary necropolis, the Bristol Hotel, the Tautomatograph cinema, the Tulinov-Vigel estate in Voronezh; buildings of the wooden architecture ensemble (11 residential buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries) on the street. Shuiskaya in Petrozavodsk.

Vibration caused by production was once again identified as responsible for the deterioration of the condition of a number of monuments in the Nizhny Novgorod region: the Assumption Church in Bogorodsk, the Znamenskaya Church in Bor, the Resurrection, Znamenskaya and Holy Cross churches in Balakhna; architectural complex in Kursk: the Znamensky Cathedral, the bishop's chambers, the gymnasium building, the Assembly of the Nobility - from the dynamic impact of JSC "Electroapparat".

Flooding by groundwater and man-made water (a typical example is the Church of Peter and Paul in the village of Chelmuzhi, Medvezhyegorsk region of Karelia, which has been flooded for many years due to the construction of the Svir hydroelectric power station and is virtually in an abandoned state.), including due to the destruction of drainage systems (house merchant Domogatsky, Kazan convent in Kaluga), etc.

Violation of the temperature and humidity regime of monuments with subsequent distortion of them appearance due to the uncontrolled build-up of the cultural layer, it was noted in the cities of Karelia (Petrozavodsk, Sortavala, Olonets - damage to walls and internal structures monuments XVIII- XIX centuries), also due to disruption of the ventilation systems of buildings (Korobov Chambers in Kaluga).

Dilapidation (deterioration of the technical condition) of heritage objects due to physical wear and tear or violation of protection regulations sometimes occurs in the form of weathering of brickwork seams and destruction of bricks. This situation was acutely manifested in the state of the tombstones on mass graves during the Great Patriotic War in the Krasnodar Territory.

Depopulation of rural settlements, resulting in the abandonment or ownerlessness of monuments (Karelia, Arkhangelsk region, Altai Territory, etc.): as a result, not only individual monuments are lost, but also entire historical settlements (in particular, in Olonetsky, Pudozhsky, Medvezhyegorsky and other areas Karelia).

Vandalism, manifested in the theft of monuments or their elements made of non-ferrous metals (5 historical monuments at the Sulazhgorsky cemetery in Petrozavodsk). In Kazan, targeted (on criminal orders) dismantling of historical buildings and even their deliberate arson in order to use the vacated territory for new construction have been recorded; the same situation can be observed in Ulyanovsk.

The year 2003 was not marked by particularly catastrophic natural disasters for the monuments. As a result of the earthquake in Altai, only one monument was damaged - in the city of Aleysk. However, the basements of monument buildings in Omsk suffered from significant deviations of weather conditions from the climatic norm, for example, intense rainfall in the summer of 2003. A specific natural disaster for monuments continues to be the rise in the level of the Caspian Sea, in the coastal zone of which there are many cultural heritage sites. The threat of destruction is recorded, in particular, for 10 monuments in the Lagansky district of Kalmykia, which found themselves in the zone of flooding by sea waters.

Landslides remain a threat to mass graves in the village. Nizhny Volgograd region; numerous monuments of Kuban and Rostov region; Tobolsk Kremlin and some monuments of Ulyanovsk.

Coastal abrasion, together with erosion, is named the main risk factor for the Republic of Adygea (zone of influence of the Krasnodar reservoir), the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (Kama Reservoir), the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (the unique monument - Pustozerskoye fortified settlement is suffering); The erosion of the banks of the Dnieper in Smolensk suddenly made itself known.

Many medium-sized and large cities in the country are characterized by the simultaneous manifestation of many environmental risk factors that mutually reinforce each other: for example, in Tambov, there is congestion of transport routes in the historical core of the city, causing air pollution and vibration of the following monuments of federal significance: Gostiny Dvor, Women's Gymnasium, Orphanage. In the city of Uglich, Yaroslavl region, the disruption of the naturally balanced regime of groundwater as a result of the construction of the Uglich hydroelectric power station and the spontaneous transformation of infrastructure that disrupted surface flow led to the development of the process of suffusion of sand particles into the river. Volga. This led to the deterioration of the engineering and geological conditions of the city and caused a negative impact on the stability of such outstanding monuments as the Resurrection Cathedral, the Church of St. Dmitry on Blood, the Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist, etc.

Visual disturbance of the landscape continued to be one of the most common problem situations in 2004 in the regions of the country: unregulated development of landscape-valued places by dacha tracts comes almost close to religious monuments. For example, in close proximity to historical settlements and architectural monuments in the villages of Chuinavolok and Akhpoyla, Pryazhinsky district of Karelia. The historical village of Suisari in the same region, with its historical layout and buildings perfectly preserved, is surrounded on all sides by dacha cooperatives. A similar thing was also noted in the Moscow, Ryazan and Voronezh regions. In the cities of the Altai Territory, it manifests itself in the form of building up historical centers with high-rise buildings [Polyakova; p.156].

Environmentally unregulated development (Komi Republic, Ryazan, Tambov, Samara, Volgograd regions) leads to the destruction of artistically valuable and, as a rule, the most environmentally friendly landscapes from the point of view of the architectural appearance of the environment. The saturation of historical centers with administrative institutions and trade enterprises leads to an increase in vehicle and human flows, to the accumulation of negative impacts, and to visual disturbance of monuments of landscape art. This situation is often due to a shortage of funds for the development of projects for monument protection zones. In the city of Zmeinogorsk, Altai Territory, in the immediate vicinity of the complex of monuments of the Zmeyevsky mine and the Zmeinogorsky silver smelting plant, a temporary modular gas station continues to operate, despite its expiration in 2003. The unauthorized allocation of land for individual residential development in the territory of historical landscapes (in park complexes) continued Leningrad region).

Unfortunately, the practice of reconstructing monuments without the appropriate permits and approvals from state authorities for the protection of monuments does not stop. In the historical part of Olonets (Karelia), construction of a shopping complex began without approval. As a result of the work performed, the historical and architectural environment was distorted and the archaeological layer was damaged. Similar situations were recorded in the historical part of Rostov-on-Don, Moscow and Novosibirsk regions.

The fire danger of individual monuments and entire complexes is increasing. In 2004, several large fires were recorded at monuments of federal significance in the city of Rostov-on-Don. The same factor was named a priority for the Ryazan region. Due to fires, monuments were lost and damaged in the Altai Territory, Arkhangelsk (Izhma churchyard in the Primorsky District) and Moscow Region.

The results of environmental monitoring of the country's immovable cultural heritage sites in 2004 made it possible to identify the following most problematic monuments of national importance in this regard:

Monuments of wooden architecture in the Murmansk region (Assumption Church in the village of Varzuga and St. Nicholas Church in the village of Kovda); unique works of architecture of the Museum of Wooden Architecture in the village of Vasilevo-Torzhoksky district, Tver region; The house of M. Yu. Lermontov in the village of Taman in the Kuban - dilapidated;

Alexander-Oshevensky Monastery in the Kargopol region and the Novodvinsk fortress in the village of Konveyer, Arkhangelsk region - collapse of buildings due to disrepair due to lack of funds for emergency response work;

Historical development of the city of Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region - lack of users of monument objects;

Tsiolkovsky's house in Ryazan is a complex of negative urban-ecological factors;

Monuments of the Cathedral Mountain ensemble in Smolensk, towers and spindles of the Smolensk Fortress; Tambov Drama Theatre; the building of the Krasnodar Museum of Local Lore (an architectural monument of the 19th century) - the impact of the city’s industrial enterprises and transport;

Vladimir Church in the village. Balovnevo, Dankovsky district and Avtonoma Church temple complex in the village Kashary, Zadonsk district, Lipetsk region; monument of federal significance “The building where the world’s first cosmonaut Yu.A. studied.” Gagarin” in Orenburg - destruction due to insufficient attention and support;

Merchant mansions in the city of Kozmodemyansk and the Sheremetev castle in the village of Yurino of the Republic of Mari El;

The buildings of the Monastery of the Holy Spirit (Alatyr) and the Tikhvin Monastery in Chuvashia were damaged by landslides;

Monument buildings moved from the flood zone of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station reservoir - restoration in places of displacement;

Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin and other monuments of Nizhny Novgorod - the impact of landslides, vibration and other urban-ecological factors;

Monuments of the historical center of Rostov-on-Don (M. Gorky Drama Theater, Bolshaya Moskovskaya hotel, export grain warehouses, etc.) - rising groundwater levels and background environmental factors;

Ascension Military Cathedral in Novocherkassk, Rostov Region - rising groundwater levels;

Wooden nine-domed Church of the Intercession Holy Mother of God in the village Gerasimovka Alekseevsky district Samara region- collapse caused by flooding from snowmelt and heavy rains after the construction of a road near the church;

Holy Trinity Church in Balakovo, Saratov region; monuments of Sochi (Winter Theater, Art Museum, sanatorium “Caucasian Riviera” - destruction of decor, structures) - a complex of negative environmental factors;

Holy Trinity (Lenvinskaya) Church in the city of Berezniki and the Ust-Borovsky salt plant in the city of Solikamsk, Perm region - coastal abrasion, tectonics, etc.;

Memorial complexes related to the events of the Great Patriotic War on the island. Dikson - erosion, visual pollution of landscapes, neglect due to the remoteness of monuments from places of residence of the population;

Objects of cultural heritage included in the historical districts of Tomsk (“Swamp”, “Tatarskaya Sloboda”, “Voskresenskaya Mountain”);

Monuments of wooden architecture of the late XIX - early XX centuries. in Mariinsk, pos. Itatsky, the villages of Ishim, Zeledeevo, Maltsevo, Proskokovo and other settlements on the historical Siberian (Moscow-Irkutsk) highway of the Kemerovo region - natural aging without proper care.

When developing regional policy strategies in the field of preserving historical and cultural monuments, experts name the following priority areas for the protection of cultural heritage from the negative consequences of risk factors, including environmental risk:

Coordination of all types of work on lands of historical and cultural significance;

Development and approval of projects of protective zones;

Control over new construction;

Insurance of monuments;

Removal of environmentally harmful industries from the territories of monuments and from lands of historical and cultural significance;

Emergency response work, conservation of monuments;

Carrying out engineering and environmental measures (protection from vibration, stray currents, greening urban transport schemes, lowering groundwater levels, installing storm sewers, vertical planning and landscaping of historical territories, bank protection works);

Staffing and financing of work on systematic monitoring of the condition of cultural heritage sites.

Chapter II. Factors of destruction of historical and cultural heritage

2.1 Historical and cultural monuments

Among the immovable objects of cultural heritage of Russia that are exposed to environmental risk factors, historical and cultural monuments that are protected by the direct law “On the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments” stand out first of all.

As of the beginning of 1999, there were 86,220 objects in the State Register of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Russian Federation. Among them were 24,888 monuments of federal (all-Russian) and 59,965 monuments of local significance.

State registration of monuments in accordance with the above law is carried out according to the following main types:

Historical monuments - 24192 objects;

Archaeological monuments - 14974 objects;

Monuments of urban planning and architecture - 22,500 objects;

Monuments of monumental art - 2357 objects.

Condition of those on state security Almost 80% of historical and cultural monuments are characterized by experts as unsatisfactory. About 70% of the total number of objects needs to take urgent measures to save them from destruction, damage and destruction as a result of various negative phenomena and processes, including environmental ones.

Note: the shaded rows in the table correspond to categories 4 and 5 of the integrated environmental assessment of urbanized territories (State report "On the state of the natural environment of the Russian Federation in 1997", p. 340), which correspond to the conditions environment, having significant deviations from the normative ones; n. d. - no data.

In accordance with official information received from the constituent entities of the Federation, in 1999 there were more than 19 thousand historical and cultural monuments in Russia under the negative influence of environmental factors, including: under the influence of factors of natural origin - more than 7 thousand, of anthropogenic origin - about 12 thousand objects. According to expert estimates, more than 33 thousand monuments, or over 38% of the total number of cultural heritage sites in the country, are destroyed under the influence of environmental factors.

During the reporting year, in 53 constituent entities of the Federation, the complete loss of 113 monuments was recorded. Over a relatively short period of observation, 2,226 cultural heritage sites were lost. It can be assumed that the total amount of real losses in the country exceeds this figure by twice or more.

Natural risk factors for historical and cultural monuments, as in previous years, accounted for about 40% of all losses of cultural heritage sites. In this case, the main role was played by coastal abrasion (both seas and artificial reservoirs), sea transgression, landslides and land erosion.

Damage from the consequences of rising levels of the Caspian Sea, caused to monuments in the Astrakhan region, the Republic of Dagestan (where the most ancient city of Russia Derbent stands out) and the Republic of Kalmykia, as well as economic facilities in these regions, is increasing.

Landslides have become a priority environmental risk factor in a number of cities Vladimir region; in 1999, the Zvorykin estate of the 19th century was damaged by them. in the city of Murom and a number of monuments in the city of Suzdal. Other monuments in the cities of Vladimir, Gorokhovets, Gus-Khrustalny and rural settlements of the region are not protected from landslide phenomena and the possible consequences of their impact. In the zone of landslide soils there are unique monuments of the city of Tsivilsk (Tikhvin Monastery) and the city of Alatyr (Monastery of the Holy Spirit) in the Chuvash Republic, the city of Taganrog (Vorontsovsky Descent) in the Rostov region, numerous monuments in the Republic of Tatarstan, the Volgograd region and in other regions Volga region, Trinity-Selenginsky Monastery in the Baikal region of the Republic of Buryatia, etc.

The development of landslide processes in combination with land erosion seriously threatens monuments in a number of regions of the country, in particular: the Church of All Saints of the Vazheozersky Monastery, Olonets region of the Republic of Karelia; mass graves and memorial signs on the right bank of the river. Volga in Volgograd; Holy Trinity (Lenvinskaya) Church in Berezniki, Perm Region. Severe destruction of the river bank. Sukhony in the village. Dymkovo, Vologda Region, threatens an architectural monument of the 18th century. - Church of Dmitry Solunsky. Seasonal inundation by flood waters in recent years has increasingly affected the condition of architectural monuments in the city of Veliky Ustyug, Vologda Region and the village of Starocherkassk, Rostov Region. The consequences are similar to the flooding of the territory of the monument “Skete of Patriarch Nikon” in the New Jerusalem Monastery in the city of Istra, Moscow Region, various monuments in the city of Nizhny Novgorod, cities and villages of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, and the city of Turukhansk in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Anthropogenic factors of environmental risk, as in previous years, dominated the country as a whole in 1999 over factors of natural origin. During the period under review, these factors manifested themselves mainly in the form of air pollution, vibration, flooding of the territory and other disturbances of the geological environment.

The consequences of air pollution were especially acute in the deterioration of the condition of structural materials and historical park ensembles. During 1999, the noted processes were recorded in almost all major historical cities of the country, including Veliky Novgorod, Volgograd, Vologda, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Kursk, Lipetsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Novocherkassk, Omsk, Petrozavodsk, Rostov-on-Don, Smolensk, Tambov, Ulan-Ude, Khabarovsk, Cherepovets.

Radioactive contamination of the environment as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant remains specific to a limited number of regions of the country. This problem is especially relevant for the Bryansk region, where there are 159 historical and cultural monuments in the radioactively contaminated territory. Among them are such monuments of federal significance as the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village. New Ropsk, Klimovsky district and Uspeniya in the village. Radogoshch, Komarichsky district, historical buildings of the city of Novozybkov, monuments of wooden architecture of Zlynki.

Transport and industrial vibration has a detrimental effect on individual outstanding monuments and their entire complexes in the cities: Petrozavodsk (ensemble of wooden architecture monuments on Shuiskaya Street), Vologda (fortress walls of the Kremlin), Cherepovets (historical center), Zvenigorod of the Moscow region (walls of Savvino-Storozhevsky monastery), Bryansk (monuments of federal significance - the Gorno-Nikolskaya and Tikhvinskaya churches, the ancient quarter "Myasnye Ryady"), Lipetsk (monument to Peter 1), Elista (monument to O.I. Gorodovikov), Samara and Rostov-on-Don (historical parts of cities), in industrial centers Khabarovsk Territory, Nizhny Novgorod and Tambov regions, in Chelyabinsk - in connection with the construction of the metro, in the city of Kyakhta (a monument of federal significance, Gostiny Dvor or Customs), in the city of Yeniseisk (a monument of federal significance - Trinity Church), etc.

Flooding of the territory remains an acute problem, especially in areas where reservoirs are created and canals are constructed. Characteristic in this respect is the Leningrad region with entire areas of monuments in flooded areas - the palace and park ensembles of Ropsha, Gostilitsy, Taitsy, etc. The consequences of the flooding of the famous Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery by the waters of Lake Siverskoye (the level of which has increased by 1.8 m in as a result of the construction of the North Dvina hydraulic system) in the Vologda region. The situation with flooding of the territories of numerous monuments in the Novgorod region, in the basins of the Luga, Msta, Lovat, and Volkhov rivers remains difficult. For many years, the Church of Peter and Paul (1577) located on the shore of Lake Onega in the village of Chelmuzhi, Medvezhyegorsk region of the Republic of Karelia, has been flooded, which is associated with a rise in the lake level due to the construction of the Svir hydroelectric station. In the basements of historical buildings in the central part of Ulan-Ude during the warm season, there is a constant presence of groundwater, the increase in the level of which in the capital of the Republic of Buryatia is associated with the construction of a dam on the river. Selenge.

Another region of mass flooding of monuments remains the Volga region. Numerous monuments in Cheboksary and other cities of the Chuvash Republic, which found themselves in the flood zone of the Cheboksary Hydroelectric Power Station, needed urgent work to waterproof their foundations. In the Republic of Tatarstan, significant damage was caused to hundreds of historical and cultural monuments. The Samara region is experiencing the consequences of flooding of coastal areas by the Kuibyshev and Saratov reservoirs.

According to available information, this problem is becoming more and more acute in large cities, including those outside the zones of influence of reservoirs. Such cities include Rostov-on-Don with its historical center, Novocherkassk with its famous Ascension Military Cathedral and some others. Water leaks from water supply systems, heat supply systems, artesian wells, which are so widespread in cities, especially in the absence of drainage, inevitably lead to waterlogging of the foundations and walls of historical buildings, changes in the structure of soils, leaching of lime mortar from the foundation masonry and, as a result, to uneven settlement of buildings and deformation of supporting structures. The noted processes are typical for the monuments of cities and villages of the Udmurt Republic (Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Izhevsk, the house of the merchant Bashenin in Sarapul, the Trinity Church in the village of Elovo, Kezsky district, etc.), the cities of Omsk, Novosibirsk, historical settlements of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Kansk and Minusinsk, Sakhalin region and other regions. Flooding of buildings in the historical city of Mariinsk, Kemerovo region, is caused by a violation of its drainage system.

Often, flooding of a territory is superimposed on areas of atmospheric pollution, vibration and other environmental risk factors, which increases their harmful effects for all recipients, including immovable objects of cultural heritage. Typical examples of this kind in 1999 there were: the building of the Noble Assembly in Penza, Gostiny Dvor in Tambov, Dalmatovsky Monastery in Kurgan region, a monument to V.I. Lenin at the Volga-Don Shipping Canal, as well as the main monument of the Mamaev Kurgan monument-ensemble in Volgograd (the monument is in disrepair and needs urgent rescue work).

Relatively new environmental risk factors such as environmentally unregulated development, uncontrolled build-up of the cultural layer and visual pollution of valuable historical landscapes appeared widely and almost everywhere in the country. The noted phenomena in 1999 were recorded in the Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk, Sortavala, Olonets, historical villages of the Pryazhinsky district), the Moscow region (Ostafyevo estate in the Podolsky district, Lyubimovka in the Pushkinsky district, etc.), Samara region (territory national park"Samarskaya Luka" and a number of other areas), Smolensk region, in historical villages of the Kemerovo region, etc. In some places, deforestation was recorded on lands of historical and cultural significance (Plyussky district of the Pskov region, Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region, a number of districts of the Lipetsk region and etc.) .

Often, unfortunately, numerous environmental risk factors appear together, in various combinations, enhancing the final effect. This is how, in particular, the situation develops with regard to the Dmitrov and Assumption Cathedrals, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (all from the 12th century) and other monuments of Vladimir-Suzdal white stone architecture included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The destructive effects on them include: sulfate-salt (powdery) destruction of white stone, various types of weathering, flooding, air and water pollution, vibration and some others. Similar processes, although to a lesser extent, are manifested at another world heritage site - the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in the Moscow region.

An environmentally aggressive environment accelerates the natural destruction of monuments due to aging processes. The noted phenomenon is typical not only for monuments of white stone architecture, but also for traditional wooden architecture in Russia. During the reporting period, experts recorded a deterioration in the condition of wooden architecture monuments both in the traditional regions of the Russian North and in the Novosibirsk region (the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Seraphim of Sarov in the village of Turnaevo, Bolotninsky district), in the Altai Territory, Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk and Tomsk regions, Republic of Buryatia, etc.

The results of the analysis of information on the impact of environmental factors on the state of cultural heritage in recent years allow us to draw the following conclusions:

The process of loss of historical and cultural monuments under the influence of environmental factors continues almost everywhere;

A very significant part of the cultural heritage of the regions and the country as a whole is under the influence of natural and anthropogenic environmental risk factors;

The list of environmental risk factors for heritage sites is constantly expanding; Along with the numerically prevailing traditional natural and anthropogenic risk factors (flooding of the territory, air pollution, vibration, etc.), the impact of new factors is increasingly manifested, such as visual pollution (distortion) of historical landscapes, environmentally unregulated privatization, etc.

2.2 Archaeological heritage

Archaeological research in the Russian Federation has revealed more than 100 thousand archaeological monuments, including sites, settlements, settlements, burial grounds, sanctuaries, monuments rock art, mines, workshops, areas of the cultural layer in historical cities. Of these, 15 thousand objects are under state protection, as in previous years. Information on the state of the archaeological heritage of Russia was presented in 1999 by 51 constituent entities of the Federation.

Among natural processes, it should be noted the intensive destruction of archaeological monuments in coastal and marine zones. Unfortunately, the federal target program "World Ocean" does not set the task of preserving the archaeological heritage. This situation must be corrected. Effective means of preserving the archaeological heritage in these areas are the development and implementation of a monitoring program for the archaeological heritage, carrying out urgent rescue operations at the most important sites.

A special problem is the physical destruction of the cultural layer in historical cities. In large cities, it has entered a new phase, when investors are ready to pay for any excavations and fulfill all scientific standards in order to obtain land plots in the city center. Such excavations are in no way consistent with the tasks of preserving and using the archaeological heritage. The physical destruction of the archaeological cultural layer in historical cities cannot always be prevented. Often builders try to carry out work without special archaeological research. Against the backdrop of relatively prosperous Moscow, the situation in small towns in Russia looks especially depressing.

The requirement of the day is the transition from a system of recording archaeological monuments to monitoring of archaeological heritage. A number of regions are already conducting monitoring in part of their territories (Stavropol Territory, Volgograd, Irkutsk, Chelyabinsk regions).

Lengthy adoption process Federal Law"On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation" has a direct negative impact on the protection and use of archaeological heritage.

Currently, the compilation of the land cadastre of Russia is underway. The immediate inclusion of monument protection authorities in this work is necessary. Compiling a Register of Archaeological Lands is one of the most pressing tasks. The Ministry of Culture of Russia and the State Land Committee of Russia have begun to harmonize positions and approaches. This work has also begun in the regions of Russia. Against this background, the position of a number of subjects of the Federation that do not have information about the users (owners) of the sites within whose borders are located archaeological monuments raises serious criticism.

In the current situation, the most important measures to preserve the archaeological heritage of the peoples of Russia are:

Creation of a legislative framework capable of ensuring the preservation of archaeological heritage in modern socio-economic conditions;

Coordination of the activities of the Russian Ministry of Culture with all ministries and departments on whose territory there are destroyed archaeological monuments;

Renewal and development of the Federal subprogram for the preservation of archaeological heritage, the most important areas of which should be monitoring of identified objects, identification of archaeological monuments and their inclusion in the monitoring system, development of projects for protective zones, museumification;

Coordination of the actions of the Ministry of Culture of Russia and the State Committee for Ecology of Russia to conduct an archaeological examination as part of the general environmental assessment;

Development and implementation of archaeological monitoring at the federal and regional levels;

Participation of state bodies for the protection of immovable historical and cultural monuments of all levels in the preparation of the land cadastre of Russia.

2.3 Museum-reserves

Despite the persistence of acute organizational and financial problems in their functioning in 1999, the network of state museum-reserves in the country, which are protected by the law “On the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments,” has not decreased. According to the Ministry of Culture of Russia, as of January 1, 2000, there were 88 museum-reserves approved by decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation. Their number has not changed since last year. However, it should be noted that there are a number of cultural institutions that, by decision of regional authorities, received the status of a museum-reserve, enshrined in their official name.

The environmental significance of museum-reserves (MRs) is often due to the significant size of their territories (Prokhorovskoye Field - 6 thousand hectares, Borodino - 11 thousand hectares, Solovetsky - 106 thousand hectares), as well as the territories of their protected zones. The size of the latter reaches 10 thousand hectares in Kizhi, 64.5 thousand hectares in Borodino, and almost 200 thousand hectares in the Kulikovo Pole health center. Unfortunately, vital protection zones for preserving the cultural and natural heritage of museum-reserves are simply absent in some cases, for example, in the Tsarskoye Selo Museum of Health, Mon Repos Park, Rostov Kremlin, Kirillo-Belozersky Museum of Health, etc. In some other cases, the regime of security zones is grossly violated.

Museum-reserves and museum-estates close to them in their functions are subordinate institutions of the Ministry of Culture of Russia and/or its regional bodies and are objects of federal or regional property. The vast majority of objects are actually specially protected historical, cultural and natural areas with very important educational, educational and recreational functions.

Due to the value and uniqueness of their exhibits, the museum-reserves that have been formed over many decades have become practically irreplaceable centers of culture not only of local, but of regional and even national significance.

There is no special monitoring of the environmental situation in the territories of the Ministry of Health, however, for the second year now, the Russian Ministry of Culture has been sending out requests with a proposal to conduct an expert environmental assessment of the territories of museum-reserves and museum-estates. This year, reports on the negative impact of environmental factors have been received for 45% of the number of reporting territories (97), of which 9 are museum-reserves, for which there was previously no information. As an analysis of the current situation shows, the environmental problems faced by museum-reserves change little from year to year. An analysis of the situation was carried out for 60 territories of the Ministry of Health, information about which is available for 1998-1999.

40 objects (66%) have certain environmental problems. One or two problematic situations were identified for 35 (58%) territories of the Ministry of Health, three each for four museum-reserves located in large industrial centers or in close proximity to them (Moscow, Yaroslavl, St. Petersburg). And only on the territory of the V. D. Polenov Museum-Reserve four problematic situations were identified, but this is most likely due to the increased attention of the administration to the state of the natural environment on the territory of the museum.

Compared to the previous year, the environmental situation has changed slightly: the prevalence of air and water pollution is practically the same, the rate of flooding of the territory has decreased by 6% and the rate of vegetation degradation has increased by 2%. At the same time, the indicator of territories without problematic situations decreased from 42 to 34%, which is fully consistent with both the recorded trends in the dynamics of environmental indicators in the country and with expert assessments in the relevant field.

Air pollution

The problems of some MH in most cases remain the same as in previous year. From the newly received information, the situation at the Yasnaya Polyana Health Care Center attracts attention. Air pollution on the territory of the museum-reserve is significant, above the maximum permissible concentrations for forest plantations (MPC - forest) approved for Yasnaya Polyana. The main source of pollution is the chemical plant of JSC Shchekinoazot, located 2.5 km from the Mining Plant. In addition, pollutants atmospheric air are the Pervomaiskaya Thermal Power Plant (2.5 km) and the Kosogorsk Metallurgical Plant (5 km), as well as vehicles moving along the Simferopol Highway and the ring road. An excess of the approved standards for the following pollutants was noted: ammonia (2 MPC-les), nitrogen oxide and dioxide (2 and 4 MPC-les), hydrogen sulfide (1.5 MPC-les), formaldehyde (3 MPC-les), methanol ( more than 2 MPC-forest), sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide (below MPC-forest).

An analysis of the dynamics of the state of the air basin over the past 5 years does not give reason to assume a sharp decrease in the level of air pollution and, consequently, a reduction in the rate of vegetation degradation (see below).

The sites of the Novorossiysk Metallurgical Plant are located in close proximity to industrial enterprises in Novorossiysk. Air pollution is significant, MPCs for suspended solids are exceeded by 2.7 times, nitrogen dioxide by 1.3 times, and formaldehyde by 5.3 times. Sources of pollution: cement factories, machine-building enterprises, Novorossiysk Sea Trade Port OJSC, Novorossiysk Ship Repair Plant OJSC and motor transport. Protected sites are adversely affected by cement dust pollution.

Vegetation degradation

MZ "Kulikovo Pole". The territory of the museum-reserve includes, in addition to steppe areas, forest plantations, park plantings, orchards. The object is located in an area of ​​intensive agricultural development, the processes of vegetation degradation are significant. The main reasons for the degradation of vegetation are the ongoing unauthorized deforestation (beam oak forests, on Vodyanoe Polye), hunting, excessive plowing of land, in some places coming close to protected areas, intensive grazing of livestock, and in some places - high recreational load. There is a disappearance of rare forb plants and a number of rare steppe species listed in the Red Book. The biological stability of trees and shrubs is weakening, drying out and premature death of the forest stand, and a lack of natural regeneration of the main forest-forming species are noted.

MZ "Yasnaya Polyana". The main reason for vegetation degradation is the negative impact of industrial emissions. The zone in which there is a threatened degree of weakening of forests (including the park part) occupies an area of ​​198.6 hectares (78%), the zone of moderate degree of weakening of forests - 55.4 hectares (22%).

Solovetsky MZ. Degradation of vegetation in the forest territory of the Ministry of Health occurs on tourist routes and in recreational areas used by the local population. The main physical parameters of vegetation degradation: trampling of ground cover, soil compaction, development of path networks. Causes of degradation: unregulated side use, uncontrolled visits to the forest area of ​​the Ministry of Health by unorganized tourists and the local population, damage to plants and unauthorized cutting of firewood and commercial timber.

Museum-Estate of M.I. Glinka, branch of the Smolensk GMZ. Vegetation suffers from flooding of the area. Degradation manifests itself as follows: the development of root and stem rot of soft woody species, which leads to partial death of trees, a change (deterioration) in the species composition of the grass stand, the appearance of marsh vegetation in places where it was not previously present. The dynamics of degradation are increasing.

MH "Alexandrovskaya Sloboda". There is a hollowness of linden trees, which experts associate with soil contamination with heavy metals, in particular mercury.

Flooding of the territory

Krasnodar MZ, Temryuk Museum of Military Equipment. Significant flooding of the territory on which the museum of military equipment is located is explained by the proximity of the Azov floodplains, which are part of the Kurchansky estuaries system. The specific hydrological regime of the estuary causes landslides and flooding of nearby objects on the territory of the museum.

Problems with flooding are also noted in another branch of the Ministry of Health - the Taman Museum Complex. Groundwater erodes the territory on which the M.Yu. House-Museum is located. Lermontov. At the Hermonassa-Tmutarakan settlement, the coastline is crumbling.

Museum-Estate of M.I. Glinka, branch of the Smolensk GMZ. The reason for the flooding of the area is economic activity Smolensk nuclear power plant (nuclear power plant reservoir on the Desna River). The rise of the groundwater level in the Novospasskoye area is 2-3 m above the natural water level in the river. Gum. An increase in the level of groundwater on the estate causes the formation of wetlands, the release of groundwater to the surface in places where there was none previously, which negatively affects the state of vegetation.

Visual pollution

The main goal facing the Kulikovo Field Museum-Reserve is the preservation of the memorial territory as a carrier of objective information about the historical event. According to extensive comprehensive archaeological and paleogeographical research conducted in the supposed area of ​​the Battle of Kulikovo, a significantly greater forest coverage of the area, including watershed spaces, was revealed in Old Russian times. The modern landscapes of the museum-reserve are the result of intense anthropogenic processes that have significantly changed natural ecosystems.

Almost completely plowed areas of watersheds, floodplain terraces, and gentle slopes of ravines indicate the presence of processes of visual pollution, i.e. processes of loss of aesthetic appeal of the landscape due to the replacement of a very complex and diverse structure natural complexes northern forest-steppe (upland oak groves and ravine oak groves, steppe slopes, meadow-steppe and meadow complexes, steppe and forested watersheds) into monotonous treeless agricultural landscapes.

2.4 Protected objects of landscape architecture

In 1999 the main problematic situations, characteristic of monuments of landscape gardening art, memorial estates, historical landscapes in cities, forested park areas for mass recreation of the population, have not changed fundamentally. However, some of them, associated with new housing and transport construction in the suburbs, with weakening control on the part of government agencies and the public, have become even more widespread in the Moscow, Tver, Tula, Pskov regions and other regions of the country.

The greatest damage to landscape architecture objects comes from the uncontrolled “sprawling” of low-rise buildings in the vicinity of large cities, the provision by local authorities of naturally valuable territories for the construction of cottages, mansions, access roads to them, and utilities. Of particular concern is the fact that a significant portion of land acquisitions for these purposes gravitate towards the most picturesque places - the banks of rivers and lakes, forest edges, clearings, etc. In addition, this process covers the most accessible recreational areas for the population of cities near roads, railways stations directly outside the city boundaries.

Thus, in the protected zone of the Moscow Bratsevo estate, it is planned to build private cottages, which will be located between the Moscow Ring Road and the estate church, on the territory of a former orchard. The significance of this project should be considered in the context of the changes that had already occurred in the estate earlier, during the construction of a ring road through its territory, and which largely devalued this historical and cultural monument, separated it from its natural environment, and sharply worsened its environmental performance. Attendance at Brattsevsky Park has decreased due to the noise and visual impact of the highway and air pollution.

The situation around many estates near Moscow requires urgent intervention. In Neklyudovo (Mytishchi district of the Moscow region), where the Children's Center is currently located, preparatory measures are underway for the construction of a village with mansions - by cutting back on park areas. In the same area, in the former estate of the Alekseevs - Lipki, plots in the security zone have been allocated, and it is planned to cut down parklands that are dear to us, as a memory of the great theater director K.S. Stanislavsky.

In 1999, this problem became a legal precedent; the case is being considered in General Prosecutor's Office Russian Federation. On the territory of Pleshcheyevo (connected with the stay of P.I. Tchaikovsky there), cottages have already been built, the wastewater from them spreads over the areas remaining from the estate park.

Often, new settlements are built not only contrary to current environmental legislation, but also in violation of safety rules - such as the prohibition of housing construction in areas prone to flooding. Thus, in the risk zone of the Khimki reservoir, directly below its dam, in the floodplain of the river. Construction of “elite” housing is underway in Khimki. This quarter practically devalues ​​the exceptional landscape merits of the area with special combination expressive relief: water, forests, paths, springs. The species qualities of the Pokrovsko-Glebovsky forest park have suffered irreparable damage. This entire area gives the impression of complete abandonment: the springs are polluted, the planting ponds have been lost, random driveways and passages appear in place of park alleys, and tree debris has not been cleared.

In many cases, the factor of abandonment of historical parks comes to the fore. The former estate of A.T. is completely neglected. Bolotova - Dvoryaninovo in the Tula region. Nothing has been done to prevent the collapse of the Bogoroditsky Park he created on the river. Upert, which is increasingly turning into wild thickets. The destruction of the Tver estate Znamenskoye-Raek, a monument of Russian gardening art, continues. Forests, clearings, alleys are neglected and overgrown. The Rotunda gazebo, which had adorned the park for two centuries and was created by a famous architect, writer, inventor, and educational scientist of the 18th century, also collapsed. ON THE. Lviv.

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