The attitude of the local nobility towards Onegin. Moscow Noble Society
In the novel “Eugene Onegin,” Pushkin outlined with light strokes the nobility - the people in whose company Eugene Onegin moved, and with whom, in addition to the main characters, he had to maintain relationships and communicate. The capital's nobility was strikingly different from the provincial landowners who lived in the outback. This gap was all the more noticeable the less often landowners traveled to the capital. The interests, level of culture, and education of both were often at different levels.
The images of landowners and high society nobility were only partly fictitious. Pushkin himself moved among them, and most of the paintings depicted in the work were spotted at social events, balls, and dinners. The poet communicated with provincial society during his forced exile in Mikhailovskoye and during his stay in Boldino. Therefore, the life of the nobility, both in the countryside and in Moscow and St. Petersburg, is depicted by poets with knowledge of the matter.
Provincial landed nobility
Along with the Larin family, other landowners lived in the province. The reader meets most of them at their name day. But some sketches to the portraits of neighboring landowners can be seen in the second chapter, when Onegin settled in the village. Simple in their mental makeup, even somewhat primitive people tried to make friends with their new neighbor, but as soon as he saw the droshky approaching, he mounted his horse and rode off the back porch so as not to be noticed. The maneuver of the newly-minted landowner was noticed, and the neighbors, offended by their best intentions, stopped their attempts to establish friendship with Onegin. Pushkin interestingly describes the reaction to the replacement of corvée with quitrent:
But in his corner he sulked,
Seeing this as terrible harm,
His calculating neighbor;
The other smiled slyly
And everyone decided out loud,
That he is a most dangerous weirdo.
The attitude of the nobles towards Onegin became hostile. Sharp-tongued gossips began to talk about him:
“Our neighbor is ignorant; crazy;
He is a pharmacist; he drinks one
A glass of red wine;
He doesn't suit ladies' arms;
All Yes Yes No; won't tell yes sir
Il no with" That was the general voice.
Invented stories can show the level of intelligence and education of people. And since he left much to be desired, Lensky was also not happy with his neighbors, although he paid them visits out of politeness. Although
Lords of neighboring villages
He didn't like feasts;
Some landowners whose daughters were growing up dreamed of getting a “rich neighbor” to be their son-in-law. And since Lensky did not seek to fall into anyone’s skillfully placed networks, he also began to visit his neighbors less and less:
He ran away from their noisy conversation.
Their conversation is sensible
About haymaking, about wine,
About the kennel, about my family.
In addition, Lensky was in love with Olga Larina and spent almost all his evenings with their family.
Almost all the neighbors came to Tatyana’s name day:
With his portly wife
Fat Pustyakov arrived;
Gvozdin, an excellent owner,
Owner of poor men;
Here Pushkin is clearly being ironic. But, unfortunately, there were quite a few of the landowners like the Gvozdins, who fleeced their men like sticks.
The Skotinins, the gray-haired couple,
With children of all ages, counting
From thirty to two years;
District dandy Petushkov,
My cousin, Buyanov,
In down, in a cap with a visor
(As you know him, of course)
And retired adviser Flyanov,
Heavy gossip, old rogue,
Glutton, bribe-taker and buffoon.XXVII
With the family of Panfil Kharlikov
Monsieur Triquet also arrived,
Witty, recently from Tambov,
With glasses and a red wig.
Pushkin does not need to spend long stanzas characterizing the guest landowners. The names spoke for themselves.
The celebration was attended not only by landowners representing several generations. Older generation were represented by the Skotinins, a gray-haired couple, they were clearly over 50, retired adviser Flyanov, he was also well over 40. In each family there were children who made up the younger generation, who were happy about the regimental orchestra and dancing.
The provincial nobility tries to imitate the capital by organizing balls and celebrations, but here everything is much more modest. If in St. Petersburg they offer dishes prepared by French chefs from overseas products, then in the provinces they put their own reserves on the table. The over-salted fatty pie was prepared by yard cooks, and liqueurs and liqueurs were made from berries and fruits collected in one’s own garden.
In the next chapter, which describes the preparation for the duel, the reader will meet another landowner
Zaretsky, once a brawler,
Ataman of the gambling gang,
The head is a rake, a tavern tribune,
Now kind and simple
The father of the family is single,
Reliable friend, peaceful landowner
And even an honest person.
It’s him, Onegin is afraid, never having decided to offer reconciliation to Lensky. He knew that Zaretsky could
Encourage young friends to quarrel
And put them on the barrier,
Or force them to make peace,
To have breakfast together,
And then secretly dishonor
A funny joke, a lie.
Moscow Noble Society
Tatiana came to Moscow not by chance. She came with her mother to the brides fair. Close relatives of the Larins lived in Moscow, and Tatyana and her mother stayed with them. In Moscow, Tatyana came into close contact with noble society, which was more archaic and rigid than in St. Petersburg or the provinces.
In Moscow, Tanya was greeted warmly and cordially by her relatives. The old women were scattered in memories, the “young graces of Moscow”, looking closely at their new relative and friend, found with her mutual language, shared the secrets of beauty and fashion, talked about their heartfelt victories and tried to extract her secrets from Tatyana. But
the secret of your heart,
Treasured treasure of tears and happiness,
Keeps silent meanwhile
And it is not shared with anyone.
Guests came to Aunt Alina's mansion. To avoid appearing too distracted or arrogant,
Tatyana wants to listen
In conversations, in general conversation;
But everyone in the living room is occupied
Such incoherent, vulgar nonsense;
Everything about them is so pale and indifferent;
They slander even boringly.
All this was not interesting to the romantically inclined girl, who, deep down, was perhaps waiting for some kind of miracle. She often stood somewhere on the side, and only
Archive young men in a crowd
They look at Tanya primly
And about her among themselves
They speak unfavorably.
Of course, such “archival youths” could not interest the young lady. Here Pushkin used the Old Church Slavonic form of the adjective to emphasize that the “young men” belonged to the “past century.” IN late XVIII- In the first half of the 19th century, late marriages were not uncommon. Men were forced to serve in order to make a certain fortune, and only then got married. But they chose young girls as brides. So marriages that were unequal in age were not uncommon at that time. They looked down on the provincial young lady.
Together with her mother or cousins, Tatyana visited theaters and was taken to Moscow balls.
There is cramped space, excitement, heat,
Music roars, candles sparkle,
Flashing, a whirlwind of fast steams,
Beauties have light dresses,
Choirs full of people,
A vast semicircle of brides,
All the senses are suddenly overwhelmed.
Here the dandies seem to be noteworthy
Your impudence, your vest
And an inattentive lorgnette.
Here the hussars are on vacation
They are in a hurry to appear, to thunder,
Shine, captivate and fly away.
At one of the balls, her future husband drew attention to Tatiana.
Nobles of St. Petersburg
In the first part of the poetic novel, the secular society of St. Petersburg was described with light sketches, from an outside perspective. Pushkin writes about Onegin’s father that
Having served excellently and nobly,
His father lived in debt
Gave three balls annually,
And finally squandered it.
Onegin Sr. was not the only one who lived this way. For many nobles this was the norm. One more touch secular society St. Petersburg:
Here is my Onegin free;
Haircut in the latest fashion,
How dandy London dressed -
And finally saw the light.
He's completely French
He could express himself and wrote;
I danced the mazurka easily
And he bowed casually;
What do you want more? The light has decided
That he is smart and very nice.
With his description, Pushkin shows what interests and worldviews the aristocratic youth have.
No one is embarrassed that the young man does not serve anywhere. If noble family There are estates and serfs, then why serve? In the eyes of some mothers, Onegin may have been a good match for their daughters to marry. This is one of the reasons why young people are accepted and invited to balls and dinners in society.
Sometimes he was still in bed:
They bring notes to him.
What? Invitations? Indeed,
Three houses for the evening call:
There will be a ball there children's party.
But Onegin, as you know, did not seek to tie the knot. Although he was an expert in the “science of tender passion.”
Pushkin describes the ball to which Onegin arrived. This description also serves as a sketch for characterizing St. Petersburg morals. At such balls young people met and fell in love
I was crazy about balls:
Or rather, there is no room for confessions
And for delivering a letter.
O you, honorable spouses!
I will offer you my services;
Please notice my speech:
I want to warn you.
You, mamas, are also stricter
Follow your daughters:
Hold your lorgnette straight!
At the end of the novel, St. Petersburg secular society is no longer as faceless as at the beginning.
Through the close row of aristocrats,
Military dandies, diplomats
And she glides over proud ladies;
So she sat down quietly and looked,
Admiring the noisy crowded space,
Flashing dresses and speeches,
The phenomenon of slow guests
In front of the young hostess...
The author introduces the reader to Nina Voronskaya, a dazzling beauty. Pushkin gives a detailed portrait of the capital's secular society in his description of dinner at Tatiana's house. All the cream of society, as they said then, gathered here. Describing the people present at the dinner, Pushkin shows how high Tatyana rose up the hierarchical ladder, having married a prince, a military officer and a veteran Patriotic War 1812.
color of the capital,
And know, and fashion samples,
Faces you meet everywhere
Necessary fools;
There were elderly ladies here
In caps and roses, looking angry;
There were several girls here
No smiling faces;
There was a messenger who said
On government affairs;
Here he was in fragrant gray hair
The old man joked in the old way:
Excellently subtle and clever,
Which is a little funny these days.Here he was avid for epigrams,
Angry gentleman:
But, along with representatives of high society, the dinner was attended by several random people who ended up here due to various circumstances
Prolasov was here, who deserved
Fame for the baseness of the soul,
Dulled in all albums,
St.-Priest, your pencils;
Another ballroom dictator is at the door
It stood like a magazine picture,
Blush like a pussy willow cherub,
Strapped, mute and motionless,
And a wandering traveler,
Overstarched impudent guy.
Noble status placed very high demands on its representatives. And in Russia there were many truly worthy nobles. But in the novel “Eugene Onegin” Pushkin shows, along with brilliance and luxury, vices, emptiness and vulgarity. The tendency to spend, living beyond one's means, and the desire to imitate, the reluctance to serve and benefit society, the impracticality and carelessness of secular society are fully shown in the novel. These lines were intended to make readers, most of whom represented this very nobility, think, and reconsider their way of life. It is not surprising that “Eugene Onegin” was received ambiguously by the reading public, and not always favorably.
(376 words) Pushkin in his novel “Eugene Onegin” depicts the capital and local nobility, identifying similar and different features. In this analysis we really see the encyclopedia of Russian life that V. Belinsky wrote about.
Let's start with the capital's nobility. The author notes that life in St. Petersburg is “monotonous and colorful.” This is a late awakening, “notes” with invitations to a ball, party or children's party. The hero reluctantly chooses some kind of entertainment, then takes care of his appearance and goes to visit. This is how almost everyone spends their time noble society St. Petersburg. Here people are accustomed to external splendor, they care about being considered cultured and educated, so they devote a lot of time to talking about philosophy and literature, but in reality their culture is only superficial. For example, visiting the theater in St. Petersburg has been turned into a ritual. Onegin comes to the ballet, although he is not at all interested in what is happening on stage. As for spiritual life, Tatyana in the finale calls social life a masquerade. The nobility in the capital lives only with feigned feelings.
In Moscow, according to the author, there are fewer claims to high European culture. In chapter 7 he makes no mention of theater, literature, or philosophy. But here you can hear a lot of gossip. Everyone is discussing each other, but at the same time all conversations are conducted within the framework of accepted rules, so in a secular living room you will not hear a single living word. The author also notes that representatives of Moscow society do not change over time: “Lukerya Lvovna is whitewashing everything, Lyubov Petrovna is also lying.” Lack of change means that these people do not truly live, but only exist.
The local nobility is depicted in connection with village life Onegin and the life of the Larin family. Landowners, in the author's perception, are simple and kind people. They live in unity with nature. They are close to folk traditions and customs. For example, it is said about the Larin family: “They kept in life the peaceful habits of the dear old days.” The author writes about them with a warmer feeling than about the metropolitan nobles, since life in the village is more natural. They are easy to communicate and capable of making friends. However, Pushkin does not idealize them. First of all, the landowners are far from high culture. They practically don't read books. For example, Onegin’s uncle only read the calendar, Tatyana’s father did not like to read at all, however, he “saw no harm in books,” so he allowed his daughter to get carried away with them.
Thus, the landowners in Pushkin’s portrayal are good-natured, natural people, but not too developed, and the courtiers appear as false, hypocritical, idle, but slightly more educated nobles.
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Baiterikov Alexander
From the novel, one can indeed judge the era and study the life of Russia in the 10-20s of the 19th century. The poet gave us bright pictures metropolitan and provincial nobility.
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Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Popovskaya secondary school"
Bavlinsky municipal district
Republic of Tatarstan
RESEARCH
“Description of the life of nobles in the novel by A.S. Pushkin
"Eugene Onegin"
Nomination " Life and culture of Pushkin’s time"
Baiterikov Alexander
9th grade student at MBOU "Popovskaya Secondary School"
Supervisor
Tsareva Lyudmila Alexandrovna
Teacher of Russian language and literature
MBOU "Popovskaya Secondary School"
Popovka, 2013
- Introduction.
“Eugene Onegin” - “encyclopedia of Russian life”
- Main part
Chapter I. Eugene Onegin is a typical representative of the St. Petersburg nobility.
Chapter II. Moscow nobility in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”
Chapter III. The spiritual world of provincial nobles in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”
- Conclusion
- Literature
Introduction
“Eugene Onegin” - “encyclopedia of Russian life”
Great Pushkin!
It's so good that it's yours
wealth:
Your poems, poems and novels,
Your sonnets, odes, epigrams -
Everything that makes your art strong.
T.V. Rumyantseva
The novel "Eugene Onegin", it seems to me, occupies central place in the works of Pushkin. This is not only the largest work in size, but also the widest in its coverage of themes, characters, paintings, and places. The writer worked on it for more than eight years. For the breadth of the depiction of Russian life, for the depth of typical images and the richness of thoughts of V.G. Belinsky called it “an encyclopedia of Russian life.” From it, indeed, one can judge the era, study the life of Russia in the 10-20s of the 19th century. The poet gave us vivid pictures of the capital and provincial nobility.
In "Eugene Onegin" the heroes are presented in their usual social environment, they live and act in the atmosphere of Russian reality of that time, in the circle of their relatives, in their society. Each of the heroes of this work has its own biography, its own psychology, its own habits, its own understanding of life. The novel gives the broadest picture of life in Russia at that time, the socio-political, economic and cultural situation of that era, before us pass vivid images and pictures of the life of the “high society” - St. Petersburg and Moscow - and the provincial nobility. Through the thoughts, feelings and actions of heroes he speaks historical life Russian society.
While working on the novel, Pushkin introduced details of his contemporary life into its text, directly following the course of reality itself.
Purpose research work is an analysis of the depicted world of the novel from the point of view of the manifestation in it of the realities of culture and life of the Russian nobility of the Pushkin era.In accordance with the stated goal, I believe it is necessary to solve the following tasks: - to explore the life of noble society depicted in the novel;- consider the culture and life of the nobility at the beginning of the 19th century;- identify their significance for the concept of the novel and their role in its implementation artistic images works.
CHAPTER I.
Evgeny Onegin is a typical representative of the St. Petersburg nobility.
The author of the novel pays special attention to the St. Petersburg nobility, typical representative which is Evgeny Onegin. The poet describes in every detail the day of his hero, and Onegin’s day is a typical day of a capital dandy. Thus, Pushkin recreates a picture of the life of the entire St. Petersburg secular society. The day of such people began long after noon. The right to get up as late as possible was a sign of aristocracy:
Sometimes he was still in bed:
They bring notes to him.
What? Invitations? Indeed,
Three houses are calling for the evening...
The morning toilet and breakfast were followed by a walk. Favorite place festivities of St. Petersburg dandies - Nevsky Prospekt and the English Embankment of the Neva. And Onegin also walks along the “boulevard” at these hours:
Putting on a wide bolivar,
Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open space,
While the watchful Breget
Dinner won't ring his bell.
Onegin, like other young people of his circle, spends the afternoon in the theater. But he is not keen on art and goes there, rather, because of fashion and perceives the theater as a place where social meetings and love affairs take place:
Everything is clapping. Onegin enters
Walks between the chairs along the legs,
The double lorgnette, slanting, points
To the boxes of unknown ladies
...More cupids, devils, snakes
They jump and make noise on stage...
...And Onegin went out;
He goes home to get dressed. Onegin goes to the ball, where he spends the rest of his time. Onegin's Day ends. He goes home, but tomorrow the same day awaits him:
Sleeps peacefully in the blessed shade
Fun and luxury child.
Until the morning his life is ready,
Monotonous and colorful
And tomorrow is the same as yesterday.
From this passage we can see that Savor the main character, filled with brilliance and luxury, is actually empty and monotonous.
CHAPTER II.
Moscow nobility in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
The Moscow nobility, with which the author introduces us on the pages of his novel, seems simpler, more welcoming, more natural. But he speaks of him quite harshly, sharply and satirically, thereby giving very unflattering characteristics:
But no change is visible in them;
Everything about them is the same as the old model:
At Aunt Princess Elena's
Still the same tulle cap;
Everything is whitewashed Lukerya Lvovna,
Lyubov Petrovna lies all the same,
Ivan Petrovich is just as stupid
Semyon Petrovich is also stingy...
Young Moscow nobles primly and unfavorably perceive the provincial young lady: haughtily, carelessly and smugly “they look Tatyana up and down”, “they find her somehow strange, provincial and cutesy.” They interpret the girl’s simplicity, naturalness, spontaneity as a lack of upbringing, inability to behave in society, an inept desire to attract attention. However, society, recognizing Tatyana’s right to provincial oddity, accepts her into its circle.
The poet enthusiastically and sympathetically describes Moscow balls:
There is cramped space, excitement, heat,
Music roars, candles sparkle,
Flashing, whirlwind of fast steams
Light dressing for beauties...
He is fascinated by the abundance of light, loud music, beautiful outfits, graceful movements of the dancers. The festive bustle, “noise, laughter, running, bowing, gallop, mazurka, waltz” attract Pushkin with its colorfulness and solemnity. Tatyana, who grew up in harmonious unity with nature, suffocates in this limited space; she “hates the excitement of the light”:
She's stuffy here... she's a dream
Strives for life in the field,
To the village, to the poor villagers,
To a secluded corner,
Where a bright stream flows,
I am to my flowers, to my novels.
In the living room everyone is occupied with “incoherent, vulgar nonsense”:
They slander even boringly;
IN barren dryness speeches,
Questions, gossip and news
Thoughts won’t flash for a whole day...
There is endless melancholy all around, so Moscow society are occupied by “talking about nothing.”
This means that lack of spirituality, the absence of any mental interests, and the stagnation of life of the Moscow nobles becomes their main characteristic.
CHAPTER III.
The spiritual world of provincial nobles.
A striking example of the small landed nobility is the family of Tatyana Larina, Onegin’s uncle and the guests at Tatyana’s name day. The Larin family is the environment in which Tatyana grew up, having absorbed all the kindness, simplicity, patriarchy and warmth local morals and way of life.
Tatyana’s father, “a kind fellow, but belated in the last century,” led a simple, philistine lifestyle, like that of his parents and grandfathers: “he ate and drank in his dressing gown; his life rolled on calmly; in the evening, sometimes a good family of neighbors, unceremonious friends, would come together to complain, and curse, and laugh about something.” He sincerely loved his wife, was indulgent to her whims, never read books, but did not interfere with his daughter’s passion; in general, “he was a simple and kind gentleman,” unencumbered by intelligence and education, and Lensky, “full of sincere sadness,” remembers with warmth about him.
Tatyana's mother experienced in her youth passionate love, but on old custom, “without asking her advice, the girl was taken to the crown.” She was “eager and... I cried at first,” but “then I took up housekeeping, got used to it and became happy.” Her lifestyle is typical of a village landowner:
She went to work
I dried mushrooms for the winter,
She kept expenses, shaved her foreheads,
I went to the bathhouse on Saturdays,
She beat the maids in anger -
All this without asking my husband.
These were nice, hospitable people, completely satisfied with their position, not trying to comprehend the structure of the universe, but sincerely attached to each other, appreciating decency, simplicity, and kindness. Villagers like this beautiful paintings nature, attract the poet with harmony and freedom. The main characters of the novel also fall under the charm of nature and the simplicity of human relationships, but they do not always have enough poetry and the ability to find beauty in the simple. Both Tatyana and Lensky, who grew up in the wilderness of the countryside, treated their neighboring landowners rather condescendingly and kindly, trying, however, to avoid communication with the narrow-minded, narrow-minded rural residents with their narrow outlook:
Their conversation is sensible
About haymaking, about wine,
About the kennel, about my relatives,
Of course, he didn’t shine with any feeling,
Not with poetic fire,
Neither sharpness nor intelligence...
In his prophetic dream Tatyana sees herself at a demonic sabbath, among a noisy and cackling gang making terrible sounds: “barking, laughing, singing, whistling and clapping, human rumors and horse tramping!” All this demonic, crazy evil spirits frighten with their unceremoniousness, impudence, rudeness, and terrible appearance, reminiscent of Gogol’s witchcraft images:
…at the table
Monsters sit around:
One with horns and a dog's face,
Another with a rooster's head,
There's a witch with a goat beard,
Here the skeleton is prim and proud,
There's a dwarf with a ponytail, and here
Half-crane and half-cat.
It would seem that this abundance of repulsive faces, this motley crowd are just images bad dream, but the subsequent description of Tatyana’s name day is strikingly reminiscent of her recent dream:
There is a hustle and bustle in the hall; there is anxiety;
Meeting new faces in the living room,
Barking mosek, smacking girls,
Noise, laughter, crush at the threshold,
Bows, shuffling of guests,
The nurses cry and the children cry.
The images of the Larins’ guests are surprisingly similar to the monsters seen in a dream in their unattractiveness and ugliness, primitiveness, even the consonance of names. The village landowners have become so degraded and impoverished in their intelligence that they differ little from monsters - half-animals, half-humans. The satirical power of Pushkin's denunciation of lack of spirituality and vulgarity reaches its apogee - the imaginary and real companies of heroes overlap and merge. The images of people are no better than the ugly heroes of a strange dream. If you look closely, the primitive but harmless landowner neighbors turn out to be just as repulsive as the imaginary monsters. It's all one company. Some of the Larins’ guests: “Monsieur Triquet, a wit, recently from Tambov, with glasses and a red wig” - a vulgar poet, a provincial entertainer, a noisy wit, accustomed to being the center of attention with a pre-prepared set of wretched jokes; “Gvozdin, an excellent master, owner of poor men” - indifferent to the fate of his subjects; “Fat Pustyakov” - the surname itself, as well as the definition, clearly speak of limited interests and mental poverty.
A.S. Pushkin, faithful to the truth of life, created memorable images of landowners. The portraits of some of them are very expressive, detailed, while the portraits of other landowners are superficial. The poet mercilessly exposes the consumerist attitude of the landowners to life, but with sincere sympathy relates to the simplicity and kindness of the relations that exist among the provincial nobility. Yes, they are not heroes, they are ordinary people with weaknesses and shortcomings, they do not strive for high things, but still show concern and warmth towards their loved ones and expect the same from them.
Conclusion.
In the novel “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin paints a picture of the life of the Russian nobility at the beginning of the 19th century, their way of life and morals. In this novel, like an encyclopedia, you can learn everything not only about the life of the nobles, but also about their culture, how they dressed, what was in fashion, the menu of prestigious restaurants, what was on in the theater. Throughout the novel and in lyrical digressions the poet shows all layers of Russian society of that time: the high society of St. Petersburg, noble Moscow, the local nobility and the peasantry. This allows us to talk about “Eugene Onegin” as a truly folk work. The reader learns about how secular youth were brought up and spent their time; we even see the albums of county young ladies. The author's opinion about balls and fashion attracts attention with the sharpness of his observation.
“Eugene Onegin” is an “encyclopedia of Russian life” of Pushkin’s time. For the first time in Russian literature, an entire historical era, modern reality. In the novel “Eugene Onegin,” Pushkin turns Russian literature to the most important issues of national life. All layers of Russian society during the serf era find their artistic embodiment The novel highlights social and cultural movements and trends of the first half of the 20s of the 19th century. Pushkin's novel taught to despise the noble-serf society, to hate an empty and meaningless life, selfishness, narcissism, and callousness of heart. The novel exalted truly human relationships, proclaiming the need for Russian communication noble culture with the people, with their life. That is why Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” appeared in highest degree folk work, “an act of consciousness for Russian society, almost the first, but what a great step forward for it,” wrote Belinsky. "Eugene Onegin" was the first Russian realistic novel. Heroes think, feel and act in accordance with their characters.
The realism of the novel is clearly expressed in the style and language of Pushkin’s work. Each word of the author accurately characterizes the national and historical life of the era, the character and culture of the heroes and at the same time emotionally colors them. "Eugene Onegin" captured the spiritual beauty of Pushkin and the living beauty of Russian folk life, which was first revealed to readers by the author brilliant novel. Thus, “Eugene Onegin” is realistic, socially everyday novel, combining history and modernity.
Literature
1. Pushkin A.S. Eugene Onegin. – M., 1986
2. Belinsky V.G. Works by A.S. Pushkin. – M., 1990
3. Great Soviet Encyclopedia
4. Zyryanov P.N. History of Russia in the 19th century. – M., 2001
5. E.G. Babaev The Works of Pushkin -M, 1988
6. Lotman Yu.M. Conversations about Russian culture: Russian life and traditions
Nobility XVIII – early XIX century. Sat-Fri., 2001
7. Lotman Yu.M. Roman A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” Commentary. – Sat-Fri., 1983
8. Lyashenko M.N. Russian history. – M., 1997
9. Petrov S.M. Essay on the life and work of A.S. Pushkin. – M., 1986
The capital and local nobility in A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”
Many pages of the novel “Eugene Onegin” are devoted to the depiction of the capital and provincial nobility - their way of life, morals and tastes.
The poet was an opponent home education. Superficial learning (“something and somehow”) becomes the beginning of a superficial attitude of young nobles towards art (Onegin yawns in the theater) and literature (“He could not distinguish an iambic from a trochee...”), the cause of “mourning laziness”, inability to work.
Describing the lifestyle of the capital’s “rake” (a morning walk on the boulevard, lunch in a fashionable restaurant, a visit to the theater and, finally, a trip to the ball), the author in his digressions gives an outline of social mores (“Freaks of the big world!”).
The author is contemptuous of the morals that reign among the “secular rabble”: the “cold-blooded debauchery” widespread in this environment, the attitude towards love as a “science”, the ostentatious virtue and “fashionable arrogance” of secular ladies:
They, with harsh behavior
Scaring timid love
They knew how to attract her again...
Among the “secular rabble” such lofty concepts as love and friendship are distorted and vulgarized. “Friends” from among the secular mob are hypocritical and sometimes dangerous.
Extraordinary, spiritually free, thinking natures do not fit well into the restrictive framework of secular false morality:
Ardent souls carelessness
Proud insignificance
Or it insults, or it makes you laugh...
The secular environment rejects independent minds and welcomes mediocrity. "Society" approves of those
Who hasn't indulged in strange dreams,
Who has not shunned the secular mob,
Who at twenty was a dandy or a smart guy,
L is advantageously married at thirty...
However, the capital's nobles also include representatives of the ancient nobility, among whom education and intelligence, nobility of manners, strict taste, rejection of the vulgar and vulgar are valued - in a word, everything that is usually associated with the concept of aristocracy. Having become a princess, Tatiana “firmly entered into her role” and became a true aristocrat. She learned to control herself, to restrain her feelings: “No matter how much she was / Surprised, amazed... She retained the same tone...” Narrating about the evenings in the house of Prince N. Pushkin recreates the special atmosphere of these social events, at which “the color of the capital” was present. The author admires the “harmonious order of oligarchic conversations”, describes the relaxed conversation of the guests, in which there is no “stupid affectation”, vulgar topics or “eternal truths”.
The capital's nobility is the environment in which Onegin moved for many years. Here his character was formed, from here he learned life habits that determined his fate for a long time.
The landed nobility is represented in the novel, primarily by the Larin family, as well as by Onegin’s neighbors (whom he avoided, fearing conversations “about haymaking, about wine, about the kennel, about his relatives”). Using the example of the Larin family, the author talks about the life of local nobles, their reading range, tastes and habits. Larina Sr. married against her will, at the insistence of her parents. At first she “torn and cried” when she found herself in the village; true to her girlish habits, she wore a narrow corset, wrote sensitive poetry, called her maids in the French way, but later she got used to her new life and settled into the role of a mistress. Like many provincial landowners, Larina “autocratically” ruled her husband and was actively involved in the household:
She went to work
Salted mushrooms for the winter,
She managed expenses, shaved her foreheads...
The patriarchal way of life brings landowners closer to common people. Tatyana washes herself with snow, like peasant girls. Most close person for her - a nanny, a simple peasant woman. Larina's spouses observe fasts and celebrate Maslenitsa; they love “round swings,” round dances and sub-dish songs. Their home is always open to guests. If Onegin, living in St. Petersburg, ate exclusively French or English cuisine, then the Larin family accepted traditional Russian food. Onegin spent several hours in front of the mirror. Larin “ate and drank in a dressing gown,” his wife wore a dressing gown and cap. Describing Larin’s death, the author writes, not without irony: “He died an hour before dinner...”, emphasizing characteristic feature local life: the time of all events (even death) is counted from the time of food. “The habits of dear old times” were preserved in the Larin family even after the death of their father. Larina Sr. remained the same hospitable hostess.
However, life in the provinces also has its negative sides. First of all, it is isolation from the world, a cultural lag from the life of the capitals. On Tatyana's name day, the author brings all the “color” of the provincial nobility - trifling, brawling, cattle, cockerel... It is no coincidence that Pushkin uses here “defining” surnames that are reminiscent of the extinct literary traditions XVIII century: characters from the past century came to the “huge feast”.
Describing the noble class in his novel, Pushkin avoids unambiguous assessments. The provincial hinterland, like the capital's light, is permeated with contradictory influences of the past and present, reflects the bright and dark sides life.
In this article we bring to your attention an essay on the nobility as Pushkin shows it in the novel “Eugene Onegin”.
Nobility (High Society) in the novel "Eugene Onegin".
A.S. Pushkin in his novel “Eugene Onegin” depicted the life of the Russian nobility in the twenties of the 19th century. According to V. G. Belinsky, “ he decided to introduce us inner life this class ».
The author of the novel pays special attention to the St. Petersburg nobility, a typical representative of which is Eugene Onegin. The poet describes in every detail the day of his hero, and Onegin’s day is a typical day of a metropolitan nobleman. Thus, Pushkin recreates a picture of the life of the entire St. Petersburg secular society.
Pushkin speaks about St. Petersburg high society with a fair amount of irony and without much sympathy, because life in the capital is “monotonous and colorful,” and the “noise of the world” gets boring very quickly.
The local, provincial nobility is represented very widely in the novel. This is Onegin’s uncle, the Larin family, guests at Tatyana’s name day, Zaretsky.
Prominent representatives of the provincial nobility gather at Tatiana’s name day: Grozdin, “ excellent owner, owner of poor men "; Petushkov, " district dandy "; Flyanov, " heavy gossip, old rogue ". If the story is about metropolitan nobility Pushkin introduces real historical figures, for example, Kaverina, then in in this case the author uses the names of famous literary characters: The Skotinins are the heroes of Fonvizin’s “The Minor,” Buyanov is the hero of V.L.’s “Dangerous Neighbor.” Pushkin. The author also uses speaking names. For example, Triquet means " beaten with a stick " - a hint that he cannot be accepted in high society, but in the provinces he is a welcome guest.
The world of the landed nobility is far from perfect, because in it spiritual interests and needs are not decisive, just as their conversations are not distinguished by intelligence:
Their conversation is sensible
About haymaking, about wine,
About the kennel, about my family.
However, Pushkin writes about him with more sympathy than about St. Petersburg. IN provincial nobility naturalness and spontaneity are preserved as properties of human nature.
A good family of neighbors,
Unceremonious friends.
The local nobles were quite close to the people in terms of their attitude and way of life. This is manifested in the attitude towards nature and religion, in the observance of traditions. Pushkin pays less attention to the Moscow nobility than to the St. Petersburg nobility. Several years have passed since Pushkin wrote the 1st chapter of his novel, and A.S. Griboyedov finished the comedy “Woe from Wit,” but Pushkin adds Griboyedov’s lines to the epigraph of the seventh chapter, thereby emphasizing that little has changed in Moscow since then. The second capital has always been patriarchal. So, for example, Tatiana is met at her aunt’s by a gray-haired Kalmyk, and the fashion for Kalmyks was at the end of the 18th century.
The Moscow nobility is a collective image, in contrast to the St. Petersburg nobility, where Eugene Onegin is the main character. Pushkin, speaking about Moscow, seems to populate it with heroes Griboyedov's comedy, which have not changed over time:
But there is no change in them,
Everything about them is the same as the old model...
A real historical figure also appears in Moscow society:
Vyazemsky somehow sat down with her (Tatyana) ...
But in Moscow there is still the same bustle, “ noise, laughter, running, bowing ", which leave both Tatyana and the author indifferent
Pushkin managed to give a detailed picture of life in “Eugene Onegin” noble class, and at the same time, according to Belinsky, the entire society “in the form in which it was in the era he chose, that is, in the twenties of the current 19th century.”
Here is a character essay high society in the novel "Eugene Onegin".
