A brief dictionary of terms in cultural studies. Dictionary of cultural studies

(terms used by the authors in the context of this work are marked with an asterisk)

Holdings (cultural)*-spiritual assets of culture that provide the meaning and value of the iconic expressions of the artifact.

Acculturation- changes in material and spiritual culture that occur as a result of direct contact of different cultures.

Axiology- the doctrine of values.

Actor* - subject of cultural creativity. "Sender" of a culturally significant message.

Acceptor* - subject who perceives the product of culture. “Addressee” of a culturally significant message.

Artifact- in cultural studies - any expedient artificial object (material or symbolic). In some cases, it is advisable to distinguish between an artifact as a single object and the cultural form embodied in it.

Archetype- prototype In Jung's “deep psychoanalysis”, it is a formative element of the collective unconscious, embodied under certain conditions in the individual imagination or in cultural creativity.

genotext/phenotext- in poststructuralism (Kristeva) this is a pre-linguistic process of formation of a continuum of meanings (genotext) and structures in which the content of the genotext is revealed, having received cultural design (phenotext).

Hermeneutics- the science of the principles of understanding and interpretation. In philosophy and cultural studies - a generalized theory of the translation of meanings in acts of communication, interpretation and cultural memory.

Gestalt* - in philosophy and cultural studies (but not in psychology) - an image of varying degrees of development (from representation to narration), conveying a fixed meaning, irreducible to conceptual content. In the Goethean tradition - a figurative representation of an ancestral phenomenon.

Discourse- in post-structuralist philosophy and cultural studies - the rules for constructing speech communication, specified by the stylistic or social function. For the analysis of culture, both explicit and implicit discursive “copybooks” are important, according to which this or that topic is framed.

Disparity*-separation of a cultural form from its artifact. Disparate forms can be common among types of cultural phenomena that differ in their external form.

Dominant* - predominant cultural form. Dominant forms, in contrast to recessive ones, are active and preferred methods of cultural creativity.

Identity- identifying oneself with one or another classification type (nation, culture, social group, role, gender, age, etc.). It can be carried out in unconscious forms.

Isomorphemes*– comparable morphemes belonging to different cultural series, but correlating with respect to cultural form. For example, the novel and symphony are isomorphic as a genre solution found in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Enculturation- the assimilation by an individual (less often a group) of the norms and models of a particular culture. Synonym: culturalization. Sometimes socialization is considered a special case of enculturation.

Internalism- recognition of the determining force in the development of a particular area of ​​culture as its own internal substantive and formal factors. The opposite position is externalism. The terms arose in the 30s of the XX century. during methodological debates in the history and philosophy of science.

Intertextuality- the ability of a text to express a reaction to other - previous and synchronous - texts. The term was coined by poststructuralism (Kristeva, Barthes). Intertextuality can be the conscious identification of sources, influences or opponents. But first of all, these are unconscious “quotations”. Poststructuralism argues that every text is an intertext.

Configuration- characteristic of a culture in terms of the peculiar or unique composition of its elements, which may be common to other cultures. With relative flexibility and variability, the configuration retains its basic parameters, which makes it possible to make it the basis for describing the specifics of a given culture. The category was introduced by A. L. Kroeber.

Creature*– an artifact in the aspect of its generation by a cultural subject.

Cultural studies* - a set of sciences about culture and thematic sections about culture in different sciences.

Mentality (mentality)- mental and psychological makeup inherent in an individual, group or culture over significant historical time.

Modernity* - New time. The term in this sense is rarely used in our literature, but the term “Modern”, also used as a synonym for the New Time, seems to us less convenient, since it is easily confused with the designation of the Art Nouveau style accepted in the Russian tradition.

Morphology of culture- a branch of cultural studies that studies cultural forms, structures and patterns of their variability.

Morphogenesis- a branch of cultural studies that studies the origin and formation of cultural forms, as well as their formation into stable systems.

Narrative- a narrative constructed according to certain rules of speech or artistic communication. These rules include, in particular, the system of subjects and levels of narration, various relationships to the addressee and subject of the message, a special type of narrative time, etc. One of the operational categories of poststructuralism. There is narratology as a literary discipline.

Axial time- period of world history from 800 to 200 AD. BC e., when the foundations and goals of civilizational development were laid and such fundamentally new values ​​as personality and history were postulated. The concept was created by Jaspers.

Paradigm- a basic conceptual model for posing problems and methods for solving them, dominant during a certain historical period. The concept was introduced into science by T. Kuhn. From his point of view, paradigm shifts occur during scientific revolutions, which does not allow us to consider the development of science as evolutionary continuity.

Program*- cultural form in terms of the consistent implementation of its capabilities and goals.

Recession- see Dominant.

Semiotics- the science of the properties of signs and sign systems in culture and its individual spheres. He also studies ways of transmitting information in human society and the animal world.

Symbol- a sign that is connected with the objectivity it denotes in such a way that the meaning of the sign and its object are represented only by the sign itself and are revealed only through its interpretation; Moreover, the rules of interpretation exclude both an unambiguous “decoding” of the sign (since the object has no other mode of givenness with which the meaning of the sign could be correlated) and arbitrary interpretation (since the sign is correlated with this particular object and not with another object). Also: 1) a synonym for the concept “sign” (for example, in linguistics, computer science, logic, mathematics); 2) allegorical sign.

Syndrome* - in cultural studies sometimes denotes a combination of signs or characteristics that are repeated in historically specific cases that are not amenable to logical generalization.

Syntax of culture* - a branch of cultural studies that studies ways of combining cultural forms into systems (syntagms) that can become a source of styles and paradigms.

Socialization- see Enculturation.

Subculture- independent holistic education within the dominant culture (for example, confessional, youth subcultures). Often a subculture conflicts with the dominant or opposes it.

Text*- any artifact as a coherent system of signs carrying a potential message. The text can be included as a part of a semantic whole (context) and used (modified) by communicative practice (discourse).

Phenotext- see Genotext.

Cultural form (morpheme)- the way in which an artifact expresses its extra-utilitarian symbolic “message”. For example, the same subject in art, executed in different stylistic manners, has different cultural forms.

Externalism- see Internalism.

Entelechy- a neologism from Aristotle, meaning mastery of goals and the embodiment of goals in individually defined objectivity. Both main interpretations of entelechy - as the possession of completeness and as the content of a goal - presuppose the internal work of the goal (process), leading to execution and embodiment (result). Thus, according to Aristotle, the soul is the entelechy of the body. In the occult-pantheistic natural philosophy of the Renaissance, entelechy is a designation of internal life force. The concept is used by Leibniz in Monadology, by Goethe in his natural philosophical reflections, by Husserl in The Crisis of the European Sciences. As a cultural concept, entelechy works in the cultural studies of G. S. Knabe.

Etabling – transformation of a cultural phenomenon into an institution.

Here and further, the authors pay primary attention to Mediterranean-European cultural history. This is not due to Eurocentrism, but to greater illustrativeness and ease of understanding of the tradition to which our readers belong.

Greek "demiurgos" means "master", "craftsman".

Antigone (332-375). Translation by D. S. Merezhkovsky.

Lurie, 558.

Art. 1448-1455. Per. F. Petrovsky.

321 pp. Transl. V.S. Solovyova.

We, of course, cannot identify this science with cultural studies. There is even an opinion that “the science created by Ibn Khaldun does not coincide in any way with any “analogue” that we could find in Western thought - for the simple reason that there are no such analogues.” In the article: Smirnov A.V. Ibn Khaldun and his new science / Historical and Philosophical Yearbook 2007. M., 2008, pp. 185-186.

It is this term that is used by French thinkers, in contrast to the German educators who chose the term “culture”. It is believed that the word “civilization” in the modern sense was first introduced by the French economist V. R. Mirabeau in the book “The Friend of Men” (1756).

From “Sturm und Drang” - the name of the drama by F. M. Klinger (1752-1831), one of the active figures of the movement. Hence the term “sturmers” in relation to the participants in Sturm and Drang.

“The idea of ​​universal history in the world-civil plan”, 1784; “Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?”, 1784; "The Supposed Beginning of Human History", 1786; "Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone", 1793; "The End of All Things", 1794; "Towards Eternal Peace", 1795; "Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View", 1798; "Logic", 1800; "On Pedagogy", 1803.

Kant I. Op. in German and Russian. T. 4. M., 2001, p. 701.

Kant I. Treatises and letters. M., 1980, p. 453-454.

There, p. 454.

Kant I. Op. in German and Russian. T. 4. M., 2001, p. 711.

From Greek hypotypōsis - sketch, essay, sketch, example, sample.

A case discussed in the Critique of Pure Reason.

Kant I. Op. in German and Russian. T. 4. M., 2001, p. 515.

"Das Schöne ist das Symbol des Sittlich-Guten." In the book: Kant I. Op. in German and Russian. T. 4. M., 2001, p. 517.

There, p. 523.

There, p. 525.

Of particular note are the various versions of the phenomenology of spirit given by Hegel and Schelling (and directly related to Kant’s method), and the experience of the morphology of culture in the vitalist, symbolic and hermeneutic directions of cultural studies of the 20th century.

Hegel expounds his original philosophical “myth” in his “Phenomenology of Spirit,” the significance of which was not diminished by later versions of the system. Also important for understanding Hegel are the Lectures, compiled from the notes of his students. In our case, a valuable source is lectures on the philosophy of law, aesthetics, philosophy of religion, philosophy of history, history of philosophy.

Dilthey himself rarely used this term. But it was he who rethought Schleiermacher’s hermeneutics and created the prerequisites for the hermeneutics of Heidegger and Gadamer.

Heidegger critically noted that “the formal structure of the interconnection of life is ultimately determined in Dilthey by the humanistic ideal of Goethe and Humboldt,” but today we can rather see Dilthey’s advantage in this, his ability to preserve the continuity of European humanities.

Dilthey V. View of the world and the study of man since the Renaissance and Reformation. M., 2000.

The aesthetics of early and middle Dilthey, presented in volume 4 of the published collection, are interesting, but less indicative in this regard. See: Dilthey V. Collection. cit.: In 6 vols. T. 4. Hermeneutics and theory of literature. M., 2001.

"Nietzsche's Philosophy in the Light of Our Experience." Collection Op. in 10 vols. T. 10, p. 359.

Even the semiotics of everyday life is outlined. See, for example, Samarin’s article “Two words about clothes” in the book: Samarin Yu. F. Articles. Memories. Letters. M., 1997.

Zenkovsky V.V. History of Russian philosophy. Kharkiv; M., 2001, p. 201.

There, p. 231.

Spengler O. Decline of Europe. T. 1. M., 1993, p. 151.

There, p. 265.

There, p. 264.

There, p. 344.

There, p. 342.

Frank S. L. Fr. Nietzsche and the ethics of “love for the distant.” In the book: Problems of idealism. Digest of articles . M., 2002.

Trubetskoy S.N. What the history of philosophy teaches. In the book: Problems of idealism. Digest of articles . M., 2002, p. 492.

There, p. 501.

There, p. 495.

There, p. 504.

See: Struve P.B. Selected works. M., 1999, p. 127-150.

There, p. 135.

There, p. 132-133.

Culture(from lat. culture– processing, cultivation, refining and cultus- veneration) and civilization(from lat. civis– citizen).

There are many definitions of culture and different interpretations of this concept.

Generally speaking, in one of the modern understandings, culture- a special spiritual experience of human communities, accumulated and transmitted from generation to generation, the content of which are the value meanings of phenomena, things, forms, norms and ideals, relationships and actions, feelings, intentions, thoughts, expressed in specific signs and sign systems (culture languages ).

More simplified culture- this is the processing, design, spiritualization, ennobling by people of the environment and themselves: human relationships, activities, their processes, methods and results.

The term “culture” is also used to denote a general characteristic of the state of life of society in a particular region (the culture of the East), a historical period (the culture of the Renaissance), an ethnic group (the Basque culture), a social group (the culture of the nobility), and a country (the culture of France). In this use, the term “culture” most often coincides or almost coincides in meaning with the term “civilization”.

The concept of “culture” is sometimes used to denote the culture of a person or social group.

Culture: 1) the quality of a person (social group), characterizing a person’s ability to process, design, ennoble, spiritualize the environment and himself; 2) the quality of a person (social group), characterizing the real presence and extent of embodiment of value meanings in his (their) life; 3) a measure of a person’s or a social group’s mastery of the spiritual experience accumulated by society (humanity).

Cultured man- a person who has largely mastered the spiritual wealth of his own and universal human culture and implements in life the values, norms, ideals, forms of relationships and behavior that are characteristic of a given culture, is disposed to respect the values ​​of other cultures, owns sign systems for expressing spiritual meanings, the ability to creativity in the field of culture.

Civilization– there is no unity in the use and understanding of the term. The word “civilization” is used: 1) as a synonym for the word “culture”; 2) as a designation of an interethnic, cultural and historical community of people, the grounds and criteria for identifying which, as a rule, differ depending on the context and purposes of application of this term (see: Culture of the 20th century. Dictionary. St. Petersburg, 1997. P. 525 ), for example, Western European civilization, ancient civilizations.

In Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. Civilization was understood as the highest stage of sociocultural development (savagery - barbarism - civilization).

In the 20th century.(O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, etc.) used the term “civilization” to designate local mono- or multi-ethnic societies with pronounced sociocultural specifics (ancient Greek, Roman, Muslim, etc. civilizations).

At the same time, the term “civilization” began to contain the meaning of technical and mechanical in culture (O. Spengler), the degeneration of culture, its degradation into civilization.

Currently Some researchers understand civilization as: 1) a special state of society, characterized by a high degree of orderliness of social life based on morality and law, significant development of education, science and technology, technologies of activity and communication; 2) that which provides “comfort,” the conveniences put at our disposal by science and technology, the political and social organization of societies (see: Brief Philosophical Encyclopedia. M., 1994, pp. 507–508).

Civility of a person or a social community indicates their correspondence to the nature and level of general civilizational development in a particular historical period.

Civilized man– enlightened and implementing in his life patterns of relationships and behavior that correspond to the nature and level of development of a given civilization, who knows how to use its achievements.

Lack of culture– realization of the cultural level of a person or social group at an extremely low level. In fact, it is the absence of manifestations of culture in its essential moments with the possible presence of some insignificant (external) signs of culture.

Anticulture- a set of phenomena, to one degree or another, directed against culture, towards its destruction, destruction, reduction to a lower level, spiritual devastation.

Counter-culture– a concept that: 1) is usually used to designate sociocultural attitudes that oppose the fundamental principles prevailing in a particular culture; 2) identified with the youth subculture of the 60s. XX century, reflecting a critical attitude towards modern culture and its rejection as “the culture of the fathers” (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, p. 190).

Savagery– 1) an outdated definition of the earliest stage of cultural development in human history; 2) lack of culture, the state and manifestations of lack of culture, realized in the intentions, feelings, thoughts, relationships, and actions of people.

Barbarism– 1) an intermediate stage of the historical development of culture (between savagery and civilization); 2) characterization of the low-cultural state of society and (or) manifestations of anti-cultural tendencies, expressed in the deliberate (or ignorance) destruction of culture, its values, artifacts, monuments, representatives.

Adaptation(from lat. adaptare- device) cultural.

1. Adaptation of a person and human communities to life in the world around them by creating and using culture as an artificial (not natural) formation through changing the environment and oneself in relation to it in accordance with life’s needs.

In this case, what is called culture and civilization are usually not distinguished. This understanding of cultural adaptation is especially applicable when considering the early periods of human existence and societies, cultural genesis, archaic, or close to them, human communities.

The development of culture itself, in its differences from what is called civilization, does not always and does not in every way contribute to a person’s adaptation to survival in a certain environment.

2. Cultural adaptation can also be understood as the adaptation of a person (social group) to a certain cultural environment, embedding traditions, values, norms, patterns of relationships and behavior, cultural languages, etc. into it by mastering them. Then the concept of “cultural adaptation” is connected in meaning with the concepts of “enculturation” and “acculturation”.

Acculturation– in the modern meaning, the process of interaction between cultures, during which they change, assimilate new elements, and form, as a result of mixing different cultural traditions, a fundamentally new cultural synthesis (see: Culturology. 20th century. Dictionary, p. 21).

Artifact(from lat. arte– artificially + factus– made) cultural– any object (thing, tool, behavioral act, rite, ritual, element of social structure, etc.) in which cultural values ​​and value meanings are embodied.

Archetype(from Greek ccp%ri – beginning + xunoq- image) cultural- prototype, origin - sample; basic elements of culture that form constant models of spiritual life (typical in culture). The most fundamental in the composition of culture are universal (universal) and ethnocultural (ethnic) archetypes.

Universal: for example, the archetypes of tamed fire, chaos, creation, masculine and feminine principles, generational change, and the “golden age.” Ethnocultural They represent certain constants of ethno-national spirituality, express the experience of the past and the aspirations of the future: for example, responsiveness, openness in Russian culture, associated with the feminine principle (see: Culturology of the 20th century. Dictionary, pp. 51–52).

Cultural assimilation- a process as a result of which members of one social group lose the originality of their originally existing culture and assimilate the culture of another social group with which they are in direct contact (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, p. 55).

Gender– gender in sociocultural terms; a concept that denotes the uniqueness of masculine and feminine in culture, realized in different forms of manifestations of masculinity and femininity, male and female behavior (see: Lawson T., Garrod J. Sociology A–Z. Dictionary-reference book. M., 2000. P. 99).

Globalization cultural– the process of increasing interconnection and interaction of cultures, occurring on a global scale; internationalization of culture (see: Lawson T., Garrod J. Sociology A–Z. Dictionary-reference book. M., 2000. pp. 66–67).

Dynamics of culture (sociocultural dynamics) – changes occurring within a culture and in the interaction of different cultures, which are characterized by integrity, the presence of ordered tendencies, as well as a directional nature (see: Culturology of the 20th century. Dictionary,

When talking about the dynamics of culture, or sociocultural dynamics, the emphasis is not on changes in culture itself, but on the social factors driving it, the social “mechanisms” of culture.

Diffusionism – in the knowledge of culture - the concept of the development of culture and cultures, based on the idea of ​​spatial movements, the spread of culture or its individual elements from some center or centers.

Cultural diffusion– spatial distribution, penetration (diffusion) of cultural achievements of some societies into others, borrowing of the achievements of some societies by others (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, pp. 102–105).

Signs and sign systems in culture (cultures)– bearers of cultural meanings, value meanings, value content.

A sign in general is a sensually perceived object that symbolically, conventionally represents the object, phenomenon, action, event, property, connection or relationship of objects, phenomena, actions, events designated by it and refers to this object, phenomenon, action, etc., signals about an object, phenomenon, property, etc., which are designated by it (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, p. 99).

Signs are formed into systems: linguistic (natural and artificial languages) and non-linguistic (for example, rules of etiquette, systems of signals, symbols).

Signs and sign systems are carriers of information, values, meanings.

Ideal– a perfect image of a phenomenon, endowed with a value dimension of universality and absoluteness; a sample of an object that meets the needs (wants) of a person as completely and perfectly as possible; reference value.

Identity cultural– the unity of the cultural world of a person (social group) with a certain culture, cultural tradition, cultural system, characterized by the assimilation and acceptance of values, norms, the content core of a given culture and forms of its expression.

Enculturation– the process of introducing an individual (social group) to culture, assimilation of existing values, habits, norms and patterns of behavior characteristic of a given culture (see: Culturology. 20th century. Dictionary, p. 147).

Historical typology of cultures– identification of types of cultures in human history, classification of cultures by type and determination of the place of a specific culture in the cultural-historical process (see: Culturology. 20th century. Dictionary, p. 168).

Cultural communication– the process of interaction between people, social groups, organizations, specific cultures, in which the transfer and (or) exchange of cultural information is carried out through special sign systems (languages), techniques and means of their use (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, with 185).

Cultural circles theory- a direction within the historical school of ethnography and cultural studies, the central idea of ​​which was the idea that throughout the early history of mankind, connections were established between individual elements of culture. As a result, cultural circles took shape that arose in a certain geographical space and then spread to other areas (see: Culturology. 20th century. Dictionary, p. 237).

Culturogenesis- the process of the emergence and formation of human culture, one of the types of social and historical dynamics of culture, which consists in the generation of new cultural forms and their integration into existing cultural systems, as well as the formation of new cultural systems and their qualities (see: Culturology. 20th century. Dictionary, p. 239).

Linearity and cyclism – in ideas about the development of culture: 1) linearity– an idea of ​​the development of human culture and (or) cultures along a single line and (or) with a single direction - from origin to higher or lower stages of development;2) cyclism– the idea of ​​the cyclical (from the Greek kgzhYaos; - circle) development of culture (cultures, civilizations) from their emergence to higher stages and disappearance.

Marginality(from lat. margo– edge) cultural- a concept that characterizes the position and characteristics of the life of social groups and individuals, whose value systems, orientations, and behavior patterns are simultaneously correlated (in reality or in intention) with various cultural systems and the requirements arising from them, but they are not fully integrated into any of them (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, p. 258).

Mass culture– 1) the culture of the masses (people), the majority of members of society, a culture that, in principle, generally cannot be at the highest level with continuity of cultural development (creativity); 2) commercialized, consumer, standardized culture, lack of culture of the masses (crowd); 3) vulgar culture of the middle strata of society.

Material culture– still used, but clearly a conditional term, denoting the nature of objectivity, materiality (and not materiality) of carriers of spiritual value meanings, a particularly expressive objectivity (and not materiality) of spiritual phenomena.

Folk culture– a concept that does not have a clear definition, the meaning of which depends on the changing meaning of the concept “people”. Often identified with the idea of ​​ethnic and national traditional culture. Sometimes it was interpreted as the culture of the masses, the lower classes of society, as opposed to the culture of the elite (tops, aristocrats).

Cultural norm- a standard of cultural activity that regulates the relationships and behavior of people, indicating their belonging to specific cultural groups and expressing their ideas about what is proper and desirable (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, p. 321).

Rituals- ceremonies or rituals that accompany any key moments in people's lives.

Custom– the initial, simplest type of cultural regulation of people’s relationships and activities on the basis of habitual patterns of behavior performed on an established occasion at a certain time and in a certain place (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, p. 328).

Everyday life- something that happens every day in a person’s life and the world of nature and culture around him and is experienced and evaluated in a certain way.

From here everyday culture– the embodiment of culture and its values ​​in the everyday life of a person or community of people.

Postmodernism- a broad cultural movement that bears the stamp of disappointment in the ideals and values ​​of the Renaissance and Enlightenment with their faith in progress, the triumph of reason, and the limitlessness of human possibilities. What is common to various national variants of postmodernism can be considered its identification with the name of the era of “tired”, “entropic” culture, marked by eschatological moods, aesthetic mutations, diffusion of great styles, and an eclectic mixture of artistic languages. The avant-garde focus on novelty is opposed here by the desire to include in contemporary art the entire experience of world artistic culture by ironically quoting it. Reflection on the modernist concept of the world as chaos results in the experience of playfully mastering this chaos, transforming it into the habitat of a cultural person (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, pp. 348–349).

Some researchers see the meaning of postmodernism in creating the prerequisites for new formulations of the problems of freedom and responsibility, in demonstrating a multimodal consideration of culture, in affirming the self-sufficiency of creativity and creative personality, scientific and artistic pluralism.

Ritual- a historically established form of non-instinctive, predictable, socially sanctioned, ordered symbolic behavior, in which the method and order of execution of actions are strictly canonized and often cannot be rationally explained in terms of means and ends (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, p. 381 ).

Symbol(from Greek symbolon– sign, omen) is a special sign that presupposes a generally significant reaction not to the symbolized object itself, but to abstract meanings associated with this object (see: Culturology. 20th century. Dictionary, p. 407).

Simulacrum(stereotype, pseudo-thing, pure form) - an image of absent reality, a pseudo-like resemblance, devoid of the original. A superficial hyperrealistic object with no reality behind it. This is an empty form when the line between the real and the imaginary is erased (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, p. 423).

Cultural meanings– informational, emotional, expressive and value content (meaning) of cultural objects and their elements as signs.

Style- a way of life and action based on certain patterns, fixed and expressed in the actions themselves and their results. Styles are relatively stable and often have creative value (Romanesque, Baroque, Art Nouveau, etc.). The style of a particular culture (according to F. Nietzsche) is the unity of creative styles in all manifestations of national life.

Subculture- a special sphere of culture, a sovereign integral formation within the dominant culture, distinguished by its own value system, customs, norms, styles of behavior (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, p. 450).

Cultural traditions– cultural heritage, passed on from generation to generation and reproduced in certain societies and social groups for a long time.

Traditions include objects of inheritance (spiritual values, processes and methods of inheritance). Cultural patterns, values, norms, customs, rituals, styles, etc. act as traditional (see: Culturology. XX century. Dictionary, p. 480).

Level of culture (culture)– the degree, height of cultural development of a person or social group (a specific society).

Functions of culture– what culture promotes, what it is intended for; a set of roles that culture performs in relation to the community of people who generate and use (practice) it in their own interests (see: Culturology. 20th century. Dictionary, p. 508).

At the same time, there is an idea about the fundamental non-functionality of culture, that it can be considered not as a means to something, but only as an end (S. L. Frank) and that culture itself does nothing, although its presence , level or lack thereof can be quite powerful.

Cultural chronotope– the unity of spatial and temporal parameters, revealing, expressing and largely determining the uniqueness of cultural systems.

Value- the relationship between a person (social group) and a phenomenon that has become a bearer of special positive (within a given social community) significance of something or someone.

In other words, the special objective positive significance of something (someone) in the life of a particular person, social group, society.

Compared to value grade- a subjective emotional or rational idea of ​​​​the special significance of something (someone) in the life of a particular person, social group, society, which is often a moment of value relationship.

The value of culture– a special objective positive significance of something (someone) in the spiritual life of a particular person, social group, society, embodied in various carriers of significance and expressed in the signs and sign systems of a given culture.

Value orientation– a complex of spiritual determinants, relationships and activities of people (or an individual), which determines the direction of the implementation of culture in feelings, thoughts, intentions and actions.

Evolutionism– in the theory of culture - the idea of ​​a single path for humanity of the gradual historical development of culture from lower levels to higher states. A path in which certain cultures do not progress (some disappear altogether), while others achieve greater and greater cultural advancement.

Elite(from fr. elite– selected, selected, best) culture– 1) the culture of “spiritual aristocracy”, highly cultural representatives of social groups; 2) designation of some subcultures, privileged groups of society, which are characterized, in addition to spiritual aristocracy, by fundamental closedness, value-semantic self-sufficiency, opposed to mass culture in a broad sense (including consumer, “folk”).

Languages ​​of culture– sign systems in which and with the help of which various value meanings are expressed and cultural and intercultural communication, preservation and transmission of cultural values ​​are ensured.

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Abstractionism - (Latin abstractio - distraction) - abstract art - a formalist movement in painting, culture and graphics of the 20th century; abstractionists refuse to depict real objects and phenomena; their works are a combination of geometric shapes, color spots and lines.
Vanguard -(or avant-garde) (French avant-garde) - the name of a number of movements in the art of the 20th century, breaking with existing realistic norms and traditions; Avant-gardeism is an extreme expression of the broader movement of modernism and is characterized by a rebellious character. It undermines and destroys the traditional features and principles of artistic creativity and helps open the way to the search for a new historical quality of artistic culture. Major representatives of the avant-garde - Kandinsky, Malevich, Picasso, Mathis, Dali and others.
Axiology- (Greek axios valuable + ... ology) – philosophical and cultural doctrine of evaluative activity, methods of assessing cultural phenomena and developing value orientations and related relationships between people.
Acculturation– the process of mutual influence of cultures, as a result of which the culture of one people is completely or partially perceived by the culture of another people, usually less developed; this is a variety of processes of assimilation and ethnic consolidation.
Animism- (from Latin anima - soul) - 1) one of the primitive forms of religion, associated with belief in the existence of spirits, in the animation of all objects, in the presence of an independent soul in people, animals, plants; one of the primitive forms of religion; 2) philosophical teaching that elevates the soul to the principle of life.
Antagonism - (from the gr. antagfnisma - dispute, struggle) - an irreconcilable contradiction in culture - antagonism between the bearers of mutually exclusive social programs of behavior, worldviews (humanism and misanthropy, nationalism and internationalism).
Antiquity(from Lat. anticus - ancient) - in the broad sense of the word, a term equivalent to the Russian "antiquity", in a narrower and more common sense - a cultural and historical era, history and culture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, as well as those lands that were under their influence.
Anthropogenesis- (from the gr. antropos – man + genos – birth) – 1) the process of the evolutionary-historical formation of man; 2) section of anthropology - the doctrine of human origins.
Cultural anthropology- a scientific direction, which is characterized by greater attention to spiritual formations than to material artifacts and systems of material relations. Problem a. To build a theory of man as a creator and bearer of culture requires taking into account the variability of his essence in the concrete historical diversity of cultures, and striving to analyze man by relying not only on biology, history, sociology and teleology.
Artifact- (Latin arte – artificially + factus – made) – in the usual sense, any artificially created object, a product of human activity. In cultural studies, it is a carrier of socio-cultural information, life-semantic meanings, and a means of communication.
Archeology- (from gr. archaios - ancient + ... logia) - a science that studies the historical past of human society using monuments of material culture (tools, utensils, weapons, dwellings, settlements, burial places), found mainly during excavations.
Archetype(Greek – beginning + image) – prototype, primary form, sample. In K. Jung's analytical psychology, the concept of A. correlates with the unconscious activity of people. An archetype is an innate mental structure that is the result of the historical development of humanity.
Architecture- (Latin architectura, from the gr. architektonike (techne)) – construction (art)) – 1) the art of designing and constructing buildings and structures; architecture; sometimes architecture as the art of design is opposed to construction as the implementation of a project in kind; 2) the artistic nature of the building.
Asceticism- (from the gr. asketes, exerciser, ascetic) – 1) the teaching and practical method of achieving moral perfection through a person’s self-regulation of his bodily needs (dieting, mastering body culture, etc.) and limiting and suppressing sensual inclinations and desires (gourmet, laziness, voluptuousness); in the history of culture, asceticism, as a rule, was carried out within the framework of religious teachings, therefore it is usually perceived as an exclusively religious principle; 2) religious asceticism; 3) extreme abstinence, refusal of life's goods.
Astrology- (Greek astron star + ... logy) - the doctrine of the supposedly existing connection between the location of heavenly bodies and the historical destinies of people; arose in the Middle Ages and continues to exist in our time.
Baroque– (Italian barocco, - strange, whimsical), one of the main stylistic trends in the art of Europe and America. XVI - mid. XVIII centuries B. is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism of images, affectation, the desire for grandeur and splendor, for combining reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles, opera, religious music, oratorio); at the same time, there is a tendency towards autonomy of individual genres (concerto grosso, sonata, suite in instrumental music).

Lack of culture – the presence of elements of savagery, barbarism and negative examples in general in modern culture, backwardness of cultural development.
Bible(Greek biblia, plural from biblion book) - a set of books that make up the Holy Scriptures; The Bible consists of two parts - the Old Testament, which represents the holy books of the Christian and Jewish religions, and the New Testament, which contains Christian teaching itself.
Buddhism – one of the world religions (along with Christianity and Islam), which arose in the 6th century. BC e. in India and named after its legendary founder Gautama, who later received the name Buddha (enlightened). Buddhism became widespread in Southeast and Central Asia, as well as Central Asia and Siberia.
Barbarism(Greek barbaros) - in the cultural and historical periodization adopted in the science of the 18th-19th centuries, the middle of the three eras of human history: savagery, barbarism, civilization. The scheme was substantiated by L. G. Morgan and adopted by F. Engels. Barbarism begins with the invention of pottery and ends with the advent of writing. In modern science, a new periodization of primitive history is being developed. The figurative meaning is extreme cruelty, rudeness.
Century– a measure of cultural periodization of human history based on its achievement of a certain level of development of the foundations of culture: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, etc.
Faith- an element of a worldview through which a person’s attitude to his own vital forces, their source, and their capabilities is expressed. Faith can be positive (confidence) and negative (disbelief, uncertainty); “blind” – trust in feelings, intuition without any evidence; and “sighted” – trust in the understanding of experience, scientific evidence.
Westernization- the purposeful imposition of Western, and most often American, culture in combination with a thoughtless demand (fashion) for this culture, which leads to the loss of its cultural identity by the Westernized side, which can cause social protest and a hostile attitude towards Western culture as such.
Renaissance– see the article “Renaissance”.
Genesis– origin, emergence; the process of formation and formation of a developing phenomenon.
Globalization– 1) an objective, natural process of spreading the achievements of “high” cultures throughout the world, primarily to “lower” cultures in order to bring them closer to the culture of advanced countries; 2) the desire for the dictatorship of the USA and the West over other peoples and cultures with the aim of exploiting them, as the subordination of all national cultures to a single cosmopolitan (American predominantly) cultural standard, i.e. acts as an extreme form of Westernization (globalization “white” and “black”).
Global problems of our time– a set of problems of humanity, on the solution of which social progress and the preservation of civilization depend: preventing global thermonuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples; bridging the gap in economic level and per capita income between developed and developing countries by eliminating their backwardness, as well as eliminating hunger and poverty on the globe; ensuring the further development of humanity with the necessary natural resources; prevention of immediate and long-term consequences of the scientific and technological revolution.
Gothic(French gothique - from the name of the German tribe of Goths) - an artistic style, mainly architectural, that originated in the 12th century. in France and in the late Middle Ages, spreading throughout Western Europe; Gothic architecture is characterized by pointed vaults on ribs (ribs), an abundance of stone carvings and sculptural decorations, the use of stained glass, and the subordination of architectural forms to vertical rhythm.
Graphic arts(Gr. graphike, from graphf – I write, draw, draw) – 1) a type of fine art based on a drawing made with strokes and lines without paint, as well as printed artistic images based on such a drawing; 2) the linguistic part of the study of writing, which studies the relationships between letters and sounds.
Humanism(from Latin humanus - humane) - a set of ideas and views that affirm the value of a person regardless of his social status and the right of an individual to the free development of his creative powers, proclaiming the principles of equality, justice, humane relations between people; humanism of the Renaissance (Renaissance, XIV-XVI centuries) - a social and literary movement that opposed scholasticism and the spiritual domination of the church, striving for the revival of the ancient ideal of beauty and humanity; real humanism is a measure of the humanity of social relations.
Decadence(French decadence, from Latin decadentia - decline) - otherwise decadence - the general name for crisis, decadent phenomena in the art of the late XIX - early XX centuries, marked by individualistic pessimism, rejection of life, aestheticization of non-existence.
Cultural determinism– a philosophical concept that considers culture as a relatively autonomous entity, independent of other spheres of public life and playing a decisive role in social development.
Dialectics(gr. dialektike (techne) - (the art of) conducting a conversation, argument) - 1) a method of creativity based on the knowledge of real contradictions that underlie natural and social phenomena and the use of this knowledge for practical purposes through a positive resolution of existing contradictions or conscious connection opposites in innovation; 2) the objective process of development of culture (society) in all its inconsistency, diversity and logical sequence of changing forms.
Savagery- the name of the 1st stage of human history, which gave way to barbarism. Wildness began with the advent of man and ended with the emergence of pottery. The period of savagery corresponds to the time of the formation of man and the early tribal system (Paleolithic and Mesolithic).
Sociocultural dynamics– changes or modification of cultural features in time and space as a result of the influence of external and internal forces.
Dissident(from lat. dissidens (dissidentis) - disagreement, contradictory) - 1) a person who does not adhere to the dominant religion; 2) a dissident person who does not agree with the dominant ideology, with the dominant worldview, with the existing system.
Cultural diffusion– distribution of the characteristics and properties of a given culture to other cultures.
Spirit- a term to denote an intangible principle that differs from the material, natural one. In cultural studies, the concept of “spirit” is used in a broad and narrow sense, as synonyms for the dominant spiritual culture and its core worldview.
Spiritual culture– 1) includes both the totality of the results of spiritual activity and the spiritual activity itself 2) includes everything that does not have direct embodiment (language, ideology, knowledge, values, customs, morality, etc.).
Soul(Greek psyche, Lat. anima) – a concept expressing historically changing views on the inner world of man; in religion and idealistic philosophy, a special immaterial substance independent of the body.
Genre(from the French genre - genus, type) - 1) a historically established, stable variety of a work of art, for example, in painting - a portrait, landscape, in literature - a novel, a poem; 2) the same as genre painting.
Mythological genre- a type of fine art that draws themes from the mythologies of different peoples. The peculiarity of the mythological genre is the free interpretation of legendary plots. It developed in ancient art, and reached its peak during the Renaissance.
Painting– a type of fine art, works of which are created using paints applied to any surface. Painting is an important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, influencing the thoughts and feelings of viewers; it has significant social content and various ideological functions.
Sign– (sign - category in cultural studies) 1) a sensually perceived subject (sound, image, etc.), which replaces, represents other objects, their properties and relationships 2) a material object (phenomenon, event), acting as a representative of some another object, property or relationship and used for acquiring, storing, processing and transmitting information (messages, knowledge, images).
Icon(from gr. eikфn - image, image) - in Orthodoxy and Catholicism - an image of God, a saint (saints), which is the subject of religious worship.
Impressionism(French impressionisme, from impression - impression) - a movement in art of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries; received its fullest expression in French painting. In an effort to capture the real world in its mobility and variability, to achieve living authenticity of the image, to recreate the unity of man and the environment, impressionist painters developed the plein air system; they painted with separate strokes of “pure color” (that is, they did not use mixed paints), and accurately recreated two-color and colored shadow reflexes. In music, sculpture, literature, and theater, the Impressionists developed ways of conveying impression as the fundamental aspect of all representation, experience, and thought.
Personalization– the reverse side of socialization, the socio-cultural process of an individual’s accumulation of special, unique experience, the growth of its scale, creative potential, versatility, independence of freedom and responsibility. The measure of individualization is personal contribution to culture.
Hinduism(Sanskrit) - the religion most widespread in modern India; arose around the 5th century. n. e.
Enculturation- the gradual involvement of a person in culture, the gradual development by him of norms, manners, skills, rules of behavior, forms of thinking and emotional life that are characteristic of a certain type of culture and for a certain historical period.
Cultural innovation– objects, institutions, norms, values, etc. appearing for the first time in the culture of a given society as a result of invention or borrowing from other cultures.
Intelligentsia(from Latin intelligens (intelligentis) - knowledgeable, understanding, reasonable) - a social layer of people professionally engaged in mental, mainly complex creative work, ensuring the continuity and growth of culture (workers in science and art, lawyers, teachers, engineers, doctors, journalists and etc.).
Irrationalism(from Latin irationalis - unreasonable) - a direction in philosophy that denies the possibilities of reason in the process of cognition and transformation of reality, recognizing the main type of knowledge as revelation, faith, will, intuition or other non-thoughtful aspects of spiritual life. In practice, irrationalism is fixed by the formula “we wanted the best, but it turned out as always.”
Art- one of the elements of culture, interpreted in modern cultural studies as the degree of improvement of artistic technologies, the result of human activity and the degree of personal development.
Islam(Arabic, lit. - submission) - one of the world religions (along with Christianity and Buddhism), which arose in the 7th century. in Arabia, its followers are Muslim. The founder of Islam is considered to be Muhammad, whom, according to legend, Allah chose as his “messenger” prophet. The creed of Islam is set out in the Koran; Islam is widespread mainly in the countries of the Middle East, North Africa, Southeast Asia, and a number of regions of the former USSR; the same as Islam.
Story- the way of existence in time of man and humanity; narration of what happened as a special form of culture, a specialized discipline.
Historical typology of culture - classification of cultures by type and determination of the place of a specific culture in the cultural-historical process; as a research method includes diachronic and synchronic approaches.
Judaism- a religion widespread mainly among Jews; arose at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. e.; is monotheistic with the cult of the god Yahweh; Judaism is the state religion of Israel.
Category(gr. kategoria) - a concept that reflects the most essential properties and relationships of objects, phenomena of the objective world as a whole (matter, time, space, movement, causality, quality, quantity, etc. - categories of philosophy) or its parts studied by individual sciences (material, spiritual culture, social research, value, traditions, etc. - categories of cultural studies).
Catholicism(from the gr. katholikos - universal, universal) - one of the main trends in Christianity (along with Orthodoxy and Protestantism), which took shape as a result of the split of Christian churches in the 11th century.
Classicism(Latin classicus - first-class, exemplary) - an artistic style and direction in European literature and art of the 17th - early 19th centuries, one of the important features of which was the appeal to the images and forms of ancient literature and art as an ideal aesthetic model.
Classic(Latin classicus - first-class, exemplary) - exemplary, outstanding, generally recognized works of literature and art that have lasting value for national and world culture.
Computerization(English computer, from Latin computare - count, calculate) - the widespread introduction of computers in various areas of human activity (for example, for conducting scientific research, managing various production processes, training, diagnostics).
Constructivism(from Latin constructio - construction) - a direction in the art of the 20th century, successively associated with cubism and futurism and which gave rise to its own artistic style, which was reflected in Soviet architecture, painting, applied art and poetry of the 20s - early 30s; The main tenet of constructivism was the rapprochement of art with the practice of industrial life along the line of form: geometrization of contours and exposure of the technical basis of construction in architecture, functionally justified design in applied art, stylization of documents and reproduction of production rhythms in poetry, etc.
Counterculture(lat. - against) - the direction of development of modern culture, opposing the established spiritual atmosphere of modern industrial society. K. became widespread among some young people in Western countries in the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century. K. is characterized by a rejection of established social values, moral norms and ideals, standards and stereotypes of mass culture. K.'s goal is to overthrow modern culture, which seems to be organized violence against the individual, a strangler of creative impulses.
Confucianism- philosophical and ethical system developed in the 5th century. BC e. ancient Chinese thinker Confucius (Kun Tzu); one of the Chinese religions that defends the inviolability of social orders and social inequality established by heaven; strictly requires the fulfillment of rituals, the veneration of ancestors, and the performance of sacrifices.
Koran(Ar.) - the main holy book of Muslims, a collection of religious, dogmatic, mythological and legal texts.
Kremlin– (until the 14th century, detinets), the central part of ancient Russian cities, surrounded by fortress walls with towers; a complex of defensive, palace and church buildings. The Kremlin was located on high places, usually on the banks of a river or lake, and was the core of the city, determining its silhouette and layout. Kremlins have been preserved in Novgorod, Pskov, Tula, Nizhny Novgorod, Smolensk, Moscow and other cities.
Cult(from Latin cultus - veneration) - 1) one of the mandatory elements of any religion, expressed in special magical rituals, actions of clergy and believers in order to have the desired effect on supernatural forces; 2) admiration for someone, something, veneration of someone, something; excessive exaltation of someone or something (cult of personality, cult of creativity, cult of profit, cult of idleness, etc.).
Culture(lat. cultura) – 1) the basic concept of cultural studies, denoting, firstly, everything that is created by man himself, as opposed to what is created by nature. This definition fixes the external boundaries of culture and its source - purposeful activity. Since in culture the subject, object and final product is the person himself as the value of all values, culture can be called the production of a historically specific type of person; 2) in the socio-historical sense - the dominant method of accumulation and transmission from generation to generation of creative experience (heritage) - primitive culture, feudal, bourgeois, etc.; 3) a specific systemic method of reproduction (cultivation) of certain human qualities, properties and their complexes (professional, emotional, intellectual, physical, environmental, etc.); 4) a measure of assimilation of the personal achievements of humanity and the method of their application in creativity and communication. 5) the result of all and any activity of people during their existence.
Cultural anthropology– comparative study of cultural communities or societies; studying the influence of geographical, historical, social and psychological factors on the development of culture, its characteristic features and the specifics of its change.
Cultural dynamics– 1) a holistic, ordered process that has a directional character. It should not be confused with the concept of “cultural change,” which implies any transformation in culture.

2) cultural changes that occur in culture, in society, in people’s lives and in the interaction of different cultures are expressed by the concept of “dynamics”.
Cultural picture of the world– a system of images, ideas, knowledge about the structure of the world and man’s place in it. The result of a specific vision of the world in which a person lives.
Cultural code(code) – 1) the key to understanding a given type of culture (preliterate, written, screen periods). K. k. allows us to understand the transformation of meaning into sense 2) a set of signs (symbols), meanings (and their combinations) that are contained in any object of material and spiritual human activity.
Code– a set of signs and a system of certain rules with the help of which information can be presented in the form of a set of these signs for transmission, processing and storage.
"Mass culture"– (philosophy, sociology), a generalized characteristic of the dominant type of culture in modern bourgeois society, transformed into an industrial-commercial form of production and distribution of standardized spiritual goods through the media. The main features are primitivism in the depiction of human relations, the reduction of social conflicts to clashes between “good” and “bad” people, entertainment, sentimentality, naturalistic relishing of violence, sex, incitement of national and racial prejudices, the cult of success, consumerism, the inculcation of conformism, etc. have the goal of subordinating the consciousness of the masses to bourgeois values ​​and way of life.
Cultural communications– means of communication, transfer of information from one culture to another. They are carried out in all spheres of culture on the basis of respect for the cultural identity of each culture, taking into account the cultural influence of some countries on others.
Cultural self-identity– identification of oneself with a cultural tradition.
Cultural traditions– social and cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation and reproduced in certain societies and social groups for a long time.
Cultural universals- concepts that express those features of cultural phenomena that are found in any culture. These are the features that are characteristic of all cultures without exception (laughter - crying, fire - water, top - bottom, etc.).
Culturogenesis- the process of the emergence of the material and spiritual culture of mankind, occurring in close connection with the formation and development of tools and material and technical activities and social patterns.
Cultural studies– 1) a comprehensive science of culture, painting a holistic picture of the culture of the world and its constituent cultural elements; 2) the science of the most general laws of the development of culture as a system with a complex internal structure, which is in constant development and interconnection with other systems and society as a whole.
Personality(from Latin persona - mask, role of actor) - a term denoting the social type of person as a product and bearer of a historically defined culture and performing certain functions in the system of established social relations. A personality is a single embodiment of culture, a concrete exponent of the entirety of social relations.
Magic(Greek - magic, witchcraft) - a set of rituals and actions associated with the belief in the ability to influence the surrounding reality with the help of imaginary supernatural forces. Magic is one of the forms of ancient spiritual culture.
Marginality– the qualitative state of a person or group of people who, due to circumstances (migration, interethnic marriages, etc.) find themselves on the border of two cultures; they participate in the interaction of these cultures, but do not completely adhere to any of them, as a result of which a dual self-awareness is formed, mental tension arises, etc.
Marxism– a philosophical and socio-political doctrine, the founder of which K. Marx (1818-1883), in collaboration with F. Engels (1820-1895), developed and applied the dialectical-materialist method to the knowledge of social phenomena (historical materialism), with positions of the proletariat criticized capitalist society and substantiated the need for its revolutionary transformation through the transitional period of the dictatorship of the proletariat into a communist classless society.
Material culture– 1) includes “artifacts” of various types and forms, where natural material and object are transformed into material, i.e. into an object created by human creative activity. Material culture is assessed from the point of view of the means it creates and the conditions for the improvement of man himself 2) these are objects of crafts, production, equipment, structures, tools, that is, artifacts - everything that is made by hand 3) the culture of labor and material production, the culture of everyday life, culture place of residence, physical culture.
Matriarchy(Latin mater (matris) - mother + gr. arche - power) - the era preceding patriarchy in the development of the primitive communal system, characterized by matrilineal clan, the leading role of women in the family, economic and social life.
Mass culture– production of simple, publicly accessible, recognizable, effortlessly perceived artistic images in order to obtain maximum profits.
Mentality– attitude, worldview, formed at the deep mental level of individual or collective consciousness; a set of psychological and behavioral attitudes in the depths of a certain culture under the influence of traditions, social institutions, and habitat. M. is a very stable formation, changing slowly and imperceptibly for those who possess it.
Worldview- a complex of a person’s ideas about himself and the world, the unity of knowledge, assessment and life position (worldview), the totality of his moral, philosophical, political and other value ideas, realized in the affairs and actions of a person. The highest form of worldview is scientific philosophy, which contributes to the formation of creative thinking and opens the shortest and most correct path to mastering the wealth of spiritual culture.
World culture– a synthesis of the best achievements of all national cultures of various peoples, from ancient civilizations to the present day.
Myth- a special way of explaining the world in which man, society and nature exist inseparably.
Morphology of culture – a branch of cultural studies whose subject is the study of typical forms of culture that characterize its internal structure.
Modernism(French modernisme) - 1) the general name of trends in art and literature of the 20th century, which are characterized by the denial of traditional forms and aesthetics, reliance on the conventions of style, the search for new aesthetic principles, a break with realism; 2) one of the forms of adaptation of religion to new conditions of its existence; modernism revises outdated traditional religious ideas and concepts that have come into obvious conflict with the new scientific ideas of believers, with their changed consciousness.
Modernization of culture(cultural modernization) - 1) a sharp renewal (“understanding”) of culture in the spirit of certain values, its reaction to some requirements of the time and society 2) work to overcome its “lag” from cultures recognized as developed.
Modern- (French moderne - new, modern) - a movement in art, mainly in architecture and applied arts, late XIX - early. XX centuries, characterized by deliberate whimsicality and far-fetched forms.
Music(gr. musike - literally: the art of muses) - art that reflects reality in sound artistic images; a work or collection of works of this art.
Naturalism(French naturalisme, from Latin natura) – 1) a movement in art of the last third of the 19th century, which took shape in France in the 2nd half of the 19th century; naturalism is characterized by a careful and dispassionate reproduction of the flow of life; in contrast to realism, naturalism asserted the omnipotence of rough everyday reality and human subconscious impulses; 2) in a broad sense - external verisimilitude, photographic copying of life phenomena, their protocol description without critical selection, socio-philosophical comprehension and artistic generalization.
Natural philosophy– (Latin natura - nature) philosophy of nature, philosophical doctrine about the development of nature (late 16th - early 19th centuries). N. was built on guesses and arbitrary logical constructions.
Folk culture– a culture that is based on artistic traditional images and archetypes.
The science– an area of ​​culture associated with specialized activities to create a system of knowledge about nature, society and man.
National culture– acts as a synthesis of cultures of various social strata and groups of the corresponding society, nation. It is characterized by the unity of the territory, statehood, and common economic life.
Neo-Antiquity– neo (new) + antiquity, i.e. back to antiquity.
Neolithic revolution(Greek) - the term was introduced into scientific use by the English archaeologist G. Child. He outlined for them the historical period of transition in the Neolithic era from the appropriating to the producing type of economy, from hunting, fishing, collecting plant fruits to animal husbandry and agriculture. The Neolithic Revolution gave impetus to the emergence of urban settlements, crafts, writing and systems of rational knowledge.
Cultural Norms– certain patterns, rules of behavior, actions, knowledge.
Ritual– traditional actions that accompany important moments in the life and production activities of the human team. Rituals associated with birth, wedding, death, called family; agricultural and other rituals - calendar ones.
Society- this is not the sum of individuals, but a set of connections and relationships in which they are in relation to each other and nature in the process of joint production of their own material life.
ObjectificationAnddeobjectification– categories of cultural studies that express the characteristic features of human practical activity; objectification– the process of transition and embodiment of human knowledge and abilities into an object, due to which it becomes social in nature, an object of culture; deobjectification– transition from an object to the sphere and form of human activity, the formation of active abilities, knowledge, and skills of the subject under the influence of objects and forms of culture.
Pantheon(gr. pantheion - a place dedicated to all gods) - 1) among the ancient Greeks and Romans - a temple dedicated to all gods; 2) the totality of all the gods of a particular cult; 3) tomb of outstanding people.
Patriarchy(gr. pater (patros) - father + arche - power) - the era that replaced matriarchy in the development of the primitive communal system by patrilineal clan, when the man in the family plays the main role in family, economic and social life.
"Peredvizhniki"- realist artists who were part of the Russian democratic art association - Creativity of Traveling Art Exhibitions (formed in 1870). Having broken with academicism, the Wanderers were guided by the method of critical realism and turned to a truthful depiction of the life and history of the people, the liberation movement of Russia, and their native nature; exposed the order of autocratic Russia, the remnants of serfdom, and the evils of capitalism. The Wanderers (I. N. Kramskoy, I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov, V. G. Perov, V. E. Makovsky, G. G. Myasoedov, V. D. Polenov, A. K. Savrasov, I. I. Shishkin, I. I. Levitan, etc.)
Postmodernism– a characteristic of modern culture associated with fundamental shifts in forms of thinking and in the direction of research interests. Postmodernism is characterized by criticism of the Enlightenment project, rationality, and reason.
Orthodoxy- one of the three main (along with Catholicism and Protestantism) Christian movements. The theological and ideological foundations of Orthodoxy took shape in the 8th-11th centuries. Unlike Catholicism, Orthodoxy is addressed not to the individual, but to the “cathedral,” that is, to the supra-personal universality of the church. Truth in Orthodox teaching is given to a person as “grace”; it is experienced not so much by the mind as by the “heart”. The origins of Christian Orthodox philosophy in Russia go back to the 15th century.
Legal culture- culture, which is embodied in the activities of the legal system of society, in the legal development of a person, the most important indicator of which is his attitude towards the law.
Subject of cultural studies– is the origin, functioning and development of culture as a specifically human way of life.
Education- a movement in the field of cultural and spiritual life, which sets itself the goal of replacing views based on religious or political authority with those that arise from the requirements of the human mind and can withstand criticism from each individual.
Protestantism(from Latin protestans (protestantis) - objector, dissenter) - one of the main trends in Christianity, which arose during the Reformation of the 16th century. as a protest against the Roman Catholic Church; unites many independent movements, churches and sects (Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, Baptism, Adventism, Methodism, etc.
Puritanism(English puritan, from Latin purus - pure) - a way of life characterized by extreme strictness of morals, ascetic limitation of needs, protest against any luxury and convenience, patriarchal attitude towards issues of family and marriage.
Rationalism(French rationalisme, from Latin rationalis - reasonable) - 1) a philosophical direction that recognizes (as opposed to empiricism) reason as the decisive source of true knowledge; 2) a rational attitude towards life; 3) the architectural direction of the 20th century, whose representatives use modern building materials and industrial construction methods to create the most rational (i.e., expedient, economical and expressive in their emphasized simplicity) constructive, planning and architectural and artistic solutions; Rationalist architecture is characterized by clear, concise geometric shapes.
Realism(from late Latin realis - material) - a direction in literature and art that sets itself the task of giving the most complete, adequate reflection of reality.
Cultural Revolution– a radical revolution in social relations, ensuring a leap in the reproduction of the essential forces of man, in the development of science, education, art, etc. (Neolithic revolution, invention of writing, printing, urbanization, electronization, cybernetization, etc.) and related with them the transformation of forms of inter-individual communication and everyday life.
Religion(lat. religio) - one of the forms of social consciousness - a set of spiritual ideas based on belief in the existence of a god or gods, in supernatural forces, as well as corresponding behavior and specific actions (cult).
Renaissance(from the French renaissance - revival) - 1) Renaissance - a period in the cultural and ideological development of a number of European countries (in Italy XIV-XVI centuries, in other countries - XV-XVI centuries), which came after the Middle Ages; in contrast to the Catholic church worldview and the narrow scholastic science of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance gave rise to a life-affirming, humanistic worldview and created wonderful examples of realistic art; The Renaissance was marked by great discoveries and inventions, as well as the awakening (“revival”) of interest in the literature and art of Ancient Greece and Rome; 2) the architectural style of that time, which replaced the Gothic and adopted elements of Greco-Roman architecture.
Rococo(French rococo) - a style in architecture and decorative arts that arose at the beginning of the 18th century. and especially developed in France under Louis XV; It is distinguished by its intricate asymmetrical ornamentation and graceful forms.
Romanticism(French romantisme) – 1) direction in art of the late 18th - first half of the 19th century. Romanticism highlighted individuality, endowing it with ideal aspirations; the art of romanticism in literature is characterized by the exclusivity of heroes, passions and contrasting situations, the tension of the plot, the colorfulness of descriptions and characteristics; Romanticism was clearly manifested in music, fine arts, theater; 2) attitude, which is characterized by idealization of reality, daydreaming.
Semiotics(from the gr. semeiotike - the study of signs) - otherwise semiology - 1) the general name of a complex of scientific theories that study various properties of sign systems (natural, spoken language, programming languages, physical and chemical symbolism, logical and mathematical calculus, etc. ); main aspects of semiotics: syntactics, semantics and practice.
Seven Wonders of the World– in the minds of ancient society, the most famous sights are: the ancient Egyptian pyramids; Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, around 550 BC. e.; Mausoleum at Ganikarnassus, mid-4th century. BC e.; terraced, so-called hanging gardens of Babylon in Babylon, 7th century. BC e.; statues - Zeus at Olympia, around 430 BC. e., Helios in Rhodes (the so-called Colossus of Rhodes), around 292-280. BC e.; lighthouse in Alexandria, around 280 BC. e.
Symbolism(French symbolisme) - a movement in European and Russian art of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, in the poetics and aesthetics of which the main thing was the symbol, expressing the connections of objects and phenomena and the consciousness reflecting them, hence the associativity, allegories, and the special role of context in the creative method symbolists.
Symbol(simbol) is a socio-cultural sign, the content of which is an idea that is comprehended intuitively and cannot be expressed in an adequate verbal way.
Synthesis of cultures– interaction and connection of heterogeneous elements, in which a new cultural phenomenon, movement, style or model of socio-cultural structure arises, different from its constituent components and having its own qualitatively defined content and/or form.
Sculpture– (sculptura) – one of the types of spatial arts that creates three-dimensional images from clay, wax, stone, wood, bronze, plaster, etc.
Slavophilism- direction of Russian social and philosophical thought of the 40-50s. XIX century, which put forward and substantiated the idea of ​​a special, messianic role of Russia and other Slavic countries in the world. Slavophilism acted as an antipode to Westernism.
Cultural meanings- ideological constructs associated with cultural objects (denotations) as signs, i.e. being their informational, emotional, expressive content (meaning).
Social culture– represents relationships that develop in society and are realized through social institutions.
Sophism(gr. sophisma) - an essentially false conclusion that formally seems correct, based on a deliberate, conscious violation of the rules of logic.
Specific culture– 1) “marginal culture”, which is sometimes called peripheral, borderline, different from the dominant culture in society, the way of life of most people. As a rule, it occurs when people abandon traditional culture for some reason; in particular due to a sharp change in image, living conditions (moving from village to city, etc.);

2) p. c. can act as a subculture - a special form of organization of the life of people striving to establish their own relatively autonomous cultural existence within the dominant, middle culture;

3) p. K. can act as a counterculture if subcultural values ​​strive to penetrate the core of the middle, dominant culture, replacing its fundamental values ​​with their own - often opposite ones.
Middle culture – dominant in society, traditional culture.
Socialization(from Latin socialis - social) - the process of a person developing social norms and rules of social life for the development of an active, full-fledged member of society, for the formation of a cultural personality.
Social institutions– highly organized systems that have a stable structure, strong integration of their elements, flexibility and dynamism, ensuring that the culture performs all its functions. In a narrow sense, social cultural institutions organize and regulate the actual spiritual environment of human activity - the system of education, scientific work, artistic creativity, religious life, as well as information flows. They act as elements of a social structure intended to streamline the joint life of people in society.
Statics – state of peace, immutability of culture.
Structuralism(Latin structura) - a direction in the humanities (linguistics, literature, history, ethnography, etc.), associated with the use of the structural method, modeling, elements of semiotics, formalization and mathematization.
Subculture– 1) a set of norms, values, ideals, symbols of any social group that exists relatively independently of the culture of society as a whole (for example, urban and rural, youth subcultures, gypsies, etc.).

2) a stable, organized form of culture with its own specific traditions, values, foundations, which exists along with traditional ordinary culture.
Scholasticism(from Latin scholastikos - scientist, school, from Greek schole - school) - 1) medieval religious philosophy, characterized by a combination of theological and dogmatic premises with rationalistic methodology and interest in formal logical problems; 2) fruitless reasoning; formal knowledge, divorced from life.
Taboo(Polynesian) - 1) among primitive peoples - a religious prohibition imposed on any object, action, word, etc., the violation of which is punishable by supernatural forces; 2) in general – a strict prohibition.
Theater(gr. theatron) – 1) a type of art, the peculiarity of which is the artistic reflection of life phenomena through dramatic action that occurs during the performance of actors in front of the audience; in the course of historical development, three main types of theater were identified, distinguished by specific features and means of artistic expression - dramatic, opera and ballet; 2) a building where theatrical performances take place; 3) performance, performance.
Technique(from the gr. technike - skillful, from techne - art, skill) - 1) a system of artificially created means of human activity; knowledge and production experience accumulated in the process of social development are materialized in technology; 2) a set of skills and techniques in any type of activity, craftsmanship, for example, construction equipment, musical equipment, poetry technique, sports equipment; 3) branch of scientific knowledge: general technical knowledge, special technical sciences.
Typology- a method of scientific knowledge, with the help of which the entire diversity of cultures is ordered and grouped into various types of cultures.
Typology of culture– the result of typology, a system of identified types of cultures.
Totemism(English totem from the language of the Indians, meaning “his clan”) - 1) a form of religion of the early tribal system, characterized by a belief in a supernatural connection and blood affinity of a given clan group with some totem, which is considered the ancestor and patron of the clan 2) one of the forms religion associated with the endowment of supernatural powers to animals, plants, and natural phenomena.
Transmission– appeal to cultural heritage. A variety of cultural so-called fundamentalism. It is focused on restoring early cultural patterns in their integrity from the layers of time.
University(German Universitat, from Latin universitas (universitatis) - totality) -1) a higher educational institution that unites several faculties, which represent a set of various disciplines that form the basis of scientific knowledge; 2) in the names of a number of educational institutions to improve general educational and scientific-political knowledge (for example, the People's University of Culture).
Urbanism(from Latin urbanus - urban) - 1) in the art of the 20th century. – topics related to the lifestyle of a large modern city; 2) a direction in urban planning of the 20th century, asserting the need to create cities of giants.
Universalization culture– acts as a process of mutual influence of cultures, the formation of the necessary cultural norms and values ​​common to most cultures of different countries of the world.
Fetishism- religious worship of material objects, fetishes, to which supernatural properties are prescribed. With the help of a fetish, a person can supposedly exercise indirect power over nature, force a deity to fulfill his desires. In world religions, fetishism is preserved in the veneration of relics and icons (Christianity), sacred “stupas” (Buddhism), holy places and “black stone” (Islam).
Physical Culture- an area of ​​culture that regulates human activity (its focus, methods, results) associated with the formation, development and use of a person’s bodily and motor abilities in accordance with the norms, values ​​and patterns accepted in the culture (subculture).
Philosophy- a theoretically expressed worldview, a form of culture that involves a reflective understanding of a person and his place in the world. F. discourse is distinguished by its categorical design and theoretical interpretation of worldview problems.
Philosophy of culture(cultural philosophy) is a philosophical discipline focused on the philosophical comprehension of culture as a universal and comprehensive phenomenon.
Folklore(English folk-lore) - folk art, works created by the people and existing in them (epics, fairy tales, ditties, proverbs, songs, dances, etc.).
Freudianism– the teachings of the Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist Z. Freud (Freud, 1856-1939), the creator of psychoanalysis as a method of treating mental illness; the key theoretical principles of psychoanalysis were transformed by Freud into the concept of the unconscious and hidden, repressed human drives, mainly sexual; this concept formed the basis for the philosophical, historical, and psychological studies of Freud and his many followers.
Futurism(from Latin futurum - future) - one of the avant-garde movements in European art of the 10-20s. 20th century, which denied the artistic and moral heritage, preached a break with traditional culture, the aesthetics of modern urban civilization; hence the “dynamic”, combined image of different stages of movement in painting, the telegraphic style or the “release” of the sound composition of the word (“zaum”) in poetry; leading Russian representatives (Mayakovsky, Khlebnikov, Kamensky; formal innovations of the futurists were reflected in constructivism.
Christianity(from gr. Christos - literally: anointed) - one of the world religions (along with Buddhism and Islam), named after its founder Jesus Christ - the god-man who descended from heaven to earth and accepted suffering and death for the sake of saving people, and then resurrected and ascended into heaven; Christianity arose at the beginning of the 1st century, in the 4th century. became the dominant religion of the Roman Empire; In the 20th century appears in Russia.
Art culture- acts as a special area of ​​culture, formed due to the concentration around art of a number of forms of activity associated with it (artistic perception, thinking, creativity, experience, etc.). Artistic culture is, as a rule, pictorial in nature.
Values- the most important components of human culture, along with norms and ideals. This is the property of a certain object or phenomenon to satisfy the needs, desires, interests of an individual, a group of people, and society as a whole. With the help of this concept, the personal meaning for an individual and the socio-historical significance for society of certain objects and phenomena of reality are characterized.
Civilization(from Latin civilis - civil) - 1) in the cultural and historical periodization adopted in the science of the 18th-19th centuries - the third stage of social development, following barbarism (the first stage - savagery) (introduced by L. Morgan, F. Engels ); 2) level, stage of social and cultural development.
Civilizational approach – c. approach (in the typology of culture) is based on the idea that there is no single cultural history of mankind; history is a change of cultures. Emphasis is placed on the cyclical, multilinear nature of development, and the idea of ​​closedness and locality of culture is put forward (N.Ya. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, etc.).
Shamanism- an early form of religion. It is based on the idea of ​​supernatural communication between a cult minister - a shaman and spirits during a ritual ritual (accompanied by singing and beating a tambourine). The main form of shamanism is healing the sick.
Evolutionism(from Latin evolutio - deployment) - vulgar, flat evolutionism - a socio-political theory that insists on the gradual rather than revolutionary nature of the modernization of society, which reasonably sees a possible danger in explosive social processes.
Evolutionist approach– at the heart of e. approach (to the typology of culture) lies the idea of ​​the unity of the cultural-historical process. Culture develops through a successive change of periods, stages, eras, which are the main types of culture (I. Herder, K. Jaspers, L. Morgan, G. Spencer, E. Tylor, etc.).
Existentialism(from Latin existentia - existence) - an irrationalist direction in philosophy and cultural studies (especially German and French); Existentialism believes that the subject of philosophy is the uniqueness of human existence, which is considered only as an unknowable spiritual principle.
Elite culture- high culture, the consumers of which are educated people, is distinguished by a very high degree of specialization, designed, so to speak, for “internal use” and often strives to complicate its language, that is, to make it inaccessible to most people.
Epic(from the gr. epos - word, story, song) - 1) narrative literature, one of the three main types of fiction (along with lyrics and drama); the main prose genres of the epic: novel, story, short story; 2) heroic epic - a heroic narrative about the past, comprising heroic heroes, existing in book and oral form (for example, “Iliad”, “Odyssey”, “Mahabharata”, Russian epics, sagas, etc.).
Aesthetics(from the gr. aisthetikos - related to sensory perception) - 1) philosophical science that studies the essence and forms of beauty in art, in nature and in life; aesthetics studies the laws of the development of art, its artistic and ideological content and forms, its place in the life of society and man, the characteristics of artistic creativity; 2) beauty, artistry of something.
Ethics(Latin ethica, from the Greek ethos - custom, character) - 1) philosophical doctrine of morality, studying the conditions for the emergence of morality, its essence, conceptual and imperative forms; the subject of normative ethics is the moral ideal, values ​​and requirements, features of their functioning; social ethics studies morality from the perspective of social life; individual ethics studies the moral life of the individual; 2) a system of norms of moral behavior of a person, any social or professional group (for example, medical ethics).
Ethnos(Greek - people, tribe) - a historically established stable group of people (tribe, nationality, nation), speaking the same language, recognizing their common origin, having a single way of life, a set of customs, traditions and differing in all this from other peoples. The cultural community of members of an ethnic group determines their mental makeup.
Ethnic culture is a culture based on the values ​​belonging to a particular ethnic group. The characteristics of such a group are common origin, racial anthropological characteristics, language, religion, traditions and customs. E. is a culture whose bearers are connected by the unity of “blood and soil.”
Paganism- a traditional designation for non-theistic religions based on their opposition to theism. In modern science, the term “polytheism” (“polytheism”) is more often used; paganism is a huge complex of primitive beliefs, views and rituals that developed in time immemorial and became the basis on which the main world religions were later formed. It existed among all peoples of the world, but at different times gave way to more developed religious systems. However, certain traces of it have been preserved in various areas of human culture to this day.

Language of culture– a set of all sign methods of verbal and non-verbal communication, with the help of which culturally significant information is transmitted.

Aborigines- the indigenous inhabitants of the country, as opposed to the newly arrived migrants

Abstractionism- direction in art of the 20th century. refusing to depict real objects in painting, sculpture, and graphics. To create his works, he uses shapeless colorful spots, lines, systems of volumes and geometric shapes. Varieties of abstract art - Tachisme, Suprematism, Neoplasticism, etc.

Absurd art- a movement in Western European theater and cinema that presents the world as chaos. Main themes: pessimism, lack of mutual understanding, premonition of death. The actions and speeches of the characters are illogical (S. Beckett, E. Ionesco, A. Adamov (France)).

Plato Academy- Athenian school of philosophy founded in 387 BC. famous philosopher Plato. She was in the grove of the local hero Akadema. The Academy did not have a religious character; debates were held there, reports were read, and the types of conversations that had developed with Socrates were widely used. Along with ethics, poetics, philosophy, theology, and natural philosophy, special attention was paid to mathematics. In 529, by the edict of Justinian, it was closed like all other philosophical schools in Greece.

Aqueduct- stone conduit for supplying water to city houses.

Acropolis- upper city - part of the city surrounded by a fortress wall, where the main shrines were located. The most famous is the Acropolis in Athens.

Animism- belief in the existence of souls and spirits, masters of nature, water poetry, etc. Belief in the existence of supernatural forces.

Antagonism- one of the forms of contradictions, characterized by an acute irreconcilable struggle of hostile forces and tendencies.

Anthropomorphism- endowing with human mental properties objects and phenomena of inanimate nature, celestial bodies, animals, mythical creatures.

Hagiographic literature- a description of the lives of saints, in accordance with an established strictly defined type, as well as a description of the life of emperors, a description of their military successes, valor, the formation of images of ideal emperors.

Apocrypha- works of Jewish and early Christian literature, compiled in imitation of the book of Holy Scripture about sacred persons and events, mostly on behalf of the characters of Holy Scripture, not recognized by the church as canonical. Some apocrypha were widely used in medieval literature and fine arts (apocryphal sources include images of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, the Entry of the Virgin Mary into the Temple, the Descent into Hell, the Dormition of the Virgin Mary, etc.).

Apologetics- an area of ​​theology that examines the essence of a given religion, revealing the features of its dogmatic system and moral principles. He pays great attention to proving the existence of God.

Ascetic- a person who voluntarily renounced worldly life, observing spiritual and moral discipline, physical abstinence (mortification), prescribed by the Gospel commandments. Asceticism is equated with feat. The meaning of asceticism is the denial of passions, affirmation of goodness, imitation of divine nature.

Artifacts- archaeological tools and other everyday finds from human activity.

Baroque- stylistic direction in the art of Europe of the late 16th - mid-18th centuries. Baroque is characterized by dynamic images, a desire for splendor, a combination of reality and illusion, and complexity of composition. Originated in Italy during the crisis of ideas and artistic principles of the Renaissance, it reflected the deep contradictions and discord in the spiritual life of Italian society. In France and Russia it was used to glorify absolutism and new social ideas and sentiments associated with it.

Bible- a collection of ancient texts strictly defined in its composition, canonized by the Christian and Jewish churches. The books of the Old Testament (38 books) and the New Testament (27 books), which are recognized by the Christian Church as written at the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, i.e. divinely inspired. The Bible took shape over a long period of time - from the 10th to the 8th centuries. BC - to 2nd century. AD The Bible underlies the worship and dogma of Judaism (Old Testament) and Christianity (Old and New Testaments).

Vagantas- wandering poets.

Bacchanalia- 1) in Ancient Rome, mysteries in honor of Dionysus (Bacchus), from the 2nd century. BC. taking on the character of orgies; 2) wild revelry, orgy.

Harmony- proportionality of parts and the whole, merging of various components of an object into a single organic whole.

Heterogeneous- heterogeneous.

Hypertrophied- enlarged parts or individual elements of any organs.

Gothic style-an artistic style between the 12th and 16th centuries, which completed the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe. Having replaced the Romanesque style, Gothic art was predominantly cultic and developed within the framework of religious ideology. Gothic techniques made it possible to create cathedral interiors of unprecedented height and vastness, and to cut through the walls with huge windows with multi-colored stained glass. Gothic techniques are reflected in urban architecture, decorative and applied arts (furniture, utensils, clothing).

Gymnasium- in Ancient Greece, a state educational institution in Athens, as well as in the Hellenistic East, which became widespread in the 5th-4th centuries. BC. After the palestra, young men of 16 years old entered G. and until the age of 18 they were engaged in sports development and received a literary, philosophical and political education.

Dadaism- a modernist literary and artistic movement in 1916-22, which developed in Switzerland among the anarchist intelligentsia. The means of expression were meaningless combinations of words and sounds (T. Tzara, R. Gulsenbach, M. Janko), scribbles, pseudo-drawings, a set of random objects (M. Duchamp, F. Picabia, M. Ernst, J. Arp)

Demiurge- in philosophy - the creative principle in general; in theology - God, the creator of the world.

Demonology- the doctrine of evil spirits, historically dating back to the primitive belief in spirits.

Determinism- philosophical doctrine about the objective natural relationship and interdependence of phenomena of the material and spiritual world.

Dominicans- members of a mendicant order founded in 1215 by the Spanish monk Domenico de Guzman. Dominicans take a vow of poverty, abstinence, obedience; they are forbidden to eat meat. The order is headed by a general, elected for a 12-year term and subordinate to the pope. They have monasteries, which are led by priors. Their emblem is a dog with a lit torch in its teeth; they call themselves “dogs of the Lord.” Since 1232, the order led the Inquisition. He took part in the colonization of America. From its ranks came prominent Catholic theologians, including Thomas Aquinas, as well as several popes.

Diffusionism- a direction in social (cultural) anthropology, the starting principle of which is the belief that the basis of social development are the processes of borrowing and spreading culture from one center to another.

Dichotomy- non-simultaneous maturation; opposition between “us” and “they”.

Jainism- on behalf of his own Genie; one of the religions of India, which arose in the 6th century. BC. According to legend, this teaching was transmitted from time immemorial by 24 prophet-teachers, the last of whom, nicknamed Jina (victor), removed obstacles to the path of religious salvation. Jains worship their semi-mythical prophets as deities. The central place is occupied by the doctrine of the eternal soul, which can sequentially inhabit various material bodies.

Dolmens- older than 3-2 thousand years BC. burial structure in the form of a large box covered with a flat slab.

Dualism- a philosophical doctrine based on the recognition of equal rights, not reducible to each other, of two principles - spirit and matter, ideal and material.

Sign- material object (phenomenon, event).

Zombie- in the system of magical beliefs of the blacks of the West Indies and Africa - this is a corpse, animated and moved by witchcraft.

Zoomorphic form of deities- likening deities to animals, for example, a jackal, a bull, etc., to birds - an owl or insects - a scarab, etc. This form of worship is characteristic of the early stages of the development of religious consciousness and reflects the direct dependence of man on nature.

Jesuits- members of a Catholic monastic order created in the 16th century. Spanish aristocrat Ignatius of Loyola. The Order is organized on the principles of strict centralization, strict discipline and unquestioning obedience. The order is headed by a general, elected for life. The Order became the main instrument of the Counter-Reformation, participated in the activities of the Inquisition, and fought against popular anti-feudal movements. The Order achieved a privileged position in the Italian states, France, Spain, Portugal; penetrated into many countries, contributing to their colonization. He actively intervened in the political life of a number of European states, which caused discontent among the ruling circles and led to the subsequent expulsion of the Jesuits from some countries. Jesuits actively participated in the cultural life of different countries, organizing schools and subsidizing theatrical productions in order to spread the religion.

Impressionism- artistic direction in the art of the late 19th century. 20th centuries, striving to capture fleeting states of nature, human moods, impressions of what he saw.

Indulgence- a letter of forgiveness of sins, both already committed and future.

Initiations- a system of customs widespread in clan society associated with the transfer of boys and girls to the age class of adult men and women.

Interpretation- interpretation, explanation, clarification.

Incest(incest) - marital relations between close relatives (for example, father - daughter, mother - son, brother - sister).

Irrigation- artificial irrigation of fields using dug canals, construction of water reservoirs, water distribution systems.

Caste- a social group that protects its isolation. In India and some other countries of the East, closed social groups are united by a certain type of professional occupation, ideas about a common origin, marry only between members of their caste, and have their own customs and laws.

Ceramics- clay household and ritual products; named after the potters' quarter, located outside the city walls. Among ceramic products, a distinction is made between vessels made by hand or on a potter's wheel, simple or decorated (pressed, scratched patterns, moldings, relief, polishing, painting, glazing, etc.). The shapes, sizes and names of ceramic products were determined by their purpose (a prize for the winner; a wedding gift; for storing grain, wine, oil; mixing water and wine, etc.).

Classicism- a stylistic direction in art of the late 17th and early 19th centuries, which replaced the Baroque in connection with the strengthening of absolutism, reflecting its artistic, aesthetic and ideological needs. Its characteristic feature is normativity, the establishment of strict rules for all types of art and their evaluation, orientation towards examples of ancient art (themes, plots of ancient Greek and Roman mythology and history).

Codification- the unification and recording of laws regulating the life of society, which replaced the oral form of storage and transmission of rules and regulations that have the force of law.

Cromlechs- an ancient religious building in the form of round fences made of huge stones.

Buttresses- a wall that strengthens the main supporting structure.

Concept- a certain way of understanding, interpreting an object or phenomenon. The main point of view of the scientist on the subject of research.

Creationism- a non-scientific concept that interprets the diversity of forms of the organic world as a result of their creation by God.

Cubism- a formalist movement in art that arose at the beginning of the 20th century, which schematized nature and reduced all plastic diversity to geometric figures (cube, cylinder, ball, cone, etc.). Artists - J. Braque, P. Picasso, N. Gabo, G. Ullman.

Culture- originally the word kultura meant the activity of a tiller. A universe of artificial objects (ideal and material objects; objectified actions and relationships), created by humanity in the process of exploring nature and possessing structural, functional and dynamic patterns (general and special). The concept of culture is also used to denote the level of perfection of a particular skill and its non-pragmatic value. Culture is studied by a complex of humanities; primarily cultural studies, philosophy of culture, ethnography, cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology, history.

Magic- these are rituals associated with belief in a person’s ability to supernaturally influence people, animals, natural phenomena, as well as imaginary spirits and gods.

Macrocosmos- a significant, extensive territory of settlement of peoples.

Mass culture- a concept that in modern cultural studies is associated with such social groups that are characterized by an “average” level of spiritual needs.

Menhirs- a long (4-5 m or more high) ancient cult monument dug vertically into the ground.

Mentality, mentality- this is a relatively holistic set of thoughts, beliefs, and spiritual skills that creates a picture of the world and cements the unity of a cultural tradition or a community.

Microcosmos- a limited territory of a certain locality of people’s settlement.

Minnesingers- German singers about high love, who performed their own works.

Myths- legend, legend, myth. A collective national fantasy that generally reflects reality in the form of sensory-concrete personifications and animate beings that are considered quite real by the primitive consciousness.

“Modern”- artistic and stylistic direction of the late 19th - early. 20th centuries He used new technical and constructive means, a combination of materials new for his time (concrete, glass, metal), visual and decorative means characterized by asymmetry, stylized plant patterns, and appeal to the fantastic world of animals and plants.

Monotheism- a system of religious beliefs based on the concept of one God (monotheism), in contrast to polytheism - polytheism.

Neoclassicism- the general name of the artistic and stylistic direction of the 2nd half of the 19th century - the beginning. XX century, based on an appeal to the traditions of antiquity, renaissance and classicism. Manifested in painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, partly in music, as a formal borrowing of elements of classical works, plots, melodies. Unlike classicism, it did not have a strong theoretical basis, and therefore remained a superficial and imitative style in art.

Ritual- ritual, ceremony - a set of conventional, traditional actions, devoid of immediate practical expediency, but serving as a symbol of certain social relations, a form of their visual expression and consolidation.

Custom- spiritual and economic habits or rules of behavior of people developed in society, passed on from the older generation to the younger and regularly followed in life.

Ostracism- in Ancient Athens, the expulsion of individuals from the city by decision of the national assembly.

Palaestra- in Ancient Greece, a private school for training boys 12-16 years old in wrestling, running, discus and javelin throwing, gymnastic exercises, etc.

Policy- a self-governing community, a “city-state”, uniting both residents of the city and rural areas adjacent to the city. A full citizen of the policy could be one whose parents were full citizens, owned a plot of land, and was able to provide himself with weapons to participate in the militia. State form the board of directors in the policy could be different.

Portico- part of a building in front of the facade, with a triangular roof supported by columns, or an open gallery consisting of columns.

Panpsychism- an idealistic idea of ​​the universal animation of nature.

Pantheon- a temple or place dedicated to all gods.

Paradigm- example, example.

Pre-Rephaelites- a group of English artists and writers of the 19th century, who chose to imitate the art of the early Renaissance until the time of Raphael in the manner of their creativity (artists D. G. Rossetti, H. Hunt. J. E. Milles, writer and theorist W. Morris).

Polyandry- polyandry.

Polydemonism- veneration of scattered spirits of tribal religions.

Polymorphism- the existence within a population of several hereditary forms, which finds external expression in a huge group diversity of combinations of racial characteristics.

Polytheism- polytheism, the veneration of many gods.

Polyphonism- versatility, “polyphony” of cultural phenomena.

Relief- a type of sculpture in which the image is convex or recessed in relation to the background plane. The main types of relief are bas-relief and high relief.

Rhetoric- the science of the rules of eloquence, including church eloquence.

Renaissance- an era in the development of a number of countries in Western and Central Europe, transitional from medieval culture to the culture of modern times.

Chivalry- privileged social class in feudal society; all secular feudal warriors; small secular feudal lords who served their lords and were bound by vassalage relations. The heyday of chivalry was between the 12th and 14th centuries. From the 15th-16th centuries. In connection with the advent of firearms and the emergence of standing armies in states, knighthood is losing its significance, but in some countries (for example, in England) it remains an honorary title awarded for special services to the fatherland.

Roman style- style of medieval Western European art of the 10th-12th centuries. The Romanesque style creates harsh, fortress-like buildings, monastery complexes, churches, and castles.

Sacral- sacred.

Sanskrit- one of the main ancient Indian languages ​​of the Indo-European language family, which received literary treatment.

Syncretism. 1) Indivisibility, characterizing the undeveloped state of any phenomenon (for example, art in the initial stages of human culture, when music, singing, poetry, dance were not separated from each other. 2) Mixing, inorganic fusion of heterogeneous elements, for example, various cults and religious systems in late antiquity - religions.

Sparta- the center of the Ancient Greek state in Laconia (southeastern part of the Peloponnese), formed in the 10th century. BC. and consisted of 5 villages. It became famous for its warlike spirit, such an organization of public life in which military activity was recognized as leading. The names Laconia, Lacedaemon and Sparta are used in literature as synonyms.

Scholasticism- a type of religious philosophy characterized by a fundamental subordination to the primacy of theology, a combination of dogmatic premises with rationalistic methodology and a special interest in formal logical problems.

Substance- essence, something underlying.

Taboo- a ban among primitive peoples imposed on the use of any object, plant, animal, word, gesture or action, the violation of which was strictly punished.

Theocracy- a form of state in which both political and spiritual power are concentrated in the hands of the clergy (church).

Theology- theology, a set of religious doctrines about the essence and action of God, built in the forms of idealistic speculation on the basis of texts accepted as divine revelation.

Triumphal Arch- an architectural structure built like a city gate with one or several spans, inscriptions, decorated with statues and reliefs.

Totemism(from the term “totem”) - a set of beliefs, myths, rituals and customs of a tribal society associated with the idea of ​​supernatural kinship between certain groups of people and so-called totems - species of animals and plants (less often natural phenomena and inanimate objects).

Tradition- elements of social and cultural heritage transmitted from generation to generation and preserved in certain societies, classes and social groups for a long time.

Troubadours- court musicians who performed lyrical songs for the nobility.

Tolerance- patience.

Urbanization- the historical process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society, which covers the socio-professional and demographic structure of the population.

Phantom- a freakish phenomenon, a ghost, a ghost.

Fetish- an inanimate object endowed with supernatural properties in the beliefs of believers and therefore serving as an object of religious cult.

Fetishism- religious worship of material objects - fetishes, to which supernatural properties are attributed.

Fresco- painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water. culture art scholasticism abstract art

Shaman- a minister of cult, endowed with the ability to induce in himself a state of ecstasy (and in the minds of believers) to communicate with spirits, influencing which he can heal the sick, tell fortunes, etc.

Exegesis- a branch of theology that deals with the interpretation and interpretation of the meaning and content of the Bible.

Eclecticism- this is a direction in architecture and fine arts, which involves the combination of heterogeneous artistic elements. Term eclecticism introduced by Patamon of Alexandria (2nd century), who called his school eclectic.

Elite- the best representatives of society or any part of it, or a group of persons exercising power in a society or organization.

Elite culture- this is a concept that characterizes a culture focused on a special group of people (elite), which has a special receptivity to the new, original and unexpected in art, science, and philosophy.

Empiricism- a direction in the theory of knowledge that recognizes sensory experience as a source of knowledge and believes that the content of knowledge can be presented either as a description of this experience or reduced to it.

Endogenous- a term indicating an action taking place inside something. An action that occurs due to internal causes.

Eschatology- religious doctrine about the ultimate destinies of the world and man.

State University of Land Management.

Department of History, Philosophy and Political Science.

Culturology:

dictionary of terms and concepts.

Moscow, 2003.

Culturology: dictionary of terms and concepts.

Introduction.

The research field of cultural studies is truly limitless: the range of interests of the science of culture includes human activity in almost all areas of social life, both spiritual and material. Culturology combines theoretical, historical and applied aspects of knowledge. The dynamics of cultural phenomena and processes are considered not only from the point of view of the internal, immanent laws of their functioning, but also in various relationships with socio-economic and political history, taking into account the ethnic, regional, confessional specifics of specific paradigms, models, types and forms of culture. The proposed dictionary of terms is compiled on the basis of topics included in the 36-hour course in cultural studies, which is attended by students of the State University of Land Management at the faculties of land cadastre, city cadastre, and land management. The course program covers problems associated with an in-depth study of the theory of culture, including the morphology and typology of culture, its functions, the relationship between the concepts of “culture” and “civilization,” issues of the content of sociocultural communication, conceptual developments of leading cultural schools and directions. Particular attention is paid to the features of primitive communal, ancient Eastern, Western European, Arab-Muslim, Russian types of culture. Comprehension of the complex world of culture is impossible without familiarization with the spiritual treasures created by human genius over many centuries. The dictionary reveals the meaning of terms used by specialists in the field of fine arts, architecture, literature, music, and theater. The selection of a number of terms is aimed at introducing students to the key features of world religions: Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. Mastering a significant stock of new concepts and categories should contribute to a more effective study by students of multifaceted, diverse literature in the humanities. The dictionary can be used as additional educational material in cultural studies along with other teaching aids. The following publications were used in compiling the dictionary:

Art. Dictionary-reference book. Comp. Chernetsova E.M. M., 2002. Culturology. XX century. Encyclopedia in 2 volumes. St. Petersburg, 2000. Myths of the peoples of the world. Encyclopedia in 2 volumes. Head. ed. S.A. Tokarev. M., 1987. The latest philosophical dictionary. Ed. and comp. A.A. Gritsanov. Minsk, 1999. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. 4th ed., expanded. M., 1999. Postmodernism. Encyclopedia. Comp. and ed. A.A. Gritsanov and M.A. Mozheiko. Minsk, 2001. Encyclopedia of modernism. Comp. Rychkova Yu.V. M., 2002, etc.