Who painted the painting Novgorod bargaining. Paintings on Russian history

The story of a masterpiece

“Novgorod Bargaining” A. M. Vasnetsov

This is the eighth in the series “Paintings byRussian history"- “Novgorod Bargaining” by A. M. Vasnetsov. Like all his works on a historical theme, it is filled with life, movement, and many details. We seem to be plunging into the everyday measured and reasonable life of distant times. The main idea of ​​the picture- byeunderstand the importance of trade in the life of Novgorod the Great. This is visualillustration (not only in relation to this text, but also to other scientific literature) that Novgorod was not only a feudal and boyar republic, but also an important trading center, closely connected with Russian lands and many Western countries - primarily with the Hanseatic League, which played a large role in medieval Europerope.

In the essay S.A. Knyazkova makesThere is an emphasis on the fact that trade was the main business of the Novgorod Republic and, first of all, Mr. Veliky Novgorod himself. ABOUT other activities he mentionscasually, as if they were unimportant. HoweverIt should be noted that agriculture, especiallyEspecially animal husbandry, played a significant role in the life of the Novgorod lands, where there were vast boyar estates that produced a lot of agricultural products. And hunting, fishing, and other crafts provided a noticeable addition to the Novgorodians’ table. Although the author is right, of course, that Novgorod was constantly short of bread- he was imported asthey stole then- "from below", from PoVolga, Ryazan land.

More and more detail could have beenI would like to talk not only about merchant artels- such as "Ivanoone hundred,” but also about the existence of professional craft and guild associations, which is discussed quite a lot in the works of our historians B. A. Rybakov and M. N. Tikhomirov. Although these were less developed organizations compared to Western European merchants guilds and craft workshops, but they still existed.

Finally, in addition to the phenomena, there is a connectionrelated to economic life,S. A. Knyazkov talks about howactive trading activitykind was reflected in the Novgorodculture- epic epic. To bystories about Vaska Buslaev andfamous Sadko should be added (inliterature did not mention thistimes), which is the main activeserves as the face of the latest epic,probably real historicaltso- rich Novgorod guest,whose name was Sotko Sytinich. ANDit was common verballyfolk art, when for the fansometimes tastic characterwe had real prototypes -in some cases one personcentury, in others- several, whichthese were then generalized into epicimage.

V. BUGANOV,

Doctor of Historical Sciences

The painting depicts a shopping area in Novgorod the Great during the heyday of its political and commercial power. In front of us is the square near the Church of St. John, which was most revered in the trading world of ancient Novgorod, on Opoki. This church still exists in Novgorod, but a Novgorodian of the 12th or 13th centuries, if he had miraculously risen from his centuries-old grave, would not now recognize his holy great Ivan, who is in the Petryatin Dvorishche - the church has suffered and changed so much from numerous rude attacks and inept additions, amendments, “restorations.” The square near the Church of St. Great Ivan, on Opoki, was the center of both commercial and political life of Veliky Novgorod. From the bank on which it stands, retreating several dozen fathoms from the river, a wide, rather panoramic view ofthe central part of the old veche city. The painting recreates this panorama. In the distance, in the background, rise the walls of the “detinets” - the Novgorod Kremlin, behind which the heads of St. Sophia Cathedral, the Euthymius Tower and the belfry of the cathedral can be seen. The roadway, or Water, gate of the detinets leads to the bridge over the Volkhov, built on “cages” - log cabins lowered into the water and filled with stone. The bridge connects Detinets and the entire Sofia side with the Torgovaya side, on which at the head of the bridge there is a stone tower with a gate. On the water tower of Detinets you can see a clock made by Germans, which was the pride of Novgorod. From the bridge to the gates of the detinets there are low wooden rows of booths where traders of all sorts of small things sat. During the siege, both the bridge and these rows were, of course, destroyed. On the Volkhov, which, judging by the snow, should soon be covered with ice, the last ships of trading people are visible, rushing to load them,in order to go to Ladoga before the frost, where the German ships are standing, waiting for them.

The first plan of the picture depicts the “Great Row” - permanent shops and trading barns, with a “bargain” in front of them, where goods were sold from carts by “cart drivers” who arrived from all over the vast Novgorod possessions. Near the temple itself you can see the city scales, where a special city official collected the “weighty” - the fee for weighing goods: the city scales guaranteed the correctness of weighing and provided income to Saint Ivan. To the right, in the very corner of the picture, is a money changer with a leather money bag over his shoulder, standing at his counter table, on which there are small scales for weighing rubles. The ruble did not yet exist as a whole minted monetary unit, and the ruble was called a counting measure. To the left stands a cart with wax rounds that the man broughtAlso, in order to avoid delays in the delivery of goods, the Novgorod government established a constant tax for transporting goods from the shore to the German court. To the German courtyard it was 10 kunas per cart, and to the Gothic courtyard - 15 kunas.

In addition to this route, the Germans could transport their goods through Pskov and Narva along the dry route; it was mainly a winter route. It was forbidden to transport foreign goods by other roads to Novgorod, and goods brought by non-specified routes were taken to the treasury.

The German court was surrounded by a high wall, and it was guarded by a mass of chain dogs and German guards. According to the agreements, the Novgorodians could not build buildings near this yard and store goods here, they could not even gather near it and play pile. In the courtyard there was a church and a large building with a spacious chamber - a “gridnitsa”, where foreign merchants gathered; Near this room there was a smaller one for servants, and there were also separate bedrooms. Around the entire building, cages or barns were built for storing goods; but they brought so many goods that they did not fit in the barns and were piled up in the common room and even in the church.

Thanks to the privileges with which the Germans managed to arrange themselves in Novgorod, and the heavy fist of the Hansa, which did not skimp on showing it to its weakest friends and allies, Novgorod trade with foreign countries soon completely found itself in German hands, and the role of Novgorod merchants was reduced to buying what the Germans brought, and resale within the country. The German merchants agreed among themselves in advance and bought goods from the Novgorodians at the prices they wanted, and the Novgorodians could not do anything about it, despite the fact that the Germans could only get some goods, for example, eastern ones, from the Novgorodians. The best organization, as always, won. Novgorod bought foreign goods, of course, not only for itself, but also for resale to other Russian regions. Novgorod merchants constantly traveled to Suzdal, Vladimir, Kiev, Chernigov, Galich, even to Lithuania. Being sellers of foreign goods, Novgorodians were at the same time buyers of native goods for the foreign market.

The most important item of trade of Novgorod with other Russian princesThe food was bread, which Novgorod needed not only for resale to foreigners, but also for itself, since the swampy Novgorod soil produced little bread. Bread went to Novgorod from Ryazan, along the Oka and Moscow rivers to Volokolamsk, and from the upper Volga region to Tver and Torzhok. Crop failures and wars, which hampered the delivery of grain to Novgorod, sometimes caused terrible hunger strikes in the Novgorod land. So, in 1187, bread prices in Novgorod rose so much that parents sold their children to the Germans just to save them from the horror of starvation. Such dependence of Novgorod on such an essential issue as daily bread from other Russian lands was the reason that strong princes, like Andrei Bogolyubsky, and subsequently those of Moscow, could keep Novgorod in obedience without resorting to weapons: they only had to stop delivery of bread to the Novgorod markets, and Mister Veliky Novgorod, humbled by the expectation of hunger, made concessions even to an enemy defeated in open battle, who held in his hands the keys to the granaries of the Volga region and Ryazan.

The extreme insecurity of trade at that time, the remoteness of markets, the difficulty of the road to them, the need to be strong and armed during trade and fishing expeditions to the countries of savages - all these circumstances forced Novgorod merchants to conduct their trade and fishing activities in artels or companies. There were many merchant artels in Novgorod; they were divided either by the goods in which their participants traded, or by the area where they went; Accordingly, in Novgorod there were artels of Nizovsky merchants, that is, those who traded with the Nizovaya land, as the Suzdal region was then called in Novgorod; Pomeranian merchants were those who went to the Baltic or the White Sea; merchants who traded salt were called prasols.

Of particular importance in Novgorod was the artel of merchants who united near the Church of St. John the Baptist, or, in Novgorod, at Ivan the Great in Opoki. Every merchant who wished to join the Ivanovo Stoda had to make a contribution of 50 hryvnia and, in addition, donate 29/2 hryvnia to the church of St. Ivan on Opoki. Such a merchant was already forever made a member of Ivan's Hundred and passed this right on to his children. Unlike other merchants, he was called “vulgar,” that is, an old merchant, and this contained a lot of pride and contentment for the merchant of that time; Belonging to Ivan's hundred greatly contributed to the merchant's credit and position in the trading world. Merchants who signed up for the Ivanovo Stoda had great privileges; yes, theyhad the right to receive from the city a military detachment to escort their trade expeditions going, for example, to the Urals; in moments of trade difficulties that threatened the Ivanovo merchant with “outcast,” that is, bankruptcy, he received help from the public treasury, which was distributed among all the hundreds of participants.

Ivan the Great had a public guest yard in Opoki, where merchants stored their goods and where in a special “gridnitsa,” that is, a large chamber, they gathered to discuss common affairs. To conduct the current affairs of the society, they chose an elder from among themselves, who himself chose his assistants. The public cash office was located in the church itself. In the choir of the Church of St. Ivan there were chests - cabinets built into the wall, where trade books, documents, all Novgorod letters and agreements were kept; Church of St. Ivana was thus the state archive for the whole of Novgorod, together with the church of St. Sofia, where spiritual letters were also kept. In the basement of the church of St. Ivan stocked goods and there was a public cash register. Near the church there was a market, trading, and there were scales on which goods were hung; at the scales there were special elected jurors who carried out the weighing and monitored the correctness of the weight and trade; for weighing, as well as for the sale of goods, a special duty was charged to the buyer. Next to the large scales there were also small ones that served to weigh precious metals, the ingots of which then replaced minted coins. At the Church of St. Ivan also consisted of a commercial court, the chairman of which was Tysyatsky. Thus, the church of St. Ivana on Opoki, near which the richest merchants united, was, as it were, the center of all Novgorod trade.

Successful trading activities increased the extraordinary strength and importance of Veliky Novgorod; The entire Novgorod population lived by trade, and the merchant in Novgorod is the greatest force; no agreement, no decision is made at the meeting without the consent of the merchant; enterprising, full of dangers, success and failure, trading life produced Novgorodians and people who were enterprising, persistent, persistent, daring and courageous. Novgorod epics about Vaska Buslaev and Sadko paint with bright colors the arrogant and reckless prowess of the Novgorod rich merchant. This daring and courage, not finding an outcome in their homeland, forced many Novgorodians to go to the side, to the Volga, mainly to the country of the ancient enemies of Novgorod - the Suzdalians, in order to rob people and merchant ships here. These robberswhose campaigns of the Novgorod daredevils-ushkuiniki often caused large and dangerous misunderstandings with its neighbors for Novgorod. In 1375, some Novgorodian Prokop gathered a band of 2000 people and marched from the Dvina land to the Volga. Here the Ushkuiniki attacked Kostroma. The Grand Duke's governor fled, and Prokop and his comrades plundered the city, collected a lot of all sorts of goods, captured the inhabitants, not sparing women and children, and went down the Volga, where he plundered the outskirts of Nizhny Novgorod, plundered many merchant ships, killed Besermensky, that is, Tatar, Persian and Bukhara merchants. In the city of Bulgars, he sold his entire army to the Tatars and reached Astrakhan, where some Tatar prince killed Prokop’s entire gang. The Novgorod ushkuyniks were known both in Perm and in Zavolochye; they penetrated the White Sea on their boats and plundered the northern shores of Norway.

WITH. A. KNYAZKOV

According to the artist’s plan, the painting depicts a shopping area in Novgorod during the heyday of its political and commercial power. Before us is the heart of merchant Novgorod - the square near the Church of John the Baptist on Opoki, on the Trade side of the city, divided by the Volkhov River.

The main merchant corporation, Ivanskoe Sto, united around the church. Trade documents of Novgorod, charters and contracts were kept in the church chests, and the public treasury and valuable goods were kept in the basements.

On the left, near the church, you can see the city scales, which guaranteed a single measure of weight throughout the Novgorod land: Vodskaya, Obonezhskaya, Bezhetskaya, Shelonskaya, Derevskaya Pyatina, the volosts of Zavolochye, Perm, Pechora, Ugra.

In addition to the Ivansky hundred, there were other trade associations in the city, permanent and temporary. artels of merchants: landmen, rivermen and the most respected sailors who glorified “Mr. Veliky Novgorod” in the most distant lands.

The painting shows the trading life of the city money changer at a table for sorting coins and precious metals, a villager unloading rounds of wax from a cart, a merchant bargaining with a shopkeeper, Hanseatic merchants buying fur from a hunter, convoys with goods moving to trading ships on the river and back, rows of shops stretching from both sides of the bridge.

It should be clarified that foreign trade in Novgorod was wholesale, often in very large quantities. In the west, Novgorod already conducted extensive trade in the 11th century. In the 12th century, Russian merchants settled in Lübeck, and the German Court was rebuilt in Novgorod.

Judging by the agreements with Hanseatic League, Western merchants did not have the right to retail trade their goods - metals, cloth, salt, handicrafts, beer, herring - and had to purchase furs, wax, lard, flax, hemp, Russian bread and various raw materials, oriental silk, precious stones and other overseas goods from Novgorod wholesalers.

The trade side was divided into two “ends”: Plotnitsky and Slavensky, the same name as “the city of Slavensk, which is now called Veliky Novgorod,” which arose more than two thousand years ago at the northern junction of the great trade routes “from the Varangians to the Greeks” and along the Volga to the East.

Opposite the ancient Slavensk, beyond Volkhov, you can see the walls of Detinets and the tower with the chimes, and further away is the Cathedral of St. Sofia with a belfry, after which the entire side was called Sofia. A meeting was held on the trading side of Yaroslav's Courtyard.

It elected mayor(city manager) and tysyatsky (military leader) for the entire city and “suburbs”: Pskov and dozens of cities founded by brave Novgorod “hunters” in a vast area from the Baltic and Karelia to the Urals.

Vechevoy Novgorod was an aristocratic republic, the main role in it was played by the boyars, who also included merchants. They were followed by the owners of city yards, called “living people.” Craftsmen, farmers, industrialists, hunters, Pomors and other people who created the glory and wealth of Novgorod with their own hands were called “ black people».

To be continued.

“Novgorod land” - Birch bark document. Outpost - forward post. The importance of Novgorod as an intermediary trading center of Rus'. Features of the political structure. Analysis of artistic and documentary sources. Question: What were the features of Novgorod trade? Veche system of the Novgorod Republic. Features of Novgorod trade.

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PZTBDYCH UEWS FBLYNY RTYCHYMEZYSNY, OENEGLYE LHRGSH FPTZPHBMY OE YOBYUE, LBL GEMPK PVEYOPK. UPCHEF OEENGLPK LPNRBUE KHUFBOPCMSM, FPCHBSHPHPShPShPShPSHPSPD FPCHBSPD, LHRIFSH LHRIFSH ODDPDGECH, On LLLHA UHNNNH LBTsdshch Yu Lhrgpch LHRRRAFSH FPCHBTH; UPCHEF PRTEDEMSM FBLCE Y GEOSCH LBL RTDDBCHBENSHI, FBL Y RPLHRBENSHI FPCHBTPC. CHEUFY FPTZPCHMA OENEGLYN LHRGBN RPЪCHPMSMPUSH FPMSHLP PRFPCHHA; SING OE YNEMY RTBCHB OH VTBFSH X OPCHZPTPDGECH DEOOZ CHBKNSCH, OH DBCHBFSH YN. rTYETSBFSH CH OPCHZPTPD OENEGLYE LHRGSH NPZMY FPMSHLP DCHB TBBB CH ZPD: ABOUT JINH Y ABOUT MEFP; UPPVTBOP U LFYN SING Y OBSCHCHBMYUSH ЪYNOYNYY YMY MEFOYNY ZPUFSNY. YINMYE RTYETSBMY PUEOSH, TSYMY YINH Y UP CHULTSCHFYEN TEL HETSBMY, CHBNEO YI RTYETSBMY ZPUFY MEFOYE. UHDB OENEGLYI FPTZPCHGECH RMSHMY PVSHLOPCHEOOOP GEMSHNY LBTBCHBOBNY, RPD PITBOK CHPEOOSCHI ZBOJEKULYI LPTBVMEK, FBL LBL NPTE VSHMP OEVEЪPRBUOP PF RYTBFPCH, DP ZPTPDB chYUVY, B PFUADB DETSBMY RKHFSH HC RTSNP ABOUT PUFTPC LEFMYOSEO, YMY lPFMYO, CH ZHYOULPN EBMYCHE, RETED KHUFSHEN TELY oechsch. ъDEUSH YOPYENOSCHI ZPUFEK CHUFTEYUBMY OPCHZPTPDULYE MPGNBOSHCHY RTYUFBCHSHCH, DETSBCHYYE "UFTBTSH NPTULKHA", Y RTPCHPTSBMY ZPU-FEK DP UBNPZP oPCZPTPDB.

RTPKDS NYNP lPFMYOB, UKHDB CHUFKHRBMY CH OECHH, RPFPN CH mBDPTsULPE PIETP Y DPUFYZBMY KHUFSHS chPMIPCHB, ZDE ЪBNPTULYK FPCHBT RETEZTHTSBMUS U ZMHVPLP UYDECHYI NPTUL YI UHDHR ABOUT NEMLY TEYUOSCH Y URMBCHMSMUS RP chPMIPCHH. OE DPEJTSBS DP oPCZPTPDB, UKHDB PUFBOBCHMYCHBMYUSH: ЪDEUSH RTPYCHPDYMUS UUEF FPCHBTPC, Y POY PVMBZBMYUSH RPYMYOPK. h OPChZPTPDDE FPCHBT CHSHCHZTHTSBMY U UKHDHR Y ABOUT YJCHPYYYUSHYYI FEMESBI DPUFBCMSMY ABOUT OENEGLYK DHPT. YuFPVSH OE VSHMP ЪBRTPUPCH UP UFPTPOSCH YYCHPYUYLPCH Y FUPVSHCHOE CHPKOILBMP LBLYI-MYVP OEDPTTBHNEOYK U OBOINBFEMSNY-YUKHTSENGBNY, B FBLCE PE YVETSBOIE RTPNE DMEOYS CH DPUFBCHLE FPCHBTB, OPCHZPTPDULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP KHUFBOPCHYMP RPUFPSOOHA FBLUKH ЪB RTPChP FPChBTB PF VETEZB DP OENEGLPZP DChPTB. dP DChPTB OENEGLPZP RPMBZBMPUSH 10 LHO U CHPB, B DP ZPFULPZP - 15 LHO.

LTPNE LFPZP RKhFY, OENGSH NPZMY CHPYFSH UCHPY FPChBTSH YUETE RULPC Y YUETE OBTCHH RP UHIPNKH RKHFY; LFP VShchM RTEINHEEUFCHEOOP JYNOYK RHFSH. chPЪYFSH YOPENOSCHK FPCHBT DTKHZYNY DPTPZBNY CH OPCHZPTPD ЪBRTEEBMPUSH, Y FPCHBTSHCH, RTYCHEOOOSCH OE KHLBBOOSCHNY RKhFSNY, PFVYTBMYUSH CH LBIOKH. oeneglik dchpt vshchm pvoeueo chshchuplpk Ufeopk, y EZP PITBOSMB NBUUB GEROSHCHY UPVBL y OENEGLBS UFTTBsB. rP DPZPCHPTBN OPCHZPTPDGSH OE NPZMY UFTPYFSH YDBOYS PLPMP LFPZP DCHPTB Y DETSBFSH ЪDEUSH FPCHBT, OE NPZMY DBCE UPVYTBFSHUS CHP'ME Y YZTBFSH CH UCHBKLH. PP DChPTE UFPSMB GETLPCHSH Y VPMSHYPE ЪDBOYE U PVIYTOPK RBMBFPK - "ZTYDOYGEK", WHERE UPVYTBMYUSH YOPUFTBOOSCHE LHRGSHCH; PLPMP LFK LPNOBFSH VSHMB NEOSHIBS DMS UMHZ, FHF TSE RPNEEBMYUSH Y PFDEMSHOSH URBMSHOY. lTHZPN CHUEZP ЪDBOYS VSHCHMY CHSHCHUFTPEOSCH LMEFY YMY BNVBTSH DMS ULMBDB FPCHBTB; OP FPCHBTPCH RTYCHPYYMY FBLPE NOPTSEUFChP, YuFP POY OE RPNEEBMYUSH CH BNVBTBI Y CHBMYCHBMYUSH CH PVEEK LPNOBFE Y DBCE CH GETLCY.

VMBZPDBTS FEN RTYCHYMEZYSN, LBLYNY OENGSCH UKHNEMY PVUFBCHYFSH UEVS CH oPChZPTPDDE, Y FSTSEMPNKH LHMBLKH ZBOSHCH, LPFPTBS OE ULHRYMBUSH RPLBYSCHBFSH EZP UMBVEKYN DTH USHSN Y UPAYOILBN, OPCHZPTPDULBS FPTZPCHMS U ЪBZTBOYGEK ULPTP UPCHETYEOOP PYUKHFYMBUSH CH, OENE-GLYI THLBI, Y TPMSH OPCHZPTPDULYI LHR-GPC UCHEMBUSH L RPLHRLE FPZP, YuFP RTYCHPYMY OENGSHCH, Y RETERTPDBCE CHOKHTSH UFTBOSHCH. oENEGLYE LHRGSH ЪBTBOEE KHZPCHBTYCHBMYUSH NETSDH UPVPK Y RPLHRBMY FPCHBT KH OPCHZPTPDGECH RP FEN GEOBN, RP LBLYN IPFEMY, Y OPCHZPTPDGSH OYUEZP OE NPZMY U LFYN RPDEM BFSH, OEUNPFTS ABOUT FP, YuFP OELPFPTSHCH FPCHBTSHCH, OBRTYNET, CHPUFPYUOSCH, OENGSH FPMSHLP PF OPCHZPTPDGECH Y NPZMY RPMKHYUYFSH. mHYuYBS PTZBOYBGYS, LBL CHUEZDB, RPVETSDBMB. yOPUFTBOOSCH FPCHBTSH OPCHZPTPD RPLHRBM, LPOYUOP, OE FPMSHLP DMS UEVS, OP Y DMS RETERTPPDBTSY CH DTHZIE TKHUULYE PVMBUFY. oPChZPTPDULYE LHRGSH RPUFPSOOP EDYMY CH UKHDBMSH, chMBDYNYT, LYECH, yuETOYZPCH, zBMYU, DBCE CH MYFCHH. sCHMSSUSH RTPDBCHGBNY YOPYENOSHI FPCHBTPC, OPCHZPTPDGSH VSHMY CH FP TSE CHTENS Y RPLHRBFEMSNY FKHENOSCHI DMS ЪBZТBOYУОПЗП ТШХOLB.

UBNSHCHN CHBTSOSHCHN RTEDNEFPN FPZPCHMY OPCHZPTPDB U DTHZYNY TKHUULYNY LOTSEUFCHBNY VSHHM IMEV, Ch LPFPTPN oPCZPTPD OHTSDBMUS OE FPMSHLP DMS RETERTPPDBTSY JOPENGBN, OP Y D MS UEVS, FBL LBL VPMPFYUFBS OPCHZPTPDULBS RPYUCHB TPDIMB IMEVB NBMP. IMEV YEM CH OPCHZPTPD YITSBOY, RP PLAY NPULCHE-TELE ABOUT CHPMPLPMBNUL, BU CHETIOEZP rPCHMTSSHS ABOUT FCHETSH Y fPTsPL. OEKHTPTSBY Y CHPKOSHCH, UFEUOSCHYE DPUFBCHLH IMEVB Ch oPChZPTPD, VSHCHBMY YOPZDB RTYUYOPK UFTBYOSCHI ZPMPDPCHPL Ch oPChZPTPDULPK YENME. fBL, Ch 1187 ZPDH GEOSCH ABOUT IMEV Ch oPCHZPTPDDE RPDOSMYUSH FBL, YuFP TPDFYFEMY RTDPDBCHBMY OENGBN UCHPYI DEFEC, FPMSHLP VSHCH URBUFY YI PF KhTsBUB ZPMPDOPK UNETFY. fBLBS ЪBCHYUYNPUFSH oPChZPTPDB CH UFPMSH UKHEEUFCHEOOPN CHPRPTPUE, LBL IMEV OBUKHEOSCHK, PF DTHZYI TKHUULYI YENEMSH VSHMB RTYYUYOPK FPZP, YuFP UYMSHOSHCHE LOSSHS, LBL BODTEC in PZPMAVULYK, B CHRPUMEDUFCHYY NPULPCHULYE, NPZMY DETSBFSH oPChZPTPD CH RPCHYOPCHEOYY, OE RTYVEZBS L PTHTSYA: UFPYMP YN FPMSHLP RTELTBFYFSH DPUFBCHLH IMEVB ABOUT OPCHZPTPDULYE TSCHOLY, Y UNYTEOOOSCHK PTSYDBOYEN ZPMPDB zPURPDYO CHEMYLK OPCHZPTPD YEM ABOUT KHUFKHRLY DBTSE RETED RPVETSDEOOOSCHN CH PFLTSCHFPN VPA RTPFYCHOILPN, DETSBCHYYN CH UCHPYI T HLBI LMAYU PF TSIFOIG rPChPMTSSHS Y TSBBOY.

LTBKOSS OEVEVPRBUOPUFSH FPZDBYOEK FPTZPCHMY, PFDBMEOOOPUFSH TSCHOLPCH, FTHDOPUFSH DPTPZY LOYN, OEPVIPDYNPUFSH VSHCHFSH UIMSHOSCHNYI CHPPTHTSEOOSCHNY RTY FPTZPCHP-RTPNSHUMPCCHSHI LUREDYGYSI CH UFTBOSH DYLBTEK, - CHUE LFY PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB ЪBUFBCHMSMY OPCHZPTPDULYI LHRGPPCH CHEUFY UCPA FPTZPChP-RTPNSHUMPCHHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH BTFEMSNY YMY LPNRBOYSN Y. lHREYUEULYI BTFEMEK VSHMP CH oPChZPTPDDE NOPZP; TBDEMSMYUSH SING YMY RP FPCHBTH, LPFPTSCHN KHYUBUFOILY YI FPTZPCHBMY, YMY RP NEUFOPUFY, LHDB SING IPDYMY; UPPVTBOP U LFYN CH OPCHZPTPDDE VSHMY BTFEMY LHRGPC OYPCHULYI, FP EUFSH FPTZPHBCHYI U OYPCHPK ENMEK, LBL FPZDB CH OPCHZPTPDDE OBSCHCHBMY UKHDBMSHULHA PVMBU FS; RPNPTULYNY LHRGBNY ЪCHBMYUSH FE, LPFPTSHCHE IPDYMY ABOUT vBMFYLH YMY ABOUT VEMPE NPTE; LHRGSH, FPTZPCHBCHYE UPMSHA, OBSCHCHBMYUSH RTBUPMSH. PUPVEOOPE OBYUEOYE YNEMB CH OPCHZPTPDDE BTFEMSH LHRGPC, UPEDYOYCHYIUS PLPMP ITBNB UCH. yPBOOB rTEDFEYUY, YMY, RP-OPCHZPTPDULY, X yCHBOB CHEMYLPZP CH pRPLPBI. CHUSLYK LHREG, RPTSEMBCHYYK CHUFKHRYFSH CH "YCHBOPCHP UFP", DPMTSEO VSHM CHOEUFY CHLMBD - 50 ZTYCHEO Y, LTPNE FPZP, RPTSETFCHBFSH 29.5 ZTYCHOSCH CH RPMSHЪХ GETLCHY UCH. yCHBOB ABOUT PRPLBI. fBLPK LHREG HCE OBCHUEZDB DEMBMUS KHYUBUFOILPN yCHBOPCHPK UPFOY Y RETEDBCHBM LFP RTBChP UCHPYN DEFSN.

CH PFMYYUYE PF DTHZYI LHRGPCH EZP OBSHCHBMY "RPYMSCHN", FP EUFSH UFBTYOOSHN LHRGPN, Y CH LFPN ЪBLMAYUBMPUSH NOPZP ZPTDPUFY Y DPCHPMSHUFCHB DMS FPZDBYOEZP LHRGB; RTYOBDMETSOPUFSH L yCHBOPCHPK UPFOE UIMSHOP URPUPVUFCHPCHBMB LTEDYFKH Y RPMPTSEOYA LHRGB CH FPTZPCHPN NYTE. lKHRGSHCH, ЪBRYUBCHYYEUS CH "yCHBOPChP UFP", YNEMY VPMSHYE RTYCHYMEZYY; FBL, SING YNEMY RTBCHP RPMKHYUBFSH PF ZPTPDB CHPEOOSHCHK PFTSD DMS LPOCPS YI FPTZPCHSHI LUREDYGYK, PFRTBCHMSAEYIUS, OBRTYNET, ABOUT HTBM; CH NYOKHFSCH FPTZPCHSHCHI ЪBFTKHDOEOYK, ZTPYYYI YCHBOPCHULPNH LHRGKH "YЪZPKUFCHPN", FP EUFSH VBOLTPPFUFCHPN, BY RPMKHYUBM YЪ PVEEUFCHEOOPK LBUUSCH RPDNPZH, LPFPTBS T BULMBDSHCHBMBUSH ABOUT CHUEI KHUBUFOYLPCH UPFOY. x yChBOB CHEMYLPZP ABOUT PRPLBI OBIPDIYMUS PVEEUFCHEOOSCHK ZPUFYOSCHK DHPT, ZDE LHRGSH ULMBDSCHBMY UCHPY FPCHBTSH Y ZDECH PUPVK "ZTYDOYGE", FP EUFSH PVIYTOPK RBMBFE, POY UPVYTB MYUSH DMS TBUUHTSDEOOK PV PVEYI DEMBY.

DMS CHEDEOYS FELHEYI DEM PVEEUFCHB POY CHSHCHVYTBMY YUCHPEK UTEDSH UFBTPUFKH, LPFPTSCHK UBN CHSHCHVYTBM UEVE RPNPEOILPC. pVEEUFCHEOOBS LBUUB RPNEEBMBUSH CH UBNPK GETLCHY. ABOUT IPTBI GETLCHY UCH. yChBOB OBIPDIYMYUSH MBTY - CHDEMBOOSHCH UFEOH YLBRSCH, ZHE ITBOYMYUSH FPTZPCHSHCHE LOYZY, DPLHNEOFSHCH, CHUE OPCHZPTPDULYE ZTBNPFSH Y DPZPCHPTSH; GETLPCHSH UCH. yCHBOB SCHMSMBUSH, FBLYN PVTBBPN, ZPUKhDBTUFCHEOOSCHN BTIYCHPN DMS CHUEZP oPCZPTPDB CHNEUFE U ITBNPN UCH. UPZHYY, HERE ITBOYMYUSH EEE Y DHIPCHOSHE ZTBNPFSHCH. h RPDCHBMBI GETLCHY UCH. yCHBOB ULMBDSHCHBMYUSH FPCHBTSH Y OBIPDIMBUSH PVEEUFCHEOOBS LBUUB. pLPMP GETLCHI RPNEEBMUS TSCHOPL, FPTZ, Y UFPSMY CHEUSH, ABOUT LPFPTSCHY CHEYBMY FPCHBTSH; RTY CHEUBY UPUFPSMY PUPVSHCHSHCHVPTOSH RTYUSTSOSCHE YYOSCH, LPFPTSCHE RTPYCHPDYMY CHCHEYYCHBOYE Y OBVMADBMY ЪB RTBCHYMSHOPUFSHA CHUB Y FPTZPCHMY; ЪB CHЪCHEYCHBOYE, LBL Y RTY RTDDBCE FPChBTTB, CHINBMBUSH U RPLHRBFEMS PUPVBS RPYMYOB. TSDPN U VPMSHYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYOBYYYYYUSH-EEE-NBMSCHE, UMHTSYYYYE DMS CHECHEYYCHBOYS DTBZPGEOOSHHI NEFBMMPCH, UMMYFLY LPFPTSCHI ЪBNEOSMY FPZDB YUELBOOKHA NPOEFKH.

RTY GETLCHY UCH. yCHBOB UPUFPSM Y FPTZPCHSHCHK UHD, RTEDUEDBFEMEN LPFTPTPZP VSHM FSHUSGLYK. fBLYN PVTB-ЪPN, GETLPCHSH UCH. YCHBOB ABOUT PRPLBI, CHPM LPFPTPK PVYAEDYOMYUSH VPZBFEKYE LHRGSHCH, SCHMSMBUSH LBL VSHCH GEOFTPN CHUEK OPCHZPTPDULPK FPTZPCHMY. xUREYOBS FPTZPCHBS DESFEMSHOPUFSH RPDOSMB OEPVSHHLOPCHOOOP UYMKH Y OBYOOYE CHEMYLPZP oPCZPTPDB; FPTZPCHMEK TSYMP CHUE OPCHZPTPDULPE OBUEMEOYE, Y FPTZPCHSHCHK YuEMPCHEL CH oPChZPTPDDE - UBNBS VPMSHYBS UYMB; OILBLPK DPZPCHPT, OILBLPE TEYEOYE OE RTPCHPDYFUS ABOUT CHUE VE UPZMBUYS LHRGB; RTEDRTYYNYUYCHBS, RPMOBS PRBUOPUFEK, KHDBYYY OEKHDBYUY FPTZPCHBS TSYOSH CHSTBVBFSHCHBMB YЪ OPCHZPTPDGECH Y MADEK RTEDRTYYNYYCHSHI, KHRPTOSCHI, OBUFPKYYCHSHI, DETILYYY UNEMPLOYED.

OPCHZPTPDULYE VSHCHMYOSCH P chBUSHLE vKHUMBECHE Y P uBDLP TYUHAF STLYNY LTBULBNY OBDNOOKHA Y VEUYBVBIOKHA HDBMSH OPCHZPTPDULPZP LHRGB-VPZBUB. ьФБ ХДБМШ И ПФЧБЗБ, OE OBIPDS UEVE YUIPDB OB TPDYOE, ЪBUFBCHMSMB NOPZYI OPChZPTPDGECH HIPDYFSH ABOUT UFPTPOH, OB CHPMZKH, ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBBPN CH UFTBOKH UFBTYOOSHI CHTBZPCH o PCHZPTPDB - UKHЪDBMSHGECH, YUFPVSH ZTBVYFSH ЪDEUSH MADEK Y FPTZPCHSHCHE UKHDB. fY TBVPKOYUSHY RPIPDSCH OPCHZPTPDULYI KHDBMSHGPCH-HYLKHKOILPC YUBUFP VSHCHBMY RTYYUYOPK VPMSHYYI Y PRBUOSHI DMS OPCHZPTPDB OEDPTBHNEOYK U UPUEDSNY. ch 1375 ZPDH LBLPK-FP OPChZPTPDEG rTPLPR UPVTBM ChBFBZH Ch 2000 YUEMPCHEL YY dCHYOULPK ENMY RTPYEM ABOUT CHPMZH.

ЪDEUSH KHYLKHKOIL OBRBMY ABOUT lPUFTPNH. CHEMYLPLOSTSEULYK CHPECHPDB ECBM, y rTPLPR U FPCHBTYEBNY TBZTBVYM ZPTPD, OBVTBM NOPZP CHUSLPZP DPVTB, RMEOYM TSYFEMEK, OE EBDS TSEOEYO y DEFEC, y RPYEM CHOI RP h PMZE, ZDE RPZTBVYM PLTEUFOPUFY OYTSOEZP OPCHZPTPDB, TBZTBVYM NOPTSEUFChP LHREYUEULYI UHDHR, RETEVYM VEUETNEOULYI, FP EUFSH FBFBTULYI, RETUIDULYYI Y VHIBTULYI LHRGPC. h Z. vKHMZBTBI ON RTDPDBM FBFBTBN CHEUSH UCHPK RPMPO Y DPVTBMUS DP BUFTBIBOY, ZDE LBLPK-FP FBFBTULYK LOSSH RETEVYM CHUA CHBFBZH rTPLPRB. OPCZPTPDULYI KHYLKHKOILPC OBMY Y CHETNY Y CH UBCHPMPUSHE, ABOUT UCHPYI MPDLBI RPTPOILBMY SING ABOUT VEMP NPTE Y ZTBVIMY UECHETOSCHE VETEZB OPTCHAZYY.