Proverbs in the Chuvash language about the mind. The best Chuvash proverbs

In the history of the United States of the 20th century, there were two President Roosevelts. Better known in the world Franklin Delano Roosevelt, elected four times to the post of head of state, the man who led America out of the Great Depression and made a huge contribution to the victory over fascism.

But in the United States itself, Franklin Roosevelt's predecessor Theodore Roosevelt may well compare with him in popularity.

Perhaps the image of Theodore Roosevelt is even more popular - after all, he was among the characters in the comedy epic Night at the Museum.

By the way, the Presidents Roosevelts are related to each other - they are sixth cousins, and Franklin Roosevelt's wife was the niece of Theodore Roosevelt.

Theodore Roosevelt was born in New York on October 27, 1858, the son of a merchant and philanthropist of Dutch origin. The second child in the family, Ted was distinguished by his sickness and elementary education received at home, not at school.

When the boy got older, despite his illnesses, he became interested in sports - running and boxing.

In 1876, Theodore Roosevelt entered Harvard University, from which he successfully graduated in 1880.

Endurance Test

The young man was attracted by politics: in 1881, Roosevelt was elected to the New York State Assembly from the Republican Party. Roosevelt had enough for everything - he married a native of Massachusetts Alice Hathaway Lee and felt quite happy.

In early February 1884, Theodore Roosevelt gave birth to a daughter, who was named Alice. But happiness young father did not last long - his wife died on February 14. By a fateful coincidence, Roosevelt’s mother passed away on the same day.

After this severe blow, he retired from politics, settling on a ranch in Dakota and taking up farming.

A personal tragedy would have completely broken a weak person, but Roosevelt’s trials only strengthened him. In 1886, he returned to politics, running for mayor of New York. Despite the defeat, he is spoken of as a very promising politician.

On December 2, 1886, Theodore Roosevelt married his childhood friend for the second time. Edith Kermit Carow. This marriage would turn out to be happy - the couple would have five children, in whom the father doted. Roosevelt loved to tinker with kids, and often became the ringleader of the games.

The wife, leaving home and leaving her husband with the children, kissed everyone in turn, telling him goodbye: “Behave well during my absence.”

He could enjoy family happiness and study literary creativity, for which Roosevelt had a clear talent. But politics remained his great passion.

Commander of the "Dashing Riders"

In 1889, Roosevelt became commissioner civil service USA, combining this position with the duties of the New York City Police Commissioner.

The established rules and the unspoken truce between criminals and the police did not suit Roosevelt. Having changed his clothes, he went into the slums of New York at night, scolding the patrolmen if they did not perform their duties properly.

Roosevelt's popularity constantly grew due to his activities. In 1897 US President William McKinley appointed him assistant secretary for naval affairs. In this post he met the beginning of the Spanish-American War.

His appearance, more suitable for a scientist, did not fit in with his military exploits. But in April 1898, with the outbreak of war, Roosevelt became one of the organizers of the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry regiment formed mainly from cowboys. As part of this regiment, Roosevelt, who was first deputy commander and then commander of the Rough Riders, fought in Cuba. For his courage and bravery, Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the highest military award USA - Medals of Honor.

Interestingly, Roosevelt’s award was officially approved more than a century later, in 2001. Theodore Roosevelt is the first and only US president to receive this award.

The image of Roosevelt the cavalryman in the USA became canonical, just as the image of Stalin in French.

Youngest President

Roosevelt returned from the war as a national hero and favorite of the nation and easily won the election for governor of New York.

But he did not hold this post for long. In 1900, Republican presidential candidate William McKinley invited Roosevelt to run for president with him. It is quite possible that it was Roosevelt's popularity that ensured McKinley's victory.

And again stay for a long time new position Roosevelt failed. In September 1901, President McKinley was wounded in an assassination attempt and died eight days later.

On September 14, 1901, Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as President of the United States, becoming the youngest (42 years and 10 months) president in history.

“The damn cowboy became president,” exclaimed Roosevelt’s opponents. His dynamic, decisive style irritated many. As American historians write, Roosevelt transformed the federal government into a defender of public interests and an arbiter in the conflict of economic groups. He fought the abuses of big business, earning the nickname "trust buster."

The Big Stick and the Nobel Prize

In foreign policy, Roosevelt continued McKinley's policy of abandoning the policy of isolationism, which included more Active participation USA in world affairs.

Having supported the revolution in Panama, Roosevelt secured the allocation of a site on the territory of this country for the construction of a canal between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Construction of the Panama Canal began under Theodore Roosevelt.

Thanks to Roosevelt, expressions such as “world policeman” and “big stick politics” entered world politics.

Having spoken out for active action in the world, not excluding the use of force if necessary, in 1906 Roosevelt became the first head of state to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The award was presented to the US President for his role in the signing of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty, which concluded the Russo-Japanese War.

This happened after the presidential elections of 1904, in which Roosevelt was elected President of the United States for a new term.

Formally, he was elected for the first time, because since 1901 he had been “replacing” the deceased McKinley, but Roosevelt said that he considered this his second presidency and would leave office at the end of it.

"Roosevelt's Revolution"

Roosevelt kept his promise, supporting a fellow party president in the next election. William Taft, who was Minister of War in his government.

However, the course taken by Taft did not suit him categorically. It was not so satisfying that in 1911, Theodore Roosevelt announced his intention to nominate himself in the next presidential election.

Formally, Roosevelt had the right to do this. In the United States at that time there was no law limiting the number of presidential terms during which the same person could hold office.

But Roosevelt's actions violated every unwritten norm of American politics. Nevertheless, he achieved great support from members of the Republican Party. Roosevelt managed to win a landslide victory in the Republican party primaries. He received 278 delegate votes, while Taft received only 48 votes.

But the Republican convention in the summer of 1912 decided to nominate Taft from the party.

And Roosevelt rebelled. “If you have voted out the real and legitimate majority, it must organize,” he said and left the convention with his supporters.

In August 1912, Roosevelt's supporters created the Progressive Party of the USA, and the ex-president became a candidate in the elections.

Defeat

On October 14, before a campaign speech in Milwaukee, an assassination attempt was made on Roosevelt. The bullet hit the chest, first piercing his glasses case and the thick 50-page manuscript of the speech that Roosevelt intended to give, which was in his inner pocket. Roosevelt, as an experienced hunter with an understanding of anatomy, concluded that since he was not coughing up blood, the bullet had not penetrated his lung; Having refused help, he made the planned speech, speaking for 90 minutes, and only after that he turned to the doctors.

The presidential elections of 1912 threatened to become revolutionary. Instead of two main candidates, there are three, instead of two main parties, there are three.

Roosevelt was confidently ahead of Taft, but a split in the Republican camp allowed the Democratic candidate to win an overall victory Woodrow Wilson, who campaigned under the slogan “We have no irreplaceable people.”

The defeat primarily affected not Roosevelt’s prestige, but the Progressive Party, which, not having had time to gain a foothold in American politics, began to lose influence. She was finished off by Roosevelt's refusal to run for president in 1916. Instead, he supported the Republican nomination in the next election. Charles Hughes.

"How I Love Sagamore Hill"

After leaving the presidential post, Roosevelt, without leaving politics entirely, devoted a lot of time to literature, traveling, and hunting.

On one hunt in the USA, in order to please Roosevelt, a bear cub was tied to a tree. Seeing him, Theodore took pity on him, untied him and set him free. Subsequently, in the USA they began to create teddy bears that are still popular and name them in honor of the president - Teddy.

When the United States entered the First World War in 1917 world war, the ex-president, like twenty years ago, was eager to fight. He was not allowed to go to the front, but four of his sons took part in the war. Military pilot Quentin Roosevelt killed in action on July 14, 1918.

Roosevelt's authority remained extremely high. Republican Party wanted to see him as a presidential candidate in the 1920 elections. Roosevelt, having forgotten about previous contradictions, was ready to once again enter the same river.

However, at the end of 1918 his health deteriorated sharply. He was discharged from the hospital on Christmas Eve. He went to his Sagamore Hill estate, where he planned to spend the holidays, gain strength and return to political activity.

On Sunday evening, January 5, 1919, his wife Edith was reading a book to him. Before going to bed, he suddenly said to his wife: “I don’t know if you understand how much I love Sagamore Hill.”

A few hours later, 60-year-old Theodore Roosevelt died in his sleep due to a blood clot. President Woodrow Wilson, to whom Roosevelt lost in the 1912 election, declared mourning in the country.

To understand how highly Americans place Theodore Roosevelt in their history, it should be noted that in the giant bas-relief on Mount Rushmore, carved for the 150th anniversary of the United States, his sculpture is located next to George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln.

Theodore Roosevelt - American political figure, 26th President of the United States.

Awarded Nobel Prize world for 1906.

Family. Childhood. Youth

On October 27, 1858, a second child, a boy, appeared in a family of immigrants from the Netherlands in New York. They named him Theodore. Few could have imagined that someday he would become the president of the country. In addition to Theodore, there were three more children in the family.

The Roosevelt family was by no means poor and could afford to give their children a good education. Theodore grew up as a sickly child, so he was on homeschooling. Despite severe myopia and asthma, the boy was intensely involved in sports, showing persistence in achieving his goals since childhood.

Private training was high quality and complete. It allowed young Roosevelt to enter the Harvard University. After graduating in 1880, he planned to seriously engage in politics, because while still at the university he became a member of the Republican Party.

Roosevelt's personal life was happy, he married the girl he loved, and they had a daughter. But the tragedy dashed all dreams and expectations - one day, February 14, he became a widower and lost his mother. The shock forced him to retire to a ranch in Dakota and spend several years recovering. His second marriage not only brought him back to life, but also revived his dream of a political career. The Roosevelts return to New York.

Political career

He tried to start his political career as mayor of New York, but this attempt was unsuccessful. His first step to political heights was the position of chief of police in New York, which he received in 1895. Already in this position, Roosevelt created an image that was not standard and popular among ordinary taxpayers.

He became widely known for his nightly “incognito” raids. Trying to destroy the peaceful coexistence of the police, municipality and crime, Roosevelt disguised himself as a simple worker and went at night to the most criminal areas to observe how conscientiously the patrolmen performed their duties.

In 1897, Theodore Roosevelt was appointed Deputy Secretary of War. Even in this position, he acts proactively and proactively. He forms a regiment of volunteers and heads it to Europe to participate in the American-Spanish War. After successful completion of this military operation Roosevelt returns home national hero, laying another solid brick in the foundation of a political career.

In 1899 he became governor of New York. Not all of his political like-minded people are satisfied with Roosevelt’s zeal and ambition and his candidacy is nominated for a purely nominal post of vice president in the McKinley government. Who would have thought that the beginning of this president’s second term would begin with the assassination attempt on McKinley and his sudden death! According to US law, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became the 26th president without any participation in the elections.

Presidency

Theodore Roosevelt's activities as President of the United States are shining example aristocratic rule by the richest strata in a mass democracy. Roosevelt supported and expanded the course pursued by his predecessor McKinley. America had to abandon its isolation and become a world imperialist power.

It was Theodore Roosevelt who coined the phrase “big stick politics.” He is the author of the current definition of the United States as “the world’s policeman.” In foreign policy, the interests of his own country were always a priority for him, and the moral component for achieving them did not play a big role.

In domestic policy During the administration of Theodore Roosevelt, some reforms were implemented social plan. Their goal was government control over large trusts and consumer protection. The head of state declared tough or moderate actions. The majority of the country's population was impressed by his actions and he was given the nickname "Teddy". Therefore, Roosevelt won his second term as president in November 1904 by a landslide.

His election campaign was financed by representatives big business, which internal and foreign policy Theodore Roosevelt was very pleased. He did not run for a third term, but went to travel and lecture at English and French universities.

Two years later, he decided to return to big politics, but his time was up and the attempt was unsuccessful. In addition, an attempt was made on his life, and Roosevelt was seriously wounded. Theodore Roosevelt died at the age of 60 after a blood clot broke loose in his sleep. This happened on January 6, 1919. Mourning was declared in the country.

Famous Teddy bears Teddies are named after the 26th President of the United States of America.

The snow is white, but a dog runs through it; the earth is black, but it produces bread.

There would be a head on your shoulders, and there would be bread.

Without salt, without bread - half a meal.

Eat bread for food, and a penny for trouble.

Throw the bread back and you will find yourself in front.

Keep your bread in the corner and your money in your bundle.

If there was bread, there would be mice.

Without a piece of bread there is sadness everywhere.

Bread cannot be kneaded without leaven.

Without salt, bread is not food.

They can't have lunch without bread.

There would be bread, and with bread there would be people.

It’s bad to live without bread and near water.

My brother, eat your bread.

Without salt, without bread, conversation is bad.

If there is bread, there will be lunch.

You can't cut bread without a knife.

Without bread and without porridge, our labors are worthless.

Without salt it is not tasty, and without bread it is not satisfying.

In debts there is no money, in sheaves there is no bread.

Without a plow and a harrow, the king will not find bread.

Without bread and rushnik in honor.

Save bread for food, and money for trouble.

As long as there is bread and water, it’s not a problem.

A beggar has bread on his mind, a stingy man has a crust on his account.

Where the weed blooms, there the bread withers.

He who is glad to work will be rich in bread.

Bread is not without crumbs.

Where there is bread, there are mice.

As long as there is a flail on the threshing floor, there is bread on the table.

Only bread is left until tomorrow, not work.

We are not proud people: there is no bread, give us some pies.

To get up early is to get a lot of bread, and to sleep long is to get enough sleep.

Lunch is bad if there is no bread.

Buckwheat porridge is our mother, and rye bread is our dear father.

Eat the pies, but save the bread in advance.

The animal has to decide where the bread is born.

You won’t be satisfied with conversation if you don’t get bread.

If you don't fertilize the rye, you'll collect a penny's worth of bread.

Whoever has a lot of bread, get pigs, and whoever has a lot of money, rent a mill.

The hail also destroyed my neighbor’s bread, but mine won’t rise again.

Man is not satisfied with bread alone.

You won't be angry with bread and children for long.

You can’t knead the dough and you can’t eat the bread.

As the bread arrived, the pie went, and the pie arrived, so the pancake went, and the pancake arrived, so it went into the world.

Bread and salt! - I eat my own. - There is bread! - There's nowhere to sit.

A man sowed grain for luck, but quinoa was born.

Potatoes help bread.

Unwinded bread is not hunger, and a loose shirt is not nakedness.

He who yawns drinks water.

Eat the bread and save the pies ahead.

You can't bake bread with flour alone.

In the field - for bread, in the forest - for firewood.

No bread will be born there, where no one works in the field.

I would be glad with my soul, but the bread is someone else's.

And the thin man lives and chews bread.

Not everyone plows whoever eats bread.

Our dad is not like a peasant: break gingerbread, and slurp it with cabbage soup, but when you sit down to eat, there is bread in honor.

Dung steals God's bread.

Better bread and water than cake and disaster.

Search as one searches for bread.

Money loves counting, and bread loves measure.

For the lonely, where there is bread, there is a corner.

Our sayings around the bread crust.

There is a lot of firewood in the forest, but no bread.

Just as there is a land of bread, so there is paradise under the spruce tree, but there is not a piece of bread, so there is melancholy in the mansion.

I need bread for after lunch too.

It’s not fitting to sort out pies if there is no bread.

Lunch without bread is bitter.

Money counts, but bread has a measure.

If there is bread, eat it, but if there is no bread, look at it.

Eat bread if there are no pies.

And bread misses its side.

Bread is as expensive as money is.

It’s not a problem that there is quinoa in the bread, but it’s a disaster when there is neither bread nor quinoa.

If you go for a day, take bread for a week.

A hungry godfather has bread on his mind.

The word is for the answer, and the bread is for dinner.

Seven miles of jelly to slurp.

Although there is no bread, but your will.

I ate bread from seven ovens.

Don’t wait for the harvest, this harvest will bring you bread.

Everything is one, bread and rowan: both are sour.

The sweat on your back means the bread on the table.

They realized that they were left without bread.

And the dog humbles himself before the bread.

We lived to the point where there was no bread or flour.

If they give you some bread, they will also give you a businessman.

It’s easy to sleep on the beds with ready-made bread.

Where there are peas in the middle of the field, there will be no bread at the edge.

Be lazy and you will lose bread.

Work until you sweat, eat bread when you want.

To live in a house is not to break bread with a break, but with a slice.

If you don't work, you won't get bread.

The hungry patriarch will steal bread.

This pestle eats bread too.

Old bread and salt is not forgotten

Like bread and kvass, that’s all we have, and the tablecloth is off the table, so friendship is gone.

He who steals grieves, but we live - we chew bread and salt.

Not crushed, not millet; Bread that is not ground is not flour.

The dog would buy bread for lunch, but there is no money.

As if every grain fell into the bottom, there would be so much bread.

As is the bread, so is the work.

Not for Jesus, but for kusa bread.

They don't refuse bread and salt.

Great is your bread and salt, and all the crusts.

The rich man has cargo on his ship, the poor man has bread on his mind.

He drinks on salt and sleeps on bread.

When did you, grandma, start doing magic? - And then there was no bread.

Don't look at the sky - there is no bread there, but to the ground below - closer to the bread.

If you want to eat, you’ll start talking about bread.

Whose land is his bread.

Everyone has enough to eat, and there won’t be any bread left.

Give me some soup, and your bread, too.

Everything is the same as before: where the bread comes from, so are the crackers.

It’s not hard to carry a bag if there is bread in it.

For new things, sow grain; for old things, transport manure.

To the word there is faith, to bread there is measure, to money there is counting.

The Russian man leads bread and salt.

What a grief if you didn’t sit by the river without bread.

Not everyone plows bread, but everyone eats it.

The husband is trying to earn bread, and the wife is trying to get rid of her husband.

Where the owner walks, there the earth will give birth to bread.

Either in the old way or in the new way, you can’t live without bread.

If you transport manure, you will also bring bread.

Kalach is not a substitute for bread.

Someone else's bread will start crowing like a rooster in your throat.

Go for a day, but take bread for a week.

Someone else's bread is always delicious.

He doesn’t live sparsely: he buys some bread, has lunch with a neighbor, and runs to the river to drink.

They eat bread not only in your yard.

As is the land, so is the bread.

Whose bread you eat, the custom you follow.

There is a land of bread, and under the spruce there is paradise.

Good bread and salt, and all the crusts.

The purpose of the hungry is bread and water.

A long shirt is not nakedness, bread from the floor is not hungry.

The pies will get so bad that they won’t even give you bread.

Porridge is our mother, and bread is our breadwinner.

There will be no bread, we will bake pancakes.

And the dog does not bark at the one whose bread he eats.

They do not seek bread from bread.

When you get hungry, you can figure out how to get bread.

Then the bread obtained and stale is sweet.

My father mowed, I mowed, they mowed two haystacks, the goat came and ate it right away.

If it blows snow, there will be more bread, more water and more hay.

You can't earn bread from the master's field.

The trial is not money, and the grass is not bread.

It is not the fur coat that warms you, but the bread.

You eat cabbage soup with meat, but no, so do bread with kvass.

The naked man sometimes has a feast like a mountain, but after the feast it is bitter to go around the world for bread.

Don't tend to business, tend to bread.

Time and a slice for a whole bread.

He who works tirelessly cannot live without bread.

And the man is rich, but without bread he is not a peasant.

No matter how ugly he is, he puts bread in his mouth.

The man works crying, but collects bread galloping.

Everyone earns their own bread.

The sea is our field: it provides fish and bread.

He is happy who has bread enough for his soul, clothes enough for a carcass, money enough for his needs.

Don't let the hungry cut bread.

There are also mice around the bread.

I don’t have a piece of bread, and I’m in the upper room with melancholy.

Whoever has bread is born always has fun.

Other people's breads are picky.

The work is bitter, but the bread is sweet.

As there is bread on the table, so is the table a throne, and as there is not a piece of bread, so is the table a board.

They say they cook the bread and bake the cabbage soup.

To an envious person, even his own bread is not sweet.

It’s not time for lunch, as there is no bread at home.

Whoever feeds him with bread, sing a song to him.

Rye bread is the head of everything.

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Introduction……………………………………………………………………...page 3

The value of proverbs and sayings…………………………………………….page 5

Part 1. From the history of proverbs. ……………………………………………………………………page 5

Part 2. About collectors of proverbs.

1. Collectors of Russian proverbs……………………………………....p.6

1. Collectors of Chuvash proverbs…………………………………..p.8

Part 3. Comparison of Russian and Chuvash proverbs using the example of proverbs

about labor………………………………………………………………………………….page 9

Conclusion……………………………………………………………......page 21

List of references……………………………………...….p.22

Applications

Introduction

Proverbs and sayings are the priceless heritage of our people. They accumulated over thousands of years long before the advent of writing and were passed down orally from generation to generation. N.V. Gogol saw in it the result of popular ideas about life and its different manifestations. V.I. Dal understood the proverb as “judgment, sentence, teaching.” In literary criticism, proverbs are poetic, widely used in speech, stable, brief, often figurative, polysemantic, having figurative meaning sayings, formalized syntactically as sentences, often organized rhythmically, summarizing the socio-historical experience of the people and having an instructive, didactic character.

The general obligatory features of proverbs include:

1. brevity;

2. sustainability;

3. connection with speech;

4. belonging to the art of words;

5. wide use.

Proverbs and sayings are the most ancient and popular genre oral folk art. In them the people reflected their attitude towards native nature and its phenomena, social and historical experience his ancestors, expressed his worldview, moral standards and aesthetic ideals. That's why comparative study received proverbial expressions great development. The works of V.N. Kravtsov, V.P. Anikin, V.P. Zhukov, G.L. Permyakov, V.V. Vinogradov and others are devoted to this issue. In these works, proverbs and sayings are studied in three aspects: linguistic, logical-semantic and artistic-figurative.

Assessing the state of the study of proverbs, especially in comparative terms, it should be noted that there are few actual linguistic works on proverbs; in some of them, a proverb is defined as is customary in folklore, without due consideration of its linguistic features.

In this work we put intact l compare the proverbs of the Russian and Chuvash languages ​​in semantic and structural terms.

Relevance topic is that the work examines proverbial expressions of the Russian and Chuvash languages ​​in terms of comparing semantic characteristics, which is important for understanding the preservation national traditions, which was emphasized by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin in his May 2014 decrees.

Subject of study- semantic similarities and differences in proverbs about labor in the Russian and Chuvash languages.

Purpose of this work- comparative study of proverbs of the studied languages ​​and identification on this basis of their common and nationally specific features.

To achieve this goal, the following have been set: tasks:

analysis of the state of knowledge and development of proverbs and related theoretical issues in the aspect of the topic under consideration;

characteristics and classification of proverbs of the Chuvash and Russian languages ​​according to thematic groups;

comparative study of proverbs and sayings of these languages ​​in semantic terms;

The value of proverbs and sayings

The people who created proverbs in the old days did not know how to write, because they simply did not know how to do this, they were not taught to read and write. Therefore, proverbs were often the only way maintaining your life experience and observations. The meaning of proverbs is that they help reflect the thinking of the people in all its diversity, versatility and contradictions. In addition, proverbs are an important part of the people’s way of life, their standards and habits. Proverbs never argue or prove anything; they quite confidently express the thoughts of the people about what they are telling us. Proverbs are affirmed or denied, but they do it in such a way that there is not a single drop of doubt about their correctness. It is important to note that one proverb is an important thought, but thousands of proverbs living among the people represent a multifaceted and deeply meaningful picture of life. Proverbs also serve to educate positive ideals- courage, honesty, feelings of friendship, set us as an example of highly moral behavior. They teach us to distinguish between good and evil.

Part 1. From the history of proverbs.

The sources of proverbs are quite varied. The main ones are direct life observations of people, the socio-historical experience of the people. The fight against foreign invaders, ardent love for the homeland and hatred of its enemies, perseverance, courage and heroism of the Russian people - all this was reflected in short but wise sayings. Working people, who created the country's wealth and defended it from foreign invaders, languished under the heavy burden of exploitation and enslavement for many centuries. The people saw the culprits of their hard life, their suffering in the boyars, officials, clergy, landowners, and then in the capitalists. A lot of proverbs have been created that reflect the difficult and hungry life of a peasant, contrasted with the well-fed and carefree life of a gentleman who squeezes all the juice out of him. The class struggle, open or hidden, never ceased, and a well-aimed word was a sharp weapon in this struggle. (A serf's word is like a spear; A stinking look is worse than a scolding). But gradually the views and ideas of people changed. A particularly dramatic change in the consciousness of the people came after the Great October revolution. For the first time in the history of mankind, a state of workers and peasants was created, the working people received weight equal rights, women were freed from centuries-old family and social slavery, the people became the true masters own destiny and won conditions for free creative work. (Lenin’s testament spread all over the world; There was a torch and a candle, and now Ilyich’s lamp). But when creating something new, people do not throw away all the best that our ancestors have accumulated over the centuries. (The priest will buy money and deceive God - we have no conditions). But love of work, skill and skill, courage, honesty, love of homeland, friendship and other qualities that could not previously be manifested in full force, only in our time have we received all the opportunities for the most complete disclosure. And proverbs that speak about these qualities will always be our companions. The proverbs reflect Big world, in which certain events constantly took place important events or social relations. Reflected here family relationships, home life, and much more. Today many literary expressions, which were directly taken from fiction, continue to become sayings and proverbs, only of real modernity. Proverbs are not antiquity, not the past, but the living voice of the people: the people retain in their memory only what they need today and will need tomorrow.

Part 2. About the collectors of proverbs.

1. Collectors of Russian proverbs

The collection of proverbs began in the 17th century, when some amateurs began to compile handwritten collections. Since the end of the 17th century, proverbs have been published in separate books. In the 30-50s XIX century The Russian scientist and writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801-1872) began collecting proverbs. His collection “Proverbs of the Russian People” included about 30,000 texts. Since then, many collections of proverbs and sayings have been published, but in our time the collection of V.I. Dahl is the most complete and valuable. IN late XIX centuries, people of various specialties wrote articles about proverbs: ethnographers, writers, journalists, teachers, historians, doctors. Among the most significant research work about proverbs include: P. Glagolevsky, “Syntax of the language of Russian proverbs” (St. Petersburg, 1874); A. I. Zhelobovsky, “Family according to the views of the Russian people, expressed in proverbs and other works of folk poetry” (Voronezh, 1892); S. Maksimov, “ Winged words"(SPB 1890); N. Ya. Ermakov, “Proverbs of the Russian People” (St. Petersburg, 1894), etc. Researchers of proverbs believe that the impetus for the appearance of these works was the collection of proverbs by V. I. Dahl, which created a solid basis for their study. Interesting job written by A.I. Zhelobovsky, a gymnasium teacher. First, he cited proverbs, how with them “the people themselves speak about their lives,” how proverbs “expressed external conditions and internal structure family and social life." Then he showed how proverbs characterize the head of the family, wife, children, mother, stepmother, marriage, noted the inequality of women in pre-revolutionary Russia, their downtroddenness, humiliation, vividly and figuratively spoke about the difficult lot of the Russian woman, who appeared humiliated and insulted in proverbs. A study of collections, research papers and articles on proverbs shows that in the second half of the 19th century a further step forward was taken along the path of studying and collecting Russian proverbs. It was during this period, after the publication of the famous collection of proverbs by V. Dahl, that great amount new collections, interesting articles and works on proverbs.

Collectors of Chuvash proverbs.

Bashkir proverb, like some others Turkic peoples, called “makal” (a term of Arabic origin, translated means “a word spoken to the point”). Along with this term, people use the definitions “the word of the ancients”, “the word of the old people”, “the word of the ancestors”, “the word of the people”. The Chuvash have “vattisem kalani” - “the word of the old people.” This is how peoples express their respect for sayings, calling them “the words of their ancestors.” Despite this variety of definitions, moral meaning works of this genre remains one: “a word, an expression that came from the depths of centuries; wisdom passed on previous generations" Thus, signs of the identity of Chuvash and Russian proverbs can be seen in the definition of the term genre. Both peoples call proverbs sayings of wise people. Small genres of Chuvash folklore began to be collected in the 19th century. The very first dictionary of the Chuvash Russian language - “The Root Dictionary of the Chuvash-Russian Language” (1875) leads to the origins of the language. Its author is Nikolai Ivanovich Zolotnitsky. S.M. Mikhailov, N.I. Zolotnitsky, I.N. Yurkin, N.I. Ashmarin, Pette, Yukhankka, K. Pilesh, V.A. Dolgov, N.V. Nikolsky devoted their works to the study of Chuvash proverbs. I.I. Odyukov, N.R. Romanov, I.S. Tuktash and others. Rich material on the language and folklore of the Chuvash region of the Urals belongs to N.I. Ashmarin. Ashmarin’s main work is the 17-volume “Dictionary of the Chuvash Language,” which the scientist prepared for more than 30 years. The first two volumes were published in 1910 and 1912. The last, volume 17, was published in 1950 in Cheboksary. The scientist collected, processed and published works of Chuvash folklore. Following the example of N.I. Ashmarin, G.I. Komisarov developed active work on collecting historical, ethnographic and folklore materials about the Chuvash Southern Urals, collecting folk tales, proverbs and sayings. Despite the existing groundwork, Chuvash folklore on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan has not been sufficiently studied.

Part 3. Comparison of Russian and Chuvash proverbs using the example of proverbs about labor

Every third of the nation inhabited multinational Russia, there is a second native language. For me this is the Chuvash language. I discovered it for myself, to my shame, quite recently. Language is very interesting and attractive for me, because it is absorbed with mother’s milk. He who does not know his native language will not learn someone else’s. This wise saying comes from ancient times, but is still relevant today. My immersion in my native language began with the study of Chuvash proverbs.

I was surprised and excited by the fact that many Chuvash proverbs are very similar to Russian ones and have similar equivalents. The goal was to compare Russian and Chuvash proverbs.

Residents of the Chuvash village of Elbulak-Matveevka, Bizhbulyak district of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the city of Ufa, helped me write down Russian and Chuvash proverbs.

200 respondents were native speakers of Russian and Chuvash speech. It was possible to record 386 Russian and Chuvash proverbs (Appendix 1). This represents 74% of all respondents. 26% could not name a single proverb. And a third of the respondents had difficulty naming the proverb right away. (Appendix 2) Among the 84 respondents, the Chuvash first of all remembered the proverb in Russian and only then in their native language Chuvash language(video).

Having analyzed and grouped the proverbs, we realized that proverbs about work, family and friendship are more often used in speech.

Labor is the supporting category folk philosophy, the basis of being: to the common man and it never occurred to me that you can live without doing anything, so it is quite natural that the theme of labor in Chuvash and Russian proverbs is occupied central place. We can say this based on a sociological survey. We collected 54 Chuvash and 61 Russian proverbs. (Appendix 3)

Scientists distinguish two levels of perception of work. Firstly, work is perceived by a person as a necessity. Secondly, more high level labor is interpreted as an internal human need.

In other words, in the first case, a person is first forced to work, and from childhood he begins to understand that work is necessary, but at the same time the habit of working has not yet been developed in the person, the desire for work has not yet been formed.

In the second case, the person has already realized that work has become an important part of his life, that thanks to work he earns his living, and can also realize his aspirations and goals, gain new knowledge and experience.

Thus, we can say that before work is perceived by a person as the main meaning of his existence, the person himself must live long haul to such an understanding, systematically fulfilling his work duties, even those that he does not entirely like. But gradually a person must realize the value of work. As a result of the analysis of the collected material, proverbs were identified that realize the understanding of the value of work:

You can't go wrong with the craft.

Nothing comes without work.

Business teaches, torments and feeds.

Based on the collected material, a classification of proverbs about work was carried out. The largest group consists of proverbs expressing a positive or negative attitude towards work. In the group of proverbs expressing a positive assessment labor activity, special emphasis is placed on the role of work in human life:

The following proverbs give a negative assessment of work:

You can't change everything.

It's not a damn job, it won't go down the drain.

Ĕç vilsen te viç kunlăkh yulat. (The work will remain for three days after death)

In the negative evaluation group it is shown disdain to work. It should be noted that there are very few proverbs that negatively evaluate work activity.

In general, proverbs in the Russian and Chuvash languages ​​are characterized by a positive attitude towards work. Work is recognized as a necessary component of human life, thanks to which it is possible to improve well-being and financial situation, achieve success in life, achieve certain goals, realize your dreams. This can be clearly seen in the following proverbs:

You won't be lost with the craft.

Puyan purănas tesen kămaka çinche larma yuramast. (If you want to live richly, then you can’t lie on the stove)

The Russian and Chuvash peoples are distinguished by their hospitality. The following proverbs reflect the people’s understanding that the quality of a person’s work determines whether the family will be fed and whether the table will be full of food:

People have always perceived labor as a source of income and wealth:

Ĕçlemesĕr, purlăkh pulmast (You can’t make a fortune without effort)

Craft is a golden breadwinner.

The craft does not ask to drink and eat, but feeds itself.

Therefore, craftsmen have always been valued:

Proverbs reflect folk wisdom, a moral set of rules for life. They represent wide layers of life and wear educational orientation. They enshrine the experience of the people. The topics of proverbs are varied.

In the Chuvash and Russian languages ​​there are quite a large number of proverbs that condemn laziness, idleness and idleness. The proverbs of this group express a negative attitude towards people who do not want and do not like to work:

Russian and Chuvash proverbs urge not to be afraid of work:

It's scary to begin with.

The eyes are afraid, but the hands do it.

Based on many Russian and Chuvash proverbs, one can judge that a good result of work is important, which can only be achieved through high-quality work:

At the same time, the group of Russian proverbs represents various realities and processes rural labor. The Russian people highly appreciate the role of tools in the labor process.

You can't cut hay without a scythe.

Among the Chuvash proverbs we heard, we wrote down only one, realizing given value:

Don't rush with your tongue, hurry with your deeds.

The next meaning can be designated “Patience and Labor.” Which great work was accomplished and is being accomplished without patience? Patience on the brink - the results of labor are on the brink. Therefore, proverbs about patience and work have taken root, becoming an integral part of the spirit and strength of our people:

A drop is chiseling a stone.

Such human qualities how diligence and diligence in the labor process found a positive response in folk art. This is convincingly illustrated in the following proverbs:

Proverbs of the Russian and Chuvash peoples call people to work, since work, in their opinion, is a source of health, it prolongs life:

They get healthy from work, but from laziness they get sick.

Ĕçleken çynnăn picĕnar bake. (The worker’s face is rosy.)

Thus, proverbs represent broad layers of life and are educational in nature.

The analysis showed that many proverbs Chuvash people have similar ones in Russian:

Ĕçlemesĕr khyrăm tarăranmast. (You can’t feed yourself without work.) - If you don’t work, you won’t get bread.

Ĕç yivăr pulsan çime tutlă. (If the work is hard, then the food is delicious.) - Work is bitter, but bread is sweet. Work until you sweat, eat when you want.

Kam kulach çies tet, kămaka çinche vyrtmast. (Whoever wants to eat rolls will not lie on the stove.) - If you want to eat rolls, don’t sit on the stove.

Ĕçlese pĕtersen kanma layăh. (After finishing work, have a good rest.) - Finished the work, go for a walk safely.

Kalla-malla utmasan kun kaçmalla mar ikken. (It turns out that it is difficult to spend the day if you don’t walk here and there.) - The day until the evening is boring if there is nothing to do.

Out of boredom, take matters into your own hands. A small deed is better than a big idleness.

The similarity of proverbs, in our opinion, is often explained not by borrowing, but by the same living conditions of the working population. But at the same time, one cannot reject cultural mutual influence and borrowing from neighboring peoples. The similarity of Chuvash and Russian proverbs is the result of communication between peoples and the enrichment of the culture and art of one people through the development of artistic and cultural achievements another.

Conclusion

Having studied a large number of Russian and Chuvash proverbs about labor, the following was revealed:

signs of the identity of Chuvash and Russian proverbs can be seen in the definition of the term proverb genre. Both peoples call proverbs the sayings of wise people;

in Russian and Chuvash cultures proverbs that express a positive attitude towards work predominate;

for both Russians and Chuvash, high-quality, responsible performance of work activity is of paramount importance;

in both linguistic cultures, work is regarded as a blessing in contrast to laziness and idleness, which negatively affect a person and prevent him from achieving success;

many Chuvash proverbs are equivalent to Russian ones, which is explained by similar living conditions working people and cultural interaction.

Thus, proverbs are examples of folk eloquence, a source of wisdom, knowledge about life, folk ideas and ideals, and moral principles. Proverbs, which arose as a genre of folk poetry in ancient times, have existed for many centuries and play an everyday, literary and artistic role, joining folk culture.

Bibliography

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Annex 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3