Introductory article to the collection of proverbs. Magic box

Proverbs and sayings are a real storehouse of wisdom of the Russian people, which has been tested not only by many centuries, history, but also by ordinary life through the experience of our ancestors, passed down from generation to generation. One proverb or saying can simultaneously express sadness with joy, anger with grief, hatred with love, and, of course, humor with sarcasm. Proverbs and sayings were able to summarize a wide range of phenomena of reality surrounding us, helping to understand the history of the people. That is why a literate person who loves his country always listens and reads... After all, what is in the texts, what is in colloquial speech, these linguistic phenomena play a special role: They enhance expressiveness, Make the content deeper, Give spice, At the same time, they help to find the way to the reader’s heart.

Proverb, is that you?
People don’t like terms, but they are the ones that help us understand a phenomenon and look inside it!

Proverb is a rhythmic and short figurative saying that is stable in speech. This is a national treasure that contains judgment or advice on a certain situation.

Indeed, a proverb is one of the most curious folklore genres, which, although studied by linguists, linguists, and philologists, remains a mystery, since it is not a saying of one person, but a folk assessment that can best reflect spiritual image, human aspirations with ideals, to demonstrate clearly judgments about all phenomena. What is not accepted by the majority simply will not take root. The proverb lives and can live only in speech, acquiring completeness and clear meaning in it. It can be said with absolute certainty that sayings and proverbs have supported lifestyle, strengthened faith in the future, becoming a kind of commandments, on the basis of which life was regulated ordinary people. A proverb may not always be edifying, but it is always instructive! It is necessary to draw a conclusion from them, regardless of how old you are, what social status We are currently occupying.

Proverb, sister of the proverb?
Sometimes we simply don’t understand what the differences are between proverbs and sayings, since they are traditionally put on the same page. To figure it out, and this is necessary, we suggest that you get to know the proverb better and understand what it is.

Proverb - This figurative expression, which is also widespread, and it aptly and succinctly defines a phenomenon in life.

If you compare a saying with a proverb, then there is no teaching in it. Only a figurative, sometimes metaphorical expression. For example, “easy on the face” or “careless.” No complete judgments, but what a great opportunity for language to have a means of conveying an emotionally expressive assessment. In other words, the proverb was “born” to express the feelings of the person who uses it. Of course, we cannot say that proverbs and sayings are the same, since they have obvious differences. The proverb has two important features: Completeness, Didactic content.

As for the saying, its properties that you will definitely notice after studying the content in this section: Inferences are incomplete, Emotional, Lack of instructiveness.

However, sometimes it is quite difficult to distinguish “who is who”, since the genres are still adjacent, and sayings border on proverbs. There are often cases when, by adding a word to a saying, a proverb is obtained, and sometimes an ordinary inversion (rearrangement of words) is sufficient. As for oral speech, then here quite often sayings are transformed into proverbs, and proverbs - on the contrary, into sayings. The people themselves say: “A saying is a flower, a proverb is a berry” (this, by the way, is a proverb), demonstrating that the saying has some incompleteness. Therefore, the proverb, having formalized the thought completely, becomes a berry.

Where did proverbs and sayings come to us from?
Oh, how difficult it is to say, since when did sayings and proverbs begin to circulate among the people, when did these short sayings and apt definitions that make speech richer and simpler at the same time. With all this, we can say with absolute confidence that this happened a long time ago, in ancient times, accompanying the people throughout their entire development since then. A saying could develop into a proverb or saying only when it was 100% consistent with the way of life and thoughts of the mass of people, and then exist for thousands of years. Behind every phrase stands the centuries-old authority of generations of our ancestors. You need to understand that the people who created proverbs and sayings for the most part were illiterate; they simply did not have another method to summarize their experience and knowledge. As a result, proverbs and sayings very accurately characterize the mentality, clearly demonstrating such parameters as: Folk features, As already noted, way of life, Moral standards.

Is it any wonder that they are often contradictory? After the baptism of Rus', proverbs and sayings began to amazingly intertwine pagan elements with phenomena new faith. Proverbs and sayings that describe interaction with feudal lords also very clearly confirm the stated idea. peasant labor, dependence on the weather, the patriarchal way of life, and so on.

Studying proverbs and sayings means understanding life
In no case should we neglect the “world” of these linguistic phenomena, because it reflects not only reflections from external environment, but also in privacy, in family. For every occasion there is a saying or proverb, whether it is about a wedding, theft, illness... However, we must not forget that there is a special “squad” of proverbs and sayings that migrated to us from outstanding literary works. Griboyedov is a leader in this direction. What are they worth? " Happy Hours They’re not watching.” And how many such expressions were created by Krylov, who is always in his creative activity relied on colloquial, often using sayings and proverbs in fables. True, this direction is usually referred to as aphorisms, and for them there is a whole section on our website, which we also recommend that you get acquainted with it in order to be more educated, to understand the world in which we live, to make your speech diverse, colorful and expressive!

Wisdom and poetry

In everyday speech, to convince our interlocutor, we refer to proverbs. They seem to evaluate people’s behavior, teach: “Out of boredom, take matters into your own hands,” “When you are young, a hole is a hole when you are old,” they warn: “Take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor when you are young,” they sympathize with those in trouble: “The wind will not dispel the grief.” ", they make fun of stupidity: "The godfather was going to God knows where." Every proverb is a new thought.

Proverbs are similar to aphorisms - wise sayings famous people. And the difference can be understood by comparing how the thought is expressed in an aphorism and in a proverb. Legendary poet Ancient Greece Homer said: “Whatever word you say is what you will hear in response.” The proverb says the same thing, but in a different way: “As it comes around, so it will respond.” But the difference is also noticeable. A proverb differs from an aphorism in that, in addition to direct meaning contains an allegorical, figurative, more significant meaning. Homer meant only speech, but the proverb speaks generally about human relationships. “The early bird clears its nose, the late bird opens its eyes” - the proverb speaks not only about birds, but also about people. They remember it when they want to say: the one who gets up early manages to do more in a day; he has already eaten and got down to business, and the lazy man is just getting out of bed.

The saying is similar to a proverb. For this reason they are often not differentiated, but they are different. “After the rain on Thursday,” we say about something that is unknown whether it happened or will happen. What different circumstances can this expression be applied to?! However, unlike a proverb, a saying is not a complete judgment. People say: a saying is a flower, an expression, and a proverb is a berry, a complete sentence. A saying is part of a judgment, and a proverb is a complete independent judgment. A proverb replaces only a single word or part of a sentence. So, instead of “He is cunning” they say: “He is a fox’s tail.” Comparing a cunning man with a fox is a saying.

Proverbs express the speaker's attitude to the subject of speech. After all, it’s one thing to say: such and such an event is unknown whether it will happen or not; and it’s a completely different matter when they say that it will happen “after the rain on Thursday.” Here, in addition to doubt, there is also ridicule. In the same way, calling a cunning person a “fox tail” means condemning him and laughing at him.

Polysemy makes it difficult to divide proverbs and sayings into thematic and semantic groups. In our collection, each of the sections is named after a proverb, which contains a common meaning for the section. For example, the title contains the proverb: “The bee is small, but even the bee works.” All proverbs in this section represent judgments about work.

The first section of the collection is titled: “ An old proverb he doesn’t say anything in passing.” Collected here popular sayings about the proverbs and sayings themselves. According to the people, a proverb is “not every speech”, just as not every pillar is an outskirts. The outskirts are the fence around the village. It separates the village from the surrounding fields or, in general, the surrounding area from the village. The outskirts indicate the border, fence, protect. The proverb also set a limit, teaching and warning.

The section “Everyone has his own side” is made up of proverbs about the homeland and foreign lands, about the meaning of the homeland for a person, about its protection: “With native land, die, don’t go.” Unable to imagine their existence without their homeland, the Russian people stood against their enemies to the death. The proverbs of this section are wisdom carried through centuries that should not be forgotten.

The section, named after the proverb “Stand boldly for a just cause,” is adjacent to the previous one, but is associated with the transmission of thoughts about honor:

“For conscience, for honor, at least take your head off.” From all the trials, people came away with the firm belief that truth invariably triumphs over falsehood and lies: “Truth does not burn in fire and does not drown in water.”

The idea of the indestructibility of truth is continued in the proverbs of the section “Living life is not a field to cross.” It talks about life's obstacles, the vicissitudes of fate, even the seemingly hopeless fate of someone in trouble. “Wherever you throw it, it’s all a wedge.” Enviable fate free man: “Color in the field – man in the will.” Proverbs taught not to be afraid of difficulties, to be prudent, persistent: “Spark the carcass before the fire, avert trouble before the blow.” From here follow everyday rules, addressed primarily to young people: “It’s hard to find, it’s easy to lose,” “The young man is young, he couldn’t stand the cold.” Here are proverbs about the difference between the habits of young and old, about the need to respect old age: “Don’t laugh at the old: you’ll be old yourself.” Another of the proverbs is combined with irony: “You can’t fool an old sparrow with chaff.” The section contains judgments about the change of generations, about the eternal desire of people for well-being.

The section “The bee is small, but it also works” includes proverbs that indicate the source of a person’s victories: this is work, the ability to do business. Do not be afraid great job: “It’s a bad start,” where mistakes are inevitable: “The first pancake is always lumpy.” They are compensated by success in the future, if only there was diligence: “Patience and work will grind everything down,” “Pick one berry at a time and you’ll get a whole bunch,” “Know how to start, know how to finish.”

Proverbial folklore rises to the formulation of the principle: “He who does not work, neither does he eat.” In the section there are many proverbs about the correct organization of work and skill: “The master is afraid of every work”, “Bend so that it bends, and not so that it bursts”, “A hut is not cut down by shouting, the work is not ruined by noise”, “After the job, seek advice they don’t go.”

Condemnation bad work And lazy people contained in the section “Perhaps yes, I suppose - at least give it up.” There are many observations here from a worker who sees and notices everything: “A long thread is a lazy seamstress” (he is too lazy to thread the needle one more time), “A fast horse is quicker” (about wasted energy). The ridicule is caustic at the incompetent Shark who began to sew, but not like this: “And I, mother, will still flog you,” at the woman for whom the bag is the enemy: she does not walk!

Often a proverb turns into a whole scene: “The dog invited the dog to visit. “No, you can’t, I don’t have time.” - "And what?" - “Yes, tomorrow the owner is going to get hay, so we need to run ahead and bark.” This is a proverbial fable. And here is a fable that recreates the simple-minded speech of an incompetent hasty person: “Knocked down, knocked together - that’s the wheel! I sat down and drove off - oh, good! I looked back - only the knitting needles were lying there.”

A person who knows how to laugh well firmly believes that he will achieve happiness. From such proverbs a section was formed: “The sun will come to our windows.” How sunlight comes to every window, so luck comes to a person who knows how to wait. People believe that tears cannot help grief, that to be afraid of misfortune means that happiness will not be seen, and that any grief can be tied up with a string: “Not everything is bad weather, the red sun will shine through.”

The hope of finding prosperity was not mere consolation. People express a lot of sensible thoughts: “Don’t promise a pie in the sky, give a bird in your hands.” From the circle of such concepts came proverbs condemning the ever-hesitating people who do not know how to stop at anything: “Grandma said in two: either it rains or snows, either it will happen or it won’t,” “Either the bough or the black grouse.”

IN friendly work, in life “in peace”, as a team, the sage people saw strength. In the section, named after the proverb “Get together, it won’t be too heavy,” just this judgment is made: “Even a wolf doesn’t take a willing herd.” The idea of the need for unification is also presented in the proverb “Two brands smoke in the field, but one goes out in the oven.” Such proverbs with a broad generalization include everyday rule: « old friend better than the new two” and others like that.

There is a schoolchild in your house - be prepared for the fact that very soon you may need Collections of proverbs of the Russian people and peoples of the world. Tasks to select, find, and explain a proverb are given regularly in schools. Proverbs develop speech and horizons, allow you to study the Russian language and mentality more deeply.

For regular use, it is better to buy a couple of collections, they will be useful throughout for long years studies (lists will be given below). It is convenient if one book contains a list of proverbs in alphabetical order, and in another the expressions are divided by topic.

And if the need to use collections of proverbs arose in this moment, electronic collections will help out. We will publish links to them in this article. The only caveat: it won't be modern collections, but Soviet ones, since currently the publication of books is controlled by copyright. But proverbs do not grow old over the years, which means Collections of proverbs, regardless of when they were compiled, always remain relevant.

Electronic collections of proverbs

Collection of proverbs and sayings of the peoples of the world

Illustrated Dictionary proverbs and sayings for children (S. N. Zigunenko)

Demonstration material for frontal classes “Proverbs and sayings: illustrations” (E. Alifanova)

The only old edition in this section:

“Russian proverbs and sayings in the drawings of Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov” (V. M. Vasnetsov).

Material from TolVIKI

Live without anything, just smoke the sky.
You can't take a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
If there is no good in him, there is little truth in him.
Live and learn.
Everything will pass, only the truth will remain.
There is nothing like leather.
Everyone seeks the truth, but not everyone creates it.
Every work of the master is praised.
They pick up every mushroom, but not every one they put in the back.
Everyone has their own side.
Where the pine tree grows, there it is red.
A stupid person will judge, but a smart person will judge.
He speaks white, but acts black.
The head is not waiting for the tail.
Learning to read and write is always useful.
The master is afraid of the work (and another master of the work is afraid).
A good proverb, not in the eyebrow, but right in the eye.
Good fame is within reach, and bad fame is beyond the threshold.
Good brotherhood is dearer than wealth.
A good deed is to speak the truth boldly.
A good start is half the battle.
Kindness without reason is empty.
A good end to the whole thing is the crown.
Talk for a long time, but do it soon!
A friend is a great thing: you won’t get it soon.
You can't buy a friend with money.
Friendship is friendship, and service is service.
They think silently.
Stand boldly for a just cause! Every mushroom.png
They give two non-scientists for a scientist, and even then they don’t take it.
Make a fool pray to God, and he will bruise his forehead.
Do not repay evil for evil.
And the bird, having fed the chick, teaches it to fly.
And the strength will give way to the mind.
From small things come great things.
An icon and a shovel are made from the same tree.
A drop is chiseling a stone.
The root of the teaching is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.
The bird is red in feather, but the man is learned.
By the way, keep quiet, big word say.
Those who know more will get the books.
Whoever is in charge is responsible.
Those who are good at reading and writing will not be lost.
He who fights hard for the truth is a true hero.
Whoever goes to bed and sleeps well.
He who is not lazy to plow will produce bread.
It is better to stumble with your foot than with your tongue.
It is better to give your own than to take someone else's.
Don’t judge people, but take care of yourself!
Peace be with you and I am with you. Where is the harmony? There's a treasure there!
A lot of things are said, but not everything is useful.
It is harmful for the young to lie, and indecent for the old.
The ant is not big, but it digs mountains.
Every Egorka has his own saying
There are many kind people in the world.
On the other side, even spring is not beautiful.
Science teaches only the smart.
Ours were spinning, and yours were sleeping.
It is not the Gods who burn the pots.
Not every word is a line.
A book is not beautiful in its writing, but rather in its mind.
It is not the place that makes a person beautiful, but the person who makes the place.
Don’t think when you start, but do when you start.
If you don't crack the nut, you won't eat the kernel.
It’s not just expensive like red gold, but expensive like good craftsmanship.
It's not hard to do, but it's hard to conceive.
Neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan.
Make new friends, but don't lose old ones.
God revealed science to one bee.
You will learn from the smart, and you will unlearn from the stupid.
A stump is not a village, a stupid speech is not a proverb.
Repetition is the mother of learning.
A saying is a flower, a proverb is a berry.
It is not without reason that the proverb is said.
The truth goes straight ahead, and there is no way around it or around it.
The truth is brighter than the sun.
Idleness is the mother of vices.
The early bird cleans the sock, and the late bird cleans the eyes.
Your own land is sweet even in a handful.
Having done something bad, do not expect good.
Don't leave today's work for tomorrow!
The day until the evening is boring if there is nothing to do.
The word is not a sparrow: you won’t catch it if it flies out.
It was a lie – it just rolled off the tongue.
The old proverb will never break.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
Patience and a little effort.
It’s hard for those who remember evil.
Hurry for a good deed, and the bad will come on its own.
The mind and reason will be convinced immediately.
The scientist leads, the unlearned follows.
Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.
Learn good things, so bad things will not come to mind.
Bread does not follow the belly.
A good proverb in good order.
If you want to eat rolls, don’t sit on the stove!
A bad peace is better than a good quarrel.
What I learned was useful. Know more and say less.

All people are like people, one Jew in a yarmulke.

The Jew asks to go to heaven, but he himself is afraid of death.

For a Jew, a soul is worth less than a penny.

The Jew does not know what shame is.

The Jew, like a demon, will never repent.

The Jewish synagogue is the home of demons.

Jews are visible demons.

Demons and Jews are the children of Satan.

To get to know the Jews is to get in touch with demons.

There is no need for a demon if the Jew is here.

Jew in the hut, angels from the hut.

What God pleases is unsuitable for a Jew.

The Christian tears of the Jew will be shed in hell.

A baptized Jew is like a tamed wolf.

I am ready to smoke the liquid and incense just to get money.

What is sinful to God is funny to the Jew.

Then you make the Jew laugh when you anger God.

Jewish children are worse than rats in a cage: they will harm good people and corrupt Christian children.

Wherever there is a Jew, there is a bribe - such is his habit.

The Jew will treat you to vodka and then give you a drink.

The Jew already has your penny, but you drink and drink.

The Jew has your penny, but you can drink some more.

You cannot understand the Jew until the sheep's skin is removed from him.

The Jew did not forge his own nose, God gave it to the Jew.

The children of a Jew from a Christian mother are all monkeys.

Like the Jew, so is his stench.

Then the Jews are so different from us, so that we don’t identify ourselves.

The Jew and the dead will get out of the loop.

The Jew will say that he was beaten, but he will not say why.

A Jew is like a pig: nothing hurts, but everything groans.

A Jew is like a pig: nothing hurts, but everything squeals.

Next to a Jew there is no living, but howling.

To shelter a Jew is to let a wolf into a stable.

The house was nice, and the Jew settled in it.

To cook porridge with a Jew is to poison yourself.

It's like messing with nettles with a Jew.

A flattering Jew in poverty, a monster in power.

Where there are Jews, always expect trouble.

Where there is a Jew's hut, there is trouble for the whole village.

There are no roses without thorns, there are no troubles without Jews.

If only he had known everything about the Jew, he would not have died.

The Jews love to surrender into captivity, so that they can then surrender to the enemy.

The Jew lives - he chews bread, but does not reap.

The Jew waves his tongue, and the man plows at him.

Tea, Jew, are you tired of sitting on a man?

A Jew would eat money if the man didn’t feed him bread.

When a Russian dies, then the Jew eats.

A Jew is not a wolf - he will not climb into an empty barn.

Jewish hands love other people's works.

To be treated by a Jew is to submit to death.

If you rub against a Jew, you'll get a demon.

The Jew gives, but the fool takes.

God does not order you to be friends with a Jew.

He is God's enemy who is a Jew's friend.

Get involved with a Jew and you will become a Jew yourself.

The love of a Jew is worse than a noose.

Serving a Jew is to the delight of the demon.

To serve a Jew is to betray one's own to the enemy.

A Jew, like a rat, is strong in a pack.

Expect harm from every Jew!

There are no fish without bones, and no Jews without anger.

Believe your eyes, not the Jewish speeches.

The whole truth is that all the lies come from the Jews.

In the Jews of lies, in the fields of rye.

The field is sowed with rye, and the Jews are sowing everything with lies.

The Jewish tongue always lies, as if it were rubbing a radish.

The Jew is fed up with deception.

The Jew is talkative with his tongue and unclean with his hands.

The Jew thinks that he does not steal, but only takes what is his.

Every Jew is looking into our pocket.

You can never fill a Jew like a bag with holes.

Whatever a Jew looks at, he immediately withers.

And a well-fed Jew always has hungry eyes.

The Jew gave him a cookie; whatever you want, you can buy.

In order to achieve benefits, a Jew is always ready to be baptized.

Money always paves the way for the Jews.

The Jew is already looking at his grave, and still saving money.

The Jew profits from our destruction.

Do not expect profit from the Jew, but expect destruction from him.

I profit from Russian death.

Don't look for the Jew - he will come.

In Rus' they didn’t die of hunger until the Jews stopped them.

When we give freedom to the Jews, we sell ourselves.

Keeping away from the Jews is half the salvation.

It’s easier to devour a goat alive than to transform a Jew.

You can't beat the scab out of a lousy Jew.

A leech will pump and fall off, but a Jew will never.

The fluid will stop sucking blood when it gets tired of breathing.

There are no good Jews, just like there are no good rats.

Pray to God and beware of the Jews.

A Jew is only good in the grave.

Only a dead Jew will not bite anyone.

The Jew is already looking to his grave, and trembles over every penny.

Hold on to the penny so it doesn’t go to the Jew.

It was not the Jew that overpowered us, but fear that crushed us.

To kill a Jew, you must not do business with him.

The Jew is afraid of Epiphany water and the village club.

With a holy fist and in the Jewish face.

If you want to live, drive away the Jew!

Both the Jews and the mosquitoes, they all bite for the time being.

It's good where there are no Jews.

So that God does not become angry, do not let the Jew on the threshold.