A story about a record-breaking rural paramedic and lifelong work. History of the development of crafts

The story of a Belarusian woman who walked around the Earth's equator.
Anna Andreevna got out of the bus, walked along the concrete, then along the dirt road, hobbled to the ferry, sat down on a bench and quickly caught her breath. Grandma Anya is still young - up to eighty-two years old. She retired a long time ago, but still serves the state.
In Snyadin, separated from the “mainland” by a ferry crossing, Grandma Anya is a celebrity. Journalists come to her as soon as there is a flood in the village and they need to take a beautiful photo. They come to collect jokes and folklore, and she lets them into her house and pours tea and cognac. We are in a hurry, the ferry is leaving, it is about to cut off the small land from the big one. Anna Andreevna takes the key to her church - a medical and obstetric station - and begins a story about the faith of all Soviet people - about work.

I got married early, after 10th grade. I didn't walk around at all. We lived in a village near Mozyr. My husband worked as a school director, and I worked in the library. I went to the city one day and walked near the Polesie restaurant. And there is a medical school nearby. It’s a sunny day, boys in white coats, girls in hats. And then something turned upside down in my head - I decided that I wanted to be a doctor. She entered the medical and obstetric department. I studied for three and a half years. There was only one B - in surgery. They sent me to Petrikov for practice. And then to Snyadin. We're from here. My husband was transferred - also a director.
The village was great back then. It had its own medical station, a maternity hospital with three beds, and a school that worked in two shifts. Every year I had 3 women in labor. Sometimes more. When the maternity hospital was closed, I became a visiting nurse. In neighboring Mordvina she organized a first aid station. And I walked for almost 20 years - 5 kilometers there, 5 kilometers back. Then they transferred me to the Sniadinsky FAP. April marks the 52nd year that I have been working.

For half a century, Anna Andreevna circled the Earth along the equator, and her little Earth was spinning, partly because her grandmother, with a motor in her chest, walked cheerfully and confidently.

She lives alone and has chickens and a cat. My husband died 10 years ago. The children are fine - my daughter is in Vitebsk, working in a hospital. A son is in Bobruisk, another one is in Petrikov. The grandchildren are coming.
- How many women in labor have passed through me? I did not count. And how many teeth have been pulled out, how many wounds have been stitched up! I remember the incident. A woman (who now works in our store) was supposed to give birth; I discovered twins. I sent her to Petrikov. I don’t know what they told her there, but she came home. It’s winter, the ice is still weak, people walk and take risks. It’s dark, evening - her husband Ivan comes running: “Andreevna, Tanya is giving birth!” I immediately called an ambulance to the pier. They brought her to the last house, and there I received the boy and girl on my knees. Next year the same thing. Another woman in labor, no time to wait for an ambulance. I found a man with a boat and transported him to the other side of Pripyat. And there she gave birth to a girl. We had large bags with us with diapers. It was on the beach. They called her a “beach girl” as a joke.

Anna Andreevna, when she talks about her “children,” cannot help but smile:
“It’s a great joy to hold a baby in your arms.” And great fear. You are alone with your new life. And she is so fragile. What if a woman in labor faints? What if there is bleeding? My blood pressure hit 180 at such moments. Now I’m not the same age, not the same strength, I’m trying to make it to the hospital in time. They have a consultation there. What about me? Shoulder bag. Well, experience, of course.
When they arrive, my children always hug me and wish me health. Just recently there were two boys - tall as oak trees. “Hello, grandma,” they say. And I feel good.

My grandmother’s FAP is in order - flowers in pots, folders with reports in the closet, and a pile of certificates “for personal contribution to the development of medicine.” Not a speck of dust, smells like valerian. “Drink only boiled water” is a poster on one wall. “Kill the flies” - on the other.

If she had the opportunity, she would not even draw a poster, but write with a brush in heaven: “Don’t drink, people, like cattle.”
- About 30-40 years ago there was no such fear - such drunkenness. They drank, but they knew when to stop. People worked on the land, the collective farm was stronger. There was a bathhouse and a club. And now there is no work, the club is closed, there is a sign hanging - for sale. And in the evenings we gathered in this club, and the concerts got along well. Eh... Yes, it was probably the worst time for us, but with the pioneers, the Komsomol, somehow everyone walked more evenly along the distance. And now they have a short distance. I bought a bottle and went to the store. I poured it into myself without a glass, just like into a pipe, and that’s it.

Closed club

I see them every day. I’ll stop, scold, someone takes an oath and is coded. And the other one won’t say a word - he’ll turn away. There was one patient with alcoholic epilepsy - and I don’t want to remember. I was afraid when they called me. How to put his tongue so that it doesn’t go into convulsions...
And young people now are thin - no matter where you look, everyone’s legs and backs hurt. It was strontium that ate us, chewed us up. When I started, there were more simple colds - pneumonia, flu. But not as insidious, without complications, as now. Or diabetes - that's a problem! At 3 years old, at 5 years old, everyone now has diabetes. There weren't many strokes. The first time the woman had a stroke, she couldn’t figure out what it was. We're sick, we're getting sick.
I concluded to myself that everything depends on the environment and nutrition. We had our own milk, our own lard, potatoes without chemicals. Our own bakery - we came from Petrikov. And now there is a lot of sugar, children, no matter how you look, are all licking something. Who knows what it is? I look at the label on the bread: there are a ton of “E’s” there.

From 9 to 12 she is at her workplace. Then - challenges. They can lift it at night. They most often rise at night.

And while Grandma Anya, at 78, jumped up at night when she heard a knock on the door, rumors were circulating around the village that the FAP could be closed - this is expensive for the social state in its current form. But it looks like they won't close it.
“My population is 117 people,” says Anna Andreevna. - Where are they then?

She could become the star of a TV show about retirement age on a Belarusian channel: look, she’s 78 years old - and she’s still working and in good spirits! But she has her own opinion on this matter.
- I recently passed information to Petrikov. I only have 41 men on the site. Out of 117 people. You go out into the street - not a single man in the village. And how long will they live on this pension now? Explain about pensions to those women who work on the state farm, as milkmaids, in field crews, and in hard labor.
I would have gone on vacation a long time ago if there was a replacement. But there is no one to take my place - and there never will be. No young girl will come here like I once did. She'll hunker down here. And she won’t find a husband or entertainment. And there is nowhere to dress, and nowhere to go. And there is no one to talk to.

A medical worker with extensive experience has a pension of 2.7 million. He says firewood for the winter costs 2 million. Salary is 3 million, there is a bonus. And thanks to her salary, she can help children. Pension reform will definitely add tragic uniqueness to Belarus. People with little motors will wait until the last minute just to give a penny to their grandchildren and great-grandchildren. But Grandma Anya is from a different generation, from the altars, and does not see this redistribution of roles between the old and the young as a tragedy. She articulates simple wisdom that rings true to her.
“You can’t do all the work in the world, you can’t earn everything.” I tell my children this: we will still end up in a 2 and a half meter hole. The main thing for us is to maintain health. And then we’ll make money. I try everything on myself. If I have some kind of stress, then I don’t want to do anything - neither go to the garden, nor to the store. But this rarely happens. I try to smile in life. I'm interested in everything. Once I went to Minsk. Children, I say, take them to the Dynamo stadium. I saw so much on TV that I wanted to see it myself. And here we come. Two policemen are standing: “Grandma, where are you going - are you a football player?” I say: sons, here is my bag, there is no grenade or pistol in it - the woman wants to shoot this Dynamo. And I was very curious to find out what kind of grass grows there. They let me in.

Without seeing life, as we and you would say, Grandma Anya considers herself happy.
- There is little water this year, which is good. The streets were not flooded. They carry food. The weather is good, people's eyes are not dull. Life goes on as usual, says the grandmother with the little motor about the down-to-earth Belarusian optimism, thanks to which this Earth still turns. “I woke up this morning and looked: the sky was visible, the sun was visible. Tomorrow I have to go to Petrikov - I’ll gather my strength and go. To bring medicine to people. Over the years I have studied who is sick with what. What does anyone need? And what will happen the day after tomorrow - I don’t even want to think about it.

This fabulous tower delights and causes complete delight. For more than 50 years, the self-taught master created and embellished his creation. And he built the House for the joy of all good people. And now his wife Lydia Kharitonovna is offered a lot of money for this miracle of construction, but she, of course, refuses to sell the architectural splendor of her husband.

In 1999, the creation of the Ural Master was recognized as the most beautiful house in Russia in a competition of amateur wooden architecture. There is so much in this fabulous mansion that your mind is simply overwhelmed by what you see. Horses, birds, flowers, pioneers, bride and groom, horsemen, heroes, children with banners “May there always be sunshine”….

And the master finished his creation exactly in time for the anniversary of the October Revolution, as evidenced by the inscription. This is obviously why there are so many Soviet symbols here. Even the coat of arms of the Soviet Union, Ilyich’s profile, red stars and at the very top – a rocket soaring into space.

Well, and the number 50 on the skate at home. And many different phrases: song lines, for example: “Fly, doves, fly, there is no barrier for you anywhere” and Soviet slogans, for example: “Our greetings to the peoples of the world.” All decorations are made of metal and wood.

Everyone who knew the Master remembers that his soul was exactly like this house built by his hands. He was a man with the kindest soul, which he revealed in his creativity. Sergei Ivanovich's wife Lidiya Kharitonovna never locks the house. Instead of a lock, the doors and gates have a special iron button: press it and it will open.

They say about Sergei Ivanovich that he never had free time, and on holidays and weekends he did his favorite thing. The house certainly requires constant care and restoration. All these numerous decorations need to be tinted. It's good that there are people who do this. In 2014, the ECB released a colorful album “House in Kunar”.

There is an amazing feeling in the House, there is a special energy of joy here, say those who have been here. You forget the bustle of the city, you just have to sit on a bench next to the house.

In the photo is the master Sergei Ivanovich Kirillov himself.

Blacksmith Sergei Ivanovich Kirillov died several years ago. But people who personally knew the master are sure that his soul was as positive and joyful as this house. After the master’s death, his widow Lidia Kharitonovna, who is already over 82 years old, continues to live in the house. To the best of his ability, he takes care of the miracle house and willingly shows it to visiting tourists, the number of which is growing from year to year. She does not lock the entrance to the estate. Instead of a lock, the gate and door have a special iron button: when you press it, the door opens and anyone can enter the yard. Despite this, no one has yet raised their hand to rob such a house.

-Where did he learn blacksmithing?

- I didn’t study anywhere. He only has 3 years of education. And in his family there was no one so skilled. In 1941, my father went to war and never returned; my mother died. Seryozha is survived by his younger sister and brother. I had to somehow live and survive - I had to go to a hammerman as an apprentice.

Sergei Kirillov was the only blacksmith in the village until his death. He worked on a collective farm, and at home he made his own workshop. I came home from work and immediately went to work. He worked until 12 at night and got up at 4 in the morning. If one of the neighbors asked to do something, he did not refuse anything. And on weekends, at the weddings of his fellow villagers, he played the accordion.

A fire raged twice around the Kirillovs' house. Neighboring buildings burned to the ground. But the miracle house remained safe and sound.

The house can be said to have become the hallmark of the Nevyansky district. And people come here not only from the Urals and other regions of Russia, but also from abroad.

The creator of this miracle, a simple Russian man, folk craftsman Sergei Ivanovich Kirillov, made not only his life beautiful, but also gave this miracle to the entire Urals and now to all of Russia.

P.S. After the death of the blacksmith Kirillov, only his widow remained in the house, who was unable to maintain the unique architectural structure in proper condition. As a result, the colors have faded and some of the carvings have been destroyed by wind, snow and rain. Local authorities helped put the house in order.

Gladko Victoria Andreevna

Project Manager:

Mushnikova Lyudmila

Institution:

MBOU "Novozhilkinskaya Secondary School"

In the presented research project on local history "Craftsmen of our village" The history of the emergence of crafts and the most popular types of crafts found in the village of Novozhilkino are considered.

More details about the project:

The research work on local history “Masters and craftsmen of our village” presents theoretical information about the emergence of the craft, and also presents a brief biography of the most talented master craftsmen living in the village of Novozhilkino. The work about craftsmen is the result of the student’s participation in the school search association “Search”.

In the proposed local history project "Craftsmen of our village" The author studied various sources on the topic under study, conducted a survey, on the basis of which the work presents a summary of the biography and creative works of rural artisans. The project shows the importance of preserving the traditions of folk art for the modern generation of people.

Introduction
1. History of the development of crafts
2. Craftsmen of our village
Conclusion
Literature
Application

Introduction

Goal of the work: show the importance of preserving the traditions of Russian folk art for the modern generation and tell about the craftswomen of the village of Novozhilkino.

To achieve the goal, the following are set: tasks:

1. study literature about folk crafts in Russia;
2. conduct a sociological survey on the topic and identify the interest of our school students in folk crafts;
3. use exhibits and documents of the exposition in your work " Russian hut»;
4. collect information about the craftsmen of our village.

Hypothesis – despite the fact that folk crafts appeared a long time ago, is it possible in today’s time, in the age of new technologies, to preserve folk crafts?

Object of study - the life and work of the craftswomen of our village.

Relevance my work " Craftsmen from our village"is that in our age of new technologies and modern art, interest in folk art and the products of talented craftsmen does not fade away. While working on this topic, I diagnosed students’ attitudes towards folk art and found out that many students in our school do not know about craftsmen and their works.

Methods and techniques used in the work : statistical, comparative, sociological survey.

History of the development of crafts

In preparing the work, I studied and analyzed historical and local history literature on the topic of research, got acquainted with periodicals, conducted a survey of schoolchildren, and communicated with folk craftsmen of the village.

History of the development of folk crafts originates from ancient times, when people did hard peasant labor to survive. Labor was the main source of life, and labor activity depended on nature. Therefore, man tried to understand how the world around him works, to learn the laws of nature. Labor on the land shaped man’s relationship with nature, made him not only a plowman, but also developed his creative abilities.

The need for creativity in humans arose a long time ago. He had to make all the necessary household items himself. He soon began to understand that things should not only be necessary in everyday life, but also bring joy.

Creativity arose in the village not only from material needs. By creating his products, people tried to express their attitude towards the world around them. He increasingly had a desire to decorate his products with drawings. Over time, such products began to be in demand, they began to be sold at fairs, receiving additional livelihood. All this contributed to the development of crafts. Gradually mastery came to the person. People appeared who created things better than others.

They had the ability to understand the world around them and then translate their feelings into the products they created, surprising others with a deep understanding of what they were doing. Chingiz Aitmatov wrote: “ A folk master is a man with a hardworking soul».

In their works, the masters expressed the eternal desire for the beauty that nature was filled with. As a result of painstaking work, their skills were improved, which were passed on from generation to generation. A true master tried to leave his best works to his heirs. " For memory- he said. We don’t know the names of the masters, but their works still evoke surprise and admiration in us. People said " It’s not that it’s expensive, it’s red gold, it’s that it’s made by a good craftsman».

For centuries, masters selected all the best works, discarding what was unnecessary. Their work and talent created real works of art, which reflected man’s eternal desire for happiness and beauty. These beautiful and useful things filled the lives of peasants with meaning and brought joy and festivity to their home. At first, ancient ornaments on objects were endowed with a symbolic meaning and served as a talisman that protected the home and family from evil spirits.

Then plants and animals, personifying the forces of nature, began to appear on the products. Folk craftsmen used in their creativity images that reflect the plots of ancient legends. Fairytale birds and mysterious plants came from time immemorial and still decorate houses and other household items. Every drawing, every stroke had its own meaning. The masters did everything to make their lives happy and surround themselves with warmth and comfort.

Building a house required especially great labor and skill. Throughout human history, people have built houses for themselves that served as protection from heat and cold. Everything in the house was subordinated to the order common to nature: the red corner was likened to the dawn, the ceiling was like the vault of heaven. Making household items also required effort, patience and good taste.

Everything in the house, starting with the spinning wheel, was made by hand. The spinning wheel was made by the groom for the bride, the husband for the wife, and the father for the daughter. They kept this thing all their lives and passed it on as a great value. With the help of a spinning wheel, the whole family dressed in warm clothes.

Our school museum has a very interesting exhibition “ Russian hut"(Appendix I). Various exhibits are presented here: lace tabletops and valances, many embroideries and appliqués, clay toys, a knitted tablecloth, an ancient Pavlov Posad scarf and embroidered towels.

Towels played a big role in human life. The red corner of the hut was decorated with a towel, and a newborn child was received on the towel. It was an invariable participant in the wedding ceremony. The towel accompanied a person from birth to old age, as if marking the main moments of his life. All the items in this exhibition were created by the work of talented craftsmen, with whom our country has always been rich.

Municipal budgetary educational institution
Mukshinskaya secondary school
School scientific and training complex “Step into the future”

Let's talk about mills in the past
we are the word
Author: Vakhrushev Zakhar
Sergeevich, 4th grade student
MBOU Mukshinskaya secondary school
Head: Abrosimova
Valentina Viktorovna,
primary school teacher
MBOU Mukshinskaya secondary school
YakshurBodya 2018
Content
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………. 2
Chapter 1
1.1. Mill – what is it?................................................ .............................. 4

1.2. Water mill…………………………………………………………….. 4
1.3. Windmill…………………………………………………………………… 5
1.4. When did mills appear?........................................................ .......... 5
Chapter 2
2.1.Mills of our region…………………………………………….. 7
2.2. The device of a hand mill…………………………………….. 8
2.3. From the history of one mill……………………………………………………… 9
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….12
Sources of information……………………………………………………13
Applications…………………………………………………………………………………15
Introduction
A tree has roots, people have a past. If you cut off the roots, the tree will dry out.
The same thing happens to people if they don’t want the lives of their fathers and grandfathers
know. A person comes and goes on earth, but his deed is good or evil -
remains, and depending on what work is left, the living joy or burden and
grief. In order not to increase hardships and multiply grief, those living should know
where does it come from?
The wonderful words of Isai Kalashnikov can serve as a motto for
every person who is interested in the history of his ancestors, life,
the way of life of their distant ancestors. Gradually leaving our everyday life
many household items. Today, not only city children, but also
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many villagers no longer see objects such as a rocker in action,
grip, poker, cast iron, and spinning wheels, on which “three girls under the window
we were spinning late in the evening.” And the tub in which he offered to splash
Moidodyr?
It's good that many schools have museum rooms or museums.
Unique items, documents collected over a long period of time
children and teachers throughout the village, as well as in nearby villages,
found their corner in these repositories of antiquity.
When you visit a museum, you involuntarily ask questions. Who are they for?
belonged? What is the history of these things? What are they for?
were needed? How few people remain today who, with their own eyes,
saw these items in action. How difficult it is today to find out who they are
belonged, and who made them.
In the museum of our school there is a unique thing that, as I was told
grandmother, belonged to our family, or rather to my great-grandmother on my father’s side
line Serebryannikova Lyubov Alekseevna. (Annex 1). This is manual
mill. Looking at this exhibit, I could not understand how, with the help of two
Can you grind kiln into flour or get cereal? I wanted to study
the history of this item, its structure, who used it, and how
Thus the mill ended up in our museum, i.e. study the biography of this
exhibit, also learn about other types of mills. (Appendix 2)
So, the object of study is various types of mills.
The subject of the study is a hand mill.
Purpose: to study local history material related to the history of various
types of mills used in our region, including manual
mills - grain grinders.
Tasks:
study local history literature on the history of origin
mills;
collect information about hand mills and grain crushers operating in
personal farms of peasants;
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meet people who can tell you about the research
subjects.
Based on the foregoing, we put forward a hypothesis: when meeting with
people of the older generation, working with scientific local history literature,
it is possible to establish the history of the origin of things and describe them.
The work used materials from the Mukshinskaya Museum,
materials published in the supplement of the regional newspaper "Oshmes" Yakshur
Bodiinsky district, also used reference and
local history literature, internet resources.
Practical significance: my work can be used in
local history lessons, classroom hours, during excursions.
Chapter 1.
1.1. Mill - what is it?
We understand perfectly well that the time of mills is long gone. This
an ancient symbol that contains the elements of water, wind and air, and
also represents the harvest and fertility, and still holds
all its secrets and mysteries, and never ceases to fascinate the hearts and souls of people
the older generation, and we, the younger generation, perceive the mill as
fairy tale item. For example, from the fairy tale “Puss in Boots” by Charles Perrault.
Mill is a mechanism designed for grinding various
materials. Mills differ from crushers by finer grinding
material. The mill can be water, wind or manual.
Why were mills created?
The mills generated the energy needed to pump water, while
paper making, grain grinding, timber sawing and
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many other industrial tasks, but still the main job
The water wheel was left to grind the grain. What types of mills are there?
1.2. Water Mill
During the construction of the water mill, one was mainly used and
the same standard design, the operating principle of which is very similar to the operation
windmill, only the wheel is powered by water. Rarely before
no river there was a mill. In the countryside she was something
special. The following types of work were carried out here: grinding grain into flour
and cereals, crushing oatmeal, obtaining linseed oil. Savvy
the miller could arrange in the mill barn both to sift flour and
fulling mill. Carts with grain were reaching to the mill from the immediate surroundings, and
back the same carts with fresh flour - the drivers and horses were slightly white with
flour dust.

The road often went through a mill dam. From the pool under the dam
it was always possible to catch fish, ducks and geese swam in the pond,
The grass was lushly green in the floodplain meadows. A pond and a dam enlivened the rural
scenery. (Appendix 3)
Mostly people used a water mill, but in those places
where their installation was not possible, windmills were already appearing.
1.3. Windmill.
Russian carpenters created many diverse and witty
windmill options. Already in our time, more than
twenty varieties of their design solutions. Of these you can
distinguish two main types of mills: “post” and “tent” mills.
The first were common in the North, the second - in the middle zone and
Volga region. Both names also reflect the principle of their design. On
windmills and tents were built on the territory of Udmurtia.
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At the pillar mills, the mill barn rotated on a dug into the ground
pillar The support was either additional pillars or a pyramidal
log house
The principle of the tent mills was different; their lower part was
motionless, and the smaller upper part rotated with the wind. AND
This type had many variations in different areas. (Appendix 4)
1.4. When did mills appear?
Water Mill. In a poem dated 98 - 90. BC.,
Antipart welcomes the appearance of the first mills: “Give rest to your
hands, O working women, and sleep peacefully! The rooster will crow in vain
tell you about the morning! Deo entrusted the work of the girls to the nymphs, and they easily
now they jump on the wheels, so that the shaken axles rotate along with
with their spokes and make the heavy millstone rotate.” During the era of Charles
Great, in 340, a water mill appeared as a borrowing from Rome
in Germany, on the Moselle River. At the same time, the first water creatures arose
mills in Galia (France).
In Rus', water mills appeared no later than the 12th century. On the plains
rivers, the water pressure necessary for the operation of the mill was provided
dams. The blades of the water wheel are lowered into the water and driven
movement by the river current. The water mill was used not only for
grinding grain into flour, but in the production of paper for grinding
raw materials in the production of gunpowder. This is how they worked on rivers in the middle of the 16th century
paper mills, a blacksmith's hammer was adapted to the water wheel -
it turned out to be “samok”. In 1655, on the Yauza River, by order of Tsar Alexei
Mikhailovich, two gunpowder mills were built. Creation of water
The mill is considered an important step in the history of technological development. It was
the first step towards machine production.
Windmills appeared at the end of the 10th and beginning of the 11th centuries. in France and
England and then in Holland. Now the landscape of this country is impossible
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imagine without windmills. Many improvements to wind turbines
The mills were made precisely in Holland. Yes, they appear here
original braking devices, with the help of which it was possible to very
quickly stop the rotating millstones.
In Rus', mills appeared at the end of the 15th to the middle of the 17th century. Izza
invasion of the Tatar-Mongols into Russia, the development of the country and the beginning of technical
The revolution was delayed compared to Western countries.
Chapter 2.
2.1. Mills of our region
Today, models of mills, most often windmills, can be seen at
design of garden plots, parks and even in the Izhevsk Zoo.
(Appendix 5)
But there is a unique object for our republic - a water mill,
which is located in the Uvinsky district, in the village of Turyngurt. Even in Russia
Few such historical monuments have survived.
As usual, there is a picturesque large building located on the edge
villages by the pond. High log walls, a couple of small windows and
dam. And all this against the backdrop of an overgrown pond. Looks impressive and
even fabulous.
The mill is almost 100 years old, but it can still work. Can
grind flour or connect to a drying or sorting machine
units. If you connect it to a generator, then the water mill will
give electricity. (Appendix 6)
In addition, it was only recently that one could see it in action. TO
Unfortunately, the last miller, Boris Obukhov, passed away in 2013
Ivanovich.
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The working windmill can be seen in Ludorvae - a museum under
open sky. The mill was built back in 1912, but on
the museum territory came only in 1994, where it was transported from
ChemoshurKuyuk village, Alnash district. The mill height is 12
meters and has 3 floors. Hip-type mills, which include
This exhibition was distributed in the territory of southern Udmurtia.
For a long time the mill was closed, but since 2009 people have been allowed here.
visitors. This mill is the only one preserved
windmill on the territory of Udmurtia. (Appendix 7)
According to local residents on the territory of the Mukshinskoye municipal district in the middle
In the 20th century there were 4 water mills. In the village of Kikva on a pond near the farm, on
Pukhovka pond between the villages of Mukshi and Dmitrievka, in the village of Kutonshur, in the village.
Mukshi on the upper pond. In addition to water mills in the village of Druzhny there was
windmill, because the village was far from the river.
In addition to wind and water mills, villages often used
hand mills, especially if the settlement was located at a distance from
mills In the next paragraph we will look at how a hand mill works.
2.2. Hand mill device
The hand mill is made of solid logs and consists of two
separate parts. To the inside of the top and bottom of the mill
About 2 thousand small cast iron plates are driven in, thanks to which the grain
as the top of the mill rotated, it was crushed and turned into flour.
A tray is attached to the side at the bottom of the mill, through which the ground material is ground.
the grain was slowly poured into the prepared container. At the top there are three
holes: one served for filling grain, the other for a handle, using
which the mill rotated. The handles were inserted differently, depending on
the amount of grain and the number of working people. If you worked alone
person, then the handle was inserted short, if there were several, then a long one. For
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strength and greater pressure, a pole was inserted into the third hole and
attached it to the ceiling. In order for the flour to fall in the right direction
direction, the edges of the lower part of the mill were often trimmed in a circle
iron. The height of the mill was made different, it depended on the master or on
customer and the dimensions reached 1 meter in height and half a meter in width.
(Appendix 8)
But how did the grain turn into flour on this unit?
The grain fell through the hole in the upper part onto the contacting
surface of the logs, was broken, and entered the box through slotted grooves,
then it was swept into the bag through the exit hole. After the first pass of grains
they turn into cereals, with repeated grinding it was possible
receive flour. Subsequently, sifting took place through a sieve. This product
used for making porridges and stews. In the received
The crushed grain often contained sawdust from wooden millstones. If
take into account that such units were used in difficult lean years,
then it is quite reasonable that sawdust remained in the product as
filler, to which nettle and quinoa were also added.
In the post-war years, peasants used on their farms
a slightly improved model of a hand mill.
On
contacting surfaces of the millstones radially, from the center to the periphery,
“cast iron” was clogged with fragments from broken cast iron and pots,
sanded flush with each other. The rye grain was crushed twice, and
then sifted through a sieve and sieve. One bucket of grain yielded
up to ¾ bucket of “coarse” flour. Wooden millstones were installed so that
there was a certain gap. In this embodiment, the crushed product does not
sawdust fell from the tree. Similar grain crushers were also used in
favorable times for making sprinkles for pets.
Peasants received grain for workdays for working on the collective farm.
8

Not every peasant household had such a mill, only
wealthy peasants, for whom it was made by craftsmen.
Making a grain mill required certain skills and
time.
2.3. From the history of one mill
A hand grinder has recently appeared in the museum of our school and
took pride of place here. A village resident donated the mill to the museum
Mukshi Vakhrusheva Liya Borisovna, my grandmother, native of Debeski
UR region. (Appendix 10)
The history of the appearance of this exhibit in our museum is interesting because
he came to us not from our neighboring villages, but from the Debes region.
The hand mill was brought by the mother of Liya Borisovna Serebrennikova Lyubov
Alekseevna, when moving to a permanent place of residence with her daughter. Born
she in 1936 in the village of Starye Siri, Kez district of the Ural Republic. Lyubov Alekseevna
I was left an orphan very early and my brother and I went around the villages and helped
people around the house, thereby earning a living. At 18 she came out
married in the village of Berezovka, Debessky district to Boris Timofeevich
Serebrennikova.
The family lived in prosperity, and there she first saw this tame
the mill, where she later had to work herself. Water Mill
It was far away, and it was inconvenient to travel every time. Then to the rescue
Kruporushka came. More often it was used for grinding flour for
animals and cereal preparation. They ground rye, barley, wheat, and peas.
Although this work is not easy, children were often forced to grind,
queues turned the mill. As mentioned above, such mills were
not in every family, so people often asked to use the mill
9

fellow villagers. And father-in-law Timofey Stepanovich and mother-in-law Matryona Vasilievna
were kind people, ready to help their fellow villagers, and always
shared their property, which is why they enjoyed a large amount of money in the village
respect. But at the same time, they treated her with care. According to their stories
this mill was made for the family of Timofey Stepanovich's parents at the end
19th century wandering craftsman (unfortunately, no one knows the name of the master anymore).
This craftsman walked around the villages and made
kruporushki, while working he lived with the family and became a member of it.
Lyubov Alekseevna’s thing was dear, she inherited it
from her husband's parents, so when moving to her daughter, she decided to take
mill with you to pass on the living memory of your ancestors to your grandchildren and
great-grandchildren through the memory of things.
This is the legend of this exhibit, and Liya Borisovna decided after her death
mother to give the grinding mill to the school museum, because in a private
in the household, no one except family members sees it and loses its value, but in
museum it again acquires this value. The museum receives a unique item
which will give the opportunity to tell children about life, the life of our ancestors
past centuries, plunge into the world of our ancestors. (Appendix 9)
10

Conclusion
From childhood to the end of our lives, everything that is dear and dear to our hearts
surrounds us on our land. The names of lakes and
ponds, rivulets and streams, villages and villages, alleys and outskirts. These
historical information, legends and stories that tell about the lives of our
ancestors, are unique monuments of our antiquity, cultural
centers of past eras, partly embodied in such a concept as
mill. But the mills themselves have always been so cultural
centers for all people, at any time and in any country where in
while waiting for grinding, peasants from different villages met and exchanges took place
news, and economic discussions flared up.
An unusual household item for modern people, which
belonged to my ancestors and gave impetus to the search for new knowledge. As a result
search work, I confirmed the hypothesis that meetings with older people
generation, work with scientific local history literature, allow
establish the history of things and describe them.
Today the museum has about 300 exhibits, many of them have no history
legends of their appearance in the museum and it is unlikely that they can still be restored
belonging to some things. But still, it is possible to install
where and how certain antiquities were used, for example, how much
can tell us an exhibit called the “flail”, with the help of which
the peasants were knocking grains out of the ears. Our goal, while we have the opportunity,
Everything needs to be recorded and left for future generations. Mills
have always been surrounded by mystery, covered in poetic legends,
legends and superstitions. For example, “There are devils in every pool” and
The merman, as expected in fairy tales, also lives in the pool.
Information sources