Applied art of decoration. Arts and crafts

Works of decorative and applied art meet several requirements: they have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; used for home and interior decoration. Such products are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and other artistic products. IN scientific literature from the second half of the 19th century century, a classification of branches of decorative and applied art was established by material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), by technique (carving, painting, embroidery, printed matter, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) and by functional characteristics of the use of the object ( furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principle in the decorative and applied arts and its direct connection with production.

Appeal to folk art has gained a strong place in the work modern teacher with kids. IN last years Arts and crafts classes have become very popular. Products made by children’s hands can serve as decoration for school interiors, as they have aesthetic value.

Arts and crafts classes will undoubtedly open up new ways of understanding folk art for many children, enrich their inner world, and allow them to spend their free time profitably.

Main types of decorative and applied arts:

1. (burning on wood, leather, fabric, etc.)
2. Beading

Let's focus on the last of the above.

Bead weaving is an ancient art. The history of beading goes back more than five thousand years. However, the weaving techniques remain the same, and even children are able to create simple crafts from beads.

Beading for children: is it necessary? Perhaps many people believe that such introduction of schoolchildren to decorative and applied arts, in particular to beadwork, is advisable only in art centers where there are conditions for real professional training. Experience shows that this is not so. The fact is that, in addition to beauty, this is quite a useful art in all respects. In the process of beading, children develop taste, imagination and creativity. The child learns the basics of counting, which is important for preschoolers. Fine motor skills and precision of movements develop, which is useful in any case. It has been proven that development fine motor skills promotes the development of memory, attention and thinking, which is also useful. Handmade jewelry is more valuable than purchased jewelry. The presence of homemade original jewelry can raise the self-esteem of an insecure child and help him take his place in the team. Beading helps children express their emotions.

Beading classes are held in groups and provide the opportunity to communicate with peers while enjoying the process of working with beads.

Introducing children to decorative and applied arts, to mastering its techniques, does not mean at all that all the children will work in the artistic direction in the future. Aesthetic significance is associated with the very process of making beautiful, necessary and useful things. The ability to create them at first is much more important for the overall artistic development children, instilling in them a healthy moral principle, respect for work, knowledge even to some extent of themselves, and the development of artistic taste.

decorative arts, a type of plastic arts, the works of which, along with architecture, artistically form surrounding a person material environment and introduce into it an aesthetic, ideological and figurative beginning.

Includes various arts, serving to decorate works of architecture and landscape art (monumental and decorative art), creating art objects for public and private life (decorative and applied arts), artistic decoration of festivals, shows, expositions, etc. (decorative art).

Arts and crafts

(from Latin decoro - I decorate) - a section of fine art covering creation of artistic products, having a utilitarian and artistic purpose. A collective term that conventionally unites two broad types of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike the works fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and related to pure art, numerous manifestations arts and crafts can have practical use in everyday life.

Works of decorative and applied art form part of the objective environment surrounding a person and aesthetically enrich it.

Works of decorative and applied art meet several requirements: have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for . Such products are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and other artistic products. In the scientific literature, since the second half of the 19th century, a classification of branches of decorative and applied art has been established according to material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), according to the technique of processing the material (carving, painting, printed material, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) and according to the functional characteristics of the use of the item (furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the design and technological principles in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.

Having emerged in ancient times, decorative and applied art became one of the most important areas of folk art. Its history is connected with artistic craft, the artistic industry, with the activities of professional artists and folk craftsmen, and, since the beginning of the 20th century, with artistic construction and design.

History of the development of decorative arts

Arts and crafts existed already at an early stage of the development of human society and for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of ​​artistic creativity. The most ancient works arts and crafts characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material, to rational construction. In traditional folk art, this trend has persisted until the present day.

Man has long sought to decorate his home and everything he encountered in everyday life. When making any thing, the folk craftsman thought not only about its practical purpose, but also about its beauty. From the simplest materials - wood, metal, stone, clay - he created true works of art that conveyed the master’s poetic understanding of the world around him.

It has always been reflected in folk art native nature. Herbs and flowers, familiar to everyone from childhood, images of birds and animals, sky and sun, earth and water, transformed by the artist’s imagination, were transformed into a bright, expressive ornament in the product.

Over time everything higher value acquires interest in the wealth of material and. Products that serve the purpose of representation are singled out (objects for religious rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility), in which, in order to enhance their emotional resonance, the everyday expediency of constructing the form is often sacrificed.

Modern products of decorative and applied art are created taking into account both folk traditions and fashion trends today. Until now, the most popular objects of this art, covered in haze ancient traditions, are products made of steel and bronze, carpets made by hand and decorated with traditional patterns - in eastern countries; ceramics, objects from sea ​​shells- in the south; ritual masks - in Africa; amber products - in the Baltic region; porcelain, cloisonne enamel, fabrics painted with flowers, fruits, fantastic animals - in China and Japan, Korea.

Stylization in arts and crafts

Decorative and applied art has its own language and its own laws. Expressing the idea of ​​beauty with its own specific means, it never strives to blindly copy the world, but conveys only the most characteristic and expressive. The artist creatively reworks forms found in nature, taking into account a specific material, its decorative advantages and technological processing features.

The language of decorative and applied art is distinguished by stylization or, on the contrary, extraordinary precision of forms; identifying and playing with the texture and plastic properties of the material; the use of ornaments, including both motifs of traditional images and avant-garde forms. The compositional construction of decor in objects of decorative and applied art is always based on the harmony of parts and the whole.

Known since ancient times. As a method of artistic creativity, she achieved high level in Assyrian-Babylonian, Persian, ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek ornaments, in which, along with geometric lines and patterns, objects of flora and fauna, both real and fictional, and even human figures were often used, stylized with high artistry and taste. Nowadays ornamental compositions with elements of stylization are widely used in wall paintings, mosaics, stucco, carved, chased and forged jewelry and products, embroidery, and fabric colors.

Creative stylization in the fine arts is necessarily of an individual nature, implying the author's vision and artistic processing of phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality and, as a result, displaying them with elements of novelty.

Along with creative stylization, there is imitative stylization, which presupposes the presence finished sample for imitation and consists in imitation of the style of a particular era, well-known artistic movements, styles and techniques of creativity of a particular people, styles famous masters. However, despite the existing sample, imitative stylization should not have the nature of direct copying. Imitating this or that style, the creator of a stylized work should strive to introduce his own individuality into it, for example, with a chosen plot, a new vision of color or general compositional solution. It is the degree of this artistic novelty that will, as a rule, largely determine the value of a stylized work.

When creating products of decorative and applied art, the most fruitful method is creative stylization. A better name for this important artistic method might not be stylization, but interpretation, which more accurately conveys the essence and peculiarity of this creative process: the artist looks at an object from the surrounding life, interprets it and emotionally conveys it the way he feels and senses it. In other words, he, as it were, re-creates this natural object, but in the form artistic symbol. In this interpretation, it is best to follow the creative principle of the triad: “Cognize, evaluate and improve.”

A decorative composition is a composition that has high degree expressiveness and modified, stylized or abstract elements that give it decorative look, enhance her sensory perception. Thus, the main goal decorative composition is to achieve maximum expressiveness and emotionality with a partial or complete (in non-objective compositions) rejection of authenticity, which becomes unnecessary or even disturbing.

Basic common features that arise in the process of stylization of objects and elements of a decorative composition are the simplicity of forms, their generality and symbolism, eccentricity, geometricity, colorfulness, sensuality.

Decorative stylization is characterized by generality and symbolism of the depicted objects and forms. This artistic method implies a conscious rejection of the complete authenticity of the image and its detailed detailing. The stylization method requires separating from the image everything unnecessary, secondary, and interfering with a clear visual perception in order to expose the essence of the depicted objects, display the most important thing in them, draw the viewer’s attention to the previously hidden beauty and evoke in him the corresponding vivid emotions.

With the development of interior design, the need arose to create works of decorative and applied art that, without stylization, would not meet modern aesthetic requirements.

Decorative and applied varieties of arts and crafts

It is necessary to distinguish between decorative and applied varieties of decorative and applied art. Thus, if objects of applied art (furniture, utensils, dishes, jewelry) turn out to be artistically expressive mainly due to the aesthetic perfection of their form (beauty of silhouette, proportions, elegance of lines, masterful processing of material, etc.), then decorative works ( painting of walls and household items, decorative sculptural reliefs, small figurines, tapestries, embroideries, carpets, carved decorations, etc.) are inherent in pictorial, plot compositions or ornamental decorations.

To ensure that products are not deprived aesthetic value, an artist is invited, whose functions do not include the production of the product as a whole, but only its decoration: the artist began to “apply” his art to the finished product. Thus, with the expansion of industrial production, an art industry arises, where the method of applied art finds its place - decorating products with painting, carving, inlay, etc. But the beauty of an object is not only in decoration, although this also requires great skill. The object must be expressive in its entirety - in its design, proportions and details.

In applied art, the form of a product, its architectural design, carries within itself both the utilitarian essence of the object and its aesthetic expressiveness. At the same time, the forms of applied art products are historically changeable: in different eras they are characterized by a difference in motives - luxury, mannerism or, on the contrary, simplicity, naturalness. Modern reality expresses a tendency towards simplicity, conciseness, refusal of excessive detail, towards small size and economy. Artistically designed things not only decorate everyday life, but also play a huge role in the formation of artistic taste.

Many beautiful examples of decorative and applied arts can be seen in artistic, historical, ethnographic and local history museums, as well as in books, albums and on the pages of magazines. Each exhibition folk art- it is always a discovery of the world of beauty and perfection. Products made by old masters and contemporary artists, invariably evoke the admiration of visitors, and some have a desire to follow the example of folk craftsmen.

In order for an object to become a work of art, it must not only be processed “according to the laws of beauty,” but also carry a certain ideological and emotional content. For this purpose, the material is used properly, the most appropriate form of the object is taken into account (its proportions, rhythmic repetitions, tectonic structure), acquires special meaning scale ratio between in separate parts object and person, a special method of processing the surface of the object is used - decor. Therefore, creating beautiful things is a significant manifestation of objective activity that carries deep aesthetic expressiveness. The impression made by applied art can often be as strong as that of a painting or sculpture.

Unlike faceless mass-produced products, handmade items are always unique. Masterfully crafted household utensils, furniture, and interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were objects of utilitarian purpose, then in our days they have passed into the category of art. A beautiful thing made by a skilled craftsman will always be valuable.

Influx of artistic forces into applied art

Craft techniques

In Western Europe, the position of the artist began to change in the 16th century. The decline of the urban economy, which covered almost the entire Western Europe, entailed a crisis in artistic life. In Italy, art workshops are losing their former importance. Indeed, what could be the real power of the guild if there were such independent people as Michelangelo or Titian? In some cities, guilds are subordinated to state power, in others they are liquidated altogether, and artists find themselves without the usual class support, left to their own devices. Some of them turn into a déclasse element, a kind of predecessor of bohemia. Some try to find shelter at courts and become servants of nobles. The desire to achieve court ranks and the title of nobility is widespread.

A consequence of the plight of the fine arts, created in connection with the spread of the Reformation, was the tide artistic forces into applied arts: jewelry, silversmithing, carpentry, making pottery and pewter, etc. flourished. Often (luxuriously designed watches, navigational instruments, weapons and armor). Characteristic feature In the 16th century, in Northern European countries, masters of the fine arts began to be subordinated to applied artists: draftsmen and engravers made special ornamental designs, sculptors made models for decorating furniture, appliances, and dishes. Craft techniques are becoming widespread: replicating sculptural samples, using etching techniques in engraving to speed up the processing of copper boards, etc.

DECORATIVE ARTS(English decorative art, French art decorative, German Decorative Kunst), a term that unites those types of art that serve practical purposes, in contrast to easel and monumental art. The decorative arts bring artistic organization into all areas of life. Decorative art includes monumental and decorative art directly related to architecture: the design of buildings or other structures (architectural decor, paintings, mosaics, stained glass, wood carvings, etc.); decorative and applied arts (furniture, fabrics, ceramics, household art products made of metal and leather); decorative art (artistic decoration of shop windows, exhibitions, festivals).

The decorative arts are distinguished from the fine or major fine arts, in which works, such as easel paintings, are created solely for aesthetic pleasure. However, this distinction is rather arbitrary, since the forms of art are too closely related to each other to be easily distinguished. The criteria by which a painting or sculpture is judged—shape, color, or compositional features—are the same as those used to evaluate a miniature-decorated manuscript or a porcelain vase. Although materials and methods vary depending on the art form, the fundamental principles remain valid - such as good taste, originality of content and composition.

Up to the 19th century. no distinction was made between artist and craftsman. Since antiquity, craftsmen have not allowed an item, be it a silver cup or a painting, to leave the workshop without undergoing strict inspection by the craftsman himself or the guild for quality workmanship and artistic skill. Orders and regulations applied to everything from paintings, sculpture and architecture to carved picture frames and designs for tapestries, sewing, glass work, ornamental stone and metal. For example, the Florentine workshop of Antonio del Pollaiuolo during the Renaissance produced not only paintings, but also magnificent silk banners for ceremonial processions, as well as altar images minted on silver. Benvenuto Cellini, fellow countryman of Pollaiuolo, in the 16th century. gained fame as an excellent and original sculptor, jeweler and goldsmith. The objects made by these artists were as functional as they were beautiful, which is why many of their products became famous as works of art. Many works that are now classified as one of the types of fine art were created exclusively in decorative purposes. Among them are the marbles of the ancient Greek Parthenon, sculptures and frescoes that adorned medieval churches throughout Europe.

At the beginning of the 19th century. The paths of fine and decorative arts diverged. This was caused by the advent of the industrial revolution and rapid development Machine production, which resulted in the mass production of consumer goods, gave rise to the art industry. In the middle of the 19th century. opposition to crude and aesthetically unattractive factory products led to a revival of artistic crafts throughout Europe. The term “applied art” arose; it was used to refer to the “application” of an artistic concept to a craft. The revival of genuine artistic craft was facilitated by the activities of such masters as William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones. In 1857 they settled in London as "artists" with the aim of creating home furnishings by hand, from sketching and designing decorative motifs to fabrics and furniture.

The concept of "arts and crafts" more accurately expresses modern point view regarding the difference between functional and purely decorative works than their classification according to their belonging to “great” or “small” art, fine or decorative. At the same time, in the middle of the 20th century. creative activity in a variety of materials is increasingly being valued; this again drew attention to the problem of the unity of all forms of artistic expression, and also significantly expanded the field of activity of artists and contributed to the emergence of new types of art using new materials, for example in the field of industrial

INTRODUCTION

Decorative art is a vast area of ​​human creative activity. Products made of ceramics, wood, glass, and textiles are the oldest products of human labor and creativity; they mark the progressive development of civilization and culture at all stages of history. Having emerged at the very early time development of human society, decorative and applied art for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of ​​artistic creativity. However, the role and significance of decorative art in the general cultural process is still underestimated. In the world history of art it is usually not isolated as a special area aesthetic activity, but is considered only in its utilitarian function: as the design of object products and the living environment, as a product of handicraft or industrial production. In principle, this is true: decorative art is closely related to material production and architecture. It is difficult to agree that the cultural level of an era is determined only by fine arts and architecture, and artistic objects - furniture, dishes, textiles, jewelry - only serve the everyday needs of people and shine with the reflected light of the “high arts”.

This work sets the goal of a comprehensive study of modern domestic decorative art, establishing the problems of the development of mass production in the context of the socio-cultural situation in Russia in the 20th century.

The work poses the following tasks:

Principles of modern shaping of object and decorative products;

Their influence on the formation of artistic style objective world and living environment

The specific place of decorative art in the visual culture of the modern era is noted.

RESEARCH SECTION

History of Decorative and Applied Arts

Folk arts and crafts are the result of the creativity of many generations of masters. It is united in its artistic structure and unusually diverse in its national characteristics, which are manifested in everything, from the choice (use) of material to the interpretation of pictorial forms.

Born among farmers, cattle breeders, and hunters, folk art throughout the history of its development is associated with nature, the laws of its renewal, and the manifestation of its life-giving forces.

The very existence of man is inseparable from nature, which provides material for housing and clothing, food, and determines the rhythm human life the change of day and night, the alternation of seasons. Therefore, all this is reflected in works of folk art, which constitute an integral phenomenon of the culture of each nation.

The well-known statement that folk art is firmly connected with everyday life applies not only to arts and crafts. Songs and dances, epics and fairy tales are also inseparable from the everyday life of the people, because they embodied dreams of beauty, ideas about better life, about good and evil, about the harmony of the world. In harvest festivals, farewell to winter, welcoming spring, various rituals and rituals creativity manifested itself in a complex and multifunctional way. In this regard, folk art is called syncretic, i.e. combining different functions of objects and connecting them with everyday life(Appendix, Fig. 1).

And today, artistic products made by folk craftsmen from various materials, serve as an indispensable part of human daily life. They entered everyday life as necessary items that perform certain utilitarian functions. These are floor carpets and ceramic dishes, woven bedspreads and embroidered tablecloths, wooden toy and decoration of women's clothing. Their thoughtful form and proportions, the pattern of the ornament and the color of the material itself characterize the aesthetics of these things, their artistic content, turning a utilitarian object into a work of art. All such products belong to the field of decorative and applied arts, in the sphere of which the spiritual and material principles of creativity find organic unity. The world of this area is vast.

Many artistic objects are produced by enterprises equipped with advanced technology, which makes it possible to make things large editions. But they exhibit a mechanical repetition of the original sample. This type of production is called the art industry. Adjacent to it, but noticeably different in the nature of the product, are folk arts and crafts, in which the appearance of the object, its formation artistic features depend on manual creative work master artist, which determines final result. That is why the importance of the master in folk art is so great. The artistic level of the thing he creates depends on how he masters his craft, how he uses his knowledge and practical skills.

As a result of this development of folk art, the shape of the products was polished, beautiful and meaningful ornamental motifs were preserved, and an artistic tradition emerged as a worldview system for folk craftsmen and as a craft basis for creativity.

All these features characterizing folk arts and crafts manifested themselves during its historical development. The creative development of material coming from time immemorial, the improvement of the function of each object led to the endowment of things with additional significance. For example, a lock in the shape of a lion was supposed to enhance, in the opinion of the master, the protective function of this household item. The ornament in the form of a hoop surrounding the body of the turning tool visually strengthened the shape.

Folk arts and crafts did not move to function in the form of crafts everywhere and not simultaneously. They arose only where there were appropriate economic conditions (stable demand, sufficient quantities of local raw materials, etc.). Most active development

Even before the revolution, the artisanal form of farming was tested by masters from the Moscow region and a number of other folk art centers. Thus, after the ruin of the owners of the Fedoskino miniature craft, the craftsmen organized an artel in 1903, thanks to which the core of creatively working painters was preserved, and the art of the craft did not fade away (Appendix, Fig. 3).

In the 1920-1930s. The process of creating cooperative fishing artels continued. New industries arose, but the main attention was paid to strengthening traditional crafts in areas where ancient centers of folk art united several settlements. The production of products with Khokhloma painting woodworking in Nizhny Novgorod region, production of handmade lace in the Vologda region. New types of products were also born. Thus, masters of the former icon-painting crafts switched to work in the field of lacquer miniatures. Papier-mâché painting by craftsmen from the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region, was already highly appreciated in their first works by major scholars and researchers of folk art.

By the beginning of the 1960s, supplies of artistic products for export were restored. Subsequently, a number of decrees were issued to promote the development of fisheries. In particular, an important decision is made to attract home-based workers to work. It not only made it possible to expand the workforce, but also made it possible to create entire associations of craftsmen working at home in many union republics. Masters of artistic crafts are provided with a number of economic benefits. In accordance with the tasks set in the directive documents, expeditions, competitions, gatherings of craftsmen, and craft festivals began to be held regularly. Such an integrated approach to enhancing the creativity of masters and promoting their achievements allowed each nation to see the values ​​of their national culture and attract young people to a craft that gives them the opportunity to demonstrate their abilities. That is why the number of young people wishing to enter special educational institutions increases every year.

The elegance and artistic content of folk crafts create an atmosphere of festivity and cause a person to be in high spirits. Products of folk craftsmen are indispensable attributes of our everyday life, enliven people’s daily lives, and become the main “actors” in special occasions. Suits in folk traditions- obligatory attributes of folklore ensembles, fairs, special exhibitions. Finally, almost every item created by masters of artistic crafts serves as a wonderful gift for anyone. important event in the life of an individual, family or group. And small, easy-to-carry things - souvenirs - are signs of memory of the national culture of a people and even an entire country.

Olga Makeenko
“Decorative and applied arts as a means of introducing children to folk culture»

Introduction

Folk culture is one of important elements any nation, since it carries within itself the experience of past generations, which has developed over centuries. Folk culture reflects the life and skills of our ancestors, which are reflected in one way or another arts.

Studying folk culture should be included in the compulsory curriculum children. After all, it is from childhood that people develop habits and skills. In order for the concept of the world to develop correctly, art necessary from the very early years to form in the minds of children ideas about the world around them, as well as talk about the history of both the country as a whole and the region in which they live. Children are our continuation; the future of both the family, the city, the country and the world as a whole depends on how we raise them.

"Guides" V in this case Parents and teachers will speak. Future teachers of pedagogical schools, heads of kindergartens and preschool education methodologists need to know the basic methods and techniques of leadership various types activities children preschool age. Among these activities great place occupies the visual arts.

Folk culture is traditional culture, which includes cultural layers different eras , from ancient times to the present, the subject of which is people cultural connections and mechanisms of life. Such non-literate culture, that's why in it great importance belongs to tradition as a way of transmitting information vital to society.

There are several ways in which learning is possible children's folk culture. These include literature, cinema, and fairy tales. This includes paintings, games and much, much more.

In this work we will consider decorative and applied arts as a means of introducing children to folk culture. To achieve a given goal, you will first need to consider the basic concepts of this topic. This concept, its main directions and types; concept folk culture; And means of introducing children to folk culture.

Represents a section decorative arts, which covers several branches of creativity dedicated to the creation of artistic products and intended mainly for everyday use. Works arts and crafts can be: various utensils, furniture, weapons, fabrics, tools, as well as other products that are not works according to their original purpose art, But acquire artistic quality due to the artist’s labor applied to them; clothing and all kinds of jewelry.

Since the second half of the nineteenth century, the classification of industries has been established in the scientific literature arts and crafts:

1. Depending on the material used (ceramics, metal, textiles, wood);

2. Depending on the execution technique (carving, printed material, casting, embossing, embroidery, painting, intarsia).

The proposed classification is associated with the important role of the design and technological principles in decorative and applied arts and its immediate connection with production.

It simultaneously belongs to the spheres of creation of both material and spiritual values. Works arts and crafts inseparable from the material culture era of their contemporary era, are closely connected with the way of life corresponding to it, with one or another of its local ethnic and national characteristics, social group and class differences.

Works arts and crafts form an organic part of the subject environment, with which a person comes into daily contact, and with their aesthetic merits, figurative structure, and character constantly influence state of mind a person, his mood, are an important source of emotions that influence his attitude towards the world around him. Works arts and crafts aesthetically saturate and transform Wednesday, surrounding a person, and, at the same time, seem to be absorbed by it, since they are usually perceived in connection with its architectural and spatial design, with other objects included in it or their complexes (a set of furniture or a service, a suit or a set of jewelry). In this regard, the ideological meaning of the works arts and crafts can be understood most fully only with a real understanding of these relationships between the subject and environment and man.

Decorative and applied arts arose at the most early stages development of human society, and for many centuries has been the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities the main area of ​​artistic creativity.

According to another source, arts and crafts- this is the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose (household utensils, dishes, fabrics, toys, jewelry, etc., as well as artistic processing of old objects (furniture, clothes, weapons, etc.). Also, as in the previous designation, masters arts and crafts a wide variety of materials are used - metal (silver, gold, platinum, bronze, as well as various alloys, wood, clay, glass, stone, textiles (natural and artificial fabrics) and etc.

Making products from clay is called ceramics, from precious stones and metals - jewelry art. In process works of art from metal, casting, forging, chasing, engraving techniques are used; textiles are decorated with embroidery or printed material (a paint-coated wooden or copper board is placed on the fabric and hit with a special hammer, obtaining an imprint); wooden objects - carvings, inlays and colorful paintings. Painting ceramic dishes is called vase painting.

Artistic products are closely related to the everyday life and customs of a certain era, people or social group (nobles, peasants, etc.). Already primitive craftsmen decorated dishes with patterns and carvings, and made primitive jewelry from animal fangs, shells and stones. These objects embodied ancient people’s ideas about beauty, the structure of the world and man’s place in it.

Traditions of the ancient art continue to appear in folklore and in products folk crafts.

Thus, based on the above, let us note the main points. So the term arts and crafts conventionally combines two broad genera arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and related to pure art, numerous manifestations decoratively-applied creativity mainly have practical use in everyday life. This distinctive feature of this type art.

Works arts and crafts have certain characteristics: aesthetic quality, designed for artistic effect and used for home and interior decoration.

Kinds decorative arts: sewing, knitting, burning, carpet weaving, weaving, embroidery, artistic leather processing, patchwork (sewing from scraps, artistic carving, drawing, etc. In turn, it should be noted that some types arts and crafts are subject to their own classification. For example, burning is the application of a pattern to the surface of any organic material using a hot needle, and It happens: wood burning, fabric burning (guilloché, making appliqués by burning using special apparatus, hot stamping.

2. Folk culture

Previously, a definition of the concept has already been provided folk culture. I repeat, folk culture is traditional culture, which includes cultural layers of different eras - from ancient times to the present, the subject of which is people- collective personality, which means the unification of all individuals of the collective by a community cultural connections and mechanisms of life. This non-literate culture, and therefore tradition is of great importance in it, as a way of transmitting information vital to society. This definition quite capacious, but not the only one. Let's turn to other sources.

Under culture understand human activity at its most different manifestations, including all forms and methods of human self-expression and self-knowledge, the accumulation of skills and abilities by man and society as a whole. Culture is a set of stable forms human activity, without which it cannot reproduce, and therefore cannot exist. Culture is a set of codes, which prescribe a person a certain behavior with his inherent experiences and thoughts, thereby exerting a managerial influence on him. Source of origin culture human activity is conceived.

Concept " people"in Russian and European languages ​​is a population, a collection of individuals. Also, people is understood as a community of people who have recognized themselves as an ethnic or territorial community, social class, group, sometimes representing the entire society, for example, at some decisive historical moment (national liberation wars, revolutions, restoration of the country, and so on, with similar (general) beliefs, ideas or ideals.

This community acts as the subject and bearer of a special holistic culture, excellent in its vision of the world, ways of embodiment in various forms folklore and areas close to folklore cultural practice, which often dates back to antiquity. In the distant past, its bearer was the entire community (clan, tribe, later ethnic group (people) .

In past, folk culture determined and consolidated all aspects of life, customs, rituals, regulated relationships among community members, family type, upbringing children, the nature of the home, ways of developing the surrounding space, type of clothing, attitude towards nature, the world, legends, beliefs, language, artistic creativity. In other words, it was determined when to sow grain and harvest crops, drive out livestock, how to build relationships in the family, in the community, and so on. At present, in a period of increasing complexity of social relations, many large and small social groups of formal and informal types have appeared, a stratification of social and social cultural practice, folk culture has become one of the elements of modern multilayer culture.

IN folk culture creativity anonymously, since personal authorship is not realized, and the goal of following the model that is adopted from previous generations invariably prevails. This sample is, as it were, “owned” by the entire community, and the individual (storyteller, master craftsman, even very skillful, perceiving patterns and standards inherited from ancestors, identifies with the community, realizes his belonging to locus culture, ethnic group, sub-ethnic group.

Manifestations folk culture is the identification of oneself with one’s own by the people, its traditions in stereotypes social behavior and actions, everyday ideas, choice cultural standards and social norms, orientations towards certain forms of leisure, amateur artistic and creative practice.

An important quality folk culture in all periods there is tradition. Traditionality determines its value-normative and semantic content folk culture, social mechanisms of its transmission, inheritance in direct communication from face to face, from master to student, from generation to generation.

Thus, folk culture is culture, created over thousands of years, through natural selection, by anonymous creators - people of labor, representatives people who do not have special or professional education. Folk culture consists: religious (Christian, moral, everyday, labor, recreational, gaming, entertainment cultural subsystems. This culture recorded in folklore, folk crafts, exists in customs and way of life, in the decoration of the home, in dance, song, clothing, in the nature of nutrition and education children(folk pedagogy) .Folk culture there is a basis for national culture, pedagogy, character, self-awareness. Introducing children to the origins of folk culture means preserving traditions people, continuity of generations, growth of his spirit.

3. Means of introducing children to folk culture.

Due to the characteristics of age, for communion A child needs a special approach to any of the skills. Basically, a game is used for this, since it is most interesting for kids. During the game, children become interested in the subject, which allows them to reveal the most significant elements without imposing them on the child, but easily and not forcedly. Games are chosen based on their useful information about culture of the people, in whose territory he lives, or the one about which he needs to talk. Features are explained during the game nationalities, they can also be laid down in the rules. For example, you can organize a game - competition: who will notice more details, who will list more familiar colors, shades or objects presented in the picture, and so on. This game stimulates their cognitive activity, develops children’s powers of observation, and teaches them to formulate and express their thoughts.

In addition to the game, it is possible to use drawing and painting. Landscape painting is one of the most lyrical and emotional genres of fine art. art, this is the highest level of artistic exploration of nature, recreating its beauty with inspiration and imagery. This genre promotes emotional and aesthetic development children, brings up kindness and careful attitude to nature, its beauty, awakens a sincere feeling of love for one’s land, one’s history. Landscape painting develops the child’s imagination and associative thinking, sensual, emotional sphere, depth, awareness and versatility of perception of nature and its depiction in works art, ability to empathize artistic image landscape, the ability to correlate its mood with your own.

Identification of abilities children and their correct development is one of the most important pedagogical tasks. And it should be decided taking into account age children, psychophysical development, educational conditions and other factors. Development of abilities children to fine arts Only then will it bear fruit when teaching drawing is carried out by the teacher systematically and systematically. Otherwise, this development will follow random paths, and the child’s visual abilities may remain in their infancy.

Children love trying new things. It is important not to spoil the child’s attitude towards creativity, as this can affect his future life. You need to allow him to reveal his capabilities and not scold him if something doesn’t work out. After all, people have been programmed since childhood preferences: some people like to draw, some find themselves in music, others will become humanitarians. With this in mind, you need to use different methods in teaching children, so that they themselves determine for themselves what they like, otherwise in the future, in choosing a profession, factors imposed from outside will become decisive, and not what is really interesting and what is worth devoting their lives to. Take possession of the entire amount funds and the methods of representation that make up visual literacy, the child cannot. The teacher’s knowledge of the features of expressive means each art helps to establish, which of them can be realized and mastered by the child and which are inaccessible to him.

Thus, the main goal of development preschool education is the formation of the child’s personality, his development creativity. In classes with children, the main task of the teacher is to attract their attention to the picture, sculpture or another work and hold it. Children are more willing to be interested in paintings if the teacher manages to awaken their imagination and include the children in the game. For example, you can ask them to imagine themselves in the place of the characters in the picture, discuss what each of them would do in the place of the depicted character, what emotions they would experience, and in what words they would describe their state. In general, get the child to tell you about himself in the situation depicted.

Conclusion

Introducing children to arts and crafts this is an introduction to traditional household items. Children learn how and why this or that thing was used, and try to use it themselves. In addition, children are encouraged to consider decorative patterns , explains symbolic meaning individual elements of the ornament. It is important to draw the child’s attention to the repeatability of patterns and individual elements on different objects, and to tell what traditional ways of decorating things are characteristic of different regions of Russia.

In classes that are devoted to traditional folk crafts, children learn the basic principles of constructing an ornament and learn to correctly perform repeating elements. Samples for children's modeling and painting can be traditional dishes, toys and other household items.

In order to introducing children to art cognitive and creative activities which involves visiting various painting exhibitions, sculptures, folk art and so on. Tours can be conducted, but they are intended children, over five years of age. Exhibition exhibits, the viewing of which is accompanied by explanations from the guide, consolidate the knowledge and skills acquired in aesthetic education classes.

Decorative and applied arts is in close relationship with folk culture. This type art embodies folk culture. By using arts and crafts, you can study folk culture.

Decorative and applied arts contains a large amount of information that is useful for children in the process of studying the history of one’s own or another country, nation or community. How decorative and applied arts as a means of introducing folk culture is one of the most effective and interesting.