That theater is a form of art. Need help studying a topic? Theater in ancient times

The first theatrical performances were once staged right on the street. Basically, the performances were staged by traveling artists. They could sing, dance, wear various costumes, depicting animals. Everyone did what they did best. The new kind The art gradually developed, the actors improved their skills.

The first theater in the world

The word “theater” translated from Greek means a place for performing spectacles and the spectacle itself. The first such cultural institution supposedly arose in Greece. This happened in the V-IV centuries BC. e. This era was called "classical". It is characterized by harmony and balance in all elements and components. Ancient Greek theater appeared through the worship of various gods.

The Theater of Dionysus is the oldest theater building. The god of wine, vegetation and nature was highly revered by the ancient Greeks. Cult rituals were dedicated to Dionysus, which gradually developed into real tragedies and comedies. Ritual celebrations turned into real theatrical performances. The structure was an open-air space. Spectators were initially seated on wooden seats. was so revered in Ancient Greece that the authorities gave money to poor citizens for performances. Married women were prohibited from watching productions.

The first temple of arts had three main parts:

• orchestra - dancers and a choir performed there;
• auditorium - located around the orchestra;
• Skena building, where rooms for artists were located.

There was no curtain or the usual stage, but everything female roles men played. The actors changed their roles several times during one performance, so they had to dance and sing excellently. The appearance of the actors was changed using masks. Next to the building was the temple of Dionysus.

The ancient theater laid the foundations and essence of the modern one. The closest genre can be called drama theater. Over time, more and more different genres appeared.

Theater genres

Theater genres in modern world so varied. This art synthesizes literature, music, choreography, vocals, art. They express different emotions and situations. Humanity is constantly evolving. In this regard, there appear various genres. They depend on the country in which they originate, on cultural development population, on the mood of the audience and their requests.

Let's list some types of genres: drama, comedy, monodrama, vaudeville, extravaganza, parody, mime, farce, morality play, pastoral, musical, tragicomedy, melodrama and others.

Genres of theatrical art cannot compete with each other. They are each interesting in their own way. Viewers who love the opera theater visit the comedy theater with no less pleasure.

The most popular types of theater genres are drama, comedy, tragicomedy, musical, parody and vaudeville.

In the drama you can see both tragic and comic moments. It is always very interesting to watch the actors work here. Roles of this genre are not easy and easily involve the viewer in empathy and analysis.

Comedy performances have the main goal of making the audience laugh. To make fun of certain situations, actors must also try hard. After all, the viewer must believe them! Comedy roles are just as difficult to play as dramatic ones. The element of satire makes the performance easier to watch.

Tragedy is always associated with a conflict situation, which is what the production is about. This genre was one of the first to appear in Ancient Greece. Just like comedy.

The musical has many fans. This is always a bright action with dancing, songs, interesting story and a dose of humor. The second name of this genre is musical comedy. It appeared in the USA at the end of the 19th century.

Varieties

The types of theaters are directly related to the genres that are presented in them. Although they express not so much a genre as a form acting. Let's list some of them:

• operatic;
• dramatic;
• children's;
• author's;
• one-man theater;
• theater of light;
• musical comedy;
• theater of satire;
• poetry theater;
• dance theater;
• pop;
• robot theater;
• ballet;
• animal theater;
• theater for the disabled;
• serf;
• shadow play;
• pantomime theater;
• song theater;
• street.

Opera and Ballet Theatre

Opera and ballet appeared in Italy during the Renaissance. The first appeared in Venice in 1637. The ballet was formed as a separate theatrical genre in France, transformed from dances at courts. Very often these types of theaters are combined in one place.

Opera and ballet are accompanied by symphony orchestra. Music becomes an integral part of these productions. It conveys the mood and atmosphere of everything that is happening on stage and emphasizes the performances of the actors. Opera singers work with their voices and emotions, while ballet dancers convey everything through movement. Opera and ballet theaters are always the most beautiful theatrical institutions. They are located in the richest city buildings with unique architecture. Luxurious furnishings, a beautiful curtain, large orchestra pits - this is how it looks from the inside.

Drama Theater

Here the main place is given to the actors and the director. They are the ones who create the characters’ personalities, transforming into the necessary images. The director conveys his vision and leads the team. Drama theater is called the theater of “experiences.” K. S. Stanislavsky wrote his works while studying the work of dramatic actors. In drama theaters they stage not only plays - plays with complex plots. The drama theater includes comedies, musicals and other musical performances in its repertoire. All productions are based only on dramatic literature.

Theater for every taste

Musical theater is a place where you can watch any of the theatrical acts. It hosts operas, comedies, operettas, musicals and all those performances that contain a lot of music. Ballet dancers, musicians and actors work here. Musical theater combines opera, ballet, and operetta theaters. Any type of theatrical art related to pop or classical music, can find its fans in this theater.

Puppet show

This is a special place. Here you plunge into the world of childhood and joy. The decoration here is always colorful, attracting the attention of the youngest spectators. The puppet theater is often the first theater that children attend. And the child’s future attitude towards the theater depends on what impression it makes on an inexperienced viewer. A variety of theatrical actions is based on the use of various types of puppets.

IN Lately Actor-puppeteers do not hide behind screens, but interact with puppets on stage. This idea belongs to the famous S.V. Obraztsov. He put a glove puppet named Tyapa on his hand and played miniatures superbly on stage, acting as his father.

The origins of this type of theater lie far back in Ancient Greece. When creating dolls for rituals, people did not know that it would develop into real art. Puppet theater is not only an introduction to art, but also a method of psychological correction for the little ones.

Comedy Theater

Combined actors who can sing and dance. They should easily get used to comedic characters and not be afraid to be funny. Very often you can see “Drama and Comedy Theatres”, “Musical Comedy Theatres”. Combining several genres in one theater does not interfere with preserving its flavor. The repertoire may include operettas, satirical comedies, musicals, dramas, musical productions for children. People go to the comedy theater with pleasure. The hall is always full.

Variety theater

Replenishment of types of theaters relatively recently. And the audience immediately fell in love with him. The first pop theater appeared in the middle of the last century. It became a theater in Leningrad, which opened in 1939. In 2002 it was named “Variety Theater named after. A.I. Raikin." Entertainers include modern singers, dancers, presenters. Variety artists are show business stars, dancers and showmen, as they are now called.

Variety theaters often hold solo concerts, concerts dedicated to any memorable dates, plays productions by contemporary authors. Comedians hold concerts here, stage comic plays, stage performances classical works. Musical theater can offer similar performances.

Satire Theater

We love the audience very much! Since its appearance, it has reflected the life of the townspeople, showing all the shortcomings and ridiculing them. The actors were always known by sight; they performed excellent comic roles not only on stage, but also in films. Satire theaters have always been in the forefront of those who were prohibited from staging certain productions. This was due to censorship. By ridiculing the negative aspects of human behavior, it was often possible to cross the line of permissibility. The bans only attracted even more viewers. Magnificent satire theater actors who are well known: A. A. Mironov, Olga Aroseva, Spartak Mishulin, Mikhail Derzhavin, Alexander Shirvindt. Thanks to these people, satire theaters became loved by audiences.

Over time, types of theaters appear that are either long forgotten or completely unlike anything that exists.

New trends

New types of art temples surprise the most sophisticated viewer. Not long ago, the first Robot Theater appeared in Poland. It features robot actors who convey their emotions with their eyes and gestures. The productions are currently intended for a children's audience, but the project's leaders intend to constantly expand the repertoire.

In summer, theater productions take place outside. This has already become a tradition. This year many festivals took place outdoors. Small stages were built right next to the theaters, on which the performance was fully performed. Even opera and ballet artists are already going beyond the theater to attract as many spectators as possible.

Theater (Greek th e atron - a place for spectacle) is an art form in which reality is reflected through stage action performed by actors in front of the audience.

Theater arts– part of the national spiritual culture, a mirror public consciousness and the lives of the people.

The art of the stage was born in ancient times and in different times it was called upon to entertain, educate, and preach. The possibilities of the theater are great, so kings and princes, emperors and ministers, revolutionaries and conservatives sought to put theatrical art into their service.

Each era imposed its own tasks on the theater. In the Middle Ages, for example, the stage space was thought of as a model of the universe, where the mystery of creation had to be acted out and repeated. During the Renaissance, theater was increasingly tasked with correcting vices. During the Enlightenment, stage art was highly valued as “purifying morals” and encouraging virtue. In times of tyranny and censorship, the theater became not only a pulpit, but also a platform. During the revolutions of the 20th century, the slogan “Art is a weapon” appeared (it was popular in the 20s of the 20th century). And the theater began to perform another task - propaganda.

The final work of the theater is a performance based on dramaturgy.

Like any other form of art, theater has its own special signs.

1. This is art synthetic: theatrical work(performance) consists of the text of the play, the work of the director, actor, artist and composer. (In opera and ballet a vital role belongs to music). It combines an effective and spectacular principle and combines the expressive means of other arts: literature, music, painting, architecture, dance, etc.

2. Art collective. A performance is the result of the activities of many people, not only those who appear on stage, but also those who sew costumes, make props, set up lighting, and greet the audience. Theater is both creativity and production.

Therefore, we can define that theater is synthetic and collective view art in which stage action is performed by actors.

3. Theater uses kit artistic means .

a) Text. At the core theatrical performance lies text. This is a play for dramatic performance, in ballet, this is the libretto. The process of working on a performance consists of transferring the dramatic text to the stage. Resulting in literary word become a stage word.

b) Stage space. The first thing the viewer sees after opening (raising) the curtain is stage space, which houses Scenery. They indicate the place of action, historical time, and reflect the national color. With the help of spatial constructions, you can even convey the mood of the characters (for example, in an episode of the hero’s suffering, plunge the scene into darkness or cover its backdrop with black).

c) Stage and auditorium. Since antiquity, two types of stage have been formed and auditorium: box stage and amphitheater stage. The box stage provides tiers and stalls, and the amphitheater stage is surrounded by spectators on three sides. There are currently two types used in the world.

d) Theater building. Since ancient times, theaters have been built in the central squares of cities. Architects strived for buildings to be beautiful and attract attention. Coming to the theater, the viewer is detached from Everyday life seems to rise above reality. Therefore, it is no coincidence that a staircase decorated with mirrors often leads into the hall.

e) Music. Helps enhance the emotional impact of a dramatic performance music. Sometimes it is played not only during the action, but also during the intermission to maintain the interest of the audience.

f) Actor. The main character of the play is actor. Creates an artistic image of a variety of characters. The viewer sees in front of him a person who has mysteriously turned into an artistic image - a unique work of art. Of course, the work of art is not the performer himself, but his role. She is the creation of an actor, created by voice, nerves and something elusive - spirit, soul. The dialogue of actors is not only words, but also a conversation of gestures, postures, glances and facial expressions. The concepts of actor and artist are different. Actor is a craft, a profession. The word artist (English art - art) indicates belonging not to a specific profession, but to art in general, it emphasizes high quality skill. An artist is an artist, regardless of whether he plays in the theater or works in another field (cinema).

g) Director. In order for the action on stage to be perceived as a whole, it is necessary to organize it thoughtfully and consistently. These duties are performed by director. Director - main organizer and director of a theatrical production. Collaborates with the artist (creator of the visual image of the performance), with the composer (creator of the emotional atmosphere of the performance, its musical and sound solution), choreographer (creator of the plastic expressiveness of the performance) and others. The director is a stage director, teacher and teacher of the actor.

Everything that is created by a playwright, actor, artist, composer is placed within the strict framework of the director’s plan, which gives completeness and integrity to the heterogeneous elements.

Theatrical art is one of the most complex, most effective and most ancient arts. Moreover, it is heterogeneous, synthetic. The components of theatrical art include architecture, painting and sculpture (scenery), and music (it sounds not only in musical, but also often in dramatic performances), and choreography (again, not only in ballet, but also in drama ), and literature (the text on which a dramatic performance is based), and the art of acting, etc. Among all of the above, the art of acting is the main thing that determines the theater. Famous Soviet director A. Tairov wrote, “...in the history of the theater there were long periods when it existed without plays, when it did without any scenery, but there was not a single moment when the theater was without an actor.”

An actor in the theater is main artist, which creates what is called stage image. More precisely, an actor in the theater is at the same time an artist-creator, and the material of creativity, and its result - an image. The art of an actor allows us to see with our own eyes not only the image in its final expression, but also the very process of its creation and formation. The actor creates an image from himself, and at the same time creates it in the presence of the viewer, before his eyes. This is perhaps the main specificity of the stage, theatrical image - and here is the source of the special and unique artistic pleasure that it gives to the viewer. The spectator in the theater, more than anywhere else in the arts, directly participates in the miracle of creation.

The art of theater, unlike other arts, living art. It arises only at the hour of meeting with the viewer. It is based on an indispensable emotional, spiritual contact between the stage and the audience. Without this contact, it means there is no performance that lives according to its own aesthetic laws.

It is a great torment for an actor to perform in front of an empty hall, without a single spectator. This state is equivalent for him to being in a space closed from the whole world. At the hour of the performance, the actor’s soul is directed towards the spectator, just as the spectator’s soul is directed towards the actor. The art of theater lives, breathes, excites and captivates the viewer in those happy moments when, through the invisible wires of high-voltage transmissions, there is an active exchange of two spiritual energies, mutually directed towards each other - from actor to viewer, from viewer to actor.

When reading a book, standing in front of a painting, the reader and viewer do not see the writer, the painter. And only in the theater does a person meet eye to eye with the creative artist, meet him at the moment of creativity. He guesses the emergence and movement of his heart, and lives with it all the vicissitudes of the events that took place on the stage.

A reader alone, alone with a treasured book, can experience exciting, happy moments. And the theater does not leave its audience alone. In the theater, everything is based on the active emotional interaction of those who create on stage that evening piece of art, and those for whom it is created.

The viewer comes to a theatrical performance not as an outside observer. He cannot help but express his attitude to what is happening on stage. An explosion of approving applause, cheerful laughter, tense, unbroken silence, a sigh of relief, silent indignation - the audience's participation in the process of stage action is manifested in a rich variety. A festive atmosphere arises in the theater when such complicity and empathy reach the highest intensity...

This is what his living art means. Art where you can hear the beat human heart, the subtlest movements of the soul and mind, which contain the whole world of human feelings and thoughts, hopes, dreams, desires, are sensitively captured.

Of course, when we think and talk about an actor, we understand how important not just an actor is for the theater, but an acting ensemble, unity, and creative interaction of actors. " Real theater, wrote Chaliapin, “not only individual creativity, but also collective action, requiring complete harmony all parts."

Theater is a doubly collective art. The viewer perceives a theatrical production and stage action not alone, but collectively, “feeling the elbow of a neighbor,” which greatly enhances the impression and artistic infectiousness of what is happening on stage. At the same time, the impression itself comes not from one individual actor, but from a group of actors. Both on stage and in the auditorium, on both sides of the ramp, they live, feel and act - not individual individuals, but people, a society of people connected with each other for a time by common attention, purpose, common action.

To a large extent, this is what determines the enormous social and educational role of the theater. Art that is created and perceived together becomes a school in the true sense of the word. “The theater,” wrote the famous Spanish poet García Lorca, “is a school of tears and laughter, a free platform from which people can denounce outdated or false morality and explain, using living examples, the eternal laws of the human heart and human feeling.”

A person turns to the theater as a reflection of his conscience, his soul - he recognizes himself, his time and his life in the theater. The theater opens up amazing opportunities for spiritual and moral self-knowledge.

And let the theater aesthetic nature In its own way, conventional art, like other arts, on stage appears before the viewer not the real reality itself, but only its artistic reflection. But there is so much truth in that reflection that it is perceived in all its unconditionality, as the most authentic, true life. The viewer recognizes the ultimate reality of the existence of stage characters. The great Goethe wrote: “What could be more nature than Shakespeare’s people!”

In the theater, in a lively community of people gathered for a stage performance, everything is possible: laughter and tears, grief and joy, undisguised indignation and wild delight, sadness and happiness, irony and mistrust, contempt and sympathy, wary silence and loud approval... in a word, all the riches of emotional manifestations and shocks of the human soul.

THEATER AS AN ART FORM

Like any other form of art (music, painting, literature), theater has its own special characteristics. This is a synthetic art: a theatrical work (performance) consists of the text of the play, the work of the director, actor, artist and composer. In opera and ballet, music plays a decisive role.

Theater is a collective art. A performance is the result of the activities of many people, not only those who appear on stage, but also those who sew costumes, make props, set up lighting, and greet the audience. It is not for nothing that there is a definition of “theatre workshop workers”: a performance is both creativity and production.

The theater offers its own way of understanding the world around us and, accordingly, its own set of artistic means. A performance is both a special action played out in the space of the stage and a special imaginative thinking, different from, say, music.

A theatrical performance is based on a text, such as a play for a dramatic performance. Even in those stage productions where there is no word as such, text is sometimes necessary; in particular, ballet, and sometimes pantomime, has a script - a libretto. The process of working on a performance consists of transferring the dramatic text onto the stage - this is a kind of “translation” from one language to another. As a result, the literary word becomes a stage word.

The first thing the audience sees after the curtain opens (or rises) is the stage space in which the scenery is placed. They indicate the place of action, historical time, and reflect the national color. With the help of spatial constructions, you can even convey the mood of the characters (for example, in an episode of the hero’s suffering, plunge the scene into darkness or cover its backdrop with black). During the action, with the help of a special technique, the scenery is changed: day is turned into night, winter into summer, the street into a room. This technique developed along with the scientific thought of mankind. Lifting mechanisms, shields and hatches, which in ancient times were operated manually, are now raised and lowered electronically. Candles and gas lamps have been replaced by electric lamps; Lasers are also often used.

Even in antiquity, two types of stage and auditorium were formed: a box stage and an amphitheater stage. The box stage provides tiers and stalls, and the amphitheater stage is surrounded by spectators on three sides. Now both types are used in the world. Modern technology makes it possible to change the theatrical space - to arrange a platform in the middle of the auditorium, seat the viewer on the stage, and perform the performance in the hall. Great importance has always been attached to the theater building. Theaters were usually built in the central square of the city; architects wanted the buildings to be beautiful and attract attention. Coming to the theater, the viewer detaches himself from everyday life, as if rising above reality. Therefore, it is no coincidence that a staircase decorated with mirrors often leads into the hall.

Music helps enhance the emotional impact of a dramatic performance. Sometimes it sounds not only during the action, but also during the intermission - to maintain the interest of the public. The main person in the play is the actor. The viewer sees in front of him a person who has mysteriously turned into an artistic image - a unique work of art. Of course, the work of art is not the performer himself, but his role. She is the creation of an actor, created by voice, nerves and something intangible - spirit, soul. In order for the action on stage to be perceived as integral, it is necessary to organize it thoughtfully and consistently. These responsibilities are modern theater performed by the director. Of course, a lot depends on the talent of the actors in the play, but nevertheless they are subordinate to the will of the leader - the director. People, like many centuries ago, come to the theater. The text of the plays sounds from the stage, transformed by the forces and feelings of the performers. The artists conduct their own dialogue - and not only verbal. This is a conversation of gestures, postures, glances and facial expressions. The imagination of the decorator artist with the help of color, light, architectural structures on the set makes the stage space “speak.” And everything together is enclosed within the strict framework of the director’s plan, which gives the heterogeneous elements completeness and integrity.

The viewer consciously (and sometimes unconsciously, as if against his will) evaluates the acting and direction, the compliance of the solution of the theatrical space with the general design. But the main thing is that he, the viewer, becomes familiar with art, unlike others, created here and now. By comprehending the meaning of the performance, he comprehends the meaning of life. The history of the theater continues.

TYPES OF THEATER

The first theatrical performances included speech and singing, dance and movement. Music and gestures enhanced the meaning of words, and dances sometimes became independent “measures.” Such actions were distinguished by syncretism (from the Greek “syncretismos” - “connection”), i.e. this degree of unity components(music and words in the first place) that the viewer could not isolate them in his mind and evaluate each form separately. Gradually, the public learned to distinguish between the elements of the performance, and over time, the types of theater we know developed from them. Syncretism gave way to synthesis - intentional combination different forms.

The most common and popular look - dramatic t theater Main means of expression- word (it is no coincidence that this theater is sometimes called conversational). The meaning of the events taking place on stage, characters characters are revealed with the help of words that form a text (it can be prose or poetic). Another type of theatrical art is opera (see the article “Music of Italy” in the “Music” section). In opera, the conventions of theater are especially obvious - after all, in life, people do not sing to talk about their feelings. The main thing in opera is music. However, the score (music notation) must be presented and performed on stage: the content of the work will be fully revealed only in the stage space. Such a performance requires special skill from the performers: they must not only be able to sing, but also have acting skills. With the help of sounds, the actor and singer is able to express the most complex feelings. The impact of a musical performance - with a strong cast of singers, a good orchestra, professional direction - can be powerful, even intoxicating. It subjugates the viewer, takes him into the world of divine sounds.

In the 16th century based on courtiers and folk dances began to take shape ballet theater. The word “ballet” itself comes from the Late Latin ballare - “to dance”. In the ballet, the events and relationships of the characters are told through movements and dances that the artists perform to music composed based on the libretto. At the end of the 20th century. plotless performances set to music have become widespread symphonic works. A choreographer puts on such performances. “Horea” translated from ancient Greek means “dance”, and “grapho” means “writing”. Consequently, the choreographer “writes the performance” with the help of dance, builds plastic compositions in accordance with the music and plot.

IN ballet performances, as a rule, soloists are busy, as well as luminaries - this is what in the Russian theater they called the main artist of the corps de ballet, who danced on the first line, closer to the audience. Participants in crowd scenes are called corps de ballet. Story operettas dates back just over a century and a half. In science, there are two points of view on operetta. Some scientists consider it an independent species theatrical art, others - by genre (the same can be said about the musical).

The first performances, mainly of comic content, appeared in the second half of the 19th century. V Paris theater "Buff Parisien." The plots of operettas are usually comedic, spoken dialogues alternate with singing and dancing. Sometimes musical numbers are not related to the plot, are interludes (see the article "Jacques Offenbach, Johann Strauss and light music of the second half of the 19th century century" in the "Music" section).

IN late XIX century appeared in the USA musical. This is a stage work (both comic and dramatic in plot), which uses forms of pop art, drama theater, ballet and opera, everyday dance. In an operetta, musical fragments can be inserted; in a musical, they can be inserted. never, they are “dissolved” in action. Musical is an art for everyone. The plots are usually simple, and the melodies often become hits. The history of the musical began in 1866 - then the musical dramatic performance “The Black Dodger” (in another translation “The Villain Fraud”) was shown in New York. The success was stunning and unexpected. However, the musical took its full place among other types of theatrical art only in the 20s. XX century. Similar performances began to appear first in the USA, and after World War II - on the stages of England, Austria, and France. The most successful musicals have been filmed (Cabaret, The Umbrellas of Cherbourg, The Sound of Music).

The oldest type of theatrical performance is pantomime (from the Greek “pantbmimos” - “reproducing everything by imitation”). This art originated in antiquity. Modern pantomime is performances without words: these are either short numbers or an extensive stage action with a plot. In the 19th century, the art of pantomime was glorified English clown Joseph Grimaldi (1778-1837) and the French Pierrot - Jean Gaspard Debureau (1796-1846). The tradition was continued by Etienne Decroux (1898-1985) and Jean Louis Barrault (10/19/1994). Decroux founded the school of so-called pure pantomime - to do on stage “only what other art cannot do.” Supporters of such ideas believed that a gesture is truer and brighter than a word. The traditions of Barrault and Decroux were continued by the famous French mime Marcel Marceau (born in 1923). In Moscow, Heinrich Mackevicius organized the Plastic Drama Theater, whose repertoire includes complex and profound performances based on mythological and biblical themes.

In the last quarter of the 19th century. throughout Europe, but primarily in France, began to be created cabaret theaters , which combined the forms of theater, stage, and restaurant singing. The most famous and popular were " Black cat" in Paris, "Eleven Executioners" in Munich, "To All Lost" in Berlin, " false mirror" In Petersburg.

People of art gathered in the café, and this created a special atmosphere. The space for such performances could be the most unusual, but most often the basement was chosen - as something ordinary, but at the same time mysterious, a little forbidden, underground. With cabaret performances ( short skits, parodies or songs) both the public and the performers were associated with a special experience - a feeling of unfettered freedom. The sense of mystery was usually enhanced by the fact that such performances were given late, sometimes at night. To this day, real cabarets can be found in different cities around the world.

A special type of theatrical performance - puppet show. It appeared in Europe in the era of antiquity. In ancient Greece and Rome, home performances were performed. Since that time, the theater has, of course, changed, but the main thing remains - only dolls participate in such performances. However, in last years puppets often “share” the stage with actors.

Each nation has its own puppet heroes, in some ways similar and in some ways different. But they all have one thing in common: on stage they joke, play mischief, and make fun of people’s shortcomings. The dolls differ from each other, both in “appearance” and in design. The most common dolls are those controlled by threads, hand dolls and cane dolls. Representation puppet theater require special equipment and a special stage. At first it was just a box with holes made at the bottom (or top). In the Middle Ages, performances were held in the square - then a curtain was stretched between two pillars, behind which the puppeteers were hiding. In the 19th century performances began to take place in specially built rooms.

A special form of puppet theater is the theater of puppets, wooden puppets. Special scripts were written for the puppet theater. The history of world puppet theater knows many famous names. The performances of S. V. Obraztsov enjoyed enormous success. New solutions are proposed in his fantasies by Revaz Levanovich Gabriadze (born in 1936), a Georgian puppeteer and playwright.

ORIGIN OF THE THEATER.

Theater is a “disappearing” art, difficult to describe. The performance leaves a trace in the memory of the audience and very few material, material traces. That is why the science of theater - theater studies - arose late, at the end XIX century. At the same time, two theories of the origin of theater appeared. According to the first, the art of Sienna (both Western and Eastern) developed from rites and magical rituals. In such actions there was always a game, participants often used masks and special costumes. A person “played” (portrayed, for example, a deity) in order to influence the world around him - people, nature, gods. Over time, some rituals turned into secular games and began to serve for entertainment; Later, the participants in such games separated from the spectators.

Another theory connects the origin of European theater with the growth of individual self-awareness. Man has a need to express himself through spectacular art, which has a powerful emotional impact.

"PLAY LIKE AN ADULT, JUST BETTER"

The idea that ALA children need to be created special theaters, arose a long time ago. One of the first "children's" productions was the work of Moskovsky Art Theater. In 1908, K. S. Stanislavsky staged the play “The Blue Bird,” a fairy tale by the Belgian playwright Maurice Maeterlinck, and since then the famous performance has not left the stage of the M. Gorky Moscow Art Theater. This production determined the path of development performing arts for children - such a theater must be understandable to a child, but in no case primitive or one-dimensional.

In Russia, children's theaters began to appear after October 1917. Already in 1918, the First children's theater Moscow Council. The organizer and manager was N. I. Sats, the performances were designed wonderful artists V. A. Favorsky and I. S. Efimov, worked here famous choreographer K. Ya. Goleizovsky. Natalya Ilyinichna Sats (1903-1993) devoted her entire creative life to theater for children. In 1921-1937 She was artistic director Moscow Theater for Children (now the Central Children's Theater). Her latest brainchild is the Moscow Children's Musical Theater (named after N.I. Sats). In February 1922, the first spectators were received by the Theater of Young Spectators in Leningrad. One of its founders and permanent leader was director Alexander Alexandrovich Bryaniev (1883-1961). He believed that in the theater it was necessary to unite artists who could think like teachers, and teachers who could perceive life like artists.

Such outstanding directors as G. A. Tovstonogov and M. O. Knebel worked in children's theaters, and I. V. Ilyinsky, N. K. Cherkasov, O. N. Efremov, R. A. Bykov, B. P. Chirkov. Sometimes performances became events public life, for example, the production of the play “My Friend, Kolka” (directed by A. V. Efros). Nowadays the oldest domestic children's theaters (Russian youth theater and the Theater for Young Spectators in Moscow) are headed respectively by A.V. Borodin and G.Ya. Yanovskaya - directors with interesting and original thinking.

In the first theaters there were mainly dramatizations of fairy tales. Gradually, playwrights appeared who wrote specifically for children. Writer Alexandra Yakovlevna Brushtein (1884-1968) is the author of the popular plays “To Be Continued” (1933) and “Blue and Pink” (1936), popular in their time. The works of Evgeniy Lvovich Schwartz (1896-1958) have become classics in the repertoire of children's theaters. His plays are fairy tales - " The Snow Queen"(1938), "Two Maples" (1953), "The Naked King" (1934), "Shadow" (1940), etc. - have been shown in theaters for decades. Schwartz's plays combine fantasy and truthfulness in the portrayal of characters. Viktor Sergeevich Rozov (born in 1913) talentedly spoke about the inner world of teenagers. The plays “Her Friends” (1949), “Page of Life” (1953), “In good hour" (1954), "In Search of Joy" (1957) determined the repertoire of children's theaters in the 50s and 60s, some of them continue to this day.

Modern directors turn to very different works. Fairy tales are played for the little ones, plays dedicated to the life of young people are played for teenagers; Theater posters also include classics, domestic and foreign. Thus, in the repertoire of the Moscow Theater young viewer the play “Pinocchio in the Land of Fools” (a dramatization of the fairy tale by A. N. Tolstoy), an ironic performance based on the poem “Goodbye, America” by S. Ya. Marshak and “The Thunderstorm” based on the play by A. N. Ostrovsky coexist peacefully. Theaters for children and youth created in many countries around the world. In 1965, it was founded in Paris International Association, which helps their development. Pass international festivals children's theaters.

SERGEY VLADIMIROVICH OBPA3TSOB

An amazing person of a unique profession, puppeteer, writer, playwright - all this is Sergei Vladimirovich Obraztsov (1901 - 1992). His name is popular both in our country and abroad. The artist’s creativity and life are widely reflected in books and articles. His performances live today in the theater, which rightfully bears the name of Obraztsov.

Such wonderful productions as "Po pike command"(1936)" Magic lamp Aladina" (1940), " The Divine Comedy"(1961), "An Extraordinary Concert" (1968), "Don Juan82" and others, serve as decoration for the repertoire Central Theater dolls to this day. Obraztsov, an excellent storyteller, a witty and observant artist, left a most interesting literary legacy in his books “An Actor with a Puppet”, “My Profession”, “Relay of Arts”, “On the Steps of Memory”, “My Kunstkamera”, etc.

Obraztsov’s childhood was spent in an intelligent Moscow family: his father was a travel engineer, scientist, and later an academician, his mother was a teacher, a teacher of the Russian language. Abilities for drawing, painting and graphics, training with artists Abram Efimovich Arkhipov (1862-1930) and Vladimir Andreevich Favorsky (1886-1964), singing lessons, acting classes V Musical theater under the leadership of V. I. Nemirovich Danchenko, execution of small characteristic roles on the stage of the Moscow Art Theatre, communication with K. S. Stanislavsky, observations of the habits of animals, birds, fish - all this went into the creative piggy bank. The apartment of the famous master was filled with shelves of aquariums with a wide variety of fish. The room was filled with the hubbub of unusual birds.

It all started in childhood with a mother’s gift - a small Bibabo doll, which marked the beginning of a whole series various options dolls, which are called glove dolls. They are worn on the hand like gloves and have been known since the time of the comedies about Petrushka. Similar dolls existed in China, India, and Ancient Greece and had names.

Music became a constant companion to Obraztsov’s performances. A portable screen with internal pockets, an accompanist - and now a one-man theater is ready! The artist's inclinations helped Obraztsov create a puppet image. This could be the Titular Councilor in the dramatization of the romance by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, drinking a huge bottle out of grief, or the Negro and the Old Woman in the romance “We sat with you by the sleeping river,” or funny monkey dolls performing the romance “A Minute,” imitating A. N. Vertinsky.

Obraztsov constantly strived to learn. Failures or miscalculations became the reason for new discoveries and searches. The breadth of erudition in his profession was reinforced by acquaintance with a variety of puppet shows during foreign tours. Thus, in England Obraztsov met the Punch doll, in Germany - with Hans Wurst, in Czechoslovakia - with Kasparek, etc. It is characteristic that, while highly appreciating the art of his colleagues, he wanted to remain true to his originality. The scope and variety of personal repertoire could not but lead to the creation of the theater. One after another, new performances are born, transporting viewers either into a fairy tale or into the atmosphere of a pop concert. Participated in the play "An Extraordinary Concert" large group actors - Obraztsov's students. A “gypsy choir” sounded here, an operetta duet was performed, and there was a funny entertainer (the puppet was voiced by actor Zinovy ​​Efimovich Gerdt, 1916-1998). This performance has been performed countless times and has been seen by audiences in many countries. The choir, orchestra, and design brought the puppet theater closer to acting, but the specificity of the puppet theater remained. Funny little people evoked laughter and empathy from audiences of all ages. At the end of the performance, the puppeteers came out from behind the screens and appeared main director Sergei Obraztsov is the soul of the theater.

(music, painting, literature), theater has its own special characteristics. This art... painting. In modern theater techniques and methods of different speciesart. Innovative people can...

No one knows exactly when theatrical art appeared. It was relevant and was an indicator high culture almost at all times. What is the value? Why does it not lose its popularity today?

The theater is famous for its unique fabulous atmosphere. This is a complex art because it is collective. A theatrical production requires the harmonious interaction of many details. This includes the scenery, the acting, and the script itself.

Theatrical art is truly unique even in our time. modern age, rich in a variety of entertainment. What is its main difference from other types of cultural recreation? Theater does not separate the actor from the spectator. This is definitely living art. The audience and the actors are practically one during the production. This is the special charm of the theater.

The viewer watches with his own eyes how the actor gets used to the role. The public, one might say, has unique opportunity see the process of creation. The actor, like a true artist, creates the necessary image, and all this here and now, right in front of the admiring viewer.

Unlike most other forms of art, theater does not make outside observers out of its audience. In any production, not only the performance of the actors matters, but also the reaction of the audience. Theatrical art, as it were, makes the audience feel that it is also an inseparable part of itself. It is difficult to imagine a production without admiring applause, or, on the contrary, indifferent silence.

Some ancient thinkers went even further in thinking about the unification of spectator and actor. Previously, there was an idea according to which a person who comes to a performance, seeing a concentrated expression of all powerful emotions on stage, experiences a kind of catharsis. That is, the viewer identifies with the actor and feels the release of all his suppressed feelings. That time when it was believed that theatrical art not only provides aesthetic pleasure, but is also a kind of medicine for the soul. And even now one can find quite a lot of truth in this theory.

If you mention the theater, almost every person will imagine an ordinary production. However, there are other varieties of this art. First of all, this is an opera. What it is? Opera is a unique and original performance in which actors express their emotions through singing rather than through words. In addition, this genre cannot exist without brilliant music. Opera, unlike ordinary theatrical productions, more poetic. It does not affect the rational and logic level human consciousness, but directly on emotions and intuition. This type of theatrical art should be perceived not by thinking, but by feelings. Perhaps this is why not everyone likes a genre such as opera; it has both opponents and admiring fans.

What other types of theatrical art exist? Of course, ballet cannot be ignored here. This is doubly unique. Here all feelings are expressed not only through music, but also through dance. This is the unique magic and attractiveness of ballet. Any great work can be expressed through dance. However, when attending a ballet, the viewer is required to be extremely focused and involved. The public must be extremely receptive in order to be able to “read” the message contained in every movement.

Undoubtedly, the art of theater will enjoy great love from people even after time. This is truly a cultural holiday in its highest manifestation, which not only fills the viewer with new emotions, but also serves educational, entertaining and even educational purposes.