Eternal values in the novel The Master and Margarita. True and false values in the novel “The Master and Margarita” (Mikhail Bulgakov)
Lesson topic: True and false values
· promote students’ understanding of the concepts of spiritual and material values, wealth and charity;
· to promote the development in schoolchildren of the ability to distinguish spiritual values from material ones;
· help children realize and feel the true values in human life, cultivate interest in studying the subject “Orthodox culture”.
Type and type of lesson:
Lesson on learning new educational material, lesson-conversation.
Supporting: God's commandments, Gospel, parable.
New: words - “money-raising”, “charity”, “covetousness”, “charities”
Methods of action:
Supporting: verbal and visual methods training
New: partially – search method.
Didactic materials and equipment:
Educational complex "Orthodox Culture", computer, cards for self-analysis of students
During the classes:
I. Organizational moment
Greetings.
Good afternoon, dear guys; We are starting our lesson on Orthodox culture. Today we have guests, and a lot awaits us ahead interesting work, which I really hope will be successful and fruitful.
II. Repetition
We start the lesson with repetition. (Slide 1)
Who wrote these lines?
In a difficult moment of life
Is there sadness in my heart:
One wonderful prayer
I repeat it by heart.
There is a power of grace
In the consonance of living words,
And an incomprehensible one breathes,
Holy beauty in them.
Like a burden will roll off your soul,
Doubt is far away -
And I believe and cry,
And so easy, easy...
U. What mood is conveyed in the final part of the poem? What is it about?
D. It is about the enlightenment, the joy, the peace that comes in a person’s soul after communicating with God.
U.What kind of music was this against which the poems sounded?
D.This is the romance "Prayer".
U. How many composers have set this poem to their music?
D. It is very lyrical, so it was set to music by more than 40 composers
U. - What is prayer in your understanding?
In what cases does a person turn to God in prayer?
(in joy, in sadness, in illness, when it’s difficult or we don’t know what to do...)
In which fairy tale does the heroine, finding herself in a difficult situation, turn to God with the prayer “Our Father”? ("The Snow Queen")
In front of you famous work Russian artist Namerovsky A. ...
Which historical event depicted on this canvas?
Why do you think Russian army did the Mongolian win?
What is a blessing?
(overshadowing with a cross, an icon, a word of prayer)
Who can give a blessing?
(priest, parents)
Prince Dmitry and his army accomplished a feat of arms, but what was the feat of Sergius of Radonezh? (prayer, spiritual feat)
In what gospel parable did Jesus Christ show an example of true prayer?
(parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector)
Why was the prayer of the publican more pleasing to God than the prayer of the Pharisee?
U. People turn to God with different requests. Let's read some of them written by your peers:
· I want to be rich, but do nothing but receive money.
· I want to be given pocket money until I grow old.
· I want to become a superman, just so that I don’t have to train or do exercises in the morning. This is all I hear every day from my father.
What do all these requests have in common? Yes, become rich, but do not put the slightest effort into it.
The following requests:
· I want to earn a lot of money to cure my sister.
· I would like to have my own profitable business.
· Get a job that pays a lot to feed poor people.
What do these wishes have in common?
Topic message.
Open the worksheets. Write down the number. Read the topic of the lesson.
“True and false values.” What do you understand by the word value?
Value- what has great importance for the individual and society as a whole.
In the children's requests you read out, you saw the children's different attitudes towards wealth.
What if you had a lot of money, what would you do with it? How would you spend it?
We will write the result in table No. 1.
III. Working on new material
In the worksheets, you need to distribute the listed words in the table into two groups. In one group everything that belongs to material values, the other to the spiritual. Be careful!
Today in class the word rich and wealth were heard many times. How do you understand the meaning of these words?
In the word wealth - main part words God.
What does it say Holy Bible about the attitude towards wealth? Let's turn to the Gospel.
What does the word Gospel mean?
(good news)
What does the Gospel say?
(about the earthly life of Christ)
How should we approach the Gospel?
(reverently - i.e. with the deepest respect)
Despite the fact that the words of Christ were spoken almost 2000 years ago, they are important for a person of any time. Most often, Jesus Christ spoke to his disciples in parables.
What is a parable?
(short instructive allegorical story)
Let's listen to the parable of the foolish rich man(Luke 12:15-21)
(Slide with sound file).
One rich man had a good harvest in his field; ion reasoned with himself: “What should I do? I have nowhere to gather my fruits.” And he said: “This is what I will do: I will tear down my barns and build larger ones, and I will gather there all my bread and all my goods, and I will say to my soul: soul! You have a lot of good things for many years: rest, eat, drink, be merry.” But God told him: “You fool!” This night your soul will be taken from you; who will get what you have prepared?
What qualities do you think are characteristic of a rich person?
For whom did the rich man collect treasures?
What should a rich man do to please God?
They say about such people that they have developed money-grubbing - love of increase, luxury and whim.(Slide).
People like this rich man are well spoken of in the spiritual alphabet of Demetrius of Rostov. But to find out, you need to read the text in Church Slavonic.
“Oh, foolish man, how long will you gather your wealth like a bee? Soon it will perish like dust and ashes: but seek rather the Kingdom of God.”
Reference: “Uglebaeshi” - to get bogged down, to drown
The Monk Samson the Receiver used his wealth completely differently. After the death of his parents he inherited great wealth, everyone former slaves he was released with security. He settled in the city of Constantinople, built a house in which he received the poor, the sick and strangers. He treated the sick, fed and clothed the poor, and gave shelter to wanderers. The Patriarch of Constantinople performed the sacrament of the priesthood, and Samson became a priest.
One day Emperor Justinian happened to fall ill. When all the attempts of skilled doctors were unsuccessful, the emperor turned to the priest Samson, who successfully cured him. The emperor wanted to reward the healer, to which Samson replied that he did not need wealth. And if the emperor wishes, he can build a house for the sick and poor. “This will please God and make me happy.” A house was built and a hospital attached to it. So the priest Samson set the emperor up for a charitable cause.
What do you think charity is?
Charity – showing compassion for one's neighbor and providing
free assistance to the poor.
There have always been philanthropists in Russia and today we will learn about some of them.
Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov - created a famous museum " Tretyakov Gallery" The museum is located in Moscow. Both adults and children love to visit it. Pavel Tretyakov began collecting his painting collection in the mid-1850s. In August 1892, Pavel Mikhailovich donated his art gallery to the city of Moscow. By this time, the collection included 1,800 works of the Russian school, 75 paintings of the European school, 15 sculptures and a collection of icons. On August 15, 1893, the official opening of the museum took place under the name
"Moscow City Tretyakov Gallery ».
1.
Nesterov M. V
4. "
5.
Mamontov –
Russian entrepreneur and philanthropist. Born into a merchant family, he was the fourth child. The Mamontov family lived richly; when Savva was 8 years old, they moved to Moscow, where Savva’s father was engaged in the construction of railways.
continues the work started by his father. The name of the Russian industrialist is closely connected with the history of the Northern Railway. On own funds he built a railway to Yaroslavl, Vologda and Arkhangelsk.
Each city had and still has its own philanthropists who invested money in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals, and shelters.
And in our modern life There are also philanthropists. For example, thanks to one of them, Yuri Nikolaevich Mishustin, director, you and I guys have such an excellent opportunity to study Orthodox culture using a computer and new educational literature.
In modern language, the word philanthropists is heard less and less often, and the word sponsor is heard more often.
Do you think the words “philanthropist” and “sponsor” are equivalent?
Is it really necessary Russian word replace it with a cold, foreign word?
Summarizing:
So, today in class we talked about true and false values. What makes a person truly happy?
And the goal of human life is not to get rich: “Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, but lay up for yourselves treasures in Heaven, where no moth destroys and where thieves do not steal, for where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.”
“Treasures in Heaven” are the good that man has done, but which God always remembers. Such a treasure cannot be stolen. Your money or phone may be stolen. But the good deed you have done will remain yours forever.
2. Assessment of work in the lesson.
Several people evaluate their work.
What new did I learn about the topic of the lesson? What did you learn?
V. Reflection
If you were interested in the lesson, if what we talked about touched your soul, raise Sun. And if you didn’t like the lesson, seemed boring, left you indifferent, then raise cloud.
You did a good job in class. Well done! Thank you for your work!
And now we will do a little virtual tour to Tretyakovskaya state gallery. And our guide will be Ksenia.
IN exhibition halls you can see world-famous paintings by Russian artists:
1. "Old Testament Trinity". Andrey Rublev.
The greatest creation of Andrei Rublev was the Trinity icon, painted for the church of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery near Moscow. At that time, in the 20s of the 15th century, unprecedented disasters struck central Rus' - widespread pestilence and famine. And again life seemed unbearable and gloomy to people. And in the Trinity Church there remained an icon of Rublev, shining with unearthly peace. The great icon painter created an image of an inextricable heavenly union, full of silent meekness and selflessness.
2. “Vision to the youth Bartholomew.” Nesterov M. V
"Vision to the Youth Bartholomew" - the most famous work artist. It is based on an episode from the Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh. The shepherd boy Bartholomew (the future Sergius) lost his foals in the forest. Having set out on a search, he wandered into a deserted place and met an unfamiliar old priest. He gave the boy a piece of prosphora and, with it, a craving for
teaching and enlightenment. This canvas opened the so-called
"Sergius Cycle", which also included "The Youth of St. Sergius",
"Works of Sergius of Radonezh", " Venerable Sergius Radonezh".
3. "". Orest Adamovich Kiprensky
The artist in 1827 creates one of the best portraits. This is the image of a mature man, a poet who has already survived the Decembrist uprising. He seems to be thinking about their fate, about himself, about Russia. In Russian art, Kiprensky paid a lot of attention to self-portraits, trying to convey the state of a person’s soul.
4. "Bogatyrs." Victor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov.
This is the most famous painting artist. He was the first artist who, with such visual power, reflected in painting the poetic world of Russian folklore - the world of heroic events, fairy tales, legends and traditions carefully preserved by the people. What are the names of the heroes? In the center is the oldest and most powerful - Ilya Muromets, sitting on right hand– Dobrynya Nikitich, and on the left is Alyosha Popovich. Take a close look at their faces. Hasn't the war left an imprint of the ferocity of cruelty on their faces? No. Why? What kind of war are they fighting? The heroes perform the holy task of defending the Motherland, their faces are stern and inspired by this lofty idea.
5. "Christ in the Desert" Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy.
We present to your attention two paintings by “Dostoevsky” by Vasily Grigorievich Perov and “Christ in the Desert” by Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy. Pay attention to the almost literal similarity of the poses of these different characters. But Kramskoy, who created his painting independently of Perov’s portrait, did not by chance come to a similar result: his Christ is both a divine character and an image of a person of any era, making a choice between good and evil.
Samson the Stranger
The Monk Samson the Receiver used his wealth completely differently. After the death of his parents, he inherited great wealth; he freed all former slaves with security. He settled in the city of Constantinople, built a house in which he received the poor, the sick and strangers. He treated the sick, fed and clothed the poor, and gave shelter to wanderers. The Patriarch of Constantinople performed the sacrament of the priesthood, and Samson became a priest.
One day Emperor Justinian happened to fall ill. When all the attempts of skilled doctors were unsuccessful, the emperor turned to the priest Samson, who successfully cured him. The emperor wanted to reward the healer, to which Samson replied that he did not need wealth. And if the emperor wishes, he can build a house for the sick and poor. “This will please God and make me happy.” A house was built and a hospital attached to it.
The novel "The Master and Margarita", written by the famous Russian writer M.A. Bulgakov, is truly one of the most mystical works 20th century. For many centuries, people have been tormented by eternal questions about love and hate, about good and evil, about light and darkness, about truth and lies. And Bulgakov was able to clearly and clearly express his thoughts on this difficult topic. The topic of human values.
It describes a society in which there is no moral values, but there is only money and intoxicating power. And people who feel envy and fear of those who are higher and strive in various ways to achieve their personal gain, no matter what. Bulgakov, describing Margarita’s torment at Satan’s ball, makes us understand that only strong personality can resist false, imaginary values in the name of a higher goal.
Speaking about values, one cannot fail to mention the biblical component of the novel. The eternal struggle between good and evil is not discussed here, but the important problem of conscience is highlighted, moral choice. AND main character here is Pontius Pilate trying to do right choice: execute the innocent Yeshua or maintain his power and power. Of course, the fear of losing power is stronger than the fear of killing a person, so his choice is clear - the executions will take place. Thus, Pilate lost himself as a person, and his payback was eternal remorse. Some Muscovites also suffer similar punishment during Woland’s “observations.”
Woland and his retinue reveal the essence of Moscow society, pointing out their vices. The first vice was the lie of the entertainer, because of which his head was turned off, and the audience from the audience when it came to juicy questions. The second vice - greed, came to light thanks to money rain above the spectators and an open ladies' shop with free exchange of items. These two great sins omitted Moscow society to the bottom. But there was also a bright component left in him - love. All-forgiving, mutual, bright love. That very feeling that can resurrect even the most rotten and callous soul. So Woland, quid pro quo of course (after all, he is the devil), fulfills Margarita’s wish - to return her beloved Master to her - and ensures their escape from the rotten city into a serene and comfortable life.
This is the first work where justice is restored dark forces, which, in fact, amazed me. It does not contain the usual image of the omnipresent God - only Satan in the person of Woland, establishing balance in the fallen world.
The novel "The Master and Margarita" not only draws our attention to imaginary values: money, property (Berlioz’s uncle went to Moscow out of greed after learning about the apartment), betrayal, personal gain (newspaper critics who talked about the Master’s work), but also demonstrates real values: love, faith, freedom and friendship.
Analysis of imaginary and true values in the novel "The Master and Margarita".
M. A. Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita” puts his heroes in front of eternal problems existence, forcing us to think about the meaning and purpose of existence, about true and imaginary values, about the laws of life development.
What are true and imaginary values? True Values– this is what is important always, everywhere and under any conditions. They are the same for all people.
True creativity
Honesty
Freedom of the individual
Imaginary values are an attempt to replace the main and only goal of a person with an auxiliary goal. Their implementation brings evil and misfortune to other people into the world.
Thirst for personal gain
Betrayal
Death and Time reign on earth, -
Don't call them rulers;
Everything, spinning, disappears into the darkness,
Only the sun of love is motionless.
Love... It is this that gives the novel mystery and uniqueness. she is able to change a lot and withstand various difficulties. It is Margarita who reveals the themes of faith, creativity, love - all that from which true life grows. Love moved Margarita, she went through all the obstacles for the sake of the Master. She suffered mortal pain at the ball, not being sure that her wish would come true. And the fact that she sold her soul to the devil once again proves the strength of her love for the Master. Reward: The Master and Margarita find eternal happiness and eternal peace.
True creativity: . At the very beginning of the novel, the author introduces us to two writers: Berlioz, he is the head of MASSOLIT, and Bezdomny, a poet at the same MASSOLIT. From the dialogue it is clear that the work of these writers is one-sided and false.
Punishment: Ivan Bezdomny ends up in a psychiatric hospital. However, he realizes the uselessness of his false creativity and promises the Master not to write anything else.
Money. In the novel, this imaginary value affected two worlds - ancient Yershalaim and modern. Only Woland and his retinue remained indifferent to the money. Judas, who betrayed his friend for 30 pieces of silver, the residents of Moscow who greedily caught money falling from the ceiling in a variety show, Baron Meigel - they all “served” this imaginary value.
Punishment: Judas and Baron Meigel were killed, and the residents of Moscow received good lesson for their passion for money, when their bills turned into simple pieces of paper and their clothes melted before their eyes. Even Bosoy, who could not resist the opportunity to get easy money, was punished.
Freedom of the individual. Let's remember the Moscow Association of Writers. Its leaders created great amount useless clubs and circles in order to completely occupy all participants. Moreover, the abilities and talents of people did not matter at all. In other words, a person was obliged to comply with various regulations, and there could be no talk of any freedom here.
Punishment: Woland’s retinue forces all these leaders to sing non-stop to show what it’s like to do something against your will, without desire and ability.
Result: Bulgakov wanted to convey to us readers that there are many false values in the world and only a strong personality can resist their oppression. A person cannot be happy if he spends a large amount of time on imaginary values, because they make his life empty.
“What you do will come back to you.”
Winston Churchill
Our actions run like a red thread through our entire life, thereby determining its quality. What are our actions based on, what is their foundation? The answer is very simple: the foundation of any action is our internal qualities, they are also the values of our life. When we perform this or that action, we, first of all, must turn to our inner world, rely on our internal values.
The true values of our life are not material wealth. Not a car, an apartment, clothes, jewelry and many other things. Although for some reason we often value these things more than people. In this case, it doesn’t matter at all whether it’s a loved one, a work colleague, or just a passerby. We forget that by respecting others, you respect yourself. I do not deny at all that an apartment, a car and other attributes are necessary and important, but I ask you to understand that they are not our true values. We are often hostile to other people, while elevating ordinary things to the rank of deity and worshiping them. It seems to me that we are all a little confused in this life, making external goods more important internal qualities. Please remember when you last time did you help the people who exist next to you, who surround you? How often do you do good deeds and show respect to others?
Sometimes it is very useful to answer questions that relate to your inner world. The answer to them can help form an inner core, develop the right principles that you can always rely on, no matter what life situation happens.
One of these supports can be our internal values, which will help us navigate this life. By internal values I mean the qualities that guide us when making a particular decision. These qualities are of the following nature: nobility, virtue, respect, responsibility, honesty, friendliness, mutual understanding and much more that you can find in the depths of your heart.
Of course, these qualities can only have a positive meaning and in no case can they be negative. Why can't they be negative? Can the bad deeds we have committed really make our lives better, more harmonious, happier, can they really help other people? Eat famous proverb- “Don’t dig a hole for someone else, you will fall into it yourself” or “What goes around comes around.”
And this is true, rather even a law that life itself came up with. Going against the laws of life is very unwise. After all, if you jump from a roof, the law of attraction will certainly do its job, of course, unless you are Neo from the movie “The Matrix”. By the way, Neo is the personification of true inner values, a stronghold of goodness and nobility. He saves the world from oblivion, trying to reveal to people the truth of life.
Sometimes saving the world means destruction, which is a fight against something dark inside us. In the same way, we can shed light on the ignorance and darkness that are trying to take root in us, in our entire being. We can break our old patterns of behavior that lead to the destruction of ourselves, relationships with our loved ones, and our entire world as a whole. We can create new principles, for which true values will be a beacon.
How can true values be determined? Imagine that there are many roles in your life that you play. These roles manifest themselves in various areas of life, for example: family, friends, work, hobbies, society as a whole. Now let's look at some of these roles.
Let's start with family, the closest and most valuable to us. You can be: father, mother, son, daughter, sister, brother, etc. Let's look at the example of father/mother. Now imagine, or better yet, write down what kind of father/mother you would like to be. What qualities would you like to show in your children? Would you like to be sensitive to them, give love and care, raise them in an atmosphere of respect and mutual understanding, loyalty and honesty? After you write down these qualities, try to monitor yourself in real life. Are your behavior and actions consistent with the qualities you would like to have? If not, think about why and how you can change it.
The next role I would like to consider is the role we play at work. Let's say you are a swimming coach and teach children to swim. In addition to teaching children to swim, you are also an example and guide for them. Learning takes place not only on the water, but also in the children's heads, you teach them moral principles. And the way you behave during classes, the principles on which you act and what values you rely on, shapes, firstly, your behavior, and secondly, the behavior of the child, which he can adopt from you.
It follows from this that our internal values, no matter what role we occupy, must be formed in the same way. And this key should open only those doors behind which our positive qualities are located.
Treat other children the same way you treat your child. Observe your behavior, both in the family and in all areas of life, and always remember true values.
We have the opportunity to go through all the roles of our lives and see those qualities that we know about, but for some reason we do not use them as a guide, we do not use them as a foundation. Our inner values are similar bright light a beacon that illuminates our path, helps us to follow the right path and not get lost in the abyss of passions that envelop us and our lives like fog.
True values should be the basis of our personality, they should serve as a guide and lead us in the right direction, permeating our entire path. I hope your values will be virtue and order, love and compassion, nobility and respect. And, of course, I hope that all of them will illuminate your life, the life of your family and all the people on our planet.
There are no absolute values that all people strive for, but There are absolute values to which all people are explicitly or implicitly drawn. This true values. The word “truth” in an axiological context differs from its interpretation in epistemology. Here truth does not mean the correspondence of knowledge to reality, but, on the contrary, the correspondence of reality to everyday or political wisdom . The truth or falsity of a value in axiology is inseparable from wisdom. Based on this connection, values can be divided into true and false . True values are those values that make the life of a given person and people close to him, a social group, and society happy. On the contrary, false values, robbing people of their strength, time and resources, make them unhappy. The truth or falsity of a value is best seen in the examples of the individual destinies of people. Socrates' motto “Know thyself” has a direct bearing on the truth of value . A person who knows his material, intellectual and psychological capabilities well will choose the right path, a faithful companion in life and will be happy regardless of his position in society. On the contrary, ignorance of oneself and the environment social environment, or the predominance of feelings over reason lead to serious mistakes in life, to the loss of time that cannot be returned. “All that glitters is not gold,” says folk wisdom, but how difficult it is sometimes to recognize what lies behind the external shine. Values give meaning to a person’s life, they determine the direction of a person’s activity . It should be noted, however, that not only true but also false values have this property, perhaps even to a greater extent than true values. The reason for this is the duality of human nature. As an animal, a person is “programmed” to perform certain reflex actions. Performing these actions does not require either intellectual or physical effort, there is no situation of choice, the individual animal acts automatically, and easily automatically. Biological evolution“took care of everything.” The situation is more complicated for the individual carrier of culture. Performing actions requires certain, sometimes considerable, intellectual and physical efforts. In more complex cases, the relationship between both sides of human nature is more complex, but false values are formed more easily and seduce people more powerfully than true values. When, for example, a person is driven by greed, the question arises about its source; the source is the human body. Greed shows man as an animal, and not as a creator and bearer of culture . The need for self-affirmation can, in particular, be satisfied by the possession of things (material objects). It is not so much the thing itself that is valuable, but rather the possession of it..I am happy not because I have this thing, but because you do not have it. The needs of an individual, and only an individual can have them, are satisfied by different means, but the sweetest of all are the means that express his biological nature. Needs are not true or false; only desires have this property, which, although they arise on the basis of needs, are determined by upbringing, the content of the information received, the current situation and other circumstances. This is where most of the false values. .False values are values of functioning ,not development . Functioning is walking in circles, not qualitative change, not development. False values sometimes embrace entire nations. If we consider the cause of the collapse of the Roman Empire in axiological terms, we can quite easily see the erosion of the values that elevated Rome. The desire for enrichment, debauchery, and desire for pleasure have become more significant than the veneration of the gods, patriotism, and respect for law..The subject of society is the population, and the more people in it are guided by false values, the closer the collapse of the state and the disintegration of society are. . Currently, certain values of Western culture have prevailed in society. They can well be called false. There is no doubt that sooner or later the values of enrichment, popularity, sex, thrills, etc. will lead people who are guided by them to a dead end. As Western values dominate the world, Western scientists themselves are worried about the future. For an entrepreneur, his occupation represents a special kind of sport. Money turns from a means into a goal, which again turns into a means, etc. An entrepreneur (with a few exceptions) is not interested in the welfare of the population, which he uses as material for his operations, he is interested in the rate of profit. To the existing million you need to add a second million and so on ad infinitum. J.-J.-Rousseau was right when he said that it is easier for a rich man to earn his second million than for a poor man to earn his first penny . People who call themselves musicians write and sing one-day songs, lowering the already high level musical culture population. Tomorrow there will be new songs that voiceless singers will sing. At worst, you can ruin the classics, this is not prohibited by law. There are already so many “stars” that, as in astronomy, they have already begun to be distinguished by “magnitudes”. Fortunately, their native state allows them to occupy television and radio airwaves. And also to get rich, which is doubly pleasant for candidates for “stars” and for the “stars” themselves. The value of money and luxury goods led to a rise in crime. Value human life turned out to be lower than the value of money, which is why films rarely appear on TV screens without shots and corpses.When the question arises about death penalty criminals, immediately remember the value of human life, as if the criminals themselves did not reduce its importance . Each society has a certain margin of strength, but if the political course is not periodically corrected, then sooner or later the limit of strength comes, and with it a catastrophe.
Types of values
Values are divided on a variety of grounds. The simplest of them is content of activity.On this basis, values are distinguished political, economic, legal, religious, moral And etc. But more relevant in philosophy and social sciences is the division of values according to subject, the bearer of values. In this regard, we can highlight five types of values.
1. Personal life values, individual. The infinite variety of values does not mean that they are of equal importance to all people. Humans are not omnivores each of them recognizes only those values that correspond to individual characteristics and personal worldview . But the value of life itself comes first. With the exception of suicides, everyone wants to live, and for as long as possible, regardless of any quality or standard of living. The desire for life is a natural human right, which is given to him by God, not by the state. The second most important is the value of health sufficient for active life . The older people get, the clearer the importance of this value becomes to them: quality of life healthy person clearly higher than the quality of life of a sick person. A healthy person can work, study, and enjoy life, while a sick person undergoes a course of treatment, waiting for recovery. Therefore, among the priorities of many people, health occupies the most important place. Other values of personal life are difficult to arrange in descending order of their importance, but, undoubtedly, they have a great influence on the motives of people's behavior. These are the values of human free will, love, friendship, family, wealth, prestige, career growth, respect of others, education, abilities, communication, hospitality, hobbies, etc. A large number of personal life values allows an individual to change quite often value orientations, “tactics” of personal life.
2. Values of small social groups. A small social group is a collection of people who systematically communicate with each other. A small group should not be identified with a collective, because the collective as a collection of free individuals is only one of the varieties of small social groups. Each of us is a member of several small groups - a family, a labor or military unit, study group, sports section, hobby club, etc. A small social group makes very specific, sometimes stringent, demands on its members.“We” prevails over “I,” otherwise the group is unstable or even disintegrates. The “cement” that holds the group together is values . A family is created not for the sake of procreation, as people usually stupidly answer, but for the sake of more High Quality life - actual, not imaginary human freedom. Value family life Children feel it more strongly than adults. On family photos Usually young parents and happy children are displayed. Other small groups, which are called collectives only for convenience of designation, also have their own values . Among them, the leading role is played by the solidarity of group members in the face of a potential enemy, no matter in what form he appears. It doesn’t matter for what reason we ended up in the same “team,” but since we ended up together, standards of behavior must be observed that allow us to coexist. Therefore members small group undertake to help each other or, at least, not to interfere with each other. The “team” often reveals values such as help and mutual assistance, cooperation, exchange of experience, etc.. The best part of many people's lives is spent at work or service, so communication in small groups leaves a deep imprint on their souls.
3. Values of large social groups. A large social group is a collection of people who are similar to each other in some way that is significant to society. Large groups include classes, nations, races, religious, professional, gender, age and other social groups. Unlike small groups, members of large social groups almost always do not personally know or communicate with each other. However, they know about the existence of their own kind thanks to the activities of the state, means mass media, various social institutions. An individual is simultaneously a member of several not only small but also large social groups. He belongs to a certain class of society, nation, generation, gender, etc. d. Knowing about one’s own kind allows everyone to an individual identify (correlate) oneself with a particular group. In accordance with the individual’s belonging to one or another large social group, values common to group members are identified. The most significant basis for division into large groups is the attitude towards ownership of the means of production and consumer goods. For this reason people are divided into classes of rich and poor(although there are other signs of classes). Both rich and poor share the values of class solidarity, cohesion, and unity of action. The twentieth century was marked by the strengthening of national movements both on a global scale and within the territories of states, which in itself indicates the increasing importance of national values. These include, first of all, the independence of a given nation from other nations. Just as an individual values his personal freedom, so does a nation value its independence. A nation is a collection of people living by one culture (language, customs, traditions, holidays, beliefs, folklore, art, etc.) The true life of a nation consists in its “use” of the elements of its culture. These elements are national values . For members of society who profess a certain religion, the values are the dogmas and cult of that religion.. Supporters of every religion consider their religion to be the only “true” one, and all others are false. Men and women also have different values due to their gender, about which a lot has been written and said. It is enough to mention feminism - the ideology of the female gender, based on the supposed superiority of women over men. Different values representatives also have different generations, which explains the well-known conflict between “fathers and sons” that is constantly reproduced in every generation. Clothing, hairstyles, behavior, music, leisure time - everything distinguishes representatives of different generations.
4. Society values (social values ). Society is not a collection of physical bodies of individuals, but a collection social relations between them and large and small groups . The content of such relationships varies, and this depends to a decisive extent on the values that guide people. People's behavior is determined not only by individual values and the values of small and large groups which they consider themselves to be. There are values of a higher order - public. These include one or another form of government or type of state, form of ownership, patriotism, political stability, economic prosperity, social justice, prestige of the profession, prestige of the state in the international arena, high level of development of science, military power, etc. Greater or lesser importance of certain public values checked in troubled times when the further course of events in a given country is unclear and alarming. One of the well-known political values is the value of democracy. But in the last few centuries it has acquired a completely different meaning than it had in its homeland - ancient Greece. If in small Greek city-policies democracy really meant the power of the people (free citizens possessing certain property), then with conquest by the bourgeoisie state power in modern times, democracy has come to mean money bag races. Whoever has more money and who can manage it better wins the “elections”. Especially if the candidate for the position of command generously paid for the servile “people”. Former Prime Minister Great Britain Winston Churchill called bourgeois democracy a vile thing, but, in his opinion, people had not come up with anything better than it. It is unlikely that residents of the Sultanate of Brunei, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and others would agree with W. Churchill Arab Emirates. These countries are dominated by monarchs, and the standard of living is such that citizens of democratic states would envy.
5. Human values. For a long time, the commandments of Moses claimed the role of universal human values. However, these commandments were originally addressed only to Jews and did not apply to other peoples. The popular commandments do not express the ideals of justice, freedom, equality, therefore the commandments of Moses express the culture of one people. Do not kill a Jew, do not deceive a Jew, etc. These commandments did not apply to representatives of other nations. They did not agree with the need for retribution for atrocities, the destruction of maniacs, or the protection of family or homeland from enemies. It is not surprising that representatives of other nations so rarely listened to these commandments. Those values that are recognized by all people in a particular historical era should be considered universal. These values are eternal, not temporary, and are shared by almost all somewhat civilized inhabitants of the planet. Spiritual universal values are culture, especially religion and language, the ideals of justice, freedom and equality and etc.. Although religions, languages, and understandings of these ideals are different, none of the people abandons them. Material values are less clear. Material assets include, first of all, the value private property for means of production and consumer goods. Private property does not deny, but complements other forms of property (municipal, corporate, state), but it is traditionally recognized by all people. And this is not surprising: after all, the value of private property lies in the fact that it is the material basis of human freedom, real and not imaginary freedom. Material universal human values also include fertile soils, mild climate, sufficient rainfall, presence of minerals, precious metals and stones, ecological balance between society and nature, etc.. The coincidence of people’s values generates great energy and allows them to organize their joint coexistence. However, due to the many differences between people, the same many individual and other values arise. Their significance may be small, so the discrepancy in values does not lead to complications in the relationship. These discrepancies can overlap in coincidences of more significant values. But it should be noted that any values, from individual to universal, do not know compromises . Many conflicts between individuals, small and large social groups, peoples and states arise because their values are different, or because that they understand the same values differently. Predilections and interests do not always allow them to come to agreement. The key to understanding (not necessarily to agreement) all kinds of friction, tension, and conflict is knowing people's values.
The value of friendship
Friendship and love occupy a prominent place in the set of individual values. In the modern era, complaints are heard about the impoverishment of friendship, which is apparently caused by individualism and selfishness, which affects western culture. Among “traditional” peoples, the significance of the value of friendship is not questioned. Friendship is seen as the social support of the individual. As Eastern wisdom says: “A man without friends is like a tree without roots.” The phenomenon of friendship arises when the clan system decomposes, when, on the one hand, family ties weaken, and when, on the other hand, the network of social relations between people becomes more complicated. Proto-Slavic word drugb means “friend, comrade, other, other, next.” The increasingly complex social structure of society requires strengthening social ties and a larger number of people on whom an individual could rely in times of trial by fate. The custom of twinning arises. Usually it is accompanied by the same ritual, for example, brothers cut their fingers, pour the blood into a cup and divide it among themselves. Outwardly, friendship acts as an imitation of family ties, which has survived to this day. The so-called godfathers and mothers, brothers and sisters are known. Internally, friendship complements family relationships or compensates for their insufficiency. At the same time, people intuitively understand the need for a very moderate number of friends, if, of course, we count as friends those who do not betray Hard time, and not those who are friends “by chance”, since their abundance does not satisfy the requirement for the quality of relationships. Therefore, the proverb “...have a hundred friends” is unlikely to correspond to social realities. A friend is our second “I”; only a relative can be closer than a friend. The number of friends should be small. Among the tribes of Africa, New Guinea and other peoples, the number of friends is limited to three persons. Friends should not be relatives; they were called “knife brothers” and were obliged to provide mutual assistance, especially material. Among the American Indians, a friend turns out to be even more valuable than a brother sibling. To refuse to help a brother-in-law or to abandon him on the battlefield meant to cover oneself with indelible shame. Ideas about the value of friendship are reflected in the works of philosophers. Plato's Socrates states that “b Without friendship, no communication between people has value.”Plato himself wrote about friends as people who are much closer to each other than mother and father; the friendship between them is stronger, because the spiritual qualities that bind them are more beautiful and immortal. Aristotle in “Nicomachean Ethics” sets out the theory of friendship. Friendship, in his opinion, is the most necessary thing in life. No one will choose a life without friends, even in exchange for all other benefits. Aristotle highlights three types of friendship: 1) utilitarian, which is based on considerations of mutual or unilateral benefit; 2) hedonistic, which is based on emotional attachment and is done for the sake of pleasure, pleasantness, this is friendship for the sake of friendship; 3) moral or perfect in which utilitarian and hedonistic motives are combined, this is friendship turning into love. Understanding friendship occurs not only under the influence of a value-motivational approach to it. From the point of view of the structural-functional approach, friendship is classified according to its objective functions within a particular social system and according to its place in a number of social institutions.
1) One of these functions is merge: friendship merges with some other type of activity, for example, with cooperation, with staying in places that one would like to leave as soon as possible (“friends in misfortune”) or more significant social role. People are friends because they occupy responsible positions of equal importance in the state. Under other circumstances, they would hardly have been friends.
2) Substitution. Friendship replaces and compensates for any missing roles. A person who has no relatives replaces them with friendship with other people or communication with animals. Lonely, elderly people become attached to animals, caring for them like children, since they have a clear lack of communication. Sometimes animals are preferred to people because of their sincerity and devotion, which is not found in people.
3) Addition. Friendship complements other social roles without merging with them. In the family there are a good relationship between dad, mom and their children, however, children want to be friends with their peers.
4) Competition. Friendship is the antithesis of others social roles and competes with them.“Friendship is friendship, but tobacco is apart”... It happens that friendly relationships compete with family or official relations. The friendship of men, as well as women, can sometimes seriously complicate relationships in families. A person spends the largest and best part of his life at work, and it is not uncommon to make friends at work.” office romances”, violations occur labor discipline etc. The principle of “friendship is friendship, and service is service” turns out to be difficult to implement for people who falsely understand the essence of friendship. Both approaches to understanding friendship are not opposed, but complement each other. In real life, it is unlikely that anyone reflects on the establishment of friendships and their prospects. Friendship usually begins spontaneously, voluntarily, under the influence of people’s sympathy and trust in each other. At the same time, friendship is very selective; not every individual will establish warm relations with the name. Selectivity is determined by some conditions: homogeneity of temperaments, unity of values, similarity social statuses and roles (“people of the same circle”), the presence of joint activities. Hence the proverb: “Tell me who your friend is...” If these conditions are met, friendship between A and B is possible, although some unaccounted factors may prevent it, for example, information discrediting subject A or B. In any macro- or microenvironment there are unwritten rules friendship. They boil down to the following: a friend of my friend is my friend; the enemy of my friend is my enemy the friend of my enemy is my enemy; the enemy of my enemy is my friend. In more developed societies, such a position is also possible: neither friend nor enemy, but so... Friendship is diverse, which indicates its objective necessity and unfading value for people. Individuals, families, groups, cities and nations are friends. How wrote Epicurus, “friendship dances around the universe, announcing to us all that we awaken to glorification happy life”. It is difficult to talk about a happy life as a result of friendship, since in addition to friends there are also enough enemies. But undoubtedly The result of friendship is cooperation and mutual assistance, which is not so little for an acceptable life. The value of friendship lies in strengthening and preserving social connections, such communication between people that increases a person’s satisfaction with his life.
The value of love
Love is a more complex phenomenon of a person’s mental and spiritual life. Essentially it is identical to happiness, since loving person does not know anything higher and more significant for him. Countless poems and songs have been written about love, In terms of frequency of use, the word “love” ranks first among thousands of other words. But the theme of love occupied not only writers and musicians. Much attention Philosophers also supported her. A loving person is not alone. Hegel wrote: “Love generally means the consciousness of my unity with another, the fact that I am not isolated for myself, but acquire my self-consciousness only as a renunciation of my being-for-self and through knowledge of myself as my unity with the other and the other with me. But love is a feeling, in other words, the morality of the natural in the form: in the state there is no longer love, in it unity is recognized as a law, in it the content must be reasonable, and I must know it. The first point in love is that I do not want to be an independent person for myself and that if I were one, I would feel insufficient and incomplete. The second point is that I find myself in the person of another, that I have significance in him, which he, in turn, finds in me.” A loving person, according to Hegel, forgets himself in the beloved and emerges from the beloved, enriched by his love. . The 20th century philosopher Erich Fromm, analyzing the phenomenon of love, identifies several of its essential aspects. Love is the ability to give, not to receive. Giving does not mean sacrificing and suffering; by giving, a person lives. “ Giving is much more joyful than receiving, wrote E. Fromm, not because it is unnecessary, but because by giving, I feel that I am living. A loving person feels responsible for his loved one and does not consider responsibility a burdensome duty. Responsibility is accompanied by respect for your loved one and thorough knowledge about him. A truly loving person lives loved" Such a high assessment of the phenomenon of love shows it as a fact of spirituality. However, the understanding of love is greatly complicated and trivialized by the connection between love and sex. A sexual bias in the understanding of love takes place in many works, although the spiritual essence of love is visible naked eye. In the era “ popular culture“sex even hides behind the mask of love. What is the name alone worth? American film"Let's make Love". As if you can “make love”... Sex can be an addition to love, it can be done without love, but it can in no way replace it. In mythology, eros was understood as the creative force of nature.There was a widespread idea of the universal “sympathy” of things, that love created the world and moves it. In relation to interpersonal relationships, eros was understood as spontaneous and passionate self-giving, enthusiastic falling in love, aimed at the carnal or spiritual. Philia was called love-friendship, conditional social connections and personal choice. Storge- this is love-attachment, especially family, and agape- sacrificial, condescending love for one's neighbor. Plato builds his “ladder” of love-beauty somewhat differently. The first and lowest stage is the desire to obtain physical pleasure, the natural goal of which is the birth of children. The second stage is love for specific examples of physical beauty. The third stage is the love of beauty in general. The fourth (highest) stage is agape, that is, love of wisdom, which, like religious experiences, allows one to know the absolute truth. Love of the highest type is the work of the soul, the work of two noble minds uniting for the purpose of creating spiritual offspring of which only men are capable. IN In the dialogue “Symposium,” Plato expounds the doctrine of androgynes- people of the currently non-existent third gender: “Once upon a time our nature was not the same as it is now... People were of three sexes, and not two, as now - male and female, for there was still a third sex, which united yourself the signs of both of them; he himself disappeared, and only the name remained from him... - androgynes, ... they combined the appearance and name of both sexes - male and female. Then each person had a rounded body, his back did not differ from his chest, there were four arms, as many legs as arms, and each had two faces on his neck, completely identical; the head of these two faces, looking in opposite directions, was common... There were three of these sexes... because from time immemorial the male comes from the Sun, the female - from the Earth, and the one who combines both of these - from the Moon, since the Moon also combines both principles... Terrible in their strength and power, they harbored great plans and encroached even on the power of the gods... They tried to ascend to heaven in order to attack the gods.” Further, according to Plato, the threat prompted the gods to take decisive action. Zeus cut the androgynes in half and created homosexuals, when the male half seeks to reunite with the male, lesbians, when the female half seeks to reunite with the female half, and heterosexuals, when the male and female seek to reunite. female half. Heterosexuals were considered the lowest sexual category. Since then, according to Plato, people have been attracted to each other, they have been trying to restore unity. The process of recreating unity is love, which is a painful feeling of reunification into a complete individuality. The myth of androgens began to be traditionally interpreted in the sense of the sexual attraction of men and women to each other, which reduced man to the level of an animal. Descendants corrected Plato, love without sex began to be called after him . Strictly speaking, any love does not involve sex. Ordinary consciousness identifies lust with love, but lust is a biological phenomenon, not a spiritual one. The need to procreate and create a family was not always caused by love. Although ancient world knew romantic love, it was not always recorded as the love of a man and a woman. Same-sex love flourished. Ancient Greek writer Lucian, in his work “Two Loves,” through the mouth of his heroes, recognizes the need for a family, but considers men’s love for boys to be genuine. But the qualitative difference between love and sex manifests itself even in those types of love that are traditionally associated with sex. 1) Love of a man and a woman glorified in many literary and musical works. They are not talking about the desire to rush into bed as quickly as possible. Loved ones want to be together and that’s enough for them. Here, indeed, there is a desire, if not to restore, then at least to establish the spiritual unity of man and woman. 2) Same-sex love may not exist without sex, but it can’t be reduced to it either.3) The love of parents for children and children for parents is an almost purely spiritual relationship, although to some extent biologically determined. This kind of “love” of animals for their young cubs is known. Subsequently, “mothers,” not to mention “fathers,” become completely indifferent to their children and even drive them away from them. The love of human parents lasts a lifetime.4) Love for business and work is characteristic high degree self-sacrifice, abandonment of some other activities, sometimes even from family. Fanatics in in the best sense These words brought together passion and work; nowadays they are called workaholics. 5) Love for the Motherland, small and large. Love to small homeland (locality, the area in which a given person grew up) is determined by painful childhood memories. Love for the great homeland (the society of which the individual is a member) is determined by the degree of spiritual development of the individual, when a person feels “offended for the state.” 6) Love for nature is manifested not only in the contemplation of wonderful landscapes, but also in activities to preserve these landscapes. 7) Self-love is usually associated with selfishness. Really, selfishness is selfishness, but only when the egoist infringes on the interests of other people or harms them. In other cases, self-love is morally justified, since a person who does not love or care about himself is unlikely to inspire the trust of other people. Thus, in the phenomenon of love, its connection with the biological and spiritual nature of man is visible. The first three types of love are determined by both sides of human nature, the rest - exclusively by the spiritual nature of man. The value of love lies in the desire for unity with the object of love, and in relation to another person in the desire to live his life, his feelings and thoughts.
