The totality of elements of cultural heritage are transmitted. What is cultural heritage? The concept and meaning of the cultural heritage of Russia
Cultural heritage is an important part of the life of every nation. For this reason, you should know what cultural heritage is and why its preservation is so important. It helps to better learn and understand the history of the formation modern society.
What is cultural heritage
Nature and culture together form the human environment. The skills and knowledge acquired by humanity since the beginning of time accumulate and multiply over the centuries, forming a cultural heritage. There is no single definition of what cultural heritage is, since this term is considered from different points vision.
From the point of view of cultural studies, this is the main way of existence of culture. Heritage objects preserve and transmit to subsequent generations values that carry an emotional aspect. History considers cultural heritage primarily as a source of information about the development and formation of modern society. The legal point of view does not take into account emotional value, but determines the degree of information content and demand for a particular object, as well as its ability to influence society.
If we combine these concepts, then cultural heritage can be defined as a set of tangible and intangible values created by nature and man during previous historical eras.
Social memory
Social memory should be understood as the basis of social cognition. The experience and knowledge accumulated by humanity are passed on from generation to generation. Development modern man is possible only based on the knowledge of ancestors.
Cultural heritage and social memory are concepts that always accompany each other. Heritage sites are the primary means of transmitting knowledge, thoughts and worldviews to future generations. This is irrefutable evidence of the existence of certain people, events and ideas. In addition, they guarantee the reliability of social memory, preventing it from being distorted.
Social memory is a kind of library where everything is stored useful knowledge, which can be used and improved by society in the future. Unlike the memory of one person, social memory has no end and belongs to every member of society. Ultimately, heritage determines the basic elements of social memory. Those values that are not part of the cultural heritage sooner or later lose their meaning, are forgotten and excluded from social memory.
UNESCO Organization
UNESCO is a UN agency dedicated to education, science and culture (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). One of the goals of UNESCO is to unite countries and peoples to preserve world cultural values.
The organization was formed in November 1945 and is based in Paris. Today, more than two hundred states are members of UNESCO.
In the field of culture, the organization is engaged in the preservation and protection of the cultural and natural heritage of humanity. basis this direction activities became the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Cultural Heritage natural heritage, adopted in 1972. During the first session, the main provisions and tasks of the Committee were adopted World Heritage.
The Committee also determined natural and cultural criteria for assessing objects, according to which they were included or not included in the list of protected areas. Preservation cultural heritage- an obligation assumed by the state that has a particular object, with the support of UNESCO. Today the register includes more than a thousand protected objects.
World Heritage
The 1972 Convention gave a clear definition of what cultural heritage is and divided it into categories. Cultural heritage should be understood as:
- monuments;
- ensembles;
- places of interest.
Monuments include all works of art (painting, sculpture, etc.), as well as objects of archaeological significance (rock inscriptions, burials) created by man and valuable for science, history and art. Ensembles are architectural groups that are harmoniously integrated into the surrounding landscape. Places of interest are understood as human creations separately from nature or together with it.
The Convention also outlined criteria for natural heritage. It includes natural monuments, places of interest, geological and physiographic formations.
Cultural heritage of Russia
To date, twenty-seven objects located on Russian territory are included in the World Heritage Register. Sixteen of them were selected according to cultural criteria and eleven were natural objects. The first sites were designated a World Heritage Site in 1990. Twenty-three more sites are on the candidate list. Of these, eleven are cultural, three are natural-cultural, nine are natural objects.
Among UNESCO member states, the Russian Federation is in ninth place in terms of the number of World Heritage sites.
Days of cultural heritage in Moscow - International Day for the Preservation of Monuments and Sites (celebrated on April 18) and International Museum Day (May 18). Every year on these days it opens in Moscow Free access to heritage sites, excursions, quests, and lectures are organized. All these events are aimed at popularizing cultural values and familiarizing them with them.
Legal aspect
The Federal Law (FL) on cultural heritage objects was adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2002. This law defines the preservation of cultural heritage as priority task authorities. The law also establishes the procedure for identifying heritage sites and including them in the register.
This register includes tangible and intangible cultural values that have undergone expert verification. Each object included in the register is assigned a registration number and passport. The passport indicates detailed characteristics object: name, date of origin, photographic materials, description, location information. The passport also contains information about expert assessment object and conditions for protecting the object.
According to the Federal Law on Cultural Heritage Objects, cultural values are recognized as the property of the state. In this regard, the need has been declared for their preservation, as well as the popularization and provision of accessibility to heritage sites. The law prohibits alteration and demolition of objects. Cultural heritage management is a set of measures aimed at controlling, preserving and developing cultural objects.
Natural objects of Russia
In the territory Russian Federation There are ten sites included in the World Heritage Sites. Six of them, according to the UNESCO classification, should be considered a phenomenon of exceptional beauty. One of these objects is Lake Baikal. This is one of the oldest freshwater formations on the planet. Thanks to this, a unique ecosystem has formed in the lake.
The volcanoes of Kamchatka are also natural phenomena. This formation is the largest cluster of active volcanoes. The area is constantly developing and has unique landscapes. Unique in their own way geographical features are Golden Altai Mountains. The total area of this heritage site occupies one million six hundred and forty thousand hectares. This is a habitat for rare animals, some of which are on the verge of extinction.
Cultural sites of Russia
Among the objects that represent the cultural heritage of Russia, it is difficult to single out more significant exhibits. The culture of Russia is ancient and very diverse. These are monuments to Russian architecture, and a colossal project of interweaving streets and canals of St. Petersburg, and numerous monasteries, cathedrals and kremlins.
The Moscow Kremlin occupies a special place among heritage sites. The walls of the Moscow Kremlin bear witness to many historical events influencing the life of Russia. St. Basil's Cathedral, located on Red Square, is a unique masterpiece of architecture. The main part of the World Heritage in Russia are churches and monasteries. Among them is the Solovetsky Islands ensemble, the first settlement of which dates back to the fifth century BC.
The importance of cultural heritage
The importance of cultural heritage is very great both for society as a whole and for each person individually. Personality formation is impossible without knowledge of the traditions and experience of ancestors. Preservation of heritage sites and their enhancement - important task every generation. This provides spiritual growth and human development. Cultural heritage is an important component of culture, which helps to assimilate the experience of world history.
1. Tradition– elements of social and cultural heritage, pe-
transmitted from generation to generation and preserved in certain
local societies, classes and social groups during
for a long time.
2. VladimirMonomakh– great Kyiv prince, outstanding
statesman and writer Ancient Rus'. One of the main
Monomakh considers education to be the means of raising children. Monomakh
for the first time in Russian literature put forward the task of communication between educational
with the practical needs of the individual and substantiated the idea of action
activity, paid attention to the development of children’s initiative and
amateur performances.
3. Domostroy- belongs to the type of moralizing and family-oriented
everyday works, which set out the rights and obligations
the head of the family and his household. It is divided into 27 chapters, some of
They concern issues of family and social education.
4. M.V. Lomonosov- Russian scientist - encyclopedist, conquered
nickname of domestic education, supporter of the classless system
education.
5. K.D. Ushinsky- teacher - democrat, founder of Russian
pedagogical science in Russia, principles of pedagogical views of K.D.
Ushinsky – nationality, originality of Russian pedagogical science,
education at work.
6. A.S. Makarenko– teacher and writer Soviet period. He
put forward the basic principles of creating and pedagogical guidance
education for children's groups, developed a methodology for labor education
research, studied the problems of forming conscious discipline and
raising children in a family.
7. P.P. Golonsky- Russian teacher, psychologist and philosopher.
Before October revolution was an idealist. After the revolution, the
went to Marxist positions. In psychology he was an adherent
just behavior, but " conscious behavior" Considered it necessary
We are training in a new unified labor political school.
8. V.A. Sukhomlinsky– Ukrainian (Soviet) teacher, art
followed creation questions children's group, the formation of moral
but ethical standards among young people.
9. General pedagogical issues– issues of education, training
learning and personality development.
10. Didactic questions– questions of learning theory. Tre-
requirements for the selection of educational content in a particular subject, prin-
teaching principles, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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dents Rostov/on-Don publishing house Phoenix 2003. (editions available
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4. Nemov R.S. Psychology. T.1. M., 2002.
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6. E.N. Pronina “Psychology and Pedagogy” Textbook for students.
V.V. Lukashevich Moscow, 2001.
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8. "Psychology". Dictionary. / Edited by V.P. Zinchenko and B.G. Me-
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1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..…….2
.…………… ….….…….2
2. Main part ………………………………………………………………….…..4
2.1. Traditions ………….………………………………………………………………..4
2.1.1. Traditions in different periods of time ………...…… ……….………6
2.2. Customs ……………………………………………………………………..……….8
2.3. Manners ………………………………………….…………………………...………10
2.4. Values ……………………………………..……..…………………….………11
2.4.1. Types of values ..……………………….………………………….…...…..12
2.5. Cultural borrowings …………………………………….…………..14
3. The significance of cultural heritage elements ………………………….…15
1. Introduction
1.1. Culture in development public life
Culture is one of the two three most difficult words, used in our practical and scientific life. This is partly due to the fact that it has a complex and intricate linguistic history, and partly due to the fact that it applies extremely complex concepts in various scientific disciplines and, moreover, in the most various systems thoughts.
In its etymological meaning, the concept of culture dates back to antiquity. It can be found in treatises and letters Ancient Rome. The concept of “culture” in figurative meaning similar to the concept of “economy” and initially correlated with the culture of something: the culture of the soul, the culture of the mind, the cult of the gods and the cult of ancestors. Such combinations existed for many centuries, until Latin countries The term “civilization” did not come into use. It covered the totality social heritage in the fields of technology, science, art and political institutions. For a long time the concepts of “culture” and “civilization” were identical. He was the first to draw the line between them German philosopher I. Kant, and at the beginning of the twentieth century the German philosopher O. Spengler completely opposed them.
Culture is a way of organizing and developing human life presented in its tangible and intangible products, which are accepted and recognized in social communities and are passed on from generation to generation. Culture is a purely human phenomenon, and man is a cultural phenomenon. This means, firstly, that culture arises and exists only in connection with human activity, is inherent only to humans, animals do not possess culture (although their behavior is much more “social” than previously thought). Secondly, this means that a born child is only a “candidate” to become a person; he is formed as a person, as a personality, only in the process of mastering culture - its values, norms, ideals, etc.
Education and upbringing are nothing more than the mastery of culture, the process of transmitting it from one generation to another. Culture means the introduction of a person to society, society. Any person first of all masters the culture that was created before him, thereby mastering the social experience of his predecessors. But at the same time, he makes his own contribution to the cultural layer, thereby enriching it.
Mastery of culture can be carried out in the form interpersonal relationships and self-education. The process of socialization can be represented as a continuous acquisition of culture. N.A. Berdyaev expressed the contradictions of the process of socialization and culture. Its inconsistency is manifested in the contradiction:
between socialization and individualization of personality,
between the normativity of culture and the freedom that it represents to a person,
· between the traditional nature of a culture and the renewal that occurs in its body.
These contradictions are not only essential characteristic culture, but are the source of its development. For culture as social phenomenon fundamental, system-forming concepts are cultural statics and cultural dynamics. The first characterizes culture at rest, the second – as a process in movement and change. The basic elements of culture exist in two forms - material and spiritual. Totality material elements amounts to material culture, and intangible ones – spiritual. Material culture characterizes this activity from the point of view of its influence on human development, revealing his abilities, creative possibilities, talents. Material culture includes: the culture of labor and material production, the culture of topos, the culture of attitude towards own body, Physical Culture. The spiritual side of cultural statics: norms, rules, patterns and norms of behavior, laws, spiritual values, ceremonies, rituals, symbols, myths, knowledge, ideas, customs, traditions, language.
Part of the material and spiritual culture created by past generations is called cultural heritage. Heritage is an important factor in the unity of science, a means of uniting society in times of crisis. Cultural statics includes the concept of a cultural area - a geographical area within which different cultures similarities are found in the main features. Cultural heritage is expressed cultural universals– norms, values, rules, traditions, properties that are inherent in all cultures, regardless of geographical location, historical time and social structure of society.
2. Main part
2.1. Traditions
The concept of “tradition” from Latin traditio, meaning “to convey.” Initially, this word was used in a literal meaning, denoting a material action: for example, the ancient Romans used it when it came to the need to hand someone an object and even give their daughter in marriage. But the transferred object can be intangible, a certain skill or skill.
Traditions are elements of social and cultural heritage that are passed down from generation to generation and preserved in a particular community for a long time. There are many types of traditions, I.V. Sukhanov gives an example of revolutionary traditions, and defines them as the process of reproduction in new generations of Soviet people, those moral and political qualities that were developed by the Russian working class in period of three revolutions and civil war. The ultimate goal of traditions is to bring the activities of the new generation into the same direction as the activities of older generations. But if we repeat what has been done, then progress will stop, so humanity has introduced and is introducing something new into what previous generations were doing.
However, traditions, despite their stability and conservatism, are being destroyed. In the process of development of society, tradition is supplemented by other means of reproduction and is subject to the integrity and sustainability of culture (ideology, law, religion, politics and other forms of spirituality). This is where it came from historical direction, which is called traditionalism, the essence of which can be reduced to the assumption of the existence of some “original tradition”, which is considered to be the same among all cultures and stands at their origins as the original state of the world, the unity of all cultures is postulated, and the plurality and separation of cultures, as regression, decline, retreat to the original position.
Traditions arose a long time ago, and in ancient centuries they determined the public and personal life of a person. Traditions contained instructions, moral and aesthetic norms, rules and skills of economic activity,
housing arrangements, ways of raising children, providing care to the sick, and using medicines. Stability, repetition, consolidation in customs - all this made tradition a means of transmitting the culture of the people. Traditions function in all social systems and are a necessary condition their life activities. A bad attitude towards traditions leads to a breakdown in continuity in the development of society and culture, to the loss of valuable achievements of mankind. “Blind admiration for tradition gives rise to conservatism and stagnation in public life.”
There are strict traditions that do not allow innovations and deviations in behavior. They are characterized by a very long existence, passed on from generation to generation without change. Another type is represented by plastic, mobile traditions. They have a fairly wide range of variability, changeability, although the basis of traditions also remains unchanged. In this case, traditions can “overgrow” with new norms, rules, techniques; they change depending on one or another situation, allowing for behavior options in different circumstances.
Traditional forms of culture mainly spread during those periods in the history of society when social development was going on at a slow pace, life was subject to routine. Insularity contributed to the strengthening of the role of traditions cultural life, limited change, absence or poor development of writing. In this sense traditional forms cultures expressed social conservatism and were beneficial to the ruling class of exploiters, because they supported the stability of power. Therefore, cultural progress and the development of social life were associated with overcoming traditions that fettered the initiative and creative and transformative activities of the people. K. Marx and F. Engels noted that “the traditions of all dead generations loom like a nightmare over the minds of animals.”
Societies differ from each other in the nature and content of traditions, the pace of their renewal and dissemination, and the methods of consolidation and transmission to other generations. Some traditional forms of culture long time remain unchanged.
These are, for example, traditional folk games, cooking, rituals of special events. Cultural traditions go back centuries, but this does not lose their modernity.
