Pasternak Doctor Zhivago detailed description of the main characters. Who did Parsnip based the main characters of the novel on?

After the death of Maria Nikolaevna’s mother, the fate of ten-year-old Yura Zhivago is dealt with by his uncle, Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin. The boy's father, having squandered the family's million-dollar fortune, abandoned them even before his mother's death, and subsequently took his own life by jumping off a train. An eyewitness to his suicide is 11-year-old Misha Gordon, who was traveling with his father on the same train. Yura experiences the death of his mother extremely acutely; his uncle, a priest who has disbanded his hair at his own request, consoles him with conversations about God.

Yura spends the first time on Kologrivov’s estate. Here he meets 14-year-old Nika (Innocent) Dudorov, the son of a terrorist convict and an eccentric Georgian beauty.

The widow of a Belgian engineer, Amalia Karlovna Guichard, who came from the Urals, settles in Moscow. She has two children - the eldest daughter Larisa and the son Rodion, Rodya. Amalia becomes the mistress of lawyer Komarovsky, a friend of her late husband. Soon the lawyer begins to show unequivocal signs of attention to the pretty Lara, and later seduces her. Unexpectedly for himself, he discovers that he has a real feeling for the girl and strives to arrange her life. Nika Dudorov, a friend of her classmate Nadya Kologrivova, is also courting Lara, but he does not arouse her interest due to the similarity of characters.

On the Brest railway, passing near the Guichard house, a strike begins, organized by the workers' committee. One of the organizers, road foreman Pavel Ferapontovich Antipov, is arrested. His son Pasha, a student at a real school, is taken in by the family of driver Kipriyan Tiverzin. Pasha, through his neighbor Olga Demina, meets Lara, falls in love with her and literally idolizes the girl. Lara feels much older than him psychologically and does not have reciprocal feelings for him.

Thanks to his uncle, Yura Zhivago settles in Moscow, in the family of his uncle’s friend, Professor Alexander Alexandrovich Gromeko. Yura became very close friends with the professor's daughter, Tonya, and classmate Misha Gordon. Music lovers, Gromeko often organized evenings with invited musicians. On one of these evenings, cellist Tyshkevich was urgently called to the Montenegro Hotel, where the Guichard family, frightened by the unrest in the city, had temporarily moved. Alexander Alexandrovich, Yura and Misha, who went with him, find Amalia Karlovna trying to poison herself there and Komarovsky helping her. In the room, Yura sees Lara for the first time - he is struck at first sight by the beauty of the sixteen-year-old girl. Misha tells his friend that Komarovsky is the same person who pushed his father to commit suicide.

Lara, trying to end her dependence on Komarovsky, settles with the Kologrivovs, becoming the teacher of their youngest daughter Lipa. Thanks to the money she borrowed from the owners, she pays off her younger brother's gambling debt, but is tormented by the inability to give them the money. The girl decides to ask Komarovsky for money, but just in case she takes with her the revolver taken from Rodya.

In the fall of 1911, Anna Ivanovna Gromeko, Tony's mother, fell seriously ill. The matured triumvirate of friends graduates from university: Tonya from the Faculty of Law, Misha from the Faculty of Philology, and Yura from the Faculty of Medicine. Yuri Zhivago is interested in writing poetry, although he does not perceive writing as a profession. He also learns about the existence of his half-brother Evgraf, who lives in Omsk, and renounces part of the inheritance in his favor.

Yura impromptu reads a speech about the resurrection of the soul to Anna Ivanovna, who is feeling worse and worse. The woman falls asleep to his calm story, and after waking up she feels better. She convinces Yura and Tonya to go to the Sventitskys’ Christmas tree, and before their departure she unexpectedly blesses them, saying that they are destined for each other and must get married in the event of her death. Going to the Christmas tree, young people drive along Kamergersky Lane. When looking at one of the windows, in which a candle light is visible, Yuri comes up with the lines: “The candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning.” Behind this window, Larisa Guichard and Pavel Antipov are talking intensely at this time - the girl tells Pasha that if he loves her, they need to get married immediately.

After the conversation, Lara goes to the Sventitskys, where she shoots at Komarovsky, who was playing cards, but misses and hits another person. Returning home, Yura and Tonya learn about the death of Anna Ivanovna. Through the efforts of Komarovsky, Lara avoids trial, but due to the shock she experienced, the girl fell ill with a nervous fever. After recovery, Lara, having married Pavel, leaves with him to the Urals, to Yuryatin. Immediately after the wedding, the young people talked until dawn, and Lara told her husband about her difficult relationship with Komarovsky. In Yuryatino, Larisa teaches at the gymnasium and enjoys her three-year-old daughter Katenka, and Pavel teaches history and Latin. However, doubting his wife’s love, after completing officer courses, Pavel goes to the front, where he is captured in one of the battles. Larisa leaves her little daughter in the care of Lipa, and she, having gotten a job as a sister on an ambulance train, goes to the front in search of her husband.

Yura and Tonya get married, their son Alexander is born. In the fall of 1915, Yuri was mobilized to the front as a doctor. There the doctor witnesses a terrifying picture of the decay of the army, mass desertion, and anarchy. In the Melyuzeev hospital, fate pits the wounded Yuri against the nurse Lara working there. He confesses his feelings to her.

Returning to Moscow in the summer of 1917, Zhivago finds devastation here too; he feels loneliness, and what he sees makes him change his attitude towards the surrounding reality. He works in a hospital, writes a diary, but suddenly falls ill with typhus. Poverty and devastation force Yuri and Tonya to leave for the Urals, where the former estate of the manufacturer Kruger, Tonya’s grandfather, was located not far from Yuryatin. In Varykino, they are slowly getting used to their new place, setting up their daily life in anticipation of their second child. While visiting Yuryatino for work, Zhivago accidentally meets Lara, Larisa Fedorovna Antipova. From her he learns that the red commander Strelnikov, who brings terror to the entire neighborhood, is her husband, Pavel Antipov. He managed to escape from captivity, changed his last name, but does not maintain any relations with his family. For several months, Yuri secretly meets with Lara, torn between his love for Tonya and his passion for Lara. He decides to confess to his wife that he has deceived him and not to meet with Lara again. However, on the way home, he was captured by partisans from Liveriy Mikulitsyn’s detachment. Without sharing their views, the doctor provides medical care to the wounded and sick. Two years later, Yuri managed to escape.

Having reached Yuryatin, captured by the Reds, the hungry and weakened Yuri collapsed from the hardships he had endured. Larisa has been caring for him throughout his illness. After the amendment, Zhivago got a job in his specialty, but his position was very precarious: he was criticized for intuitionism in diagnosing diseases and was considered a socially alien element. Yuri receives a letter from Tony, which came to him five months after it was sent. His wife informs him that her father, Professor Gromeko, and she and her two children (she gave birth to a daughter, Masha), are being sent abroad.

Komarovsky, who unexpectedly appeared in the city, promises his protection to Lara and Yuri, offering to go with him to the Far East. However, Zhivago resolutely rejects this proposal. Lara and Yuri take refuge in Varykino, abandoned by residents. One day Komarovsky comes to them with alarming news that Strelnikov has been shot and they are in mortal danger. Zhivago sends pregnant Lara and Katya with Komarovsky, while he himself remains in Varykino.

Left alone in a completely deserted village, Yuri Andreevich simply went crazy, drank, poured out his feelings for Lara on paper. One evening he saw a man on the threshold of his house. It was Strelnikov. The men talked all night long - about the revolution and about Lara. In the morning, while the doctor was still sleeping, Strelnikov shot himself.
Having buried him, Zhivago heads to Moscow, covering most of the route on foot. Thin, feral and overgrown, Zhivago settles in a fenced-off corner in the Sventitskys’ apartment. The daughter of former janitor Markel Marina helps him with housework. Over time, they have two daughters, Capa and Klava, and sometimes Tonya sends them letters.

The doctor is gradually losing his professional skills, but sometimes writes thin books. Unexpectedly, one summer evening, Yuri Andreevich does not appear at home - he sends Marina a letter in which he says that he wants to live alone for some time and asks not to look for him.

Without knowing it, Yuri Andreevich rents the very same room on Kamergersky Lane in the window of which he saw a burning candle many years ago. Again, out of nowhere, brother Evgraf helps Yuri with money and gets him a job at the Botkin hospital.

On the way to work on a sultry August day in 1929, Yuri Andreevich begins to have a heart attack. Coming out of the tram car, he dies. Many people gather to bid farewell to him. Among them was Larisa Fedorovna, who accidentally walked into her first husband’s apartment. A few days later, the woman disappeared without a trace: she left the house and no one saw her again. She may have been arrested.

Many years later, in 1943, Major General Evgraf Zhivago recognizes the linen worker Tanya Bezseredova as the daughter of Yuri and Larisa. It turned out that before fleeing to Mongolia, Lara left the baby at one of the railway sidings. The girl first lived with Martha, who was guarding the patrol, and then wandered around the country. Evgraf collects all his brother's poems.

The novel “Doctor Zhivago” became the apotheosis of Pasternak’s brilliant work as a prose writer. He describes the procession and transformation of the consciousness of the Russian intelligentsia through the dramatic events that completely permeate the first half of the 20th century.

History of creation

The novel was created over the course of a decade (from 1945 to 1955), the fate of the work was surprisingly difficult - despite worldwide recognition (its pinnacle was receiving the Nobel Prize), in the Soviet Union the novel was approved for publication only in 1988. The ban on the novel was explained by its anti-Soviet content; in connection with this, Pasternak began to be persecuted by the authorities. In 1956, attempts were made to publish the novel in Soviet literary magazines, but, naturally, they were not crowned with success. The foreign publication brought fame to the prose poet and resonated with unprecedented resonance in Western society. The first Russian-language edition was published in Milan in 1959.

Analysis of the work

Description of the work

(Cover for the first book, drawn by artist Konovalov)

The first pages of the novel reveal the image of an early orphaned little boy, who will later be sheltered by his uncle. The next stage is Yura's move to the capital and his life in the Gromeko family. Despite the early manifestation of a poetic gift, the young man decides to follow the example of his adoptive father, Alexander Gromeko, and enters the medical faculty. A tender friendship with the daughter of Yuri’s benefactors, Tonya Gromeko, eventually turns into love, and the girl becomes the wife of a talented doctor-poet.

The further narrative is a complex interweaving of the destinies of the main characters of the novel. Shortly after his marriage, Yuri falls passionately in love with the bright and extraordinary girl Lara Guichard, later the wife of Commissioner Strelnikov. The tragic love story of the doctor and Lara will appear periodically throughout the novel - after many ordeals, they will never be able to find their happiness. A terrible time of poverty, hunger and repression will separate the families of the main characters. Both lovers of Doctor Zhivago are forced to leave their homeland. The theme of loneliness is acute in the novel, from which the main character subsequently goes crazy, and Lara's husband Antipov (Strelnikov) takes his own life. Doctor Zhivago's last attempt at marital happiness also fails. Yuri gives up attempts at scientific and literary activity and ends his earthly life as a completely degraded person. The main character of the novel dies of a heart attack on the way to work in the center of the capital. In the last scene of the novel, childhood friends Nika Dudorov and…….. Gordon read a collection of poems by the doctor-poet.

Main characters

(Poster for the movie "Doctor Zhivago")

The image of the main character is deeply autobiographical. Through him, Pasternak reveals his inner self - his reasoning about what is happening, his spiritual worldview. Zhivago is an intellectual to the core, this trait manifests itself in everything - in life, in creativity, in profession. The author masterfully embodies the highest level of the hero’s spiritual life in the doctor’s monologues. Zhivago’s Christian essence does not undergo any changes due to circumstances - the doctor is ready to help all those who suffer, regardless of their political worldview. Zhivago's external weak-will is actually the highest manifestation of his internal freedom, where he exists among the highest humanistic values. The death of the main character will not mark the end of the novel - his immortal creations will forever erase the line between eternity and existence.

Lara Guichard

(Larisa Fedorovna Antipova) is a bright, even in some sense shocking, woman with great fortitude and a desire to help people. It is in the hospital, where she gets a job as a nurse, that her relationship with Doctor Zhivago begins. Despite attempts to escape from fate, life regularly brings the heroes together; these meetings each time strengthen the mutual pure feelings that have arisen. Dramatic circumstances in post-revolutionary Russia lead to the fact that Lara is forced to sacrifice her love to save her own child and leave with her hated former lover, lawyer Komarovsky. Lara, who finds herself in a hopeless situation, will reproach herself for this act all her life.

A successful lawyer, the embodiment of the demonic principle in Pasternak's novel. Being the lover of Lara's mother, he vilely seduced her young daughter, and subsequently played a fatal role in the girl's life, deceiving her by separating her from her loved one.

The novel “Doctor Zhivago” consists of two books, which in turn contain 17 parts, numbered consecutively. The novel shows the whole life of a generation of young intelligentsia of that time. It is no coincidence that one of the possible titles of the novel was “Boys and Girls.” The author brilliantly showed the antagonism of two heroes - Zhivago and Strelnikov, as a person living outside what is happening in the country, and as a person completely subordinate to the ideology of the totalitarian regime. The author conveys the spiritual impoverishment of the Russian intelligentsia through the image of Tatyana, the illegitimate daughter of Lara Antipova and Yuri Zhivago, a simple girl who bears only a distant imprint of the hereditary intelligentsia.

In his novel, Pasternak repeatedly emphasizes the duality of existence; the events of the novel are projected onto the New Testament plot, giving the work a special mystical overtones. Yuri Zhivago’s poem notebook, which crowns the novel, symbolizes the door to eternity, this is confirmed by one of the first versions of the title of the novel, “There Will Be No Death.”

Final conclusion

“Doctor Zhivago” is the novel of a lifetime, the result of the creative search and philosophical quest of Boris Pasternak; in his opinion, the main theme of the novel is the relationship of equal principles - personality and history. The author attaches no less importance to the theme of love; it permeates the entire novel, love is shown in all possible forms, with all the versatility inherent in this great feeling.

Yuri Andreevich is a spontaneous, creative person, and his uncle, Nikolai Nikolaevich, matches him. Although perhaps I did not express myself entirely precisely and it makes sense to clarify this idea. Yuri Zhivago is spontaneous not in the sense that he controls life, subjugates it to himself. No, on the contrary, the elements capture him. The hero’s actions are spontaneous, often thoughtless, precisely because he is subject to these elements and depends on them.

They are the ones who control his life, throw him back and forth, and gift the hero with creative inspiration and love. But Yuri Andreevich has a spiritual fire, and that’s probably why the element of inspiration chose him as a means of expression; through Doctor Zhivago it shows its power and beauty. And the hero feels it: “At such moments, Yuri Andreevich felt that the main work was not done by himself, but by what was above him, what was above him and controlled him, namely: the state of world thought and poetry, and what it destined for the future, the next step in order that it has to take in its historical development. And he felt like only a reason and a support point for her to start this movement.”

Yuri is an exponent of this element, but Nikolai Nikolaevich is no less a creative and gifted person. Their meetings and conversations are like a thunderbolt, a flash of lightning. This is how he describes their meetings:

And although the past arose and began to live a second life, memories came flooding back and circumstances that had occurred during separation surfaced, but as soon as the conversation turned to the main thing, about things known to people of a creative type, all connections disappeared except this one, there was no uncle, no nephew, no difference in age, but only the proximity of element to element, energy to energy, beginning and beginning remained.”

"Doctor Zhivago"- novel by Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago was created over ten years, from 1955, and is the pinnacle of his work as a prose writer. The novel is accompanied by poems by the main character, Yuri Andreevich Zhivago.

Painting a broad canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the backdrop of the dramatic period from the beginning of the century to the Great Patriotic War, through the prism of the biography of the doctor-poet, the book touches on the mystery of life and death, the problems of Russian history, the intelligentsia and the revolution, Christianity, and Jewry.

The book was received sharply negatively by the Soviet official literary environment and rejected from publication due to the author's controversial position in relation to the October Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent life of the country.

Main characters

• Yuri Andreevich Zhivago - doctor, the main character of the novel
• Antonina Aleksandrovna Zhivago (Gromeko) - Yuri's wife
• Larisa Fedorovna Antipova (Guichard) - Antipov's wife
• Pavel Pavlovich Antipov (Strelnikov) - Lara's husband, revolutionary commissar
• Alexander Alexandrovich and Anna Ivanovna Gromeko - Antonina's parents
• Evgraf Andreevich Zhivago - Major General, half-brother of Yuri
• Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin - uncle of Yuri Andreevich
• Viktor Ippolitovich Komarovsky - Moscow lawyer
• Katenka Antipova - Larisa's daughter
• Mikhail Gordon and Innokenty Dudorov - Yuri's classmates at the gymnasium
• Osip Gimazetdinovich Galliulin - white general
• Anfim Efimovich Samdevyatov - lawyer, Bolshevik
• Liveriy Averkievich Mikulitsyn (Comrade Lesnykh) - leader of the Forest Brothers
• Marina - Yuri's third common-law wife
• Kipriyan Savelyevich Tiverzin and Pavel Ferapontovich Antipov - workers of the Brest railway, political prisoners
• Maria Nikolaevna Zhivago (Vedenyapina) - Yuri's mother
• Prov Afanasyevich Sokolov - acolyte
• Shura Shlesinger - friend of Antonina Alexandrovna
• Marfa Gavrilovna Tiverzina - wife Savelya

Plot

The main character of the novel, Yuri Zhivago, appears before the reader as a little boy on the first pages of the work, describing the funeral of his mother: “They walked and walked and sang “Eternal Memory” ....” Yura is a descendant of a wealthy family that made a fortune in industrial, commercial and banking operations. The parents' marriage was not happy: the father abandoned the family before the death of the mother.

Orphaned Yura will be sheltered for a while by his uncle living in the south of Russia. Then numerous relatives and friends will send him to Moscow, where he will be adopted into the family of Alexander and Anna Gromeko as their own.

Yuri's exceptionalism becomes obvious quite early - even as a young man, he shows himself as a talented poet. But at the same time he decides to follow in the footsteps of his adoptive father Alexander Gromeko and enters the medical department of the university, where he also proves himself as a talented doctor. The first love, and subsequently the wife of Yuri Zhivago, becomes the daughter of his benefactors, Tonya Gromeko.

Yuri and Tony had two children, but then fate separated them forever, and the doctor never saw his youngest daughter, who was born after the separation.

At the beginning of the novel, new faces constantly appear before the reader. All of them will be tied into a single ball by the further course of the story. One of them is Larisa, the slave of the elderly lawyer Komarovsky, who tries with all her might and cannot escape the captivity of his “patronage”. Lara has a childhood friend, Pavel Antipov, who will later become her husband, and Lara will see her salvation in him. Having gotten married, he and Antipov cannot find their happiness, Pavel leaves his family and goes to the front of the First World War. Subsequently, he would become a formidable revolutionary commissar, changing his surname to Strelnikov. At the end of the Civil War, he plans to reunite with his family, but this desire will never come true.

Fate will bring Yuri Zhivago and Lara together in different ways in the provincial Yuryatin-on-Rynva (a fictional Ural city, the prototype of which was Perm), where they are in vain seeking refuge from the revolution that is destroying everything and everyone. Yuri and Larisa will meet and fall in love. But soon poverty, hunger and repression will separate both Doctor Zhivago’s family and Larina’s family. For more than two years, Zhivago will disappear in Siberia, serving as a military doctor in captivity of the Red partisans. Having escaped, he will return on foot back to the Urals - to Yuryatin, where he will again meet with Lara. His wife Tonya, together with Yuri's children and father-in-law, while in Moscow, writes about imminent forced deportation abroad. Hoping to wait out the winter and the horrors of the Yuryatinsky Revolutionary Military Council, Yuri and Lara take refuge in the abandoned Varykino estate. Soon an unexpected guest comes to them - Komarovsky, who received an invitation to head the Ministry of Justice in the Far Eastern Republic, proclaimed on the territory of Transbaikalia and the Russian Far East. He persuades Yuri Andreevich to let Lara and her daughter go with him to the east, promising to transport them abroad. Yuri Andreevich agrees, realizing that he will never see them again.

Gradually he begins to go crazy from loneliness. Soon Lara's husband, Pavel Antipov (Strelnikov), comes to Varykino. Demoted and wandering across the expanses of Siberia, he tells Yuri Andreevich about his participation in the revolution, about Lenin, about the ideals of Soviet power, but, having learned from Yuri Andreevich that Lara has loved and loves him all this time, he understands how bitterly he was mistaken. Strelnikov commits suicide with a rifle shot. After Strelnikov's suicide, the doctor returns to Moscow in the hope of fighting for his future life. There he meets his last woman - Marina, the daughter of the former (back in Tsarist Russia) Zhivag janitor Markel. In a civil marriage with Marina, they have two girls. Yuri gradually sinks, abandons scientific and literary activities and, even realizing his fall, cannot do anything about it. One morning, on the way to work, he becomes ill on the tram and dies of a heart attack in the center of Moscow. His half-brother Evgraf and Lara, who will soon go missing soon after, come to say goodbye to him at his coffin.

The beginning of work on the novel coincided with the completion of Pasternak's translation of Shakespeare's Hamlet. (The first version of the poem “Hamlet”, which opens the “Notebook of Yuri Zhivago”, dates back to February 1946).

Doctor Zhivago prototype

Olga Ivinskaya testifies that the very name “Zhivago” arose from Pasternak when he accidentally on the street “stumbled upon a round cast-iron tile with the “autograph” of the manufacturer - “Zhivago”... and decided that let it be like this, unknown, coming out differently from a merchant, or perhaps from a semi-intelligentsia environment; this person will be his literary hero"

About the prototype of Doctor Zhivago, Pasternak himself reports the following:

“I am now writing a large novel in prose about a man who forms some resultant between Blok and me (and Mayakovsky, and Yesenin, perhaps). He will die in 1929. What will remain from him is a book of poems, which makes up one of the chapters of the second part. The time covered by the novel is 1903-1945. In spirit it is something between the Karamazovs and Wilhelm Meister.”

Publication history

In the spring of 1956, B. L. Pasternak offered the manuscript of the just completed novel “Doctor Zhivago” to two leading literary and artistic magazines “New World” and “Znamya” and the almanac “Literary Moscow”.

In the summer of 1956, Pasternak, not hoping for the quick publication of the novel in the USSR, through journalist Sergio D'Angelo, handed over a copy of the manuscript to the Italian publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.

In September 1956, Pasternak received a response from the New World magazine:

In August 1957, Pasternak told the Italian Slavist Vittorio Strada how, under pressure from government officials, he had recently been forced to sign a telegram to stop the Italian publication. He asked to convey to D. Feltrinelli a request not to take into account new “prohibitions” on his part on the publication of the novel, “so that the book comes out no matter what.”

On November 23, 1957, the novel was published in Milan by Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. According to Ivan Tolstoy, the publication was published with the assistance of the US CIA.

On October 25, 1958, the editors of the New World magazine asked Literaturnaya Gazeta to publish a letter sent in September 1956 by members of the then editorial board of the magazine personally to B. L. Pasternak regarding the manuscript of his novel Doctor Zhivago:

In February 1977, Konstantin Simonov, in an open letter to the German writer A. Andersch, wrote that in connection with the political controversy that arose:

In the USSR, the novel was distributed in samizdat for three decades and was published only during perestroika.

Nobel Prize

On October 23, 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize with the wording “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel.” The USSR authorities, led by N. S. Khrushchev, perceived this event with indignation, since they considered the novel anti-Soviet. Due to the persecution that unfolded in the USSR, Pasternak was forced to refuse to receive the prize. Only on December 9, 1989, the Nobel diploma and medal were awarded in Stockholm to the writer’s son, Evgeniy Pasternak.

Because this man overcame what all other writers in the Soviet Union could not overcome. For example, Andrei Sinyavsky sent his manuscripts to the West under the pseudonym Abram Terts. In the USSR in 1958 there was only one person who, raising his visor, said: “I am Boris Pasternak, I am the author of the novel Doctor Zhivago. And I want it to come out in the form in which it was created." And this man was awarded the Nobel Prize. I believe that this highest award was awarded to the most correct person on Earth at that time.

Bullying

The persecution of Pasternak because of the novel “Doctor Zhivago” became one of the reasons for his serious illness and premature death in . The persecution began immediately after the Nobel Prize was awarded to the novel at the end of October 1958. The tone was set by Nikita Khrushchev, who, among party and government officials, said very rudely about Pasternak: “Even a pig doesn’t shit where it eats.” Soon, “pig” analogies, at the direction of Khrushchev, were used in a report dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the Komsomol by the first secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee, Vladimir Semichastny. A TASS statement dated November 2, 1958 stated that in “his anti-Soviet essay, Pasternak slandered the social system and the people.” The direct coordinator of public and newspaper persecution was the head of the culture department of the Central Committee of the party, D. A. Polikarpov. The fact that the book was published abroad was presented by the authorities as treason and anti-Soviet, while the condemnation of the book by the “working people” was presented as a manifestation of general solidarity with the authorities. In the resolution of the Writers' Union of October 28, 1958, Pasternak was called a narcissistic esthete and decadent, a slanderer and a traitor. Lev Oshanin accused Pasternak of cosmopolitanism, Boris Polevoy called him a “literary Vlasov,” Vera Inber convinced the joint venture to appeal to the government with a request to deprive Pasternak of Soviet citizenship. Then Pasternak was “exposed” for several months in a row in major newspapers such as Pravda and Izvestia, magazines, radio and television, forcing him to refuse the Nobel Prize awarded to him. His novel, which no one read in the USSR, was condemned at rallies organized by the authorities during the working day in institutes, ministries, factories, factories, and collective farms. The speakers called Pasternak a slanderer, a traitor, a renegade of society; They offered to try and expel them from the country. Collective letters were published in newspapers and read out on the radio. Both people who had nothing to do with literature (these were weavers, collective farmers, workers) and professional writers were brought in as accusers. So, Sergei Mikhalkov wrote a fable about “a certain cereal called parsnip.” Later, the campaign to defame Pasternak received the capacious sarcastic title “I haven’t read it, but I condemn it!” " These words often appeared in the speeches of public accusers, many of whom did not pick up books at all. The persecution, which had subsided for a while, intensified again after the publication on February 11, 1959 in the British newspaper “Daily Mail” of Pasternak’s poem “The Nobel Prize” with a commentary by correspondent Anthony Brown about the ostracism the Nobel laureate is subjected to in his homeland.

The publication of the novel and the awarding of the Nobel Prize to the author led, in addition to persecution, to the expulsion of Pasternak from the Union of Writers of the USSR (reinstated posthumously). The Moscow organization of the Union of Writers of the USSR, following the Board of the Union of Writers, demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the Soviet Union and deprivation of his Soviet citizenship. In 1960, Alexander Galich wrote a poem on the death of Pasternak, which contains the following lines:

We will not forget this laughter, And this boredom! We will remember by name everyone who raised their hand!

Among the writers who demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the USSR were L. I. Oshanin, A. I. Bezymensky, B. A. Slutsky, S. A. Baruzdin, B. N. Polevoy, K. M. Simonov and many others. No one publicly raised their voice in defense of Pasternak at that moment. However, they refused to participate in the persecution and sympathized with the disgraced poet from older generation writers - Veniamin Kaverin and Vsevolod Ivanov, from young writers - Andrei Voznesensky, Evgeny Yevtushenko, Bella Akhmadulina, Bulat Okudzhava.

• It is widely believed that the prototype of the city of Yuryatin from “ Doctor Zhivago"is Perm.

  “Fifty years ago, at the end of 1957, the first edition of Doctor Zhivago was published in Milan. In Perm, on this occasion, the Yuryatin Foundation even released a wall calendar “Zhivago’s Time,” and in it there is an annual list of anniversary events.” (see Conversation about life and death. On the 50th anniversary of Doctor Zhivago).

Pasternak spent the winter of 1916 in the Urals, in the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva, Perm province, accepting an invitation to work in the office of the manager of the Vsevolodo-Vilva chemical plants B.I. Zbarsky as an assistant for business correspondence and trade and financial reporting. In the same year, the poet visited the Berezniki soda plant on the Kama. In a letter to S.P. Bobrov dated June 24, 1916, Boris calls the Lyubimov, Solvay and Co. soda plant and the European-style village with it “small industrial Belgium.”

• E. G. Kazakevich, having read the manuscript, stated: “It turns out, judging by the novel, the October Revolution was a misunderstanding and it would have been better not to have done it”, K. M. Simonov, editor-in-chief of Novy Mir, also responded by refusing to publish the novel: “You can’t give Pasternak a platform!”

• The French edition of the novel (Gallimard,) was illustrated by the Russian artist and animator Alexander Alekseev (-) using the “needle screen” technique he developed.

Film adaptations

Dramatizations

Yuri Zhivago is the main character of Boris Leonidovich Pasternak’s novel “Doctor Zhivago”; a successful medic who served during the war; husband of Antonina Gromeko and half-brother of Major General Efgraf Zhivago. Yuri was orphaned early, losing first his mother, who died as a result of a long illness, and then his father, who, while intoxicated, jumped from a train moving at full speed. His life was not easy. As the author himself said, he came up with the hero’s surname from an expression taken from a prayer: “God Zhivago.” The phrase implied an association with Jesus Christ, “who heals all living things.” This is how Pasternak wanted to see his character.

It is believed that the prototype of the hero was the author himself, or rather his spiritual biography. He himself said that Doctor Zhivago should be associated not only with him, but rather with Blok, with Mayakovsky, perhaps even with Yesenin, that is, with those authors who passed away early, leaving behind a valuable volume of poetry. The novel covers the entire first half of the twentieth century, and the doctor passes away in the turning point year of 1929. It turns out that in some sense it is an autobiographical novel, but in another sense it is not. Yuri Andreevich witnessed the October Revolution and the First World War. At the front he was a practicing doctor, and at home he was a caring husband and father.

However, events developed in such a way that all life went contrary to the established order in society. At first he was left without parents, then he was raised in a family of distant relatives. He subsequently married the daughter of his benefactors, Tanya Gromeko, although he was more attracted to the mysterious Lara Guichard, whose tragedy he could not know then. Over time, life brought these two together, but they did not stay together for long. The homewrecker was the same ill-fated lawyer Komarovsky, after a conversation with whom Yuri’s father jumped out of the train.

In addition to healing, Zhivago was interested in literature and writing poetry. After his death, friends and family discovered notebooks in which he wrote down his poems. One of them began with the words: “The candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning...” It was born in his head that evening when he and Tonya were heading to the Christmas tree with friends and witnessed how Lara shot her mother’s lover. This incident remained forever in his memory. That same evening she explained herself to Pasha Antipov, who became her legal husband. Events developed in such a way that Lara and Pasha broke up, and Yura, after being wounded, ended up in the hospital where she worked as a nurse. There an explanation took place, during which Yura admitted that he loved her.

The doctor's wife and two children were expelled from the country and emigrated to France. Tonya knew about his relationship with Lara, but continued to love him. The turning point for him was the separation from Larisa, who was taken away by Komarovsky in a fraudulent manner. After this, Zhivago completely neglected himself, did not want to practice medicine and was not interested in anything. The only thing that fascinated him was poetry. At first he had a good attitude towards the revolution, but after being in captivity, where he had to shoot living people, he changed his enthusiasm to compassion for innocent people. He deliberately refused to participate in history.

Essentially, this character lived the life he wanted to live. Outwardly he looked weak-willed, but in fact he had a strong mind and good intuition. Zhivago died of a heart attack that happened to him on a crowded tram. Larisa Antipova (Guichard) was also at his funeral. As it turned out, she had a daughter from Yuri, whom she was forced to give up to be raised by a stranger. After his death, his half-brother Evgraf Zhivago took care of his niece and his brother’s work.