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World Heritage Monuments in Russia. Golden Altai Mountains

Introduction

The history of mankind is known to us from the surviving remains of the material and spiritual culture of various eras and peoples: archaeological finds, ancient, ancient and old buildings and structures, works of art, oral folk art, chronicles, documents, books, samples of old equipment, household items. These traces of human activity form a complex of historical and cultural monuments. But at the same time, a monument of history and culture is not every trace of human life and activity, but only a socially significant one that carries a great semantic load, which embodies the characteristic features of an entire era, an important historical event or period, and reflects a certain level of development of culture, science, and technology.

The relevance of the topic of the work lies in the fact that it is historical and cultural monuments that contain valuable information about the past experience of mankind and universally transmit it to the present. This not only contributes to the enrichment of humanity with exclusively scientific information about the past, but is also used by it to influence the worldviews of contemporaries. Thus, historical and cultural monuments, in addition to preserving information about the past, certainly also perform certain social functions in the present that are important for the development of modern society. Consideration of the diversity of these functions became the main goal of this work.

In this regard, the following tasks have been set:

1. define the concept of “historical and cultural monument”;

2. consider the classification of monuments, their properties and characteristic features;

3. characterize the social functions of monuments and their role in modern society.

Concept and classification of cultural monuments

Monuments of history and culture are objects of a peculiar and unique experiment of interaction between man and the surrounding nature. Boyarsky P.V. Introduction to monumentology. M., 1990. P. 27. Isolating monuments from the objective world of culture is based on a person’s ability to identify and give a public assessment of their properties, reveal their significance in the development of culture, and turn an object into an object of value perception. Only in this case do objects begin to fulfill the function of a monument. According to researcher A.N. Dyachkova, this makes it possible to take a new approach to defining the phenomenon of a monument: “a historical and cultural monument is one of the functions of the objective world of culture, allocated by people to carry out the transfer of socially significant cultural and technological traditions from the past to the future.” Dyachkov A.N. Monuments in the context of the historical and cultural sphere. M., 1990. P. 12.

The main results of modern ideas about historical and cultural monuments were further developed in the monograph by P.V. Boyarsky "Introduction to Monument Studies". According to the formulation given by this researcher: “historical and cultural monuments are a set of material objects and memorable places that make up a conditionally continuous series, reflecting all aspects of the historical development of human society in the biosphere system.” Boyarsky P.V. Introduction to monumentology. M., 1990. P. 28.

The emergence of an independent science of monuments, monumentology, is a qualitatively new level of understanding of the place and role of monuments in society, a deeper penetration into the understanding of their properties and functions. Monuments are considered within the framework of this discipline as an independent subject of scientific knowledge, regardless of the time of their operation, type, or relationship to any field of scientific activity. Gavrilov B. “You must take care of...” how monuments were protected in Russia in the 18th and early 20th centuries. //Story. 2003. No. 38. P. 4.

The term “historical and cultural monument” did not appear simultaneously with the emergence of monument conservation activities in Russia. Each historical era corresponded to its own level of attitude towards the historical and cultural heritage, its own understanding of the term by which monuments were designated.

The term “historical and cultural monuments” was first used in a legislative document in 1965 in connection with the adoption of a government decree on the creation of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments and was finally enshrined in the 1978 RSFSR Law “On the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments " Gazette of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.1978. N 51.

Professor A.M. Kulemzin in the work “Protection of monuments in Russia as a historical and cultural phenomenon” Kulemzin A.M. Protection of monuments in Russia as a historical and cultural phenomenon. Kemerovo, 2001., offers the following definition: “historical and cultural monuments are objects that arose as a result of historical events and phenomena or bear traces of their influence, which are sources of historical and aesthetic information, direct authentic knowledge.” Right there. P. 7.

In general, historical and cultural monuments are divided into movable and immovable. The first include archaeological finds, documents, books, works of art, household items, etc. They are stored in museums, archives, libraries, and private collections. Immovable monuments (various structures, buildings, large engineering structures, monuments, works of landscape art, etc.) are located in the open air.

Depending on the characteristic features and specifics of their study, all monuments are divided into groups: archaeological, historical, architectural, monumental-fine art (art monuments), memorable historical places and historical landscapes.

In practice, this division often turns out to be conditional, since many monuments act as complex ones, i.e. combine various typological features. The works of monumental art themselves become historical monuments after a long time (for example, the monument to Minin and Pozharsky in Moscow) or if they are in any way connected with an important historical event (the first monuments to V.I. Lenin in the 1920s).

Historical monuments are divided by type into monuments of state and social structure, industrial and scientific activity, military history, political struggle and revolutionary movement.

Historical monuments also include memorable places of outstanding events that have preserved their historical appearance (a square in the city, a place of battles with craters and pits of dugouts and dugouts in the forest). Often such memorable places are marked with a memorial sign (obelisk, stele, memorial plaque). At the same time, the memorial sign itself is not a historical monument, because it only indicates the place of the event, but does not have a direct connection with it. In addition, a memorial sign, unlike a historical monument, can be replaced at any time with another, made of any material and any configuration.

Among all historical and cultural monuments, monuments of architecture and art are in the most advantageous position: a beautiful building or monument is attractive in itself, which to a certain extent simplifies the issues of their protection. Archaeological monuments find themselves in a more difficult situation - they are often plundered by self-proclaimed “black archaeologists,” and scientific excavations sometimes almost completely destroy an archaeological monument, because the order and arrangement of objects and their individual fragments are disrupted; moreover, such a monument often simply crumbles in the hands and dies from exposure to an unfavorable environment. And yet, the need to protect archaeological monuments, as well as architectural and art monuments, is traditionally beyond doubt among most people.

In the mid-1980s the main features, properties, qualities and functions of historical and cultural monuments were identified. The main advantage of the monument was finally recognized - its authenticity, i.e. the fact of its physical existence as the main evidence of the reality of a historical action that took place in the past.

Important features of the monuments were identified and substantiated by A.N. Dyachkov. Dyachkov A.N. Monuments in the context of the historical and cultural sphere. M., 1990. Recognizing the property of a monument to be a source of historical and cultural information, he highlights the recognition of a historical and cultural object as a monument by society: “shouldn’t we look for an explanation of the phenomenon of a monument precisely in a person’s ability to turn this or that object into a monument, assigning it to it dignity due to historical and cultural value known and recognized by society?” Right there. P. 13. Only under the condition that historical and cultural objects become recognized by society do they acquire the status of a monument and “begin to play the role of monuments or perform the function of monuments.” The quality of an object is determined through its signs and properties.

When considering the qualities of historical and cultural monuments, it should be clarified that signs are distinctive features of an external nature by which one can recognize or distinguish an object (monument) from a number of other objects that are similar in appearance.

Signs of monuments:

1. Materiality of historical and cultural monuments. Monuments of history and culture are material objects (houses, temples, ancient mounds, military vehicles, sculptures) that have material characteristics - they have size, weight, hardness, material, color, etc.

2. Anthropogenicity of monuments. Monuments of history and culture are the result of human activity, i.e. they are anthropogenic in nature. Human society transforms or influences changes in its natural environment not only in the process of production, but also in any other activity: military, political, spiritual, cultural. As a result, objects appear that subsequently become for society monuments of military or political history, architecture or art, science or technology.

3. Monument property. Real estate is understood as its unity with the environment. This is the main feature of historical and cultural monuments, which distinguishes them from objects in the museum collection. The immovability of historical and cultural monuments is an expedient condition for the preservation of monuments, justified by the practice of their use, which recommends not to separate them from their natural environment, the place of their origin, where they were “participants” or “witnesses” of events. Monuments of history and culture as a cultural and historical phenomenon. Ulan-Ude, 2005. pp. 7-8.

The properties of objects are their qualities, manifested in interaction with other objects. In the case we are considering, these are society, people who interact with monuments.

Properties of monuments:

1. Property of sensory influence. Monuments of history and culture are material objects and, as such, have the ability to influence the senses and evoke sensations in humans. Through sensory knowledge of monuments, a person is convinced of the fact of a historical event.

2. The ability to be a source of information. Monuments of history and culture have the ability to store and transmit information. Being the result of human activity, they bear traces of his transformative influence, i.e. store information about what they themselves are the result of.

The information contained in monuments is of the following types: historical, aesthetic, technological.

By historical information, its broad meaning is understood as any information contained in monuments, because all monuments reflect some aspect of human history. Aesthetic information is understood as evidence recorded in works of artistic culture, characterizing aesthetic views and the level of mastery of art of a certain era, transmitted in an artistic image. Among the immovable monuments of history and culture, the first include monuments of monumental fine art, the second - some of the architectural monuments. Technological information is understood as natural scientific information indicating the interaction of man and nature, man’s mastery of its laws, the development of various technological processes, techniques, means of labor and materials used in work. Ancient tools serve as a source of information about labor activity, the development of thinking, the lifestyle of ancient people and their impact on environmental changes.

Thus, one of the main properties of historical and cultural monuments is the ability to preserve and transmit authentic (genuine) historical and cultural information about past events and phenomena, as a result of which the monuments arose. Monuments of history and culture as a cultural and historical phenomenon. Ulan-Ude, 2005. P. 10.

cultural monument history

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. What is ethnicity? How do the formation of races and ethnicities differ?

Ethnicity is a historically established community of people that has a common language, culture, economy, territory and ethnic identity. Ethnic groups combine all of the above, and race is a genotype.

2. By what characteristics are peoples distinguished?

1) The language they speak; 2) External signs: skin color, clothing, etc.; 3) Lifestyle; 4) Culture; 5) Religion (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism).

3. Name examples of large and small ethnic groups. Show on the map the territories where they live.

Large: Greeks, Spaniards, Italians. Small: Teleuts, Telengits, Chelkans

4. Within each cultural and historical region, highlight the largest countries.

Iberian CIR: Portugal, Spain. Balkan KIR: Greece, Türkiye

5. Find and systematize information about cultural heritage monuments in any cultural and historical region.

Athens Acropolis. It is a 156-meter rocky hill with a flat top (approx. 300 m long and 170 m wide). This was the main place for the king. There were also many temples inside where prayers were offered to the Greek gods and sacrifices were made. During the conquest by the Turks, the Acropolis served as a mosque. Today it is an ancient monument of architectural art.

Workshop

2. Using the text of the textbook and atlas maps, make a table with columns reflecting world religions, the main regions of their distribution, and the main religious centers.

a) Christianity:

Catholicism (countries of North and South America, countries of Southern Europe, etc.)

Orthodoxy (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Bulgaria, etc.)

Protestantism (countries of Northern and Central Europe, USA, Canada, South Africa, etc.)

b) Islam (Muslim):

Shiism (Iran, Iraq)

Sunnism (countries of Asia, North Africa, etc.)

c) Buddhism (South-East, East Asia)

National religions:

Shintoism (Japan);

Confucianism (China);

Hinduism (India);

Judaism (Israel);

Local religions:

Fetishism

Shamanism

Fetishism

(mainly countries of Africa, Oceania, tribes of Asia)

3. Show on the map the largest countries in the world, single-national and multinational countries.

Uninational (i.e. the main nationality is over 90%). There are most of them in Europe (Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal), Asia (Saudi Arabia, Japan, Bangladesh, Korea, some small countries), in Latin America (since Indians, mulattoes, mestizos are considered parts of single nations), in Africa (Egypt, Libya, Somalia, Madagascar);

With a sharp predominance of one nation, but with the presence of more or less significant minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, Finland, Romania, China, Mongolia, USA, Australia, New Zealand, etc.);

Multinational countries with a complex and ethnically diverse composition (India, Russia, Switzerland, Indonesia, the Philippines, many countries in Western and Southern Africa).

The most diverse region is South Asia, and the most diverse country is India.

Monuments of the cultural heritage of Africa. In total there were several dozen such cities, and 11 of them, located on the territory of modern Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Libya, were included in the World Heritage List. Of course, we are talking about the ruins of these once flourishing cities, which is explained by the subsequent history of North Africa, which after the Romans was successively ruled by the Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, and Ottoman Turks. But what remains of these cities is of even greater historical and cultural value. The World Heritage List includes four monuments of Tunisia dating back to Phoenician-Roman times. These are Carthage, Kerkouan, El Djem and Dougga (Tugga). The world cultural heritage includes three “dead” cities in Algeria.

Cultural heritage of Russia

Interpretation  World Heritage Monuments in Russia There are 23 names on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia (as of 2007). Content

  • 1 Statistics
  • 2 List
  • 3 See
    • 4

    Statistics In total, there are 878 objects on the full list of World Heritage Sites, that is, the share of Russian objects in the world is 2.8%. Of the 23 World Heritage Sites in Russia:

    • 15 cultural sites
    • 8 natural sites

    6 cultural objects are recognized as masterpieces of human genius (criterion i) and 3 objects are recognized as natural phenomena of exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance (criterion vii).


    List This table lists properties in the order in which they were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

    Russian cultural heritage site

    It doesn’t take much imagination to imagine how life was in full swing in this area of ​​the besieged fortress; forges, weapons workshops, saddlery and cart workshops, warehouses, hospitals and other auxiliary workshops could be located here. Here they could also organize parades for the militias going to replenish the army of the insurgent people.

    In the 15th - 16th centuries, Kaluga was repeatedly subjected to devastating raids by foreign conquerors (and they primarily sought to destroy the Kremlin and the settlement), severe fires and mass epidemics. Kaluga suffered great damage during the years of struggle against the Polish invaders.
    Their troops marched through Kaluga land, plundered more than once, and destroyed the city itself. After their expulsion, Kaluga from a former border outpost was transformed into a major economic point.

    World Heritage Monuments in Russia

    • State code of especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation
    • Cultural heritage
    • List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia
    1. 1 2 3 4 5 Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation.”
    2. Federal Law of November 30, 2010 N 327-FZ “On the transfer to religious organizations of property for religious purposes that is in state or municipal ownership.”
    3. Resolution of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe of April 14, 1976 No. 76 (28) “On the adaptation of legislation and regulations to the requirements of comprehensive preservation of architectural heritage” // Collection of international treaties of the USSR and the Russian Federation. - 1994. - Issue. XLVII. - WITH.

    One more step

    Cultural assets are divided into categories that include rarities and masterpieces from different eras. Monuments that have historical significance form a separate group, although they are located in different places.

    They can be divided into the following categories:

    • Architectural monuments (for example, Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg).
    • Monuments of Glory (Motherland in Volgograd).
    • Monuments to historical characters (Bronze Horseman - equestrian statue of Peter I in St. Petersburg).
    • Statues as images of personalities who left a mark on history (Alexander I, St. Isaac's Square in St. Petersburg).
    • Thematic monuments (Sevastopol Bay, memorial to lost ships).
    • Natural monumental formations (Krasnoyarsk pillars).

    Historical monument cities On the territory of Russia there are special cultural formations that have ethnographic value.

    Historical monuments of Russia. description of historical monuments of Moscow

    Objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation for the purposes of Federal Law No. 73-FZ of June 25, 2002 “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” include real estate objects with associated works of painting, sculpture, decorative and applied art, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture that arose as a result of historical events, representing value from the point of view of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and are evidence of eras and civilizations, genuine sources of information about the origin and development of culture.
    Accounting and systematization In order to present a cultural object, it is necessary to make a description of the historical monument with a chronology of events accompanying its appearance. As a rule, these are epochal periods of time. The role of the monument in the public life of the country is no less important; it often has educational and patriotic significance.

    Important

    In this case, the description of the historical monument becomes mandatory; it must be included in the programs of secondary and higher educational institutions. The popularity of Russian masterpieces There are a number of Russian textbook cultural objects that are familiar to every citizen.


    Info

    Historical monuments of Russia, according to 2014 data, represent an extensive list of 1007 units, varying in significance. Each object of cultural heritage of the Russian Federation has a certain degree of artistic value.

    Certain historical monuments of Russia are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Today, there are 26 such objects, of which 10 belong to the cultural sphere, 6 are recognized as masterpieces of world significance, and another 10 are natural phenomena on the territory of the Russian Federation with signs of special aesthetic appeal.

    Prospect for recognition Twenty-four Russian monuments are at the stage of entry into UNESCO registers under the 1988 Convention for the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage. Historical monuments that are under state protection are, first of all, objects of special significance that have the status of inviolability.

    Monuments of cultural heritage in the cultural and historical region

    These are cities with an unusual historical past. An example is the monument city of Yeniseisk, which went through several eras in its development. Since the thirteenth century it was divided and united, it became the center of the fur trade, then it was shaken by the gold rush.

    Places of heroic battles are also considered historical monument cities: Kursk, Sevastopol, Volgograd and others. “No one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten” is their motto that has passed through the decades. Famous Russian monuments

    • The historical center of St. Petersburg with several cultural monuments: the Winter Palace (Hermitage), Palace Square, Alexander Column.
    • Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg by architect A.N.

      Voronikhin (years of construction - 1801 - 1811). Erected to store the icon of the Mother of God of Kazan. In 1812, the Russian army left the cathedral to fight Napoleon. Emperor Paul I was married in the temple.

    K.E. lived and worked here. Tsiolkovsky, A.L. Chizhevsky. The region has preserved the Central Russian landscape, untouched forests, small rivers (Ugra, Protva, Zhizdra).


    It can rightfully be called the pearl of Russia, an outstanding part of its historical and natural heritage. There are over 1,600 historical and cultural monuments in the region: architectural ensembles, archaeological sites and historical sites.

    A distinctive feature of the region is the presence of a large number of estate complexes. The list of natural objects includes over 250 units.

    Among them are the state reserve "Kaluzhskie Zaseki" (in the Ulyanovsk region) with a total area of ​​22.4 thousand hectares, pine forests in Kaluga, Borovsk, Kondrovo, Yukhnov, the forest area "Galkin Forest" in the Dzerzhinsky region, lake "Bezdon" and a lowland swamp "Shatinsky moss" in the Baryatinsky district. A wide network of various cultural institutions has been created in the region.
    Russian Federation, historical (including military) events, the life of outstanding historical figures; cultural layers, remains of buildings of ancient cities, settlements, settlements, sites; places of religious ceremonies. Cultural heritage sites have different statuses. The most important of them have the status of monuments of federal significance, the rest - of regional significance. But status does not yet determine property rights. Monuments of federal significance may be owned by regions, and vice versa. The category of a building may also change over time. There is a category of historical monuments, which, unlike architectural monuments, valuable for their design and decorative features, are subject to protection due to their involvement in historical events and famous people.

    Thus, there are buildings associated with the revolution and revolutionary figures. But the view of history is changing, so the status can change.

    The natural monument was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1998.

    • The Curonian Spit is a narrow sandy strip 98 kilometers long, connecting the Lithuanian Klaipeda with the Kaliningrad region and separating the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea.
    • The Putorana Plateau is a unique landscape reserve, occupying about two million square kilometers on the territory of the Central Siberian Plateau. It is distinguished by a rare combination of climatic ecosystems, where forest-tundra coexists with the Arctic desert.

      The region contains many pristine lakes, rivers, and taiga thickets. Tens of thousands of wild reindeer migrate through the tundra.

    • Lena Pillars is a natural park on the banks of the Lena. A series of vertical cliffs, stretching for several kilometers, arose as a result of tectonic upheavals about 400 thousand years ago.

Moscow Government, Committee for Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow together with NIiPI General Plan

present

“Atlas of cultural heritage sites (cultural historical monuments) of the city of Moscow.”

Circulation: 5 thousand copies.

Publication format: 60x90/8

Publisher:"ID Rudentsov"

Project Manager: V.A. Shevchuk

This is the first publication in the new century that provides cartographic and reference information about the cultural heritage sites of the capital that are on state register.

Valery Shevchuk, head of Moscow Heritage Committee:

For the first time, information on all monuments of the capital, including those discovered in recent years and little-studied objects located outside the historical center, is structured and plotted on a modern map of the city in one book. This “Atlas” is the result of colossal work and another way to take a fresh look at the history of urban planning.

The release of the monumental publication was preceded by large-scale work by the committee to identify, study and classify heritage sites, historical and cultural monuments located on the territory of modern Moscow. The result was an unprecedented publication that has no analogues in Russia and abroad.

For the first time, all the sights of the capital, architectural and historical monuments are collected in one publication and carefully systematized, which makes it possible to explore the cultural heritage of the capital by district.

The book publishes detailed color and black and white plans of the city of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, made in a single copy. They mark streets and buildings with amazing accuracy, helping to create a unified picture of the historical formation of Moscow's districts and districts.

The publication consists of three volumes. I sets out the historical plans of the city within the boundaries of the Central Administrative District. Cards 1838 of the year, 1852 , And 1952 years are accompanied by unique photographs in which Moscow is forever frozen in the amazing charm of sepia, better known as "Naydenovskysheets" Using the maps of the first volume, you can trace the growth of Moscow and the changes in the territorial boundaries of the city and its districts, starting from the 19th century and ending with the 50s of the 20th century. Detailed color and black and white plans showing streets and buildings are of great interest from a cartographic point of view, clearly demonstrating the different techniques and approaches to creating plans and maps of the city in different periods of history. Original explications make it possible to study as accurately as possible the increase in the city's population, as well as changes in the ratio of private buildings, government buildings and institutions.

Volumes II and III of the Atlas present modern maps of Moscow, with monuments marked on them, as well as lists of cultural heritage sites. Manor complexes, consisting of several historical monuments, often differing in date of creation and author, are highlighted on maps, indicating each individual building included in the complex, and annotated regarding each object. Volume II contains cultural heritage monuments located within the borders of the Central Autonomous Okrug, traditionally more researched and known. The third volume includes attractions located outside the historical center. The cartographic and information block of volumes II and III is complemented by modern photographs of monuments identified by the Committee for Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow in recent years and included in the list of historical attractions of the city.

“Atlas of cultural heritage sites (cultural historical monuments) of the city of Moscow” contains the necessary technical and property information to help ensure proper care and supervision of cultural heritage sites. Today, when the capital is developing dynamically and acquiring a very special flavor, it is more important than ever to know and remember the historical roots of the city, and to be familiar with its unique architecture.

The release of the Atlas summed up the systematic work of the Moscow Heritage Committee to inventory cultural objects, as well as compile a detailed register of the capital's monuments. This work found a lively response from people who value our past and care about the preservation of cultural monuments.

The Governor of the Tver Region, Dmitry Zelenin, following the example of the Moscow Heritage Committee, decided to compile a unified register of monuments and cultural heritage sites of the Tver Region. The Atlas will be published in the form of a systematic reference book, allowing one to trace the development of the city and region in a historical context. The experience started by the capital committee will be adopted by regional authorities and this is clear evidence of the relevance of this project as a whole.

The list of natural and cultural attractions created by UNESCO is a kind of quality mark, telling the traveler that it is worth seeing. We decided to tell you about those Russian sites that were included in the World Heritage Register. What if you don’t know about some of them?

Architectural and historical complex Bulgar

On the territory of Tatarstan, the ruins of a city founded by the Volga Bulgars (Turkic tribes) have been preserved. In 1361, the city was destroyed by the Golden Horde prince Bulat-Timur - fortunately, not completely. The settlement, which was recognized as a unique monument in 2014, has survived to this day.

Wrangel Island

Wrangel Island is the northernmost of the UNESCO World List sites. It includes not only the island of the same name, but also the neighboring Herald Island, as well as the adjacent waters of the Chukchi and East Siberian seas. The islands are famous for their huge walrus rookeries and the highest density of polar bear dens in the world. The reserve was recognized as a heritage of humanity in 2004.

Historical center of Yaroslavl

One of the dominant features of Yaroslavl is the Spassky Monastery complex, which is often called the Kremlin. Together with other historical buildings of the city, it was included in the World Heritage List in 2005.

Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye

It was built on the royal estate in 1532, when Kolomenskoye was not yet a territory of Moscow. The church was recognized as a heritage of humanity in 1994.

Lake Baikal

Surprisingly, the deepest lake in the world was not recognized as a heritage of humanity among the first natural attractions. UNESCO noted the exclusivity of this reservoir only in 1996.

Architectural ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra

In 1993, the list was replenished with the main attraction of Sergiev Posad. The largest monastery in Russia was founded back in 1337, and the laurel acquired its usual appearance by the 18th century, when most of the buildings available to the public today appeared here.

Western Caucasus

The Western Caucasus Mountains, on whose territory, for example, the Sochi National Park and the Ritsa Nature Reserve are located, stretch from Anapa to Elbrus. Here you can find both low-mountain terrain and typically alpine landscapes with numerous glaciers. The mountains were included in the UNESCO list in 1999.

Citadel, old town and fortifications of Derbent

Derbent is considered the oldest city in Russia. The first mention of it dates back to the 6th century BC, when it was called the Caspian Gate. There is a citadel and fortifications here, which are 16 centuries old. In 2003, UNESCO recognized them as an exceptional historical monument.

Golden Altai Mountains

It was under this name that three sections of the Altai Mountains were included in the UNESCO list in 1998: the Altai and Katunsky reserves and the Ukok plateau. Despite the status of specially protected areas, cases of poaching are still common here.

Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery

The construction of the Ferapontov Monastery in the Vologda region began in the 15th century. For centuries it was the most important cultural and religious center of the Belozersky region. Today, in the buildings of the monastery, included in the UNESCO list in 2000, there is a museum and the bishop's courtyard of the Vologda Metropolis.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka

In 1996, the Kamchatka volcanoes were recognized as a World Heritage Site, and five years later UNESCO expanded the protected area. A large number of active volcanoes are concentrated here, which makes this area unique even by global standards.

Historical and architectural complex "Kazan Kremlin"

The only Russian Kremlin, on the territory of which a church adjoins a mosque, is located in Kazan. It began to be built in the 10th century, and it acquired a more or less modern appearance only six centuries later. Today, the fortress, which has been considered a heritage of humanity since 2000, is the main attraction of the capital of Tatarstan and a favorite place for walks for citizens.

Putorana Plateau

Lenta.ru has written more than once about the Putorana Plateau, which was included in the World Heritage List in 2010. This natural reserve, stunning in its beauty, is located in the north of Central Siberia, 100 kilometers beyond the Arctic Circle. Here you can see untouched taiga, forest-tundra and arctic desert.

White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal

In 1992, the white stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal were recognized as World Heritage Sites. The cities located very close to each other are an ideal weekend route, varied and not tiring.

Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

In 1990, one of the first to be included in the list was the main square of Russia (together with the Kremlin). In total, Moscow has three UNESCO-listed attractions, more than in any other region of the country.

Curonian Spit

Partially located on the territory of Lithuania, the Curonian Spit is one of the main natural attractions of the Kaliningrad region. Its length is 98 kilometers, and its width ranges from 400 meters at its narrowest point to four kilometers at its widest. The spit was included in the UNESCO heritage list in 2000.

Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent

Another Moscow landmark - the Novodevichy Convent - was created in the 16th-17th centuries. The monastery is a prominent representative of the Moscow Baroque and is famous for the fact that women from the royal family were tonsured here as nuns. The importance of the monastery for world culture was recognized in 2005.

Virgin forests of Komi

The largest Russian attraction on the list covers an area of ​​3.28 million hectares, including lowland tundra, mountain tundra of the Urals and one of the largest tracts of primary boreal forests. These territories have been protected by the state for the past 50 years; the forests were included in the UNESCO list in 1995.

Architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost

Many people go to Karelia for the sake of Kizhi and Solovki. Both islands are included in the World Heritage List. Kizhi Pogost, a monument of wooden architecture, was included in the list in 1990.

Lena pillars

Located in the largest region of the country - Yakutia, the pillars are located almost 200 kilometers from the republican center. Excursions here are expensive, but those who have visited the pillars say that they do not regret the money spent. In 2012, the uniqueness of the natural monument was noted by UNESCO.

Historical center of St. Petersburg

One of the most famous attractions not only in Russia, but also beyond its borders is the center of St. Petersburg. The "Venice of the North", with its canals and more than 400 bridges, was included in the UNESCO list in 1990.

Ubsunur Basin

Another attraction that Russia shares with other states (there are three of them in total). The Ubsunur Basin, partially located on the territory of Mongolia, consists of 12 isolated areas, united by a common name. The local steppes are home to a huge number of birds, rare mammals are found in desert areas, and the snow leopard, listed in the Red Book, lives in the highlands. The basin was included in the UNESCO list in 2006.

Cultural and historical ensemble "Solovetsky Islands"

The Solovetsky archipelago has six islands, and its total area is more than 300 square kilometers. Despite the fact that it is located on the territory of the Arkhangelsk region, most travelers sail here from Karelia - it’s more convenient. The archipelago was included in the list in 1992.

The ancient city of Chersonesos Tauride and its choir

Khersones is familiar to everyone who has vacationed in Crimea at least once. The ruins of the ancient polis, which is today part of Sevastopol, were added to the UNESCO list in 2013.

Struve geodetic arc

The “Struve Arc” is a chain of triangulation points stretching for almost three thousand kilometers across ten European countries from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea. It appeared at the beginning of the 19th century and was used for the first reliable measurement of a large segment of the earth's meridian arc. It was created by the astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve, better known in those days under the name Vasily Yakovlevich Struve. In 2005, the attraction was included in the UNESCO heritage list.

Historical monuments of Novgorod and surrounding areas

In the 9th century, Novgorod became the first capital of Russia. It is logical that it was one of the first to be included in the World Heritage List. UNESCO recognized it as a heritage of humanity in 1992.



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