37 literature and fine arts. Literature and fine arts – Knowledge Hypermarket

Subject:Literature and art.

Goals: To form an idea of ​​the role of literature in the social life of Russia. Understand the essence of critical realism. To give an idea of ​​the leading writers of the second half of the 19th century and their work, to show the achievements of the leading artists of the realistic school.

Equipment: Textbook, notebook.

Key concepts: critical realism, Itinerants.

During the classes.

1. Organizational beginning lesson.

2. Updating knowledge on the previous topic. Questions after the paragraph, checking the written assignment.

3. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Lesson plan.

Literature.

Painting.

Sculpture.

4. Studying new material.

Problem task: how did social life and the development of education affect Russian literature, its place in the life of Russian society?

1) teacher's story:
1. Literature.

The leading area of ​​spiritual life is the second half of the 19th century V. literature continued to remain. In conditions of increasing literacy of the population and the lack of opportunity for a broad discussion of urgent life problems Russian literature was not only a significant cultural phenomenon, but also fulfilled social tasks.

The main artistic direction of the second half of the 19th century. became critical realism. (increased attention to displaying real life):

spirit of accusation

keen interest in the life of the common man

the desire to find ways and means to combat the evils of society

FULL NAME. writer

Work

What problems does it reveal?

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin

(« Provincial essays", "The History of a City", "Gentlemen Golovlevs", "Pompadours and Pompadours").

In his works he takes to the extreme all existing human vices and weaknesses. The writer knows no mercy either for officials, or for representatives of high society, or for merchants, or for the emerging bourgeoisie.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

“Poor People”, “Crime and Punishment”, “The Brothers Karamazov”, “Idiot”, “Humiliated and Insulted”

reveal the world of human suffering, the tragedy of a powerless and humiliated individual.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

"War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection"

movement human soul, pronounce a merciless verdict on the morality, customs, and foundations that reigned in high society, often contrasting them with folk moral values ​​and traditions.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

strives to show a person as he is, without embellishment, without resorting to attempts to pity and touch the reader

Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century. tried to give a generalized portrait of the hero of his time, a man of action who did not want to put up with the existing reality.

New heroes have appeared in literature - intellectuals, nihilists, professional .

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

"The day before." "Fathers and Sons"

person with integral character, all of whose forces are concentrated on the desire to liberate his homeland.

A complex process of breaking the old foundations of social life, contradictions and clashes of interests in all spheres of life

F. M. Dostoevsky

"Demons"

Reverence part of society before revolutionary romanticism leads to the emergence of people for whom the main slogan is the statement that “the end justifies the means.”

N. A. Nekrasov

“Who lives well in Rus'”

The theme occupied a leading place in his work folk life, its hopelessness and sorrows.

2. Painting.

Russian painting of the second half of the 19th century. solved the same social issues as literature. The leading direction in it was critical realism.

One of the largest artists of this movement is Vasily Grigorievich Perov. In 1861, Perov painted the painting “Rural religious procession at Easter.”

The paintings of V. G. Perov are a detailed story about the situation of the Russian classes (“Tea drinking in Mytishchi”, “The arrival of a governess at a merchant’s house”, “The last tavern at the outpost”). Particularly impressive are the paintings depicting the difficult life of children (“Troika”).

In 1863, an extraordinary event occurred in the artistic life of Russia. 14 graduates of the Academy of Arts refused to paint paintings on the subject of Scandinavian mythology required for obtaining diplomas. Not receiving permission to make a free choice, the rebels left the Academy and founded the St. Petersburg Artel of Artists, which in 1870 was transformed into the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions. These exhibitions were called traveling because they were organized not only in St. Petersburg and , but also throughout Russia. This was a kind of “going to the people” of Russian artists.

The leader and theoretician of the Wanderers was Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy. outstanding portrait painter. He created a whole series of images of the largest figures of Russian culture - portraits of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. A. Nekrasov, L. N. Tolstoy. Many of Kramskoy’s works stand on the verge of a portrait and a thematic painting (“Unknown”, “Inconsolable Grief”).

N. N. Ge, A. K. Savrasov, I. I. Shishkin, brothers K. E. and V. E. Makovsky, V. G. Perov. Somewhat later they were joined by I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov, brothers V. M. and A. M. Vasnetsov, N. A. Yaroshenko, K. A. Savitsky and others. Since the mid-80s. V. A. Serov, I. I. Levitan, V. D. Polenov take part in the exhibitions.

The pinnacle of realism in Russian painting of the second half of the 19th century. creativity is rightly considered Ilya Efimovich Repin and Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, whose canvases created a collective image of the Russian people.

Repin’s works “Barge Haulers on the Volga”, “They Didn’t Expect”, “Refusal of Confession”, “Arrest of the Propagandist” had the loudest public resonance. In the 70-80s. the artist became interested in historical themes - “Princess Sophia”, “Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on November 16, 1581”, “The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan”. Repin also had an undoubted gift as a portrait painter. He also left us images of writers, composers, and actors.

Surikov's canvases is an artistically recreated story, the main character of which is the Russian people. “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution”, “Menshikov in Berezovo”, “Boyaryna Morozova”, “The Conquest of Siberia by Ermak” - these paintings were included in the golden fund of the Russian artistic culture.

To genre Russian folk tales addressed by Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov(“Alyonushka”, “The Knight at the Crossroads”, “Bogatyrs”, “After the Battle of Igor Svyatoslavovich with the Polovtsians”). His paintings are imbued with the spirit folk tales, religious quests and reflections on the fate of the heroic people.

Main The Central Russian landscape became the object of attention of many artists, harsh nature Russian North. Paintings Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin create the impression of power, strength, greatness of Russian nature, which should be inherent in the heroic people (“Rye”, “Cutting the Forest”, “Pine Forest. Mast Forest in the Vyatka Province”). Alexey Kondratievich Savrasov closer to the lyrical landscape, permeated with aching love for native land("The Rooks Have Arrived").

A special place in the landscape of the second half of the 19th century. takes Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi, who was a master of striking lighting effects (“Ukrainian Night”, “Birch Grove”, “Night on the Dnieper”). Amazingly beautiful Russian landscapes are depicted in the paintings Isaac Ilyich Levitan. The paintings were very popular IvanaKonstantinovich Aivazovsky , who most of all loved to depict the sea.

5. Summing up the lesson.

1. What problems that worried Russian society were raised by the literature of the first half of the 19th century?

2. What phenomena of Russian reality in the second half of the 19th century. reflected in Russian literature?

3. What tasks did literature perform in the second half of the 19th century?

4. What new did the Peredvizhniki introduce into Russian art?

6. Homework.

Paragraph 37, questions orally.

The new stage in the development of realism in Russian artistic culture of the second half is associated with penetration into the depths of human consciousness and feelings, into the complex processes of social life. Works of art created at this time are characterized by humanistic pathos and high moral and aesthetic ideals.

Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century.

Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century continues the traditions of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. One can feel the strong influence of criticism on the literary process, especially N.G. Chernyshevsky’s master’s thesis “Aesthetic relations of art to reality.” His thesis that beauty is life underlies many literary works of the second half of the 19th century. This is where the desire to reveal the causes of social evil comes from. The main theme of works of literature and, more broadly, of works of Russian artistic culture at this time became the theme of the people, its acute social and political meaning. In literary works, images of men appear - righteous people, rebels and altruistic philosophers. Works I.S. Turgeneva, N.A. Nekrasova, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M.Dostoevsky They are distinguished by a variety of genres and forms, and stylistic richness. The special role of the novel in literary process as a phenomenon in the history of world culture, in the artistic development of all mankind. "Dialectics of the soul" became important discovery Russian literature of this period. Along with the appearance of the “great novel,” small narrative forms of great Russian writers appear in Russian literature (please look at the literature program). I would also like to note dramatic works A.N. Ostrovsky And A.P.Chekhova.

In poetry, high civil position N.A. Nekrasova, soulful lyrics F.I. Tyutcheva And A.A.Feta.

Russian fine art of the second half of the 19th century.

A strong sense of citizenship became characteristic not only of works of literature, but was also a characteristic feature of the fine arts of post-reform Russia. The most striking phenomenon of the second half of the 19th century was the creation of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions and Artels of Artists. Their works were distinguished by the breadth of their themes and variety of genres: from satirical, built on the principle of social contrast, to philosophical, poetic, full of thoughts about the fate of the Motherland, affirming the dignity and beauty of man. The Peredvizhniki continued the traditions of Russian artists of the mid-19th century P.A. Fedotov and A.A. Ivanov.

Played a major role in the work of the Wanderers everyday genre as the most accessible to a wide audience, as directly connected with everyday life. The theme of people's suffering finds its place in the art of the Russian artist V.G.Perova(,). In his works, the naked truth of life is combined with soulful lyricism, laconicism, and deep generalization of images. In the epic sound of the paintings, the landscape plays a special role, emphasizing the mood of the characters in Perov’s paintings.

An important role in the work of the Wanderers is played by the portrait, which reveals to the viewer a new hero - a commoner, a democrat, a spiritually rich, creative, active public figure. Among Perov’s works, I would like to note the portraits of the playwright and writer, in which the artist penetrates into the essence of the creative individuality of the largest representatives of Russian literature.

Portraits are characterized by life-like persuasiveness, bright individuality, depth and accuracy of characteristics. I.N. Kramskoy. He always knew how to capture what was characteristic and typical in the hero he portrayed, and saw the significance of the situation, things, and details. The portraits are also interesting, in which he captured the complexity of spiritual life and the depth of characters.

The pinnacle of creativity of the Peredvizhniki and the beginning of a new stage in the development of Russian national culture is the art of the masters historical painting I.E.Repina And V.I. Surikova. Surikov paints his historical canvases on subjects that allow him to reveal the powerful strength of the people, convey the authenticity of historical events and bring the past closer to the present. The atmosphere of complex contradictions and social conflicts of Peter the Great's time is reflected in Surikov's painting, which the artist interprets as a folk tragedy.

In another historical canvas () Surikov creates a complex controversial image heroines, whose feat, full of physical and moral beauty, awakens indestructible strength among the people.

A notable historical painting is the work of I.E. Repin, the idea of ​​which arose as a response to a modern event - the execution of the March 1st soldiers, as an affirmation of the idea of ​​​​madness and criminality of autocracy as a form of government. No wonder this painting by Repin was arrested and was not allowed to be shown in the Tretyakov Gallery.

The portraits painted by Repin are distinguished by the depth of their characteristics.

The landscapes of Russian artists of the second half of the 19th century are filled with grandeur, richness, lyricism in pictures of native nature, and songfulness. At this time, the formation of a realistic landscape took place ( A. Savrasov , F.A. Vasiliev , N.N.Shishkin), lyrical and soulful ( I.I. Levitan,), social and philosophical (Levitan,).

Russian music of the second half of the 19th century.

In Russian music of the second half of the 19th century, connections can be traced with the democratic movement of the era. Two musical centers are emerging in Russia. One of them is located in St. Petersburg, the other in Moscow. A movement of composers arose in St. Petersburg, which was called " Mighty bunch". It included five composers, of whom only one was professional musician - M.A. Balakirev. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov was a professional military man (naval officer), A.P. Borodin- professor of chemistry, who made more than 30 discoveries in this field, M.P. Mussorgsky- medical warrant officer, and C.A.Cui fortifier general. The soul and inspirer of this musical circle was the critic V. Stasov. In their work, these composers followed the line of development of the intonation of the Russian Znamenny chant, asserting the folk - national character music, turned to peasant songs, to the musical culture of other peoples.

The acute social conflicts of the 60-70s of the 19th century were reflected in the music of M.P. Mussorgsky. The composer turns to historical events and plots that allow revealing contradictions Russian life, the tragedy of the people, the formidable scope of the liberation struggle. Hence the meaning of Mussorgsky’s statement is clear: “The past in the present is my task.” This especially applies to his operas “Boris Godunov” and “Khovanshchina”, in which the events of past centuries appear before us in a modern aspect. In the opera "Boris Godunov" the composer penetrates deeply into ideological plan A.S. Pushkin, using after the poet the legend of the murder of Tsarevich Dimitri. The basis of the dramaturgy of the opera is sharp contrasts - comparisons. The tragically contradictory image of Boris Godunov, whose monologues are distinguished by their song-recitative character. The people in Mussorgsky's interpretation appear as a great personality, animated by a great idea.

In the works of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov one can feel the poetry and original beauty of Russian national art. Intelligence, kindness, artistic talent of the people, their dreams of freedom, their ideas of justice are the main themes of Rimsky Korsakov's operas. His characters are characterized by the realism of fantastic images and their picturesqueness. A special place in operas is given to musical landscapes. His fairy-tale images (Volkhov and the Sea Tsar from the opera “Sadko”, Snow Maiden, Lelya, Mizgir from “The Snow Maiden”, characters from “The Golden Cockerel”) are filled with melodic beauty and variety of musical palette.

Heroic images of Russian folk epic form the basis of the work of A.P. Borodin. Opera "Prince Igor" - epic poem about Ancient Rus', in which, according to V. Stasov, there is a sense of " great power and width, monumental power, united by passion, tenderness and beauty." The opera features a patriotic beginning, lyrics (Yaroslavna's song, dance of Polovtsian girls), the theme of the East (aria of Konchak, Konchakovna).

Another, Moscow, center musical art the second half of the 19th century is represented by works P.I. Tchaikovsky, who in his work developed the intonations of urban romance, continuing the traditions of M.I. Glinka and W.A. Mozart. The legacy of P.I. Tchaikovsky is distinguished by a wealth of musical genres: the ballets “Swan Lake”, “The Nutcracker”, “The Sleeping Beauty”, the operas “Iolanta”, “Eugene Onegin”, six symphonies, waltzes and romances, piano works.

The two peaks of Tchaikovsky's work are opera " Queen of Spades" and "Sixth Symphony". In the musical tragedy "The Queen of Spades" there is a connection with the social movement of Russia in the second half of the 19th century, the theme of crime and punishment. The composer makes a change in the plot and psychological characteristics heroes. Pushkin's "German" is his surname, Tchaikovsky's is his first name. The musical dramaturgy of the opera, distinguished by its harmony and dynamism, is built on the principle of conflict development. The theme of the three cards - the theme of money - comes into conflict with the leitmotif of Herman's fate and the theme of love. These themes are in contrasting development, struggle and interpenetration, which reveal the evolution of the hero’s inner world.

The philosophical problem of the meaning of life is the main theme of Tchaikovsky's Sixth "Pathetique" Symphony. It sounds a person’s conflict with the surrounding reality, his desire for light, for joy, love for life and the inevitability of a selfless struggle for their triumph. Contrasting themes are filled with a tragic sound and high humanism, the composer’s faith in the spiritual powers of the individual.

In order for you to correctly perceive the works of this time (the second half of the 19th century), you should remember the tasks of art of this period. The most important event that changed the development of painting was the invention of photography in 1839. The main task of fine art, which can be formulated as “I paint what I see,” has undergone changes. The impressionists posed the question differently: “I paint not what I see, but how I feel.” The emergence of a new technique in painting (separate strokes) led to a change in means artistic expression. The viewer is a co-author of the work of art. To do this, it is necessary to find such a distance when perceiving impressionist paintings so that the colors mix in the viewer’s eye, transforming into artistic image. I want you to look at Impressionist paintings in a museum where you can feel all their charm.

It will be especially difficult for you to communicate with the works of the post-impressionists, who, using the discovery of the impressionists (for example, in the field of “pure tones”), solved the problem of art in the following way: “I paint not what I see and not what I feel, but what I know about these things." For the first time in the history of painting, an image appears not at eye level, but at brain level. It was a special perception of the world with far-reaching consequences. Four post-impressionists (Toulouse-Lautrec, Cezanne, Gauguin and Van Gogh) were the founders of almost all the leading movements of the twentieth century.

Literature And art at the end XIX – beginning XX centuries

1. Literature . Diversity currents , are common and specific features national literature

The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century were marked by the strengthening of industrial civilization. It was a time not only of rapid development of science and production, but also of redistribution social roles, formation of new values ​​and ethical standards. At the same time, This time became a turning point in the development of artistic culture. IN In art there is an intense search for other artistic forms, methods, techniques that are capable of capturing a new picture of the world with the utmost completeness and expressiveness.

Disappear with changes in society humanistic ideas era of the Enlightenment, romantic feelings fade into the background, and romanticism gives way critical realism.

Critical realism - a direction in literature and art, the main goal of which was a truthful, objective reflection of reality from a critical point of view.

The measure of a person’s dignity is increasingly becoming his financial situation and ability to achieve success in life. Industrial civilization caused the rejection of romantics, A realists tried to understand their contemporary society, to reveal the reasons for the ugliness of life, to reflect the environment in all its ugliness and the severity of conflicts.

In conditions of exacerbation social contradictions and the growth of the democratic movement, realists view their heroes as creatures of society. A person is unthinkable outside the social environment, even if he hates it and fights against it. In works of art, accusatory motives are increasingly heard, and the whole world comes under the fire of criticism from realists. social system.

A significant place in new directions in the development of artistic culture is occupied by naturalism, which raises topics previously considered indecent and forbidden: the ugly and sometimes immoral sides of life, the life of “people of the bottom.”

Naturalism - direction in European and American literature and the art of the last third XIX century, reflecting the repulsive aspects of life and manifestations of human nature in all their completeness.

Paying attention to the little things of everyday life, insignificant facts, details surrounding the heroes, naturalists expose the unsightly underside of life to everyone.

However, despite all the diversity of directions and styles, The best works of world culture are imbued with humanism and faith in the unlimited possibilities of man.

Outstanding French writer Emile Zola (1840-1902) gained wide popularity in his country and abroad. Like Balzac, Zola dreamed of painting a comprehensive panorama of French history. At the end of 1868, the writer began work on a series of novels about the Second Empire. In the series “Rougon-Macquart. Natural and social history one family in the era of the Second Empire" (1871-1893) included 20 novels, united by the idea of ​​revealing the dynamics of the development of personality, family, social groups in society and society itself in history. Zola shows the life of representatives of all strata of society: the highest clergy of the empire, large financial speculators, shopkeepers, artisans, workers. Having adopted the “naturalistic method”, the author rises to the heights artistic analysis era in all its contradictions and complexity.

Emile Zola always took an active life position. In 1898, during the Dreyfus Affair, a citizen writer raised his voice in defense of democracy, denouncing clerical and military reaction. Letter from E. Zola to the President of the Republic "I I accuse” is one of the most significant acts in defense of human rights. The work of writers from different countries developed under the direct influence of E. Zola. “Based on the novels of Emile Zola,” Gorky said, “you can study an entire era.”

Guy de Maupassant (full name - Henri Rene Albert gi) born in 1850 near Tourville-sur-Arc. His father came from impoverished nobles, his mother from a family of intellectuals. After graduating from the Rouen Lyceum, Maupassant took part in the Franco-Prussian War, then served as an official in various ministries. Literary excellence mastered under the guidance of G. Flaubert. Maupassant entered literature in 1880 with a book of poems and a short story “Pyshka”, which was distinguished by its acute social orientation, which became characteristic of the writer’s further work.

Maupassant - one of the last great French realists XIX century. At the heart of his work is a sober, without illusions, understanding of the essence of relations in society, the falsehood and politicking of the era of the Third Republic, the abomination of militarism and colonial adventures. Acutely aware of the squalor, vulgarity, and selfishness of his contemporaries, the writer sought to contrast these morals with closeness to nature, the truth of human natural feelings. Maupassant's novels La Vie (1883), Bel Ami (1885), Mont-Ariol (1886) and others are very famous. In 1893, the writer’s life was tragically cut short due to a sudden illness.

Famous English playwright George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Irish by birth. He spent his early years in Dublin and after leaving school served as a clerk. In 1876 he moved to London, where he took up literature and journalism. The novels “An Unreasonable Marriage”, “The Love of an Artist”, “The Quarrelsome Socialist” were rejected
nuts from official publishing houses and were published in leftist newspapers. B. Shaw was fond of socialist ideas, published special treatises, brochures, and books.

English writer Oscar Wilde (1854- 1900) , great master words, gave priority to the form of a work of art over the content. The purpose of art, according to Wilde, is to give people aesthetic pleasure. But the writer could not isolate himself from the realities of life. His best works are “The Picture of Dorian Gray”, fantasy tales(collections “The Happy Prince”, “House of Pomegranates” and others) are imbued with humanism, condemnation of cruelty and arrogance. Wilde recognized philanthropy, selflessness, and compassion as the highest moral values. He contrasted external beauty with the beauty of active good. The plight of the poor worried the writer, and for some time he even became interested in socialist ideas. Wilde also wrote several comedies in which he wittily ridiculed the depravity of the aristocracy (“Woman, not worth attention", "Ideal husband"). Last piece Wilde - “The Ballad of Reading Gaol” (1898). This is a tragic and gloomy poem that tells about the experiences of prisoners condemned to painful suffering by cruel English laws.

The Norwegian playwright made a significant contribution to the development of drama. Henryk Ibsen (1828-1906) . He was born into the family of a wealthy businessman. In 1850, G. Ibsen’s first play, “The Heroic Mound,” was staged in Christiania. In 1852-1857. Ibsen directed the first Norwegian National Theatre. In his works, the playwright turned to satire and the grotesque; he contrasted the world of patriarchal society with the vices of his contemporary society. peasant life, the heroic past of his country. In the drama "Struggle for the Throne" dramatic poem“Brand” is in the spotlight - a whole person who does not stop at any sacrifice to achieve his ideal. Since the 80s, the name of Ibsen has served throughout the world as the banner of the struggle for realistic art, for the integrity and inner freedom of man, for the renewal of spiritual life. At the beginning of the 20th century, Ibsen became one of the rulers of the thoughts of the intelligentsia; his plays were performed in many theaters around the world. On the modern stage, “A Doll’s House”, “Ghosts” and in concert performance “Peer Gynt” with music by E. Grieg are most often staged.

In the midst of an economic boom in American literature A whole school was formed that considered real life unworthy of the gaze of a true artist. Its representatives preferred the dream world and fiction. Against this background, the voice sounded especially sharp young writer Brand Twain (1835-1910).

Most of Mark Twain's works are associated with the traditions of American folk humor, which gives his numerous stories a special charm and a bright national coloring. In the most insignificant phenomena Twain notices the funny and about the most everyday things tells in an inventive and witty manner. It shows the merchant spirit of the bourgeoisie, the thirst for profit and the unscrupulousness of politicking.

Mark Twain (real name - Samuel Langhorne Clemens) was a very observant writer, an excellent expert on psychology and everyday life ordinary people America. On your own life path he met people from a wide variety of professions. The son of a provincial judge, he began working at the age of 12: as an apprentice in a printing house, as a typesetter, as a steamship pilot and, finally, as a journalist. From the memories of the steamboat on which he sailed along the Mississippi, the writer’s pseudonym arose: “Mark Twain” is a term used when measuring the depth of a river.

Memories of his childhood years served Twain as material for two world-wide famous books- “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” (1876) and “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” (1884). Tom and his friends are looking for romantic adventures and freedom away from the bourgeois order, from the boredom of religious Sunday schools, from tedious instructions school teachers. With Twain's characteristic observation and subtle humor, the customs of the American province of the first half of the 19th century are outlined. Twain is not only a cheerful humorist, but also a brilliant satirist. His book A Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) exposes the feudal-monarchical remnants that still persisted in some European countries. One of the favorite works of teenagers around the world was Mark Twain’s book “The Prince and the Pauper” (1882). Only recently have the writer’s letters and diaries, his unfinished autobiography, and pamphlets seen the light of day. They say that an honest artist, who passionately loved his people, experienced painful disappointments, seeing how democratic ideals were trampled underfoot in his country.

Wonderful writer of the beginning century Jack London(his real name John Griffith) wrote about the fate of ordinary people of his country. The writer's love for working people, the desire for social justice, hatred of selfishness and greed are close and understandable to readers all over the world.

Born into the family of an impoverished farmer, London began working as a newspaper seller, a cannery worker, and traveled many roads in search of income. In 1897, Jack London traveled to Alaska, where gold had recently been discovered. He did not manage to get rich, but the impressions he received in Alaska served him as material for his first fascinating stories about the struggle of man with the harsh northern nature (“Love of Life”, “White Silence”, etc.) The writer has many works (“ White Fang", "The Call of the Wild", "Mikey, Jerry's Brother"), where he portrays animals with deep knowledge and warmth.

One of Jack London's most profound novels, Martin Eden (1909), is dedicated to the fate of the writer in society. The hero of the work, Martin Eden, is a man of the people. At the cost of enormous efforts and sacrifices, he managed to fulfill his dream and become famous writer. But fame brought him only a feeling of deep disappointment and spiritual emptiness. Eden saw how selfish and insignificant the people who seemed to him to be carriers of culture were. All over the world the work of the great American writer is appreciated, in which his love of freedom, respect for creative energy, courage, human strength are revealed, where passionate love to the majestic and inexhaustible beauty of nature.

Russian literature developed in an atmosphere of social upsurge and intense ideological struggle. Realist writers who gained worldwide fame created an unprecedented number of outstanding works of art: “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina” Tolstoy,"Crime and Punishment"

Dostoevsky,"Fathers and Sons" Turgeneva,“Who lives well in Rus'” Nekrasova,"Storm" Ostrovsky,"Past and Thoughts" Herzen,“The History of a City” and “Lord Golovlevs” Saltykov-Shchedrin. In these works, classical in the full sense of the word, they most clearly embodied character traits Russian literature: high civic feelings, breadth of depiction of life, deep disclosure of its main contradictions.

In the 60-70s, a new group of talented realist writers came to literature: N.S. Leskov (1831-1895), N.G. Pomyalovsky (1835-1863), G.I. Uspensky (1843-1902). Talented romantic poets also performed during these years: A.A.Fet, A.N.Maikov, Ya.P.Polonsky, but they were supporters of “pure art”, and their work attracted less public attention.

Russian realism retained its dominant position in Russia in the 80-90s - a difficult, transitional era, when the foundations of feudal Russia were crumbling under the pressure of the development of market relations. Literary activity continued during this time. L.N. Tolstoy, who created one of his largest works - the novel “Sunday”, G.I. Uspensky, M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin. In the last decades of the 19th century, new bright talents emerged: V.M.Garshin, V.G.Korolenko and above all, A.P. Chekhov. These artists were able to see and show that dissatisfaction with life has become universal in Russia, that protest is brewing even in the souls of “small”, previously humiliated, downtrodden people. And the feeling that “you can’t live like this anymore” (Chekhov) gave rise to sublime, romantic premonitions of a better future in the works of writers of the 80s and 90s.

A special place among Russian writers of this period is occupied by L.N. Tolstoy And F.M.Dostoevsky, who, starting from everyday reality, managed to rise to “eternal questions” about God, the soul, the meaning of life.

Crisis phenomena in society are noticeably manifested in Russian literature. Masters of the realistic direction - I.A.Bunin, A.I.Kuprin, L.N.Andreev - create works of magnificent form, in which, however, the life-affirming pathos of the classics is not felt - their plots become more and more gloomy and disturbing, the ideals that inspire them become more and more unclear. These features were also inherent in a number of works by A.M. Gorky, who with amazing power showed the dark sides of Russian life.

At the end of the 19th century. appear in Russian literature modernist movements, fundamentally different from realism - symbolism, acmeism and others. Poets and prose writers of these movements sought either to create in their works generalized symbols of human feelings and life phenomena, divorced from the hustle and bustle of everyday life, or to captivate the reader with the exoticism of distant countries or long-past eras, to take him into the depths of the subconscious or to superstellar worlds, to amaze the unprecedented passion, etc. At the same time the poems V.Ya.Bryusov, K.D.Balmont, N.S. Gumileva amazed with their sonority and exquisite rhymes. The brightest and deepest representatives of these movements A.A.Blok And Andrey Bely (B.N. Bugaev) - in their own way they still responded to the problems of Russian life, creating in their works a unique atmosphere of emotional anguish, disappointment, and the inevitable collapse of the old, familiar world.

2. Fine arts

The traditions of realistic art developed most fully in France. The beginning of the realistic direction was laid by landscape painting by artists of the so-called "Barbizon School" They painted rural landscapes. “Ordinary nature was an inexhaustible material for art,” stated the head of the Barbizon School, Theodore Rousseau. Realism has become the defining method in creativity Jules Dupre, Diaz de la Peña, C. Troyon, Charles Daubigny, Camille Corot, Jean François Millet. The leader of the realistic movement in French painting of the middle XIX V. was Guschave Courbet. Democratic art Courbet caused a lot of attacks from official circles, to the point that one day Napoleon III I almost hit one of the artist’s paintings with a whip. Courbet’s best paintings “Masons” and “Funeral in Orleans” earned the artist worldwide fame.

In Germany the most important realist artist was Adolf Menzel. In the film “Iron Rolling Plant” he was one of the first to address the topic of the labor of industrial workers. His work was distinguished by the expressiveness of his images and a keen sense of modernity.

Among the painters of the second half of the 19th century, he stands out for his brilliant talent. Edward Manet. He was a real singer of light, its exquisite and unique combinations and shades. Manet is the first of French painters conveyed the richness of sunlight in the picture. Friends called Manet a “sunny artist” and said that his paintings were a real feast for the eyes. All his life the artist fought against the attacks of official criticism, which stubbornly refused to accept his innovative art.

A group of young artists seeking new paths in art unites around Manet. In the spring of 1874, little-known painters who called themselves “independent” presented their works to the public. But their painting was met only with mocking laughter from visitors, and the newspapers were full of headlines: “Comic Exhibition”, “Mockery”, “Mauling”. The artists were given a name given in mockery by a clever journalist - impressionists. The reason was the title of C. Monet’s painting “Impression. Sunrise" (impression in French - impression).

Impressionism - direction in the art of the last third XIX -beginning XX century, whose representatives sought to most naturally and impartially capture the real world in its mobility and variability, to convey their fleeting impressions.

The Impressionists made the sharpness of the visual impression the main criterion of their art. They noticed that the same landscape appears completely different in different lighting - on a sunny day and in cloudy weather, in morning and evening light, and set themselves the task of preserving the freshness of the immediate impression in the picture. Therefore, the Impressionists painted their works in the open air, and not in the studio, like the “Barbizons.” Studying the effect of light in landscapes, they discovered that black and dull tones occur in nature only when objects are not sufficiently illuminated, and they banished black paint from their palette. Trying to convey the quivering movement of air in the landscape, the Impressionists painted pictures with small, moving strokes.

Just like the “Barbizons,” the Impressionists glorified their native nature, but, realizing the increased role of large cities, they were the first to depict scenes of bustling and dynamic city life. Having concentrated all their attention on the pictorial recording of impressions, representatives of impressionism inevitably came to a certain limitation and one-dimensionality of their art. Nevertheless, the art of the Impressionists always retained the highly poetic and life-affirming nature of the images, and the professional achievements of these artists were so significant that they creative heritage has firmly entered the treasury of world art.

The entire path of development of impressionism is connected with the work of the landscape painter Claude Monet (1840-1926). No one before him and except his closest like-minded people Renoir, Sisleya, Pizarro I did not see such radiant transparency and sonority of color in nature, such a subtle interaction of colorful tones, I was not able to convey so vividly

feeling of light and air. Monet often painted the same view in different time days. These are his series “Haystacks” and “Rouen Cathedral”. With fluent, seemingly careless strokes, Monet created the impression of a field swaying in the breeze or a Parisian street full of movement. He could capture both the sultry haze of a summer day and the wet snow of a mild French winter.

The cheerful and clear perception of the world, inherent in all impressionism in general, was clearly manifested in the work of one of the main masters of this movement Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), who was nicknamed "the singer of happiness." His art is joyful and radiant. Landscape painting Renoir was of little interest; man was the center of the painter’s attention. The artist left us many portraits, mainly of women. There is no psychological depth in them, but the external similarity is always subtly captured. In one of his best works, “Ball in the Garden of the Moulin de la Galette,” Renoir gave a wide panorama of a moving, crowded mass, illuminated by uneven glare of light, further enhancing the impression of the constant movement of people. High skill noted genre scenes created by Renoir, still lifes depicting flowers

The image of the person attracted attention Edgard Degas (1834-1917). He was also a member of the Impressionist group. But, unlike Renoir’s heroes, the people in Degas’s paintings are familiar with the severity of back-breaking labor, they are aware of the devastating prose of city life. Degas chooses movement as the main means of characterizing his characters. An excellent draftsman, he accurately captures the professional gesture of an ironer or laundress, the pose of a ballerina, or the position of a jockey at a horse race. His works seem like pictures snatched from life at random, but their compositions are always strictly thought out. Degas was a subtle colorist who brilliantly mastered both oil painting and delicate pastel techniques.

One of the best paintings by an outstanding representative of impressionism Pizarro cough (1830-1903) - "Boulevard Montmartre in Paris." It depicts one of the central sections of the Grands Boulevards of the French capital - Boulevard Montmartre. It is known that this landscape was painted by the artist from the upper windows of the Rossiya Hotel, located on the corner of Drouot Street. The viewer sees a long street, so characteristic of Paris, on the day early spring. The trees are still without leaves; it has just rained. The feeling of moist air is wonderfully conveyed by the artist. The sun is hidden behind the clouds, and at first everything seems silvery-gray. Taking a closer look, you can distinguish many colorful shades and subtle color transitions. Thanks to free and quick strokes, the artist managed to maintain fidelity to visual observation: to convey the living sensation of a street filled with pedestrians and a stream of rolling carriages - and this was decisive in the creative aspirations of Pizarro and other impressionists.

More complex and contradictory than that of the Impressionists, were the creative searches in the art of such famous artists of the end XIX centuries like Wang Gog, Gauguin And Cezanne. They are sometimes called post-impressionists. But this term is conditional, because these artists worked not after, but in parallel with the Impressionists. Unlike the Impressionists, they did not form a single group and each of them followed their own path.

Vincent Wang Gog (1853-1890) - Dutch by nationality, he is inextricably linked with the French school of painting. Observing the surrounding reality, full of contradictions, the artist in his paintings expressed the deep tragedy with which he perceived life. His works were full of agitated, disturbing images. Any portrait, landscape or still life by Van Gogh is full of hidden dramatic power. The feeling of depression and anxiety is expressed in the sharp sound of the colors, in the dynamism and trepidation of the strokes.

Paul Gauguin (1848-1903), as deeply disappointed in the new civilization as Van Gogh, he left Europe and spent many years in

Polynesian islands. The nature and life of the native tribes, which seemed to him full of pristine purity, became a source of his creative inspiration. His in a creative manner characterized by a generalized contour pattern, conventional simplification of the image and the bright sonority of individual colorful spots.

Paul Cézanne (1839-1906), started his creative path back in the 60s, he became close to the impressionists and often exhibited his works with them. Having learned the lessons of impressionism, Cezanne subsequently entered into a struggle with it. Instead of the eternal variability of random impressions among the Impressionists, Cézanne sought to show in his works the unchanging foundations of the visible world. He found them in the three-dimensional forms of objects. Cezanne wanted to return to art the definiteness of forms and strict thoughtfulness lost by the impressionists. compositional construction paintings.

For Russian painting the second half of the 19th century also became a time of prosperity. The main event in its history was the organization in 1870 “Associations of Traveling Art Exhibitions”, uniting realist artists who sought to make art accessible to the widest masses. This desire was expressed both in the creative manner of the “Itinerants”, in the themes of their paintings, and in their constant organization of their exhibitions in different cities Russia. Many “Wanderers” were worried about topical topics ( V.E. Makovsky -“Convict”, “Prisoner”, “Party”; N.A. Yaroshenko - “Student”, “Student”; G.G. Myasoedov -“Zemstvo is having lunch”, etc.); attracted images of working people - peasants and workers (Meat eaters- “Mowers”, Yaroshenko - "Stoker" V.M. Maksimov- “In your own lane”). They did not shy away from “eternal” themes, including gospel themes. (I.N. Kramskoy - "Christ in the Desert" N.N.Ge - "What is truth" V.D. Polenov -"Christ and the Sinner"). Among them were wonderful masters of historical painting. (V.I. Surikov - “Morning of the Streltsy Execution”), magnificent masters of landscape (A.K. Savrasov - "The Rooks Have Arrived", I.I.Shishkin - “Forest Wilderness”, “Rye”, “Oak Grove”, A.I.Kuindzhi - “Ukrainian Night”), outstanding portrait painters (Perov, Kramskoy, Yaroshenko). Even in this extraordinarily talented environment he stood out I.E. Repin, who worked with equal brilliance in all genres (“Barge Haulers on the Volga”, “Princess Sophia”, “We Didn’t Expect”, etc.).

WITH late XIX century, the influence of modernism is noticeably manifested in Russian painting - in impressionist paintings V.A. Serova And K.A.Korovina, in symbolic paintings M.A.Vrubel(“Demon”, “Pan”, etc.). The movement of the “Itinerants” at that time was experiencing a deep crisis, and it was quite natural for it to appear in 1898 new artistic association "World of Art", whose members resolutely rejected the ideological and aesthetic principles of their predecessors. "MirIskusniki", refusing the realistic reproduction of reality, called for "pure beauty" - perfection of form, elegant convention, high timeless ideals. Later, some of the Miriskusniks left the organization and, uniting with former Peredvizhniki, founded 1901 G. "Union of Russian Artists" (I.E. Grabar, K.F. Yuon, A.A. Rypov), in which there was an organic fusion of traditional and innovative trends in Russian painting.

3. Modernism V architecture , music , painting

With a vague awareness of the transitional nature of the coming era and an anxious expectation of change, the spread of mysticism, occultism, and the popularity of exotic, including eastern, religions was associated.

Such mindsets are reflected in the works of many artists and writers, in the search for new paths in art, in ideological quests. So, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. a direction emerged neo-romanticism, which sought to synthesize and rethink the past of European and world culture.

In the era of neo-romanticism, of which the composer became the herald R. Wagner, literary symbolism developed. Originating in France in the 60-70s of the 19th century (C. Baudelaire, P. Verlaine, S. Mallarmé And etc.), symbolism captured other forms of art - theater, painting, music. The main means artistic knowledge was considered a symbol. The combination of the real and the mysterious, the public and the individual, the appeal to myths, the search for mystical revelation and novelty, and allegory determined the aesthetics of symbolism.

In the fine arts, symbolism was embodied by plastic means of style modern(new, modern). The desire to create perfect synthetic models was most clearly manifested in architecture. The creative architect acted as a generalist. He created his work from start to finish - from drafting to architectural decoration and arrangement of interior items. This is how unity of style was achieved. An example of such a synthetic work is the Ryabushinsky mansion in Moscow, created by the architect F.O. Shekhtel.

IN musical culture of neo-romanticism leading place occupied R. Wagner. Later, he was engaged in searches in the field of synthetic art A.N. Scriabin (experiments in light music, dreams of creating Mystery - a new form of synthesis of arts).

At the turn of the century, new artistic movements began to spread, whose representatives abandoned the simple reproduction of the visible surface of real objects, and sought to penetrate into the essence of phenomena, to express the inner world and character of a person. Since representatives of these movements proclaimed themselves supporters of new, avant-garde art, they received a unifying name - avant-garde.

Had a great influence on the development of avant-garde painting cubism. The founders of this direction are considered French artists P. Picasso And J. Marriage. Refusing the transmission of color and light characteristic of impressionism, the Cubists created new forms of multidimensional perspective: decomposing the object into geometric shapes, artists depicted it from a variety of sides, including usually invisible ones.

A further development of cubism was the creation K. Malevich Suprematism(from Latin - highest). The world of his paintings is beyond the earthly dimension. On a white background - a symbol of pure light - they seem to float geometric figures, devoid of any meaningful elements and flying into boundless space.

Abstractionism and non-objectivity - this is the final, peak achievement of the avant-garde during this period.

Bibliography

1. Ya. M. Berdichevsky, S.A. Osmolovsky " The World History"2001 pp. 111-128.

2. S. L. Bramin “History of Europe”. 1998 pp. 100-109

3. L.A. Livanov “World History” textbook. 2002 pp. 150-164.

4. Zagladin N.V. World History. History of Russia and the world from ancient times to the end of the 19th century: textbook for grade 10. Ї 6th ed. Ї M.: LLC "TID "Russian Word Ї RS", 2006 (§ 41).

Fine art of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. History lesson in 8th grade.

Exercise. Match 1. a) P.N. Yablochkov 1) ethnography b) D.I. Mendeleev 2) geography c) P.L. Chebyshev 3) physics d) V.O. Klyuchevsky 4) chemistry e) I.P. Pavlov 5) history e) N.N. Miklouho-Maclay 6) mathematics g) N.M. Przhevalsky 7) biology h) A.F. Mozhaisky

Exercise. Match 2. a) A.G. Stoletov 1) invented an automatic adding machine - adding machine b) P.L. Chebyshev 2) created a radio receiver c) S.M. Solovyov 3) founded soil science d) V.V. Dokuchaev 4) discovered the periodic law chemical elements d) A.S. Popov 5) created the doctrine of brain reflexes e) D.I. Mendeleev 6) wrote “The History of Russia from Ancient Times” g) I.P. Pavlov

Task 3. Test. Select the correct answer According to the 1897 census average level literacy in Russia was about: 10% 21.1% 50% 70%

Task 4. Test. Choose the correct answer. Peruvian historian S.M. Solovyov belongs to: 1) “Course of Russian History” 2) “History of Russia from Ancient Times” 3) “History of the Russian State” 4) “Boyar Duma of Ancient Rus'”

Task 5. Test. The statement is true. N.M. Karamzin is the founder of the Russian National Geographical Society A.S. Popov - creator of the first astronomical observatory in Russia A.F. Mozhaisky - the founder of the domestic aircraft industry V.O. Klyuchevsky was awarded a gold medal for his published works on the study of Russian soils. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay - created an electric arc lamp

The correct answer to tasks 1 and 2: Task 1 a-3, b-4, c-6, d-5, d-7 e-1 g-2 Task 2 b -1 c - 6 d - 3 d - 2 f – 4 w - 5

The correct answer to the tests. 3. 2) 4. 2) 5. 3)

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy Ideological leader of the Association of Itinerants. The first exhibition opened in St. Petersburg on November 29, 1871 Portrait of the writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Portrait of the artist Shishkin

Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi Birch Grove

Konstantin Alekseevich Korovin in Winter

I.N. Kramskoy Painting “Winter” Painting “Black Sea” Portrait of the writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Monument “Millennium of Russia”

I.K. Aivazovsky Painting “Among the Waves” Painting “Birch Grove” Painting “At the Tea Table” Sculpture “Peter I” Interactive tasks

I.I. Shishkin Painting “Black Sea” Painting “Moscow courtyard” Painting “Morning in a pine forest” Sculpture “Ivan the Terrible” Interactive tasks

M.O. Mikeshin Monument “Millennium of Russia” Monument to A.S. Pushkin in Moscow Painting “Oak Grove” Painting “Night on the Dnieper” Interactive tasks

Preview:

Lesson summary

Abstract for the presentation:Since the volume of the downloadable presentation is limited, it was necessary to remove from it slides demonstrating the work of Shishkin and Aivazovsky, files with an audio lecture and musical accompaniment, and also reduce the number of images on other slides. The teacher can add these elements independently. Also removed were slides with formalized definitions of new concepts: critical realism, impressionism.