What does the ethnic composition of the population mean? Ethnic (national) composition of the world population

The Caucasus is the place at the “junction” of the Christian and Muslim worlds, with the numerical predominance of the latter. Of all the peoples of the Caucasus, only Armenians, Georgians and Ossetians are Christians, almost all the rest are Muslims.
central Asia- a meeting place of such different cultures as Parthian and Turkic, Arab and Chinese, Iranian and Mongolian and many others. The Muslim religion (and relatively small Russian Orthodox communities) predominate here. The cultures of sedentary farmers (their descendants are most of the Tajiks and Uzbeks) and nomads (Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs) have always interacted in this territory. There are also a few Chinese (Dungans are Chinese Muslims) and Baluchis (immigrants from Balochistan - at the junction of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan) who live here. In this region, as in the Caucasus, state borders cut ethnic territories: several million Tajiks and about 2 million Uzbeks live in Northern Afghanistan (which makes it very likely that Afghan civil strife will penetrate into the territories of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), about a million Turkmen live in Iran, China - about a million Kazakhs.
Modern Kazakhstan has a particularly “butt”, “transitional” situation, the entire northern part of which is inhabited by Russians. They are slightly less than half of the total population of the republic, and some of them appeared on this territory earlier than the Kazakhs. There are many Germans (expelled in 1941 from the territory of the European part of Russia, Ukraine and the Baltic states), in the south there are Uzbeks, Dungans, Uighurs (Muslim Turkic people, the main part of which lives in the west of China), etc. Therefore, any manifestations are especially dangerous for Kazakhstan interethnic tension. Apparently, this country can exist within its modern borders only with the “transparency” of these borders and a very “soft” national policy.
The Far North of Russia is sometimes called part of the “Fourth World”.
In other words, this is a region of peoples whose way of life is associated mainly with appropriating economy (hunting, fishing, gathering) or with reindeer herding. In total, there are 26 such peoples in Russia with a total population of 180 thousand people.
If we compare the settlement areas of these peoples with a map of the natural living conditions of the population, it turns out that they live
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They live in areas with “unfavorable” natural conditions. This once again speaks to the conditionality of any human assessments: the map was compiled from the point of view of a resident of Central Russia, for whom, for example, life in Taimyr is not at all attractive. But for the Nenets, the indigenous inhabitants of this area, this is precisely the nature to which they have adapted over many centuries. In other conditions, “better” from the point of view of a European, they would not have been able to live, because they would not have had the opportunity to engage in their traditional economy - reindeer herding (and even if they had survived in other conditions, they would have become a completely different people).
Currently, the Far North for the Russian economy serves as a “storehouse of natural resources,” primarily minerals. This is where most of the oil and gas, all diamonds, gold, and many other non-ferrous metals come from. Industrial development of the territory destroys the natural basis of life of these peoples: it disables reindeer pastures and fishing grounds. Therefore, the protection of the natural environment in these areas is a very acute problem: otherwise small nations will simply disappear from the face of the Earth.
Factors of transformation of the ethnic structure of Russia in the post Soviet period. Changes in the ethnic composition of the population of Russia in the post-Soviet period occur under the influence of several factors: differences in natural movement among different ethnic groups, processes of external migration, due to political conflicts after the collapse of the USSR and labor migrations, changes in ethnic identity among representatives of various ethnic groups.
Higher rates of natural growth of peoples North Caucasus, in comparison with other ethnic groups in Russia, influenced the growth of both their absolute numbers and relative weight in the ethnic structure of the country's population.
External ethnic migrations in post-Soviet times also became one of the significant factors in changing the ethnic structure of the Russian population. In the early 1990s. ethnic emigration to Germany and Israel significantly reduced the absolute and relative number of Germans and Jews in our country.
At the same time, return migrations of the Russian-speaking population from the former republics of the USSR compensated for the demographic
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physical decline in Russia's population. The collapse of the USSR, social conflicts and economic difficulties in the Transcaucasus were one of the main reasons for the mass immigration of Armenians and Azerbaijanis to Russia. Also, the formation of the CIS countries entailed the return of the titular ethnic groups of the former Soviet republics from the Russian Federation to their countries.
In the period from 1989 to 2002, the number of titular ethnic groups in those former USSR republics where ethnic and social conflicts took place increased. The number of Tajiks, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Georgians has more than tripled.
Data from the 2010 population census show that the active growth in the number of representatives of the Transcaucasian countries in the period 2002-2010. stopped. The number of Georgians and Azerbaijanis in Russia decreased compared to 2002, the number of Armenians increased by 4.6%.
A new trend has become the growth in the number of titular ethnic groups in Central Asian countries, which is a consequence of active labor migration from Central Asia to Russia, which became more active in the first decade of the 21st century. (Table 2).
Researchers believe that a change in ethnic identity, especially in families where there are representatives of Russian and other ethnic groups, led to a significant decrease in the number of Germans in Russia in the period from 2002 to 2010; similar processes of change in ethnic identity occur in mixed Russian-Mordovian and Russian-Ukrainian families.
The 2010 census recorded the 22 most numerous ethnic groups in Russia, the number of which in Russia exceeds 400 thousand people; in 2002 there were 23 such ethnic groups, and in 1989 - 17. Due to population growth, by 2002 this group included Azerbaijanis, Kabardians, Dargins, Kumyks, Ingush, Lezgins and Yakuts, but dropped out due to a decrease number - Jews. In the period from 2002 to 2010, the Germans left this group due to a decrease in numbers, all other ethnic groups retained a population of more than 400 thousand people.
The number of seven peoples in Russia exceeds 1 million people: Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians. There were changes in the composition of this group in the post-Soviet period: in 2002, Chechens and Armenians entered the group, and left it

Changes in the number of titular ethnic groups of the republics of the former USSR,
as well as Germans and Jews in Russia in 1989-2010.

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Belarusians and Mordovians. The same picture was preserved according to the 2010 census.
In accordance with the linguistic classification of languages, the peoples of Russia belong mainly to four language families: Indo-European (81.3% of the population), Altai (8.9%), Uralic (1.7%) and Caucasian (3.6%), which, in turn, are divided into groups. About 4% of Russian residents, according to the 2010 population census, did not indicate their nationality.
The largest in number is the Slavic group of the Indo-European family, which includes 79.5% of the Russian population.
The population of the most numerous among the Slavic peoples - Russians - amounted to 111.02 million people in 2010, this is 77.7% of the population of Russia. The number of Russians compared to 1989 by 2010 decreased in Russia by 8.85 million people. This happened mainly due to natural decline, which could not be compensated by the migration influx of Russians from neighboring countries, which was active in the first decade after the collapse of the USSR and amounted to more than 3 million people during that period.
Russians are settled everywhere, but most of them are concentrated within the main settlement zone. The most mononational are the central and northwestern regions of the European part, where the Russian state originated. Here the share of Russians in the population exceeds 93%. As a result of long migrations, Russians settled in the areas inhabited by other peoples of Russia, and now in most republics and almost all autonomous okrugs Russian population numerically predominant.
The area of ​​settlement of the Russian ethnic group does not coincide with the state borders of Russia. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, about 25 million (about 17% of all Russians in the USSR) ethnic Russians remained outside the Russian Federation on the territory of other union republics, in different time those who moved from Russia or were born in a new place. Distinctive features of the Russian population of the former republics of the USSR are that most of them are predominantly urban residents and in Soviet times traditionally had a higher, compared to the titular population of the union republics, social status.
Most Russians outside of Russia live in Ukraine. According to the 1989 population census, there were 11 million people, or 22% of the country's population, and according to the latest Ukrainian census (2001) - a million people. (17.3% of the population of Ukraine). Russians in Ukraine live in the eastern regions, where heavy industry is developed, as well as in the central and southern regions.
There are many Russians in Kazakhstan: in 1989 there were one million, or 38% of the population, according to the 2009 Kazakhstan census - one million, or 24% of the population (the main reason for the decrease in the number of Russians in Kazakhstan is migration outflow to Russia). A significant part of the Russians in Kazakhstan are descendants of settlers from the tsarist era, who plowed the fertile lands of Northern Kazakhstan, or who arrived in the 1950s. develop virgin and fallow lands in the same areas. In 2009, Russians made up a significant share of the population in North Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan, Karaganda, Kustanai, Pavlodar and Akmola regions.
After the collapse of the USSR, there were 1.3 million Russians in Belarus; according to the 2009 census, their number decreased to 785 thousand; in Uzbekistan in 1989, 1.6 million lived, according to various data at the beginning of the 2000s. - 1.2 million; in Kyrgyzstan - 0.9 million, according to the 2009 census - 0.4 million.
A special situation arose in Latvia, where in 1989, out of a total population of 2.6 million people. slightly less than 1 million were Russians. The Latvian government seeks to maintain a number of advantages for the indigenous population and limit the rights of “migrants”, which, first of all, concerns obtaining citizenship and the possibility of studying in Russian. A similar situation has developed in Estonia, although there are fewer Russians there (0.5 million, or 30%).
In other republics of the former USSR, the number of Russians who ended up there ranged from 50 thousand (Armenia) to 500 thousand (Moldova), and their share in the population is much smaller.
TO Slavic group The Indo-European family also includes a million Ukrainians, 521 thousand Belarusians and 47 thousand Poles. A significant part of Ukrainians live in regions bordering Ukraine
Chernozem region and Krasnodar region. Agrarian migrations of the late XIX - early XX centuries. formed an increased share of Ukrainians in the population of the Primorsky Territory; during the Soviet period, the main direction of migration became the northern areas of new development - from Vorkuta to Magadan. The largest migration was to oil and gas producing regions Western Siberia: in the population of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the share of Ukrainians in 1989 was 17%, Khanty-Mansiysk - 12%, with the Russian average level - 3%. Currently, due to external migrations and changes in ethnic identity, the share of Ukrainians in the Russian population has decreased to 1%, and in these regions to 9.4% and 6%, respectively.
The Indo-European family also includes the peoples of the Germanic group - Germans (394 thousand), living mainly in the south of Western Siberia, and Jews (156 thousand), living mainly in major cities the European part of the country (in the population of the Jewish Autonomous Region their share is less than 1%). The number of these peoples has decreased significantly over the past 20 years due to emigration to Germany and Israel.
Armenians are included in a separate language group, whose number in Russia in the 1990s. more than doubled and amounted to 1.13 million in 2002; by 2010, the active growth in the number of Armenians in Russia stopped, and their number amounted to 1.18 million. Most of Armenians live in the North Caucasus.
The largest people of the Iranian group in Russia are the Ossetians (528 thousand). The languages ​​of the Iranian group are spoken by Tajiks (there are 200 thousand of them in Russia), Tats living in the North Caucasus (1.6 thousand) and Mountain Jews (0.7 thousand). The number of peoples of the Baltic group (Latvians (19 thousand), Lithuanians (31 thousand) in Russia is relatively small; there are more Moldovans (156 thousand), whose language belongs to the Romance group.
The Altai language family is represented by several groups, the largest of which is Turkic. The settlement areas of the peoples of the Turkic group are located in the Ural-Volga region, Siberia, and the North Caucasus. This group includes the second largest people in Russia - the Tatars (5.3 million). 38% of all Tatars in Russia live in Tatarstan, a significant proportion of them are settled in Bashkiria, in the Volga regions and in the south of Western Siberia. The same group includes the Chuvash (1.44 million), living in the Middle Volga, and the Bashkirs (1.58 million), inhabiting the south of the Urals.
In the North Caucasus, the Turkic peoples include the Kumyks (503 thousand) and Nogais (104 thousand), living mainly in Dagestan, as well as the Karachais (218 thousand) and Balkars (113 thousand). In Siberia and the Far East, the Turkic group is represented by Yakuts (478 thousand), Tuvinians (264 thousand), significantly smaller Khakassians (73 thousand), Altaians (74 thousand), Shors (13 thousand), as well as Dolgans living in the Far North (8 thousand).
Of the Turkic peoples of the near abroad, the largest number of people in Russia are Kazakhs (648 thousand); they are concentrated in the regions of the Ural-Volga region and the south of Western Siberia bordering Kazakhstan. Central Asian peoples are represented by Uzbeks (290 thousand), Kyrgyz (103 thousand) and Turkmen (37 thousand). The number of Azerbaijanis living in Russia is noticeably higher - 603 thousand; their settlement area is also very wide: less than 1/3 live in the border North Caucasus region.
The Mongolian group of the Altai language family is represented by two related peoples - the Buryats (461 thousand) and the Kalmyks (183 thousand), who migrated from the south of Siberia to the Lower Volga in the 17th century. The Tungus-Manchu group of the same family includes the small peoples of Siberia and the Far East - Evenks (38 thousand), Evens (22 thousand) and Amur peoples (Nanai, Ulchi, etc.). Koreans (153 thousand) make up a separate language family, most of them live in the Far East.
Peoples Ural family They live mainly in the north of the European part of Russia, in the Volga-Vyatka region and the Urals. In the Finno-Ugric group, the largest and most widely settled ethnic group is the Mordovians (744 thousand), whose numbers are constantly declining due to assimilation. This group also includes Udmurts (552 thousand), Mari (548 thousand), Komi (228 thousand), Komi-Permyaks (94 thousand) and Karelians (61 thousand). The number of Karelians has decreased by almost a third over the past 30 years due to rapid assimilation; their share in the Republic of Karelia is less than 7%. 18 thousand Estonians and 20 thousand Finns live in Russia, and there are very few Hungarians, Vepsians and Sami, who also belong to this language group. Beyond the Urals, the Finno-Ugric peoples are the Khanty (31 thousand) and Mansi (12 thousand), whose share in their autonomous region decreased to 1.5% after

mass migration of the Slavic population during the development of major oil and gas fields. The Samoyed group of the Ural family includes the Nenets (45 thousand), the small Selkups (3.6 thousand) and Nganasans (0.9 thousand) living in the Far North.
The peoples of the North Caucasian language family are represented by two groups. In the northwestern part live the Adygeis (125 thousand) and related Kabardians (517 thousand), Circassians (73 thousand) and Abazas (43 thousand). All of them belong to the Abkhaz-Adyghe group. It also includes Abkhazians living mainly in Transcaucasia. The Nakh-Dagestan group unites the peoples of the southeastern part of the region. The largest people of the North Caucasus are the Chechens (1.43 million); There are 445 thousand Ingush, close to them in language. In the Dagestan subgroup, the largest people in number are the Avars (912 thousand), followed by the Dargins (589 thousand), Lezgins (474 ​​thousand), Laks (179 thousand) and Tabasarans ( 146 thousand), in addition to them, Dagestan is inhabited by many ethnic groups and subethnic groups (Rutulians, Aguls, Tsakhurs, Udins, etc.).
The Chukchi-Kamchatka language family is extremely small; it includes the Chukchi (16 thousand), Koryak (8 thousand) and Itelmen (3 thousand). There are even fewer Eskimos (1.7 thousand) and Aleuts (0.5 thousand) in Russia, united in a separate family. The languages ​​of two small peoples (Kets and Nivkhs) do not belong to any of the existing language families and stand out as isolated.
Ethnic structure regions of Russia. Of the 83 regions - subjects of the Federation - 26 are national-territorial entities: 21 republics, 1 autonomous region, 4 autonomous districts.
Of the 21 republics of Russia, in 10 titular peoples make up more than half of all residents. This is the majority of the North Caucasus republics: Dagestan (more than 80%), Chechnya (95%), Ingushetia (94%), Kabardino-Balkaria (70%), North Ossetia (65%), Karachay-Cherkessia(53%), as well as Kalmykia (57%), Chuvashia (68%), Tatarstan (53%) and Tuva (82%). The minimum shares of titular ethnic groups are in Karelia (7.4%) and Khakassia (12%).
In autonomous okrugs, titular peoples make up a minority of the population. The Khanty-Mansiysk (2.1%) and Yamalo-Nenets (about 6%) districts have the minimum values ​​due to the influx of new settlers in recent decades.
The dispersed distribution of many peoples, their intensive contacts with each other and especially with the Russians contributed to the process of assimilation (“dissolution” of some peoples among others). Among the Finno-Ugric peoples, the ethnic territory of the Mordovians is the most dispersed: 45% of the Mordovians live on the territory of Mordovia. Among the population of Mordovia, Mordovians make up 40%, the rest of the population is mainly Russian, with a few Tatars and Chuvash. The share of the titular nation in Karelia is even smaller: there Karelians make up 7.4% of all residents. The number of Karelians and Mordovians has been declining in recent decades due to assimilation among Russians.
The meaning of the Russian language for the peoples of Russia. According to the 2002 census, the Russian language is spoken not only by almost all Russians living in Russia (99.8%), but also by representatives of other nations. Out of 29 million people. The non-Russian population of Russia is 27 million people. stated that they speak Russian. In total, 98.4% of the Russian population speak Russian.
Thus, the vast majority of the Russian population can communicate with each other in Russian. This is especially important for regions where people speak different languages, for example, in Dagestan, where the Russian language serves as a language of interethnic communication. This is also important for other republics, where the titular peoples speak very different languages, for example, for Kabardino-Balkaria (where Kabardian language belongs to the North Caucasian family, and Balkar belongs to the Turkic group of the Altai family).
In addition, knowledge of the Russian language by representatives of non-Russian peoples allows them to join Russian culture (and through it to the world), receive education not only at home, but also in any region of Russia, and participate in solving all-Russian problems.
At the end of the 1980s. Numerous national movements emerged with the goal of reviving native language and culture. Often their activities were accompanied by increased ethnocentrism and nationalism, and ethnic conflicts. In the struggle of the Russian republics for sovereignty and increased status, ethnic reasons were not always the main ones. Most often the main driving force conflict with the federal authorities was the desire of the republican elites for greater independence from the Center, for which the national card was played.
The real manifestations of separatism were strongest in Chechnya, where the conflict lasted for more than 10 years. In the early 1990s. Separatism was also noticeable in Tuva, which had its own statehood for several decades and was annexed to the Soviet Union only in 1944. A positive example of reaching a compromise between the federal and republican authorities was the Republic of Tatarstan, which was the first to conclude an agreement on the division of powers, which put an end to the confrontation.
Another reason for the emergence of conflicts is interethnic contradictions, which were the result of the deportations of some peoples during the war years (see the section “Population migrations”) and the repeated redistribution of the borders of the republics. The most acute were the armed clashes between the Ingush and Ossetians over the Prigorodny region, which belongs to North Ossetia, but was previously part of the Chechen-Ingush Republic. Similar contradictions exist between the peoples of Dagestan, but they are resolved peacefully. The change in the borders of the republics led to the transfer to their composition of part of the flat lands inhabited by the Cossacks. The growing agrarian overpopulation of the republics of the North Caucasus has increased competition for land, which is now leading to the displacement of Russians from these areas and increasing contradictions between different ethnic groups.
Conflicts related to the numerical predominance of one of the two ethnic groups and the concentration of power in the hands of its representatives exist in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia. Somewhat different problems are typical for Bashkiria, where until recently the Bashkirs were only the third largest people after the Russians and Tatars (the 2002 and 2010 censuses recorded a slightly larger number of Bashkirs in Bashkiria than Tatars).
Most interethnic conflicts have roots in ancient and recent Russian history, are aggravated by ethno-demographic and economic problems, so there are no simple paths to agreement. To resolve interethnic problems, improvement is necessary national policy, strengthening real federalism, creating conditions for free development languages ​​and cultures, strengthening guarantees that exclude infringement of the rights of citizens in ethnicity, taking into account the vital interests of small peoples when implementing large projects in the main territory of their residence.
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The confessional (religious) composition of the population of Russia is characterized by the absolute predominance of Orthodoxy. Orthodoxy is professed by the overwhelming majority of believers among the East Slavic peoples - Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia - Mordovians, Udmurts, Maris, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Karelians, a number of Turkic peoples - Chuvash, Khakass, Yakuts. Among the peoples of the North Caucasus, only Ossetians profess Orthodoxy.
The second largest religion in Russia is Islam. It is professed by Tatars, Bashkirs and almost all peoples of the North Caucasus (except Ossetians).
Buddhism became widespread among the Mongol-speaking peoples - the Buryats, Kalmyks, and also among the Tuvans.
The majority of believers among representatives of small nationalities of the North, Siberia and the Far East (Nenets, Khanty, Mansi, Shors, Evenks, Nanais, etc.) are officially considered Orthodox, but in most cases they also profess tribal, pagan beliefs (shamanism).
The number of religious supporters of other faiths in Russia is small. Recently, there has been active missionary activity by representatives of non-traditional faiths in Russia.
Questions and tasks Define ethnicity. Describe the main approaches to ethnicity. What ethnic processes do you know? Give examples of ethnic
ical processes. Describe the ethnogeographical position of Russia. Indicate the main factors for changing the ethnic structure in
villages of Russia in the post-Soviet period. The number of which ethnic groups in Russia has changed due to mass
new ethnic migrations after 1991? Which ethnic groups in Russia are most actively affected by the AS process?
simulation? Give an ethno-linguistic classification of the ethnic groups living
in Russia. List the five most numerous peoples of Russia. Give a description of the ethnic structure of Russian regions.

168. What are the main causes of ethnic contradictions? What religions predominate in Russia?
Literature http://demoscope.ru - demographic weekly "Demoscope" http://www.perepis-2010.ru - portal "All-Russian census of
leniya 2010". http://www.gks.ru - official website Federal service state
gift statistics. http://www.cisstat.com - interstate statistical company
CIS meeting. http://www.iea.ras.ru - website of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology
RAS. http://www.ethnology.ru - site “Ethnography of the Peoples of Russia”. http://socioline.ru - site “Sociology in a new way.”

The ethnic composition (structure) of the population is one of the main socio-demographic characteristics of the population, describing the distribution of the population based on ethnicity (nationality).

In Russia, ethnicity is taken into account in two ways: when conducting population censuses - by self-determination of the respondent, when registering certain demographic events (in the registry office), to fix civil status - on the basis of official documents (in some cases - taking into account the opinion of the subject of registration).

The main source of information about the ethnic structure of the population is census data.

In a number of countries, ethnicity is equated to citizenship with an indication of origin (for example, French of Algerian origin). The ethnic structure of the population can be determined both for an individual country and its administrative-territorial divisions (regions, districts, cities, etc.), and for groups of countries and for the world as a whole.

Migration: glossary of basic terms: tutorial. - M.: RGSU Publishing House; Academic Project. T. N. Yudina. 2007.

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ETHNIC- ETHNIC, ethnic, ethnic (from the Greek ethnos people) (scientific). adj., by meaning associated with belonging to some people, with its culture. Ethnic elements. Ethnic composition. Ethnic groups. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

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ETHNIC- ETHNIC, oh, oh. Relating to the origin of what n. people (nationality, tribe), a historically established community of people. E. composition of the population. Ethnic group. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

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Racial composition of Russia. Human races (H.R.) are collections of populations, that is, territorial communities of people, within which marriages take place over many generations much more often than with persons of other communities. Ch.r. are in a state of dynamic equilibrium, change in space and time and at the same time have a certain genetically determined stability. In all basic morphological, physiological and psychological characteristics, there is similarity between all Ch. is large, and the existing differences do not relate to the biologically most important features structure and functions of the human body and are manifested in a relatively small number of signs. Fully viable and fertile offspring are born from marriages between representatives of any race. The complete biological and socio-cultural usefulness of mixed groups has been proven, which serves as proof of the anti-scientific essence of various racist theories.

There is a widespread idea that modern humanity is divided into three races: “black”, “white” and “yellow”. However, skin color is not the only, and in some cases not the main feature for distinguishing races. Scientists use a set of characteristics to make this distinction.

Currently, some scientists deny the existence of races. However, they leave aside the characterization of morphological racial differences and do not fully illuminate those problems that in the past became the basis for racist perversions of science. On the scale of the genus, the racial differences known to us are striking at the first acquaintance with the diversity of modern humanity.

Among the races modern people, belonging to the island. This subspecies of Homo sapiens sapiens is primarily distinguished by the largest divisions, usually called large races. These are Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid. The population of Russia is represented by the first two large races. In the contact zone of large races there are a number of mixed racial types.

Caucasians in general have wavy or straight soft hair different shades, light or dark skin, a wide variety of iris colors (from brown to light gray and blue), strong development of tertiary hair, weak or medium protrusion of the cheekbones, slight protrusion of the jaws, a narrow protruding nose with a high bridge, thin or medium-thick lips. Caucasians are divided into three main groups or branches: southern - with dark skin, predominantly dark eyes and hair; northern - with fair skin, a significant proportion of gray and blue eyes, light brown and blond hair; intermediate, which is characterized by medium-intensive pigmentation. According to the color of the skin, hair and eyes, according to the structure of the facial skeleton and soft parts of the face, according to the proportions of the cerebral part of the skull, often expressed by the cephalic index, and according to some other characteristics, various races of the second order are distinguished among Caucasians.

To the east Within the boundaries of their range, Caucasians have been mixing with Mongoloids since ancient times. As a result of their early mixing, which probably began in the Mesolithic era (10-7 thousand years ago), the Ural race was formed in the north-west of Siberia and in the extreme east of Europe, which is characterized by a combination of intermediate Mongoloid-Caucasian features with some specific features. The laponoid race is close to the Ural race in many ways. Some anthropologists combine these races into one - the Ural-Laponoid races, the features of which are also expressed in a less dramatic form among some Volga peoples.

Ethnic and National composition population of the Russian Federation

* For the category “Avars” the figure is given without taking into account the number of Ando-Tsez groups and Archins, and for the category “Dargins” - without taking into account the Kaitags and Kubachi people.** In 1989, the Ando-Tses and Archins were included in the Avars; The Dargins include the Kaitag and Kubachi people.

There was a decrease in Russians by 3%, and the share of the country's population decreased by 2%. The main reason for the decline is the low birth rate and high death rate. A secondary factor in the reduction is migration outflow. In general, migration plays a positive role, compensating for the decline in the Russian population. Additional source demographic replenishment is assimilation in favor of the Russian language and ethnic identity among other groups. In general, we can talk about the numerical stagnation of Russians with a tendency to decline due to demographic aging.

The census results once again confirmed that Russia is one of the most multinational states in the world.

National affiliation during the population survey was indicated in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation by the respondents themselves on the basis of self-determination and was recorded by census workers strictly from the words of the respondents. The census received more than 800 various options population's answers to questions about nationality, the spellings of which often differ from each other only due to the language dialect and the accepted local self-names of ethnic groups. When processing census materials, the population's answers about nationality were systematized into approximately 160 nationalities.

In 2002, there were 23 of the most numerous nationalities, the population of which exceeded 400 thousand people; in 1989, there were 17 such nationalities. Due to population growth, this group included Azerbaijanis, Kabardians, Dargins, Kumyks, Ingush, Lezgins and Yakuts, Jews dropped out due to population decline. As in 1989, the number of seven peoples exceeds 1 million people, however, changes have occurred in the composition of this group: during the intercensal period, Chechens and Armenians entered the group, Belarusians and Mordovians left.

So, according to Goskomstat data:

The Russian population is still the largest(about 116 million people) and accounts for almost 80% of the total population. Compared to 1989, its share in the entire population of the country decreased by 1.7 percentage points. This happened mainly due to natural loss, amounting to almost 8 million people, which could not be compensated by the slightly more than three million migration increase of Russians.

Second largest population in the country, as with the previous census, occupied by Tatars, whose number is 5.56 million people (almost 4% of the country's population).

Due to emigration and natural decline, it decreased during the intercensal period number of Jews(from 0.54 million people to 0.23 million people) and Germans(from 0.84 million people to 0.60 million people).

Mainly due to migration growth, the number of Armenians(from 0.53 million people to 1.13 million people), Azerbaijanis(from 0.34 million people to 0.62 million people), Tajiks(from 0.04 million people to 0.12 million people), Chinese(from 5 thousand people to 35 thousand people).

First after the 1926 population census, the number of people who classified themselves as Kryashens(about 25 thousand people). Also, for the first time since the 1897 census, the number of persons who called themselves Cossacks(about 140 thousand people), and a number of small peoples of Dagestan.

From approximately 1.5 million people, which not filled in answer to the question on the census form about nationality, almost two thirds are living in Moscow, St. Petersburg and the Moscow region.

Racial and ethnic (national) composition of the population

In resolving issues related to the justification of the location of productive forces, the study of the racial and ethnic (national) composition of the population, i.e., the ratio of representatives of individual races and peoples, their location, legal status, labor skills, etc., is of great importance.

All of humanity characteristic features The external appearance of people is usually divided into three large races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Equatorial.

Representatives of the Caucasian race, constituting 47% of the total number of inhabitants of the Earth, to the great geographical discoveries lived in Europe, North Africa, the Near and Middle East and India, and later settled throughout the world. People of the Mongoloid race, constituting 37% of the world's population, live mainly in the Eastern and South-East Asia. The Mongoloid race also includes indigenous people America - Indians. Representatives of the equatorial, or Negro-Australoid, race (about 5% of the Earth's population) live mainly in Africa.

The rest of the planet's inhabitants (about 11-12%) belong to mixed and transitional racial groups, formed as a result of migrations and mixing of racial types.

Large races, in turn, are divided into so-called small races. For example, the Caucasian race is divided into northern, Baltic, Alpine and a number of other small races.

Human races-- a group of people connected by a common origin and external physical signs(skin color, hair type, facial features, etc.), formed in the distant past under the influence of the natural environment. These traits are mainly of an adaptive nature, acquired by humans as a result of adaptation to the conditions of the natural environment.

Nations(peoples, ethnic groups) were formed as society developed, usually from representatives of several small or large races.

The characteristic features of an established nation are: common territory, language, economic life, national culture, and a sense of patriotism.

Thus, peoples (ethnic groups) are groups of people united by the historically established unity of language, territory, economic life and culture, and national identity. There are about 4 thousand peoples in the world, which can be classified according to various criteria, including size and language.

The numerous peoples (from 100 million or more people) include: Chinese - Han (representatives of the Han ethnic group live mainly in China and make up more than 95% of the population of this country), Hindustani (residents of India, make up about a quarter of the population of this country), Americans (USA), Bengalis (the main population of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal), Punjabis (mainly residents of Pakistan and the Indian state of Punjab), Biharis (residents of the Indian state of Bihar, Bangladesh, Nepal), Russians, Brazilians, Japanese, Mexicans, Javanese.

The number of most peoples is small - less than 1 million people.

The classification of peoples by language is based on the principle of their kinship, i.e., taking into account the relatedness of the origin of the language. On this basis, all peoples are united into linguistic families. There are about 20 such families in total. The most common of them is the Indo-European family, its languages ​​are spoken by almost half of all humanity. The Indo-European family includes Slavic, Romance, Germanic, Celtic, Baltic and other language groups. Sino-Tibetan, Altai, Uralic, Caucasian, Niger-Kordofanian, Semitic-Hamitic families of languages ​​are also widely spoken.

In accordance with the national composition of the population, all countries of the world are divided into single-national and multinational. In general, the world is dominated by multinational states, some of which are home to dozens and even hundreds of peoples. Representatives of such states can be India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Iran, Russia, the USA, and most African countries. Examples of single-national states are Poland, Hungary, Germany (in Europe), Chile (in Latin America), Japan, Korea, Bangladesh (in Asia), Australia.

Today Russia ranks first in the world in terms of territory. However, this does not mean that the population of the Russian Federation is also in a leading position among other countries. The fact is that a significant part of the territory is occupied by deserted steppes and taiga, like the most remote regions of Siberia. Therefore, in terms of population density, Russia is far from ranked first in the world.

Number indicators of the Russian Federation

According to the first large-scale census in 1897, the population of Russia was more than 67.4 million people. These were people different nationalities and races The majority were rural residents. The reason for this was the developed farming industry and agriculture. In addition, there were few large cities as such. Mostly artisans and merchants lived in them.

The literacy rate in the country at the beginning of the 20th century was catastrophically low. Only 21% of people completed at least primary school. By religion, population statistics show that the majority of Russian residents at that time were Orthodox (about 70%). The rest belonged to such faiths as Islam, Catholicism and Judaism. Interestingly, three quarters of the population were peasants. The number of burghers was about 10.7%, foreigners - up to 6.6%, Cossacks - just over 2%, nobles - 1.5%, etc.

In the mid-1920s, the dynamics of Russia's population began to be consistently positive. Thus, in 1926 the country's population was about 101 million people. At the start of World War II, the number of residents of Russia exceeded 110 million, at the end of hostilities - about 97.5 million. This is the only significant decline in the country’s demographic indicators in the entire history of the Russian Federation. And only 10 years later the situation stabilized. By 1955, Russia's population had again reached 110 million people.

The country reached its demographic peak in 1995. Then the population was about 148.5 million people. Over the next 15 years, there was a slight decline in indicators due to mass emigration to Western countries. In total, more than 6 million people left Russia during this period.

Currently it is equal to 146.3 million people.

Demographic density

The geography of the Russian population is very diverse and uneven across regions. Most of the residents are concentrated in the territorial triangle between St. Petersburg, Irkutsk and Sochi. The reasons are a favorable climate and a positive economic background. To the north of this region, permafrost prevails, and to the south there are endless deserts.

In terms of population density, one of the most last places Siberia ranks in the world. This region is home to less than 29 million people. This is only a fifth of the entire population of Russia. Moreover, in terms of area, Siberia makes up three-quarters of the Russian Federation. The most densely populated areas are the Derbent-Sochi and Ufa-Moscow stripes.

In the Far East, high density is observed along the entire Trans-Siberian route. These are cities such as Omsk, Vladivostok, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, etc. Increased population density rates were also noted in the Kuznechny coal basin area. All these regions attract residents with their economic advantages.

As population statistics of the Russian Federation show, the largest demographic numbers are reflected in megacities and capitals autonomous republics. It is noteworthy that rural land is becoming empty more and more quickly every year due to relocation local residents to large cities.

Demographic dynamics

Modern Russia is a territory whose population is growing mainly due to a significant influx of migrants from neighboring countries in search of prosperity. The fact is that in the Russian Federation on this moment There is a demographic crisis. barely exceeds 1.5. In parallel with this, there is a catastrophically high mortality rate. The reason for this is several components. According to statistics, more than half of deaths occur due to heart disease, about 15% - from cancer and its consequences, more than 4% - from damage internal organs.

It is worth noting that Russia ranks one of the first in the world in the number of deaths due to external causes (more than 14.5%). This is 6 times higher than similar indicators in other European countries. Most deaths occur as a result of accidents, including at work. Every year, about 6 thousand people become victims of murder. The mortality rate of Russian minors remains at 5% of total number.

In 2006, about 1.5 million children were born in the country. The corresponding coefficient rose to 10.4 points. Nevertheless, the death toll was more than 2.1 million people. Together with migration indicators, the population of the Russian Federation decreased by almost 0.7 million inhabitants. In the same year, a slight positive trend was noted in life expectancy, which amounted to 66.8 years. Still, this is a fairly low figure compared to other top European countries.

In 2007, the structure of Russia's population underwent important changes. As a result of mass migration, more than a quarter of a million people from different parts of the planet joined the country. This made it possible to reduce Russia's demographic lag. Interestingly, the highest birth rates were first recorded in Magadan region.

In 2008 and 2009 compensated for more than 70% of the numerical losses of society from the mortality rate. The birth rate exceeded the threshold of 1.7 million children, reaching a rate of 12.3. This positive trend was observed in 67 regions of the country. In parallel with this, the overall life expectancy in the regions gradually increased.

In 2012, mortality and birth rates were expected to be equal at around 1.9 million people. At the same time, the increase in migrants reached the threshold of 300 thousand. In 2013, the birth rate exceeded the death rate: 1.9 versus 1.87 million people. was observed in 43 regions of the federation.

In 2014, the birth rate exceeded the death rate by 33.7 thousand people. Taking into account the total population was 143.7 million.

Commitment to urbanization

Over the last century, the rural population of Russia has decreased by 4 times. By 1914, 82.5% of people lived in the outskirts and villages, by 2014 - less than 26%. Today, the main population of Russia is residents of large and small cities.

The main reason for this increase was the systematic economic policy of the Soviet Union. For the period from 1929 to 1939. In rural areas, rapid collectivization and industrialization of society was carried out. On early stages During the reform period, the country was shaken by a terrible famine, but subsequently, significant growth in the industrial sector was observed throughout the entire territory of the USSR. In the late 1940s, the rural part of the population began to gradually move to cities in search of better life.

A decline in the rate of urbanization was noted in the mid-1960s and also in the 1980s. For a long time this figure was no more than 1.5%. Already at that time, the urban population was at around 74% of the country's total population. Over the years until today The situation has not changed. The percentage of urbanization in Russia is equal to 74.2%. This is about 106.7 million people. When in rural areas the population barely exceeds 39 million inhabitants.

Most of the population is represented in megacities. Currently, there are 15 cities with more than 1 million inhabitants. Moscow tops the list (12.1 million people), followed by St. Petersburg (5.1 million people). In cities such as Novosibirsk, Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Samara, Omsk, Perm, Novgorod, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Voronezh, Krasnoyarsk, Rostov and Volgograd, population figures range from 1 to 1.5 million inhabitants.

Diversity of peoples

Today, the ethnic and religious composition of Russia includes hundreds of nations and is fully reflected in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. About 200 peoples live in the country. Each of them has its own culture, traditions and religious views.

The main ethnic people of Russia are Russians. According to the results of a large-scale census in 2010, this nation occupies almost 81% of the total population of the country. That's more than 111 million people. All other nationalities are included in the remaining 19.1%. It is noteworthy that every year the number of Russians in the Russian Federation is inexorably falling. Over the past 12 years, the size of this ethnic mass has decreased by almost 5 million people. In turn, during the reporting period there was a significant increase in migrants from Asia.

Over the past 10 years, most of the Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Circassians and Kumyks have moved to Russia. The growth of the former amounted to more than 22.5%. In parallel with this, there is a significant decline in some European peoples. IN this list included such peoples as Finns, Poles, Ukrainians, Karelians and Belarusians. The largest negative percentage belongs to the former (-40.5%).

The largest peoples (more than 1 million people) are Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians. Each of these ethnic groups is considered a fundamental element of the foundation of Russian society.

Indigenous population - Russians

This ethnic people of Russia are Eastern Slavs who lived on the territory of Rus' since time immemorial. Most of the Russian population is in the Russian Federation, but large diasporas are also observed in Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus and the USA. This is the largest European ethnic group. At the moment there are more than 133 million Russians on the planet. The vast majority of them profess Orthodoxy.

There are more than 111 million Russians in Russia. They are concentrated in all regions of the country, from cities to villages. Today, Russian people as a community of the nation make up about 77.7% of the total population of the Russian Federation. Most of the ethnic group's representatives live in Moscow - about 9.9 million people. In the region adjacent to the capital there are just over 6.2 million Russians. The next largest regions are the Krasnodar Territory, St. Petersburg, Rostov and Sverdlovsk regions. In total, about 16 million Russians live there.

It is noteworthy that in this national group There are a number of ethnographic subclasses. In Karelia, a Russian person is called a Vodlozer or Zaonezhan, on the coast of the Barents Sea - Pomor, in the Komi Republic - Tsilem. All these are the names of ancient peoples who previously lived on the territory of Russia. Interestingly, Russians from the central part of the country also have their own names. For example: Katskari, Odnodvortsy, Polekhi, Meshcheryak, Sayan, Tsukan, Sevryuk, Tudovlyan, Talagai, etc. In the Caucasus and in the Asian region of the country, such subclasses are distinguished as Don Cossacks, Molokans, Kamchadals, Kerzhaks, Siberians, masons, Gurans, Markovians and others.

Separately, it is worth noting mixed groups, for example, Russian Jews. However, in official scientific works such a division does not exist.

Tatar people

The ethnic composition of the Russian population is 3.7% determined by representatives of Turkic-speaking tribes. Tatars live mainly in the Volga region, Siberia, the Urals and in the Asian region of the country. Recently, significant numbers have been noted in the Far East. In total, more than 5.3 million Tatars live there. This is the second largest ethnic group in the Russian Federation.

Tatars are usually divided into 3 main territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Astrakhan and Siberian. Most of the people's representatives live in the Republic of Tatarstan (more than 2.8 million people). I wonder what National language belongs to the Altai class, and there can be several dialects at once: Kazan, Mishar and Siberian.

Most Tatars are Sunni Muslims. In rare cases, they profess atheism and Orthodoxy. Tatar nationality partly included in some of the largest subethnic groups: Kazanly, Mishar, Urals, Kasimov, Siberians, Teptyars, Kryashens, etc. Less significant subgroups in number: Lipkas and Nagaibaks. Interestingly, the latter are Orthodox Christians.

Ukrainian people

The ethnic population of Russia consists of 1.35% of the West Slavic diaspora. The Rusyns and Little Russians are considered to be the brightest representatives of the nation. Today this ethnic group is called Ukrainians. After Russians and Poles, they are the largest Slavic people in the world. They mostly live in Ukraine, but a significant part is located in Russia and North America.

Historians classify Ukrainians as ethnographic subgroups such as Poleschuks, Boykos, Lemkos and Hutsuls. Most of them inhabited the western regions of Rus'. Currently, they are all united into a single people. There are more than 1.9 million Ukrainians in Russia. Of these, almost 160 thousand live in the Tyumen region, 154 thousand live in Moscow, and just under 120 thousand live in the regional part of the capital. The following regions in terms of the number of Ukrainian people are Krasnodar Territory, St. Petersburg, Rostov, Omsk, Orenburg, Primorye, etc.

It is noteworthy that the ethnic territory of the nation is considered the second largest in Europe after the Russian. Historically, it covers more than 600 thousand sq. km.

Bashkir nation

This Turkic-speaking people inhabited the territory of Rus' since the Middle Ages. Bashkirs mainly live in Russia. Their cultural and historical center considered the Republic of Bashkortostan. All indigenous people speak the Turkic-Altai dialect.

Data in Russia represent about 1.1% of the total population. Their number is just under 1.6 million. The overwhelming majority of Bashkirs live in their native republic (74%). More than 160 thousand are in the Chelyabinsk region. Also, an increased number of Bashkirs is noted in Tyumen, Orenburg, Perm and Sverdlov.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, all national writing was Arabic, then it was translated into Latin and Cyrillic. Since ancient times, Bashkirs have been adherents of the Sunni movement of Islam. The main occupation of the population is still considered to be cattle breeding. On the other hand, in last years In Bashkortostan, the development of agriculture, poultry farming and fishing is noted. The male part of the population often engages in hunting. Women, in turn, raise entire bee plantations.

Among the crafts, weaving, embroidery, carpet production, and leather finishing are well developed. Today, a significant part of the Republic's profits depends on the metallurgical industry. It is worth noting that the Bashkirs were famous for this type of activity back in the 16-17th centuries.

Over the years, the lifestyle of local residents has changed dramatically. Nevertheless, there are still settlements where the semi-nomadic way of life has been preserved.

Self-proclaimed Chuvash people

The ethnic composition of the Russian population includes not only those listed, but also many other nationalities. According to the latest census, about 1.5 million Chuvash live in the country. Outside Russia, there are only about 50 thousand indigenous representatives of the nationality. Most of the population is based in Chuvashia.

Today there are 4 territorial subgroups. The Turi live in the west of the Republic, the Enchi live in the north, the Anatri live in the south, and the Hirti live in the eastern steppe regions. The national language is Chuvash. It is a mixture of Turkic and Bulgar. May have several dialects depending on geographical allegiances.

The main religion is Orthodoxy. A small part of the population adheres to Islam. In the east of the Republic there are small villages left in which ancient shamanism remains the only religion. All Chuvash people highly respect their traditions and customs, national holidays.

Livestock farming remains the main economic sector of the region. Pigs, sheep, cattle, and large birds are raised in the republic. In the southern regions preserved historical traditions horse breeding Chuvashia is rich in meat and dairy products. Local products are exported far beyond the Republic. In total, more than 20% of the Chuvash are engaged in agriculture.

Charisma and traditions of the Chechens

Initially, these people were called Nokhchi. Today, 1% of the ethnic composition of the Russian population is represented by the descendants of ancient mountain tribes - Chechens. The vast majority of indigenous people are based in the North Caucasus. In the Middle Ages, Nokhchi was inhabited by such historical areas Dagestan, such as Khasavyurt, Kazbekov, Kizilyurt, Novolak, etc. The total number of representatives of the nation is 1.55 million people, in Russia - 1.4 million.

Before the 1917 revolution, the Nakh peoples were called Chechens. They included Ingush, Batsbi and Kists. Today, 84.5% of the representatives of the ethnic group live in Chechnya, the rest in Dagestan and Ingushetia. There are about 14.5 thousand descendants of the Nokhchi in Moscow. This is just over 1% of their total.

Many historians believe that the Chechen nation emerged as a result of the internal consolidation of the Vainakh population in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries. At this time, active Islamization of the region took place. Most Vainakhs began to develop mountainous areas. Gradually a religious and cultural background modern Chechens. At the moment, it is impossible to definitively determine all the ethnic factors of the Vainakhs.

Armenian diaspora

This is one of the most ancient peoples belonging to the Indo-European family. There are a huge number of Armenians in the world, but they are unevenly distributed, so it is difficult to even theoretically identify the total number. Most of them are in Armenia, the Karabakh Republic, Georgia, Lebanon, Abkhazia, Jordan and the Russian Federation.

These ethnic minorities in Russia make up about 0.8% of the population. This is almost 1.2 million people. On the territory of Russia, the largest number of Armenians is in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, in Moscow and the region, as well as in Rostov. About 98% of representatives of this ethnic group live in cities.

The speakers of the Proto-Armenian dialect were the Brighi and Luwians. IN modern understanding The national language of the Armenians is considered the historical heritage of the ancient tribes of the highlands. The diaspora has practically no culture of its own. Back in the first millennium BC. e. Armenians moved to the territory of the Luwians and Hurrians, borrowing their customs. However, some scholars agree that the ancestors of this ethnic group were the migrating ancient Greeks.

Other nations

At the moment, the ethnic composition of the Russian population is diluted not only by representatives of the Turks and Highlanders, but also by many other diasporas. For example, the Avars are a people that includes such ancient tribes as the Andians, Archins and Tsez. Their number in Russia is more than 0.9 million people.

It is also worth highlighting such ethnic groups as Kazakhs, Mordovians, Dargins, Azerbaijanis, Maris, Udmurts, Ossetians, Belarusians, Kumyks, etc. Their total share of the total population of Russia is about 3.7%. The ethnic composition of the Russian Federation also includes Kabardians, Yakuts, Buryats, Moldovans, Uzbeks, Komi, Gypsies, Kyrgyz, Circassians and hundreds of other peoples.

There are not as many Jews left in the country as there were in the early 2000s. Their number is 156.8 thousand people. It is interesting that during the last census, many representatives of this ethnic group noted their nationality as “Russian Jew.”